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Uvod: Prehrana je jedan od najvažnijih faktora ljudskog života, razvitka i zdravlja. Pravilan izbor unesenih namirnica te pravilna prehrana neophodni su za očuvanje zdravlja, za duševni i tjelesni razvitak kao i za optimalno funkcioniranje organizma. Cilj: Ispitati stanje uhranjenosti te prehrambene i životne navike kao i njihovu povezanost kod ado-lescenata na području Vinkovaca, ispitati postoji li razlika u uhranjenosti, prehrambenim i životnim na-vikama ovisno o spolu ispitanika. Metode: U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 105 punoljetnih učenika Zdravstvene i veterinarske škole doktora Andrije Štampara iz Vinkovaca. Podatci su prikupljeni uz pomoć anonimnog anketnog upitnika kreiranog za ovo istraživanje. Istraživanje je odobreno od strane etičkog povjerenstva škole. Rezultati: Ispitanici su većinom ženskog spola, prosječne starosti 18,6 godina, visine 171,3 centimetra te prosječne mase 64,4 kilograma uz indeks tjelesne mase (BMI) 22,1, odnosno idealne tjelesne težine. Aritmetička sredina BMI viša je kod ispitanika muškog spola (M = 23,1593, SD = 2,96949) spram ispi-tanica (M = 21,7013, SD = 2,96949). Značajno veći udio ispitanika jedu tri ili više puta dnevno (p < 0,001), te svakodnevno jedu kuhani obrok (p < 0,001). Veliki dio ispitanika nekoliko puta tjedno jede povrće (p < 0,001), par puta tjedno jede voće (p < 0,001), jednom tjedno konzumira brzu hranu (p < 0,001), a više puta tjedno konzumira meso (p < 0,001). Značajan broj ispitanika hoda dnevno 2 -3 kilometra (p < 0,001), ali se veliki broj ne bavi nikakvim sportom (p < 0,000), te ponekad vježba (p < 0,001). Značajno veća proporcija ispitanika tvrdi kako ne konzumira cigarete (p < 0,001), veći dio tvrdi kako konzumira alkohol ponekad (p < 0,000), odnosno nekoliko puta mjesečno (p < 0,001). Evidentirane su dobre navike spavanja (p < 0,001), gdje spavanje iznosi 7 do 9 sati dnevno, te prakticiranje dnevnog odmor nakon školskog dana (p < 0,001). Zaključak: Većina ispitanika ima dobre prehrambene navike i odgovarajuću tjelesnu masu. Ispitanici muškog spola imaju značajno veći BMI od ispitanica, dok su fizički aktivniji i imaju bolje navike spa-vanja od ispitanica., Introduction: Nutrition is one of the most important factors in human life, as well in development and health. Proper election of groceries and proper nutrition are essential for maintaining health, for mental and physical development, as well as for maximizing the work of each organ and the whole organism. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the nutritional status, dietary and lifestyle habits of adoles-cents in the area of Vinkovci, along with the connection between them. The aim was also to test if there is a difference between the nutritional status, dietary habits and healthy lifestyle based on the sex the participants. Methods: The study included 105 adult students of „Zdravstvena i veterinarska škola dr. Andrije Štampara” from Vinkovci. The data were collected by means of anonymous questionnaires. The study was approved by the ethical committee of the school. Results: The participants were mostly female, with an average age of 18.6 years, a height of 171.3 cen-timeters, and an average weight of 64.4 kilograms, with a body mass index (BMI) of 22.1, or ideal body weight. The arithmetic mean of BMI was higher for male respondents (M = 23.1593, SD = 2.96949) compared to female respondents (M = 21.7013, SD = 2.96949). A significantly higher proportion of respondents eat three or more times a day (p

Despite the obvious positive health impacts of tobacco taxation, an argument raised against it is that poor households bear the burden of the increased prices because of their higher share of spending on tobacco. This report includes estimates of the distributional impacts of price rises on cigarettes under various scenarios using the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2016/17. One contribution of this analysis is to quantify the impacts by allowing price elasticities to vary across consumption deciles. This shows that an increase in the price of cigarettes in Bangladesh has small consumption impacts and does not significantly change the poverty rate or consumption inequality. These findings stem from relatively even cigarette consumption patterns between less and more welloff households. These results hold even if one considers some small substitution through the use of bidis, which are largely consumed by the poor. The short-term consumption impacts are also negligible compared with the estimated gains because of savings in medical costs and the greater number of productive years of life.

Tobacco taxes are considered an effective policy tool to reduce tobacco consumption and produce long-run benefits that outweigh the costs associated with a price increase. Through this policy, some of the most adverse effects and economic costs of smoking can be reduced, including shorter life expectancy, higher medical expenses, added years of disability among smokers, and the effects of secondhand smoke. Nonetheless, tobacco taxes are often considered regressive because low-income households tend to allocate a larger share of their budgets to purchasing tobacco products. This paper uses an extended cost-benefit analysis to estimate the distributional effect of tobacco taxes on household welfare in South Africa. The analysis considers the effect on household income through an increase in tobacco prices, changes in medical expenses, and the prolongation of working years. The results indicate that a rise in tobacco prices initially generates negative income variations across all groups in the population. If benefits through lower medical expenses and an expansion in working years are considered, the negative effect is reduced, particularly in medium- and upper-bound elasticities. Consequently, the aggregate net effect is progressive and benefits the bottom deciles more than the richer ones. Overall, tobacco tax increases exert a small, but positive effect in the presence of low conditional tobacco price elasticity. If the population is more responsive to tobacco price changes (or participation elasticity estimates are included), then they would experience even more gains from the health and work benefits. More research is needed to clarify the distributional effects of tobacco taxation in South Africa.

Background Tobacco vaporizers heat tobacco without burning it, to produce an inhalable aerosol. Various models have recently appeared on the market, mostly manufactured by the tobacco industry, but few of the studies published on tobacco vaporizers are independent from the manufacturers. The goals of this study were to explore who uses tobacco vaporizers, how these products are used, reasons for utilization, perceived advantages and risks. Methods Online questionnaire collected from October 2016 to January 2018 in self-selected visitors aged > 18 to an anti-addiction website. Results We obtained 170 valid responses, of whom 104 were using tobacco vaporizers. For homogeneity, we included only the 102 users of the Brand 1 tobacco vaporizer in our analysis, as there were only two users of other vaporizers. Among these 102 vaporizer users, about half were current cigarette smokers (57%), the rest were former cigarette smokers. The median age was 41, and the median duration of utilization was 9 months. Most (88%) used the vaporizer daily, 8% were occasional users and 4% were past users. Among current smokers, 80% were currently trying to reduce their cigarette consumption and 29% were trying to quit. The vaporizer was used mainly to replace cigarettes (94%), because it was perceived to be less toxic than cigarettes (89%), to help stop smoking or to avoid starting smoking again (72%), or to reduce cigarette consumption (71%). Current smokers who were daily or occasional vaporizer users reported smoking a median of 8.0 cigarettes per day, compared with 20.0 per day before they started to use the vaporizer (p

Cilj je ovoga istraživanja ispitati ulogu dispozicijskih i socijalnih faktora u objašnjenju učestalosti konzumacije cigareta i alkohola kod adolescenata u dvije vremenske točke u razmaku od dvije godine. Na uzorku od 126 srednjoškolaca prosječne dobi od 15 godina ispitan je doprinos osobina ličnosti Petofaktorskoga modela, percepcija konzumacije cigareta i alkohola kod prijatelja i roditelja, kao i percipirane reakcije prijatelja i roditelja u objašnjenju trenutačne konzumacije cigareta i alkohola (T1), kao i one mjerene dvije godine kasnije (T2). Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da je pozitivna reakcija prijatelja važna i za trenutačnu učestalost konzumacije cigareta i alkohola, kao i za onu mjerenu dvije godine kasnije. Uloga roditelja kao modela za konzumaciju važna je samo za trenutačna rizična ponašanja. Efekti osobina ličnosti dobiveni su za konzumaciju alkohola u obje točke mjerenja te za konzumaciju cigareta u T2. Rezultati ovoga istraživanja upućuju na važnost roditelja i prijatelja kao modela u oblikovanju navedenih ponašanja te mogu pomoći u identifikaciji onih pojedinaca koji, s obzirom na osobine ličnosti, imaju povećan rizik za štetna zdravstvena ponašanja., The aim of the present study was to explore the role of dispositional and social factors in the frequency of alcohol and cigarette consumption among adolescents measured at two time points, two years apart (T1 and T2). The contribution of the "Big Five" personality traits, perception of alcohol and cigarette consumption in parents and friends as well as perception of parents' and friends' reaction to alcohol and cigarette consumption (at T1 and T2) was examined on a sample of 126 high-school students (mean age 15). The results indicated that a positive reaction received from friends was connected with the frequency of alcohol and cigarette consumption at both time points. The parental role (as a model for consumption) was important only for risky health behavior at T1. Personality traits are significant for alcohol consumption at both measurement points and for cigarette consumption only at T2. The findings are discussed in terms of the importance of parents and friends as models for alcohol and cigarette consumption. The results can help in the identification of individuals who have personality traits related with a higher risk for harmful health behaviors.

A challenge in investigating the effect of public health policies on cigarette consumption and exposure arises from variation in a smoker’s exposure from cigarette to cigarette and the considerable differences between smokers. In addition, limited data are available on the effects of spontaneous product switching on a smoker’s cigarette consumption and exposure to smoke constituents. Over 1000 adult smokers of the same commercial 10mg International Organization for Standardization (ISO) tar yield cigarette were recruited into the non-residential, longitudinal study across 10 cities in Germany. Cigarette consumption, mouth level exposure to tar and nicotine and biomarkers of exposure to nicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone were measured every 6months over a 3 and a half year period. Cigarette consumption remained stable through the study period and did not vary significantly when smokers spontaneously switched products. Mouth level exposure decreased for smokers (n=111) who switched to cigarettes of 7mg ISO tar yield or lower. In addition, downward trends in mouth level exposure estimates were observed for smokers who did not switch cigarettes. Data from this study illustrate some of the challenges in measuring smokers’ long-term exposure to smoke constituents in their everyday environment.

We estimate the causal impact of school smoking bans in Germany on the propensity and intensity of smoking. Using representative longitudinal data, we use variation in state, year, age cohort, school track, and survey time for implementation of such smoking bans to identify the effects of interest. The estimates from our multipledifferences approach show that six to ten years after intervention, propensity towards smoking is reduced by 7-16 percent, while the number of smoked cigarettes per day decreases by 8-13 percent. Our results still hold if we account for the clustered data structure by evaluating the effects with randomization inference. Wir untersuchen die kausalen Auswirkungen des Rauchverbots an Schulen in Deutschland auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit zu rauchen und die Anzahl gerauchter Zigaretten pro Tag. Um diese Effekte zu messen, verwenden wir einen repräsentativen Paneldatensatz und nutzen Variationen zwischen Bundesländern, Jahren, Alterskohorten, Schulformen und Interviewzeitpunkten in Bezug auf das Inkrafttreten der Intervention. Die Schätzungen unseres multiplen Differenzenansatzes zeigen, dass sich sechs bis zehn Jahre nach Einführung der Verbote an Schulen die Wahrscheinlichkeit zu rauchen um 7-17 Prozent reduziert, während die Anzahl an gerauchten Zigaretten pro Tag um 8-13 Prozent sinkt. Unsere Ergebnisse bleiben auch dann robust, wenn wir der Clusterstruktur der Daten Rechnung tragen und die Effekte mit Randomisierungsinferenz evaluieren.

As in most OECD countries, smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption have been decreasing in Germany since the early 2000s. This paper analyses whether smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption, as well as their development over time, differ between socio-economic subgroups. Identifying these differences provides insights into the effect of policy interventions on German smoking behaviour. Based on data from the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), a large longitudinal study of the German population, we find that both the decline in smoking prevalence and the decline in average cigarette consumption were probably driven by a behavioural change of younger people, as well as of those with a high educational level and those with a high income. People who quit smoking were on average more highly educated, had a higher income and had most likely a lower cigarette consumption (before quitting). In contrast, smoking prevalence increased among people who were older than 45 and had a low educational level and among those who were unemployed. Smoking prevalence among women was relatively constant over time. Indeed, the smoking prevalence of women and men converged over time, especially in older age groups. Daily cigarette consumption of smokers increased among 66-to-75-year-olds, although it decreased in all other age groups. One explanation might be that the tobacco control measures were successful only in certain socio-economic subgroups. Not only smoking prevalence, but also smoking intensity was higher among men, among those with a lower educational level and among those with a lower income. Especially for younger birth cohorts, smoking prevalence among those with a lower educational level was particularly high. Thus, based on data from 1998 through 2014, the so-called social gradient in smoking was only a distinct feature of younger birth cohorts, and not of older ones.

Introducción: Se determinó la asociación entre conocimientos y actitudes frente al inicio del hábito de fumar en estudiantes universitarios. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal realizado mediante una encuesta auto-diligenciada por 433 estudiantes seleccionados aleatoriamente entre abril y mayo de 2010. Se realizaron análisis de regresión de Poisson simple y múltiple y se calcularon las razones de prevalencia (RP) crudas y ajustadas. Resultados: Se encontró que ser hombre (RP = 1,62; IC95%: 1,21-2,18) y conocer la legislación colombiana sobre tabaco (RP = 1,75; IC95%: 1,25-2,45) aumenta la probabilidad de inicio del hábito tabáquico durante la carrera. En contraste, conocer que generalmente los fumadores mueren más jóvenes (RP = 0,72; IC95%: 0,53-0,98), que la mayoría de pacientes con cáncer de pulmón son o han sido fumadores (RP = 0,64; IC95%: 0,46-0,89) y considerar el fumar un vicio (RP = 0,58; IC95%: 0,42-0,80) o una drogodependencia (RP = 0,48; IC95%: 0,27-0,82) están asociados con menor probabilidad de inicio del hábito de fumar durante la vida universitaria. Conclusión: El conocimiento sobre los efectos de fumar disminuye el inicio de este hábito durante la carrera.Introdução: Determinou se a associação entre conhecimentos e atitudes frente ao inicio do hábito de fumar em estudantes universitários. Metodologia: Estudo de corte transversal realizado mediante uma enquete autopreenchida por 433 estudantes selecionados aleatoriamente entre abril e maio de 2010. Realizaram se analise de regressão de Poisson simples e múltiplo e se calcularam as razoes de prevalências (RP) severas e ajustadas. Resultados: Encontrou se que ser homem (RP = 1,62; IC95%: 1,21-2,18) e conhecer a legislação colombiana sobre tabaco (RP = 1,75; IC95%: 1,25-2,45) aumenta a probabilidade de inicio de habito tabagismo durante os estudos universitários. Em contraste, conhecer que geralmente os fumantes morrem mais jovens (RP = 0,72; IC95%: 0,53-0,98), que a maioria de pacientes com câncer de pulmão é ou tem sido fumantes ou uma drogo-dependencia (RP = 0,48; IC95%: 0,27-0,82) estão associados com menor probabilidade de inicio do habito de fumar durante a vida universitária. Conclusões: O conhecimento sobre os efeitos de fumar diminuiu inicio deste habito durante os estudos universitários.Introduction: The association between knowledge and attitudes before the onset of smoking during college life in college students was determined. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study carried out through self-report survey in a sample of 433 students randomly selected between April and May 2010. Simple and multiple Poisson regression analysis were carried put and, crude and adjusted prevalence reasons (PR) were calculated. Results: We found that being male (PR = 1.62; 95%CI: 1.21-2.18) and knowing Colombian legislation about tobacco use (PR = 1.75; 95%CI: 1.25-2.45) increases the likelihood of smoking onset during college. In contrast, knowing that smokers generally die younger than nonsmokers (PR = 0.72; 95%CI: 0.53-0.98), that most patients with lung cancer are or have been smokers (PR = 0.64; 95%CI: 0.46-0.89), and considering smoking is a bad habit (PR = 0.58; 95%CI: 0.42-0.80) or a drug dependence (PR = 0.48; 95%CI: 0.27-0.82) are associated with lower likelihood of smoking onset during college. Conclusion: Knowledge about the effects of smoking decreases the onset of smoking during college life.

Introduction Hard core smokers have been studied in many countries but only a few trials have compared the effectiveness of smoking cessation with other smokers. The objective of this study was to compare the frequencies of success in smoking cessation between hard-core smokers and other smokers. Material and Methods Data were collected in Clermont-Ferrand from the Emile Roux dispensary ‘Pneumology and Tobaccology Centre’ between 1999 and 2009. Assistance with smoking cessation was proposed to 1367 patients but only 1296 patients were included: 219 HCS and 1077 other smokers. Smoking cessation was considered a success when patients were abstinent 6 months after the beginning of cessation. The profiles of the two types of smokers were compared using Chi square test and Student’s t test. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate the association between the smoking cessation result and the type of smokers. Results HCS more frequently consumed other psychoactive substances (41.1 % vs 25.7 % for other smokers; p

Background Previous studies have found mixed results about cigarette and alcohol consumption patterns among rural-to-urban migrants. Moreover, there are limited longitudinal data about consumption patterns in this population. As such, this study aimed to compare the smoking and heavy drinking prevalence among rural, urban, and rural-to-urban migrants in Peru, as well as the smoking and heavy drinking incidence in a 5-year follow-up. Methods We analyzed the PERU MIGRANT Study data from rural, urban, and rural-to-urban migrant populations in Peru. The baseline study was carried out in 2006–2007 and follow-up was performed five years later. For the baseline data analysis, the prevalence of lifetime smoking, current smokers, and heavy drinking was compared by population group using prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). For the longitudinal analysis, the incidence of smoking and heavy drinking was compared by population group with risk ratios (RR) and 95% CI. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to calculate both PRs and RRs. Results We analyzed data from 988 participants: 200 rural dwellers, 589 migrants, and 199 urban dwellers. Compared with migrants, lifetime smoking prevalence was higher in the urban group (PR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.64–3.20), but lower in the rural group (PR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.31–0.99). Compared with migrants, the urban group had a higher current smoking prevalence (PR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.26–4.16), and a higher smoking incidence (RR = 2.75, 95% CI = 1.03–7.34). Current smoking prevalence and smoking incidence showed no significant difference between rural and migrant groups. The prevalence and incidence of heavy drinking was similar across the three population groups. Conclusions Our results show a trend in lifetime smoking prevalence (urban > migrant > rural), while smoking incidence was similar between migrant and rural groups, but higher in the urban group. In addition, our results suggest that different definitions of smoking status could lead to different smoking rates and potentially different measures of association. The prevalence and incidence of heavy drinking were similar between the three population groups. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4080-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

El presente estudio, con un diseño cuasiexperimental pre – test, pos - test de grupos pareados, tenía como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de una intervención basada en el Proceso de Adopción de Precauciones (PAP) en la disminución o abandono del consumo de cigarrillo en estudiantes universitarios de tres Instituciones de Educación Superior. En la investigación se retomaron elementos claves del PAP: motivación, percepción de vulnerabilidad, susceptibilidad, costos y beneficios, balance decisional y cambio como resultado primero de un funcionamiento cognitivo y luego de la planeación, así como el resultado del paso consecutivo por siete etapas. A partir de estos elementos se desarrolló una intervención que se aplicó a través de 6 sesiones de trabajo y al finalizar se compararon los resultados de las pruebas pre y post del grupo experimental con las del control. Para clasificar a las personas en el grupo experimental o en el grupo control se utilizó el Cuestionario para la Clasificación de Consumidores de Cigarrillo (C4) Londoño y Rodríguez, (2007), el Cuestionario de Expectativas hacia el Cigarrillo (CEC) Londoño y Rodríguez, (en prensa) y el Cuestionario de Motivación (Tentación). Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos en las medidas de nivel consumo, expectativas y motivación, (Londoño y Rodríguez, 2007). Finalmente se discuten estos y otros hallazgos importantes. The present study, that used a quasi-experimental pre-test post-test design for paired groups, aimed at assessing the effect of an intervention based on the so-called Precautions Adoption Process (PAP) in the reduction or cessation of smoking in university students from three Higher Education Institutions. The research took into account some key elements of PAP: motivation, vulnerability perception, susceptibility, cost and benefit, decisional balance and change, as a result of cognitive functioning and planning in the first place, and later to the passage through seven consecutive stages. Starting from these elements, an intervention program was developed and implemented in six work sessions. At the end, results from pre-test and post –test measurements of both the experimental and control groups were compared. In order to classify participants for each one of these groups several instruments were used: The Classification of Cigarette Consumers Questionnaire (C4) by Londoño, Rodríguez & Gantiva (in press), the Expectations Regarding Cigarettes Questionnaire (CEC) by Londoño & Rodríguez (2007) and the Motivation Questionnaire (Temptation). Results showed significant differences between groups in the level of consumption, expectations and motivation (Londoño & Rodríguez, 2007). These and other important findings are discussed.