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Coffee chaff is a major coffee roasting by-product that could be valued as a source of antioxidants. In the present work, we compared classic, but optimized, solid-liquid extraction conditions with a new concept, namely, the Multi-frequency Multimode Modulated (MMM) vibration technique. The extracts obtained by both methods were analysed and compared in relation to several parameters, namely, phenolics profile (by HPLC/DAD), 5-caffeoylquinic acid content, total phenolics content, and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power. Compared to an optimized solid-liquid extraction (using a hydroethanolic solvent (1:1) at 40 °C for 60 min), the acoustic probe allowed a higher recovery of antioxidants in only 10 min and using only water as extraction solvent. Moreover, the effects that arise from the acoustic cavitation in the medium allowed the suppression of the sample preparation step (grinding). These results show that this type of technology can be of high interest to recover antioxidants from natural matrices, in a green, fast and very efficient way.

In Australia, widespread evolution of multi-resistant weed populations has driven the development and adoption of harvest weed seed control (HWSC). However, due to incompatibility of commonly used HWSC systems with highly productive conservation cropping systems, better HWSC systems are in demand. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the integrated Harrington Seed Destructor (iHSD) mill on the seeds of Australia's major crop weeds during wheat chaff processing. Also examined were the impacts of chaff type and moisture content on weed seed destruction efficacy. Initially, the iHSD mill speed of 3,000 rpm was identified as the most effective at destroying rigid ryegrass seeds present in wheat chaff. Subsequent testing determined that the iHSD mill was highly effective (>95% seed kill) on all Australian crop weeds examined. Rigid ryegrass seed kill was found to be highest for lupin chaff and lowest in barley, with wheat and canola chaff intermediate. Similarly, wheat chaff moisture reduced rigid ryegrass seed kill when moisture level exceeded 12%. The broad potential of the iHSD mill was evident, in that the reductions in efficacy due to wide-ranging differences in chaff type and moisture content were relatively small (≤10%). The results from these studies confirm the high efficacy and widespread suitability of the iHSD for use in Australian crop production systems. Additionally, as this system allows the conservation of all harvest residues, it is the best HWSC technique for conservation cropping systems.Nomenclature: Rigid ryegrass; Lolium rigidum Gaud.; canola, Brassica napus L.; Lupin, Lupinus angustifolius L.; wheat, Triticum aestivum L.

The received conventional wisdom from Paul in the New Testament is deceptively simple: law imprisons but love liberates. If we separate the chaff from the wheat, we will discover a grain of truth i...

Chaff is composed of small and thin pieces of glass fibres plated with aluminium or silver and is dispersed in the air like a cloud from air fighters or warships. The length of a chaff fibre is generally much smaller than the radar resolution and its orientation is random in chaff clouds. Therefore, chaff clouds can be viewed as anisotropic needle-like particles. For such kind of target, according to the polarimetric decomposition theorem, identifying the dominant physical scattering mechanism is the polarimetric scattering parameter, which is a roll-invariant parameter. As a result, this parameter is introduced to investigate the scattering characteristics of chaff clouds here. Theoretical analysis shows that this parameter of chaff clouds with three typical orientation distributions varies between 45 ∘ and 49 ∘ . Moreover, when the azimuth angles of chaff clouds meet the uniform distribution, the correlation of chaff clouds between the co- and cross-polarised channels vanishes. To this end, the polarisation scattering characteristics of chaff clouds mentioned above are validated by numerical simulation, and a study is also carried out to compare the chaff clouds with other targets, which confirms the feasibility and real-time of chaff jamming recognition by support vector machine classification method.

The use of poultry litter is key to the commercial poultry industry. Among its many functions, it is fundamental to provide comfort to the birds, and wood shavings and rice husk are the most widely used raw materials. However, there has been a search for alternative materials, with the main purpose of reducing costs. Therefore, this paper assesses the use of chaff (charcoal processing waste) (with approximately five mm particle size) as chicken litter, in an experiment with 225 broiler chicks divided into three treatments (T1 = broiler chicks housed in wood shaving litter; T2 = broiler chicks housed in 50% wood shaving litter and 50% charcoal processing waste (chaff); T3 = broiler chicks housed in 100% chaff litter, with five replicates of 15 birds each. Performance (feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion) in periods of one to seven, one to 21, 21 to 41 and one to 41 days of age was assessed. The dry matter, ash, phosphorous and nitrogen levels on the litter were assessed at the end of the trial period (41 days of age). Sample fragments were taken from the trachea, lung and thymus to evaluate possible changes related to the presence of the chaff at the end of the trial period. There were no significant differences in the broiler performance. Also, no histopathological lesions were found on the organs of birds raised in litters. Keywords: Feed Conversion. Alternative Material. Lung. Trachea.

Household grain storage continues to be of paramount importance in improving food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where maize postharvest losses of 10-20 % are reported. On-farm trials to compare alternative solutions for reducing household maize storage losses were conducted in the 2014/15 and 2015/16 storage seasons in two contrasting agro-ecological zones in Hwedza district of Zimbabwe. A wide range of treatments including a commercial synthetic pesticide (Shumba super dust®1), unregistered but commonly used botanical pesticides (Aloe ash, Colophospermum mopane leaves, Eleusine coracana (rapoko) chaff, and Ocimum gratissimum), hermetic storage facilities (metal silos, GrainPro Super Grain Bags (SGB) IVR™, Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bags), and storage bags with pesticide incorporated into their fabric (ZeroFly® bags), were evaluated. The results demonstrated the superiority of hermetic storage facilities (PICS bags, SGBs, and metal silos) in suppressing insect pest build up, insect grain damage and weight loss in stored maize grain. A newly introduced synthetic pesticide on the Zimbabwean market, Actellic gold dust®, was also evaluated in the 2015/16 season and was found to be highly effective. The following grain storage technologies; hermetic metal silos, SGB bags, PICS bags, and Actellic gold dust® pesticide are therefore recommended for smallholder farmer use to reduce stored grain losses due to insect pests.

The Harrington Seed Destructor (HSD), a novel weed control technology, has been highly effective in Australian cropping systems. To investigate its applicability to conditions in western Canada, stationary threshing was conducted to determine the impact of weed species, seed size, seed number, chaff load, and chaff type on efficacy of seed destruction. Control varied depending on species, with a range of 97.7% to 99.8%. Sieve-sized volunteer canola seed had a linear relationship of increasing control with increasing 1,000-seed weight. However, with greater than 98% control across all tested seed weights, it is unlikely that seed size alone will significantly influence control. Consistently high levels of control were observed at all tested seed densities (10 seeds to 1 million seeds). The response of weed seed control to chaff load was quadratic, but a narrow range of consistently high control (>97%) was again observed. Chaff type had a significant effect on weed seed control (98% to 98.6%); however, seed control values in canola chaff were likely confounded by a background presence of volunteer canola. Overall, the five parameters studied statistically influence control of weed seeds with the HSD. However, small differences between treatments are unlikely to affect the biological impact of the machine, which provides high levels of control for those weed seeds that can be introduced into the harvester.

The kinetics of ozonolysis for a number of plant materials (aspen and pine sawdust, wheat straw, flax chaff, and sunflower husks) is comparatively studied, and the dependences of the rate of ozone absorption on the water content in lignocellulosic samples are obtained. The kinetic curves of water absorption by different plant materials in a saturated water vapor atmosphere at room temperature are constructed, and the equilibrium values of water content are determined. It is shown that straw is characterized by a higher affinity for water than wood. The range of the moisture contents of lignocellulosic materials that ensures the maximum rate of their reaction with ozone is found. No appreciable effect of the nature of plant material on the rate of ozone absorption was detected, since the process is controlled by the diffusion of ozone in the pores of materials.

HWSC systems that target weed seed production during harvest have been in use in Australian crop production systems for over 30 years. Until recently, though, grower adoption of these systems has been relatively low. It is now apparent with the introduction of a range of new weed seed targeting systems that there is renewed grower interest in the use of this approach to weed control. With the aim of determining the current adoption and use of HWSC systems, 600 crop producers from throughout Australia’s cropping regions were interviewed on their adoption and use of these systems. This survey established that 43% of Australian growers are now routinely using HWSC to target weed seed production during grain harvest. The adoption of narrow-windrow burning (30%) was considerably greater than the other currently available techniques of chaff tramlining (7%), chaff carts (3%), bale-direct system (3%), and the Harrington Seed Destructor (HSD) (

Harvest weed seed control (HWSC) systems have been developed to exploit the high proportions of seed retained at maturity by the annual weeds rigid ryegrass, wild radish, bromegrass, and wild oats. To evaluate the efficacy of HWSC systems on rigid ryegrass populations, three systems, the Harrington Seed Destructor (HSD), chaff carts, and narrow-windrow burning were compared at 24 sites across the western and southern wheat production regions of Australia. HWSC treatments were established at harvest (Nov. – Dec.) in wheat crops with low to moderate rigid ryegrass densities (1 to 26 plants m−2). Rigid ryegrass counts at the commencement of the next growing season (Apr. – May) determined that HWSC treatments were similarly effective in reducing emergence. Chaff carts, narrow-windrow burning, or HSD systems act similarly on rigid ryegrass seed collected during harvest to deliver substantial reductions in subsequent rigid ryegrass populations by restricting seedbank inputs. On average, population densities were reduced by 60%, but there was considerable variation between sites (37 to 90%) as influenced by seed production and the residual seedbank. Given the observed high rigid ryegrass seed production levels at crop maturity it is clear that HWSC has a vital role in preventing seedbank inputs in Australian conservation cropping systems.

Steady customer losses create pressure for firms to acquire new accounts, a task that is both costly and risky. Lacking knowledge about their prospects, firms often use a large array of predictors obtained from list vendors, which in turn rapidly creates massive high-dimensional data problems. Selecting the appropriate variables and their functional relationships with acquisition probabilities is therefore a substantial challenge. This study proposes a Bayesian variable selection approach to optimally select targets for new customer acquisition. Data from an insurance company reveal that this approach outperforms nonselection methods and selection methods based on expert judgment as well as benchmarks based on principal component analysis and bootstrap aggregation of classification trees. Notably, the optimal results show that the Bayesian approach selects panel-based metrics as predictors, detects several nonlinear relationships, selects very large numbers of addresses, and generates profits. In a series of post hoc analyses, the authors consider prospects’ response behaviors and cross-selling potential and systematically vary the number of predictors and the estimated profit per response. The results reveal that more predictors and higher response rates do not necessarily lead to higher profits.

Maize and wheat are two of the most widespread crops worldwide because of their highyield and importance for food, chemical purposes and livestock feed. Some of the residues of thesecrops (i.e., maize cob and wheat chaff) remain in the field after grain harvesting. In Europe, just maizecob and grain chaff could provide an annual potential biomass of 9.6 Mt and 54.8 Mt, respectively. Collecting such a biomass could be of interest for bioenergy production and could increase farmers’ income. Progress in harvest technology plays a key role in turning untapped by-products into valuablefeedstocks. This article presents a study of the erformance and the quality of the work of Harcob, an innovative system developed for maize cob collection. Furthermore, the feasibility of using the Harcob system to also harvest wheat chaff during wheat harvesting was also verified. The resultsshowed that it was possible to harvest 1.72 t ha-1 and 0.67 t ha-1 of cob and chaff, respectively, withoutaffecting the harvesting performance of the combine. The profit achievable from harvesting the corncob was around 4%, while no significant economic benefits were observed during the harvesting ofwheat chaff with the Harcob system. The use of cereal by-products for energy purposes may allowthe reduction of CO2 from fossil fuel between 0.7 to 2.2 t CO2 ha-1. The Harcob system resultedsuitable to harvest such different and high potential crop by-products and may represent a solutionfor farmers investing in the bioenergy production chain.

The problems of collecting chaff as a resource for providing livestock feed are considered. An screw has been proposed for the removal, chopping and spreading of straw on the left and right along the side of the combine for the side- walls and the installation of an additional bunker for collecting chaff behind the sieve mill. The parameters of the screw for the removal, chopping and throwing of straw are developed and the power for its drive is determined.

Single-dimensional—i.e., single-column—gas chromatography (GC) has been a mainstay technique for GC analysis of volatile compounds for many years. It operates according to well-established separation principles; methods for injection and detection are reliable, and we can refer to it as a mature technique. However, this does not mean that it is without its shortcomings. In this chapter, the focus is on the separation provided by GC, especially the measures that can be taken to improve compound resolution and total peak capacity, by use of multiple GC columns. This defines the multidimensional (MDGC), or its more recent counterpart, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC), experiment. Consideration of the chromatographic details of how method is setup, the nomenclature that allows clear definition of experimental parameters, comments on quantification, enantioselective analysis, and higher separation dimensionality are discussed. If it is accepted that improved analysis arises for better resolved compounds, then the analytical quality that derives from MDGC and GC×GC should make these techniques a necessary addition to the analyst's toolbox.

Ergonomics considerations in the design of farm tools and equipment are essential for better health and safety of farmworkers and more productivity. The engineers, scientists, and machinery designers attempt to use anthropometric, and muscle strength data of the user population and apply suitable biomechanics principles and ergo-design guidelines to arrive at design specifications of tools and equipment. Farm activities involve a whole range of tools and equipment, which is beyond the scope of discussion in the present contribution. The farm equipment embodied herewith to show the ergo-design process include different modes of operation, e.g., pulling, pushing, cranking, pedalling, treadling, and gripping. The operations covered are transplanting, fertilizer application, weeding, spraying, harvesting, threshing, dehusking and shelling, winnowing, decortication, tree climbing, pruning, and chaff cutting. The examples include manually operated rice transplanter, weeders, fertilizer broadcaster, winnower and groundnut decorticators, harvesting tool, manual- and power- operated knapsack sprayers, threshers and chaff cutters, hand and pedal-operated maize dehusker sheller, pruning secateurs and coconut tree climber. Readers can make use of these examples and design farm tools and equipment of their choice using the criteria, procedure and information given herewith.

Chaff (the outermost protective layer of rice grain) in nano and ground sized particles was bio-assessed to explore its insecticidal effects against the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). These particles induced remarkable disturbances in the biological patterns of the greater wax moth. These were cleared as they exhibited insecticidal impact on both juvenile and adult stages, their impacts on larval, pupal and adult death, the formation of morphogenetic features (permanent larvae and larval-pupal intermediates), their negative influence on the adult emergence and the potentialities of the applied concentrations to hinder the larval weight gain. The recorded LC50 values proved more larvicidal potency of the nano-sized particle than that of the ground rice chaff one. The transverse sections in the midgut of the 20 days old larvae (both treated and untreated ones) confirmed the histopathological deformations of the examined particles. The high siliceous content of the chaff particle may be responsible for such recorded disturbances., Materials science; Nanotechnology; Agriculture; Silica; Galleria mellonella; Insecticidal activity; Histopathology

There has been growing interest in finding alternative markets for excess field wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) chaff residue. Recent studies indicate wheat chaff contains an abundant amount of silica (SiO2) in the amorphous state along with hydrocarbons. We examined the chemical composition of wheat chaff of four winter wheat cultivars with an emphasis on silicon content. After sample preparation, high resolution X‐ray diffraction and fluorescence were used to determine the amount of Si found in wheat chaff. Heat treatments were also applied to convert SiO2 to silicon carbide (SiC), which can be used in industrial nanoparticles and electronics. We found that the four wheat cultivars tested have differing amounts of Si in the chaff. Those with high amounts of Si can have the Si converted, through a simple heat‐treatment process, to SiC. Although research needs to be expanded to test additional cultivars and examine environmental influences, our results point to an interesting potential for the use of excess wheat chaff residue.

Stepping-stones are used extensively by attackers to hide their identity and access restricted targets. Many methods have been proposed to detect stepping-stones and resist evasive behaviour, but so far no benchmark dataset exists to provide a fair comparison of detection rates. We propose a comprehensive framework to simulate realistic stepping-stone behaviour that includes effective evasion tools, and release a large dataset, which we use to evaluate detection rates for eight state-of-the-art methods. Our results show that detection results for several methods fall behind the claimed detection rates, even without the presence of evasion tactics. Furthermore, currently no method is capable to reliably detect stepping-stone when the attacker inserts suitable chaff perturbations, disproving several robustness claims and indicating that further improvements of existing detection models are necessary.

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) has gained considerable significance in medical fields like implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICDs), neuro-stimulators etc. The body area networks information with in the implantable medical devices (IMDs) must be secure and their privacy must be protected. The absence of protection at the interface makes it easy for the attackers to take control of the IMDs. Thus, protection of wireless interface has become mandatory in IMDs during key agreement schemes. To secure the key agreement scheme, the most practical light weight bio-cryptosystem schemes popularly known as fuzzy vault (FV) is implemented. The most computationally intensive task in the FV scheme is the chaff point generation process, used for hiding the secret key and valid point inside the vault. Thus, a Raspberry Pi implemented with MATLAB simulation and communication of physiological signal based fast chaff point generation (RPSC) algorithm for WBAN. RPSC algorithm reduced the number of candidate chaff points in the chaff point generation and reduced the overall execution time. The RPSC algorithm has an algorithm complexity of O(n2), which is a significant over the existing O(n3) complexity. The RPSC algorithm has a speedup performance of 206 times over Clancy’s, 130 times over Khalil’s and 93 times than Nguyen algorithms for the generation of 504 chaff points, within smaller computation duration of 0.7 s. Raspberry Pi pro 3 (RPi3) hardware modules are considered as IMD and programmer devices, are used for implementation of chaff point generation and real-time communication module for proposed WBAN.

The design and construction of a motorized rice grader were undertaken to classify rice grains into the head rice and broken rice. Three (3) screens of decreasing diameters were used inclined at angles ranging from 6, 8, and 160 and driven by a 5 hp motor to cause agitation and a pneumatic mechanism for blowing light chaff material. The performance efficiency of the developed machine was evaluated with milled rice at 15% moisture content (wet basis) at different feed gate levels (FGL) (5 to 20 mm). The result indicated decreased grading efficiency (GE) and product purity (PP) with increased FGL, increased throughput capacity (TPC) and tray loss (TL) with increased FGL. The highest GE and PP were 91.67 and 90.97% at 5 mm FGO, while the highest TPC and TL were achieved at 20 mm FGL as 0.08 kg/s and 1.06%, respectively. The feed gate levels (5 to 20 mm) had a significant effect on the performance efficiencies investigated.

This article studies the micro- Doppler characteristics of chaff cloud scatter based on the chaff filaments dispersion experiments. This paper highlights the extraction method of micro-Doppler features using the Empirical Mode Decomposition method incorporated with time-frequency analysis method. In order to extract the characteristics, the scattering signal is decomposed into a set of intrinsic-mode functions that are represented at different scales. The components are then reconstructed and analyzed by adopting the Short-Time Fourier Transform. After the separation of the Doppler frequency of the unexpanded chaff cluster radar return, the micro-Doppler frequency and micro- motion parameters of chaff filaments are estimated. The results of the experiment show that this extraction method has been successfully adopted to obtain the micro- Doppler features of chaff filaments. And a conclusion has been proved that the period of micro-Doppler frequency is determined by the period of chaff filaments vibration.

The calculation of the electromagnetic scattering properties of the chaff cloud is important to interference effect evaluation in electronic countermeasures. A core issue of this evaluation is to establish a proper model of chaff cloud. Many opened literatures focuses on same simple random distribution models of the chaff elements. In many cases the diffusion procedure of the chaff cloud, especially in airflow, can not be simply described with functions. So this paper presents a method which can recognize the locations and orientation angles of the chaff element using high speed photography technology and SVM (Support Vector Machine). Then, the VRT (Vector Transport Theory) is used to evaluate the electromagnetic scattering properties of chaff cloud. Firstly, the image obtained by high-speed camera is extracted, and then graying, smoothing and binarizing are successively adopted to obtain the proper binarized image. Then the boundary searching algorithms is performed to find the edge of the chaff elements. According to the extracted contour information of chaff elements, the image is sliced into several segments. Secondly, according to the prior information, the basic database of chaff length and orientation angles is established. Thirdly, SVM is used to find the most similar image in database with the image which is output from high spread camera. So the chaff length and orientation angle can be found with the help of the database. At last, VRT is adopted to calculate the scattering properties of the chaff cloud. Simulations show that SVM can recognize the information of the chaff elements with a high accuracy and the VRT can obtain the electromagnetic properties of the chaff cloud efficiently.

Aiming at the problem of single chaff interference against the anti-ship missile with advanced recognition capability, the basic theory of composite electromagnetic scattering characteristic of air-floating and chaff is studied; Through C4D four-dimensional modeling software and CST electromagnetic simulation analysis software, the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of air-floating corner reflector and chaff including radar cross section, high resolution range profile and polarization angle is theoretically analyzed. The coherent synthesis under high frequency conditions is completed by the scattering center synthesis theory; Based on similarity between the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of composite target and typical ship target under dilute interference, optimized laying pattern of composite target is proposed. The results show that the similarity between the air-floating corner reflector/chaff and typical ship target is overall high under the similarity function. The combination use of the two types of passive interference devices has great potential in confrontation with anti-ship missiles with advanced recognition capability.

Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa ( Xtu ) is a proteobacteria which causes bacterial leaf streak (BLS) or bacterial chaff disease in wheat and barley. The constant competition for zinc (Zn) metal nutrients contributes significantly in plant–pathogen interactions. In this study, we have employed a systematic in silico approach to study the Zn-binding proteins of Xtu. From the whole proteome of Xtu , we have identified approximately 7.9% of proteins having Zn-binding sequence and structural motifs . Further, 115 proteins were found homologous to plant–pathogen interaction database. Among these 115 proteins, 11 were predicted as putative secretory proteins. The functional diversity in Zn-binding proteins was revealed by functional domain, gene ontology and subcellular localization analysis. The roles of Zn-binding proteins were found to be varied in the range from metabolism, proteolysis, protein biosynthesis, transport, cell signalling, protein folding, transcription regulation, DNA repair, response to oxidative stress, RNA processing, antimicrobial resistance, DNA replication and DNA integration. This study provides preliminary information on putative Zn-binding proteins of Xtu which may further help in designing new metal-based antimicrobial agents for controlling BLS and bacterial chaff infections on staple crops.

We investigated if hot exhaust gas from a combine harvester could be used to reduce germination or kill weed seeds during the harvesting process. During the threshing and cleaning process in the combine, weed seeds and chaff are separated from the crop grains. After this separation, weed and crop seeds not collected can be exposed to exhaust gas before seeds are returned to the field. Seeds of some common weed species (Alopecurus myosuroides, Centaurea cyanus, Geranium pusillum, Lapsana communis, Lolium perenne, Rumex crispus, Spergula arvensis, and Tripleurospermum inodorum) were treated with exhaust gas at temperatures of 75 &deg, C or 85 &deg, C, 110 &deg, C, and 140 &deg, C for 2, 4, and 6 s, respectively. Afterwards, the seeds were germinated for 16 days. We found that 75 &deg, C and 85 &deg, C were insufficient to significantly reduce germination of the seeds after three durations. Some seeds were still able to germinate after 4 s exposure of 110 &deg, C. An exposure of 140 &deg, C for 4 and 6 s repressed germination of all species. We conclude that there is potential to develop combine harvesters that exploit the exhaust gas to either kill or reduce the ability of weed seeds to germinate before seeds are returned to the field.

Ovaj rad zasnovan je na radu Chaff Bugs te LAVA projektu koji opisani rad koristi. U sklopu rada opisani su najčešći načini automatiziranog otkrivanja ranjivosti u programima pisanim u C i C++ jezicima, te potreba za referentnim skupom grešaka nad kojim se različite metode mogu uspoređivati. Rad uključuje opis LAVA projekta koji rješava navedeni problem. Opisane su neke od najčešćih sigurnosnih grešaka prilikom programiranja te mogući načini na koje bi se mogle ubacivati lažne ranjivosti opisanih vrsta grešaka. U sklopu rada su implementirana ubacivanja malloc off by one grešaka te nezlouporabljivih printf grešaka koje otkrivaju sadržaj na stogu. This thesis describes the original Chaff Bugs paper and the LAVA project that it used. In the process, common methods of automated vulnerability discovery and the need for a ground-truth bug corpora that can be used to compare and evaluate different tools are also described. A description of how LAVA solves that problem is provided. The thesis provides commentary and ideas for implementations of additional unexploitable bug classes. Implementations of malloc off by one bug injection and unexploitable printf leaks are described and provided as part of the thesis.

Aiming at the problem that the continuous wave Doppler fuze is affected by the chaff interference when detecting the target, the expressions of target echo and chaff cloud echoes under the fuze model of tail tracking in the air are given respectively. The time domain waveform and power spectrum of echo signal for target, and chaff cloud are studied. The jamming effect of chaff on Doppler fuze is obtained. The influence factors of system parameters for interference effect are also discussed. The research results will give the theory evidence for the research of anti-chaff jamming of radio fuze.

A time domain measurement system (TDMS) is established in Xidian University to study the electromagnetic scattering properties of chaff cloud. The system is operating indoor in case of unnecessary outside environment impacting. The working band of the system is from 1 to 40 GHz and the system can perform a High-precision monostatic far-field RCS measurements.

A measurement scheme is presented in this paper. Because the chaff cloud will flutter with the wind, a scaffold mode of chaff cloud according to the simulation is created and measured with a time domain measurement system in the chamber built in Xidian University to obtain the RCS of chaff cloud in the measurement.

The Batch process of Adsorption were conducted using Congo red (CR) as the adsorbate and Jatropha curcas seed (chaff) as the adsorbent material. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms analysis were conducted and results obtained confirmed the adsorption process as highly dependent on effects such as; contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration and the particle sizes of adsorbate. However, the sorption equilibrium for Congo red dye unto jatropha curcas seed (chaff) was reached within 180 minutes, more so, the Adsorption efficiency was recorded at 82.05%. The process of the experimental sorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model while Freundlich isotherm model was best applicable for obtaining the equilibrium of the parameters. These is an effective confirmation and validation of jatropha curcas seed (chaff) application as environmentally friendly and low-cost biomaterial for dye removal from aqueous solutions and industrial effluents.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE: In the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial, the possible relationships between acute kidney injury (AKI) and risk of major cardiovascular events and death are not known. STUDY DESIGN: Post hoc analysis of a multicenter, randomized, controlled, open-label clinical trial. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Hypertensive adults without diabetes who were ≥50 years of age with prior cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD), 10-year Framingham risk score >15%, or age >75 years were assigned to a systolic blood pressure target of

This study determined the digestibility of three common supplementary feeds, faecal whole grain loss and the energy requirements of adult Huacaya alpacas (live weight 62 kg) using individual pens and feeding at a range of initial notional energy levels approximating maintenance (M) to 1.6 × M. The diets were lucerne (Medicago sativa) chaff (LC), oaten (Avena sativa) chaff (OC) and whole barley grain (Hordeum vulgare) plus oaten chaff (BOC) (40:60 ratio). After 2 weeks introduction, DMI, faecal output and live weight were measured for 7 days. Samples were analysed for DM, organic matter (OM), GE and N content. Feed composition was respectively for diets LC, BOC, OC: OM 89.1, 96.4, 95.8 %; DE 12.8, 11.9, 12.2 MJ/kg DM; CP 21.7, 9.6, 7.3 %. OC included 25 % oat grain, of which 55 % was whole grain. Two alpaca showed signs of subclinical acidosis. DMI averaged 1014 g/d (range 579−1576 g/d) during digestibility measurements. Whole grain loss as % of grain fed was 16.3 % for BOC significantly greater than 5.2 % for OC. For LC and BOC, DMI required for alpacas at maintenance was 41 g/kg W0.75/d, equivalent to 1.48 % of live weight, and the MEm requirement was 399 kJ ME/kg W0.75/d. Energy retained in fibre averaged 180 (s.e. 6.6) kJ/day and was 0.0146 of ME intake, equivalent to 8.2 ± 0.30 kJ/kg0.75/d. While it was possible to feed up to 435 g DM/d of cereal grain to alpaca, whole barley grain excretion was associated with a 27 % decline in the ME value of barley. Alpaca fed whole grain barley adapted to the diet whereas adaptation to a diet of oaten chaff with cracked oat grain resulted in depressed DMI and live weight loss, probably from mild acidosis.

After saturated steam pretreatment and thermo-pressure drying, the moisture content decreased and the calorific value increased, thus the waste fungus chaff was transformed into new biomass energy. The physicochemical properties of the fungus chaff after thermo-pressure drying were tested to meet the standard of being used as biomass fuel. The experiment showed that: The thermo-pressure drying technology can stably reduce the moisture content of the fungus bran from more than 55% to less than 35%, and increase the received base calorific value from 4763.9kJ/kg to 12213.8kJ/kg, which meets the requirements of biomass power plants. The performance of volatiles, slagging property and other related fuels is improved, which lays an experimental foundation for the industrial implementation of biomass fuel.

Anaerobic digestion, a promising technology for waste utilization and bioenergy generation, is a suitable approach to convert the shrimp waste to biomethane, reducing its environmental impact. In this study, shrimp chaff (SC) was co-digested corn straw (CS), wheat straw (WS), and sugarcane bagasse (SB). In co-digestion, SC enhanced biomethane production of CS by 8.47-fold, followed by SC + WS (5.67-folds), and SC + SB (3.37-folds). SC addition to agricultural biomass digestion also promoted the volatile solids removal up to 85%. Microbial community analysis of SC and CS co-digestion presented the dominance of phylum Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Euryarchaeota. Proteolytic bacteria were dominant (18.02%) during co-digestion of SC and CS, with Proteiniphilum as major bacterial genera (14%) that converts complex proteinaceous substrates to organic acids. Among the archaeal community, Methanosarcina responsible for conversion of acetate and hydrogen to biomethane, increased up to 70.77% in SC and CS digestion. Addition of SC to the digestion of agricultural wastes can significantly improve the biomethane production along with its effective management to reduce environmental risks.

Despite their great potential, charred particles of chaff-and-straw temper from daub architecture have very rarely been considered as material suitable for 14C dating. This short paper is intended to change this situation. With this aim in mind, we first present the rationale and objectives of the sampling procedure based on archaeobotanical exploration of prehistoric remains of daub architecture, and then report and discuss the results of a short chronometric exercise based on such samples. The empirical verification of the sampling procedure was based on finds related to the epi-Lengyel culture from Upper Silesia.

Authentication using biometrics has an edge over traditional authentication mechanisms. Fuzzy vault is an eminent biometric cryptosystem technique that aims to protect a secret using a biometric template. Authorized users can, however, access the secret by providing the valid biometric. In a fuzzy vault, noise is incorporated in the form of chaff points in order to increase the security. While implementing fuzzy vault schemes in real scenarios, the most critical but computing-intensive and time-consuming task is chaff generation. In this paper, a neoteric method for chaff generation is proposed, which is less time-consuming in generating large numbers of chaff points.

In this paper, we focus on PHYTOPOROUS, a porous carbon material made entirely from plant-based ingredients, as a new broadband-wave absorber material that acts in the millimeter wave band. We created prototypes of thin rubber-sheet wave absorbers that contain porous carbon (PHYTOPOROUS) made from rice chaff and soybean hulls, which are both agricultural residue products that are generated in large quantities. We investigated the permittivity and reflectance characteristics of this material using the free-space time-domain method. The thin rubber-sheet wave absorber that contained PHYTOPOROUS made from soybean hulls exhibited a frequency band that was approximately 18 GHz wide and centered at 90 GHz. The return loss for this material was greater than −20 dB. This demonstrates that the material provides nearly constant reflection absorption over a wide frequency band.

The results of plant macroremains studies of the Eneolithic (c. 3160–3100 cal BC) lakeshore settlement at Stare gmajne on the Ljubljansko barje in Slovenia are presented. Archaeobotanical material was collected in two different ways: (1) systematic surface sampling from the cultural layer, and (2) judgement sampling from an incompletely burnt large loom-weight. The preservation state and the spectra of plant macroremains were different in both types of samples. The first study primarily deals with the waterlogged plant remains of various types and taxa, while the second deals with carbonised and half-carbonised cereal macroremains, mostly chaff. Both studies confirm the cultivation of main crops: emmer, einkorn and barley.