Search

Food preparation is of key importance in the medieval period where the manner of preparing ingredients had major sociocultural significance. We examine sex- and status-based differences in dental occlusal microwear from a human skeletal population from medieval Trino Vercellese, Italy, to assess intrapopulation differences in food preparation. We compare microwear results with previously reported stable carbon and nitrogen isotope data to determine the extent to which these two methods for dietary reconstruction correspond. Epoxy casts of second molars from 27 males and females of high- and low-status from medieval Trino Vercellese, Italy, were studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy. Feature tally, pit percentage, pit width, and striation width are compared between subgroups. Whereas previous isotopic data identified low-status males as outliers, dental microwear analysis indicates no differences in diet between the four sex- and status-based subgroups. However, the percentage of pitting is statistically different between males and females when status groups are pooled, with males exhibiting significantly higher values (p = 0.017). When sexes are pooled, low-status individuals are found to have significantly more features compared with high-status individuals (p = 0.030). This study demonstrates the applicability of dental microwear analysis for uncovering intra-group dietary patterns in socially stratified societies.

Resumen: Las zonas costeras de Magallanes poseen alta diversidad de macroalgas y moluscos. A su vez, han sido habitadas por pueblos originarios, como el pueblo yagán, que han desarrollado una variedad de interacciones bioculturales con los ecosistemas costeros. Este trabajo es un estudio interdisciplinario ecológico, etno-ecológico y filosófico que utiliza el marco conceptual de la ética biocultural para caracterizar el hábitat intermareal en el contexto biocultural del pueblo yagán a través de la composición de habitantes como macroalgas y moluscos, vinculado con hábitos estacionales de abundancia. Mediante esta caracterización se proponen métodos y actividades de conservación biocultural. Para ello, adaptamos la aproximación metodológica interdisciplinaria de la Filosofía Ambiental de Campo, en un estudio realizado en bahía Róbalo, isla Navarino (55°S). Los resultados ecológicos mostraron que la biomasa y riqueza de macroalgas aumentó en verano y disminuyó en invierno; en contraste, los moluscos sésiles Mytilus edulis chilensis y Perumytilus purpuratus no presentaron una variabilidad estacional en su abundancia. Los resultados etnográficos basados en revisión de literatura y participación observante, muestran que la baja variabilidad estacional de la abundancia de moluscos ha sido vital para la subsistencia del pueblo yagán. Desde la perspectiva de la ética ambiental contemporánea identificamos diversos valores en la cosmovisión yagán. En un sentido amplio, identificamos un valor instrumental en los moluscos, que han sido utilizados por el pueblo yagán como fuente de alimentación, decoración estética, elaboración de herramientas y construcción de chozas. En las narrativas y otros registros etnográficos, identificamos un valor intrínseco, de los moluscos, arraigado en un profundo sentido de empatia. Para contribuir a la conservación biocultural, proponemos la metáfora “bosques sumergidos del Cabo de Hornos” y la actividad de campo “ojo buceo con ojo”, que recuperan hábitos de encuentros experienciales con el hábitat intermareal y el conjuntos de sus cohabitantes. Abstract: The coastal areas of the Magellan ecoregion host considerable diversity of macroalgae and mollusks. Indigenous peoples, such as the Yaghan, have developed biocultural interactions with austral coastal ecosystems. This study is an interdisciplinary ecological, ethnoecological and philosophical analysis. It applies the conceptual framework of biocultural ethics to characterize the intertidal habitat within the biocultural context of the Yaghan people. This is done through the composition of inhabitants, such as macroalgae and mollusks, linked to seasonal habits of abundance. Based on this account, we suggest methods and activities of biocultural conservations. We applied the Field Environmental Philosophy approach, which was carried out in Róbalo bay, Navarino island (55°S). Ecological results showed that biomass and macroalgae diversity increased in summer and decreased over the winter. Mollusks Mytilus edulis chilensis and Perumytilus purpuratus showed no seasonal variability abundance. Ethnographic results based on the literature and observant participation showed that low seasonal variability in mollusk abundance has been crucial to the subsistence of the Yaghan people. From the perspective of contemporary environmental ethics, we identified several values in the Yaghan worldview. For example, there are instrumental values in mollusks: they have been a source of food, aesthetic decoration, development of tools and building huts. We found references to the intrinsic values in mollusks, particularly in narratives and other ethnographic sources. These Yaghan values are rooted in a profound sense of empathy for biodiversity. As a result of the combined ecological, ethnographic, and philosophical issues, we suggest communication through metaphor (the submerged forest of Cape Horn) and field activities (open your eyes, dive with an open mind) for biocultural conservation.

Resumen: Las zonas costeras de Magallanes poseen alta diversidad de macroalgas y moluscos. A su vez, han sido habitadas por pueblos originarios, como el pueblo yagán, que han desarrollado una variedad de interacciones bioculturales con los ecosistemas costeros. Este trabajo es un estudio interdisciplinario ecológico, etno-ecológico y filosófico que utiliza el marco conceptual de la ética biocultural para caracterizar el hábitat intermareal en el contexto biocultural del pueblo yagán a través de la composición de habitantes como macroalgas y moluscos, vinculado con hábitos estacionales de abundancia. Mediante esta caracterización se proponen métodos y actividades de conservación biocultural. Para ello, adaptamos la aproximación metodológica interdisciplinaria de la Filosofía Ambiental de Campo, en un estudio realizado en bahía Róbalo, isla Navarino (55°S). Los resultados ecológicos mostraron que la biomasa y riqueza de macroalgas aumentó en verano y disminuyó en invierno; en contraste, los moluscos sésiles Mytilus edulis chilensis y Perumytilus purpuratus no presentaron una variabilidad estacional en su abundancia. Los resultados etnográficos basados en revisión de literatura y participación observante, muestran que la baja variabilidad estacional de la abundancia de moluscos ha sido vital para la subsistencia del pueblo yagán. Desde la perspectiva de la ética ambiental contemporánea identificamos diversos valores en la cosmovisión yagán. En un sentido amplio, identificamos un valor instrumental en los moluscos, que han sido utilizados por el pueblo yagán como fuente de alimentación, decoración estética, elaboración de herramientas y construcción de chozas. En las narrativas y otros registros etnográficos, identificamos un valor intrínseco, de los moluscos, arraigado en un profundo sentido de empatia. Para contribuir a la conservación biocultural, proponemos la metáfora “bosques sumergidos del Cabo de Hornos” y la actividad de campo “ojo buceo con ojo”, que recuperan hábitos de encuentros experienciales con el hábitat intermareal y el conjuntos de sus cohabitantes.

To meet local and global aspirations toward sustainable resource management, we must first understand what success looks like. At global levels, well-being can be narrowly defined, which may clash with local values and cause adverse impacts. Melanesia is home to a complex mosaic of resource management systems, and finding locally appropriate indicators of success poses particular challenges. We propose that biocultural approaches can assist in developing grounded and appropriate well-being indicators. Biocultural approaches frame issues from the perspectives of place-based communities and work with resource users to develop desired outcomes. In doing so, biocultural approaches recognize links between people and the environment and seek to understand feedbacks between social and ecological components. Biocultural approaches may help to improve the fit between local aspirations and national or international actions and can also cocreate knowledge that draws on local knowledge and practice as well as western science. Here, we report on one such approach in Western Province, Solomon Islands, where rural communities are weighing a variety of trade-offs around the use of natural resources. The work encompasses four locations and seeks to define local needs and priorities, develop appropriate local indicators of success, assess indicator baselines, and catalyze appropriate action. Implementation challenges have included scaffolding between local and national levels and the diversity of the four locations. These have, however, been offset by the engaged nature of indicator creation, which assists communities in planning toward action around local definitions of well-being.

El ser humano es un ser en desarrollo por lo cual su comprensión requiere un estudio de dicho proceso. En este escrito se presenta una perspectiva acerca de cómo los seres humanos se desarrollan como seres bioculturales y un modelo para resolverlo. Se trabajó con una base biológica, semiótica y en complejidad. Sobre estos fundamentos teóricos se identifican tres fenómenos que interactúan para construir las características bioculturales. Los fenómenos son: el desarrollo del cuerpo humano, el cerebro como parte del sistema nervioso en el desarrollo del cuerpo y dentro de una matriz sociocultural. Se aplica el modelo para entender que el resultado de los procesos de semiosis son seres bioculturales. El origen ontogénico de los signos es producto de semiosis que sucede en los primeros momentos posteriores al nacimiento. A este proceso se le llama semiosis biocultural para enfatizar el proceso que le da estructura. Abstract The human being is a being in development, so its understanding requires a study of the process. Here we present a perspective on how humans develop as bio-cultural beings and a solving model. We worked with a biological, semiotic and complexity base. On these theoretical foundations three phenomena interact to build the identified human bio-cultural char- acteristics. The phenomena are: the development of the human body, the brain and the nervous system in the development of body and within a sociocultural matrix. The model was applied to understand that the outcome of the processes of semiosis is a bio-cultural being. Ontogenetic origin of the signs is the product of semiosis that happens in the first moments after birth. This process is called biocultural semiosis to emphasize the process that gives structure. Resumo O ser humano é um ser em desenvolvimento, portanto, sua compreensão requer um estudo de tal processo. Nesse trabalho, se apresenta uma perspectiva sobre como os seres humanos se desenvolvem como seres bioculturais e é apresentado um mo- delo para resolvê-lo. Nós trabalhamos com uma base biológica, semiótica e em complexidade. Em relação a estes fundamentos teóricos, identificamos três fenômenos que interagem para construir as características bioculturais. Esses fenómenos são: o desenvolvimento do corpo humano, o cérebro como parte do sistema nervoso no desenvolvimento do corpo, e dentro de uma matriz sociocultural. O modelo foi aplicado para entender que o resultado dos processos de semiótica são seres bioculturais. A origem ontogenética dos sinais é produto de semiose que acontece nos primeiros momentos após o nascimento. A este proces- so chama-se de semiótica biocultural para enfatizar o processo que lhe dá estrutura.

Entretien avec Dr. Bruce McConachie. L’entretien, réalisé en décembre 2016, consistait en un échange de courriels. Interview with Dr. Bruce McConachie. The interview was conducted by emails in December 2016.

The pubertal transition can present an interesting paradox for the young dancer, with growth and maturation leading to improvements in some areas such as strength and power and detriment to others, such as flexibility and co-ordination. These challenges highlight the need to consider the interactions among biological, psychological and sociocultural factors during the pubertal transition in the context of the ballet environment. Awareness of these potential interactions will likely provide insights as to why some dancers successfully adapt to the challenges of puberty while others have greater difficulty. This review explores how we might extend existing biocultural models to the context of ballet in order to garner a greater understanding of the pubertal transition. Future research should explore the interactions among social, psychological and biological factors during puberty in adolescent ballet dancers in order to document important determinants of adaptive responses at puberty and to inform future endeavours aimed at promoting healthy pubertal transitions among young dancers.

The global environmental conservation community recognizes that the participation of local communities is essential for the success of conservation initiatives; however, much work remains to be done on how to integrate conservation and human well-being. We propose that an assets-based approach to environmental conservation and human well-being, which is grounded in a biocultural framework, can support sustainable and adaptive management of natural resources by communities in regions adjacent to protected areas. We present evidence from conservation and quality of life initiatives led by the Field Museum of Natural History over the past 17 years in the Peruvian Amazon. Data were derived from asset mapping in 37 communities where rapid inventories were conducted and from 38 communities that participated in longer term quality of life planning. Our main findings are that Amazonian communities have many characteristics, or assets, that recent scholarship has linked to environmental sustainability and good natural resource stewardship, and that quality of life plans that are based on these assets tend to produce priorities that are more consistent with environmental conservation. Importantly, we found that validating social and ecological assets through our approach can contribute to the creation of protected areas and to their long-term management. As strategies to engage local communities in conservation expand, research on how particular methodologies, such as an assets-based approach, is needed to determine how these initiatives can best empower local communities, how they can be improved, and how they can most effectively be linked to broader conservation and development processes.

En esta investigación se presentan los resultados de los análisis bioarqueológicos realizados a 89 esqueletos, provenientes de cinco contextos funerarios excavados en tres ecosistemas diferentes (piedemonte, sabana y fluvial) del Bajo del Magdalena, Colombia. Los análisis se realizaron dentro del marco teórico biocultural y de la ecología humana, se pretende responder a la pregunta por la relación entre la diferenciación social y las condiciones de vida de los pobladores de dicha área, a partir del análisis de la variabilidad biológica y cultural observada. Los resultados develan que la diferenciación social estaba mediada posiblemente por vínculos de parentesco establecidos entre los miembros de la unidad doméstica o unidad habitacional. No hay indicadores de gran acumulación de riqueza en los enterramientos que indiquen diferencias de estatus entre los grupos analizados. Los indicadores de salud tampoco muestran diferenciación en este sentido. Abstract. The research shows the results of bioarchaeological analyzes of 89 skeletons from five funerary contexts excavated in three different ecosystems (Lower mountain, savanna and fluvial) at Lower Magdalena region, Colombia. The analyzes were carried out within the framework of biocultural and human ecology, it is intended to answer the question of the relationship between social differentiation and the living conditions of the inhabitants of said area, based on the analysis of biological and cultural variability Observed. The results reveal that social differentiation was possibly mediated by kinship links established between members of the household unit or housing unit. There are no indicators of great wealth accumulation in burials that indicate differences in status among the groups analyzed. The health indicators also do not show differentiation in this sense. Maestría

Submitted by Boris Flegr (boris@uerj.br) on 2020-07-05T16:08:44Z No. of bitstreams: 3 T1572 Maria Luiza Assad Elementos pre-textuais, introducao.pdf: 323052 bytes, checksum: 8b9e1be8beae8e8570a1758ac0421684 (MD5) T1572 Maria Luiza Assad Capitulos 1, 2 e 3 bloqueados.pdf: 1138424 bytes, checksum: e7ede0f214b7b423cbe107fd7b38bba5 (MD5) T1572 Maria Luiza Assad Referencias.pdf: 341914 bytes, checksum: 3cf1a2b8fce74b71d8617cdaa214da8a (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-07-05T16:08:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 T1572 Maria Luiza Assad Elementos pre-textuais, introducao.pdf: 323052 bytes, checksum: 8b9e1be8beae8e8570a1758ac0421684 (MD5) T1572 Maria Luiza Assad Capitulos 1, 2 e 3 bloqueados.pdf: 1138424 bytes, checksum: e7ede0f214b7b423cbe107fd7b38bba5 (MD5) T1572 Maria Luiza Assad Referencias.pdf: 341914 bytes, checksum: 3cf1a2b8fce74b71d8617cdaa214da8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-14 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico As it has been claimed that a new dialogue between the human sciences and the biosciences is taking course, we propose to follow here a double movement, of what appears to be a symmetrical movement of dissolution, by both sides, of the dichotomies between nature and nurture, the biological and the social. Thus, on the one hand, we present this movement from the viewpoint of the humanities, that of Anthropology more specifically, through the unfolding of the concept of local biologies, coined by Margaret Lock in the early 1990s; on the other hand, by presenting the field of epigenetics as a representative of a new possible style of thought emerging from the life sciences. We proceed through a literature review on the idea of local biologies and on discussions with regard to epigenetics, in order to observe how the biological materiality of the human body is configured in both perspectives. Thus, we will look at how both approaches might develop a view about its contingency, in contrast to a universal, uniform or a priori feature ascribed to the biology of the human body that has helped to isolate the latter from its material and social environments. We will summarize this contextualization of biology noting the temporal dimension that permeates it, questioning the limits of a biological inheritance that, despite having served in a first moment to help establish boundaries around the body's foundations, now appears to indicate its permeability. Partindo da alegação de que está em curso um novo diálogo entre ciências humanas e ciências biológicas, propõe-se acompanhar um duplo movimento. Um suposto movimento simétrico de dissolução das dicotomias entre natureza e cultura, biológico e social, realizado por ambos os lados da fronteira. Assim, apresenta-se esse movimento, de um lado, a partir das ciências humanas, mais especificamente a partir da Antropologia, com o delineamento do conceito de biologias locais, proposto por Margaret Lock no início da década de 1990; do outro, a partir do campo da epigenética, como representante de possível novo estilo de pensamento nas ciências biológicas. Através de uma revisão da literatura relacionada à ideia de biologias locais e às discussões sobre epigenética, propõe-se observar como a materialidade biológica do corpo é situada por ambos os enfoques. A proposta, portanto, é apresentar como o biológico é contextualizado por ambas as perspectivas, e como se elabora a visão acerca de sua contingência, em contraste a um caráter quase universal, uniforme ou a priori sobre a biologia do corpo humano, que ajuda a isolá-lo de seu ambiente material e social. Realiza-se essa síntese sobre a contextualização da biologia com um olhar ao caráter temporal que a atravessa, marcado por questionamentos sobre os limites de uma hereditariedade biológica que, se primeiro ajudou a isolar os fundamentos biológicos dos corpos, agora parece indicar sua permeabilidade.

Se evalúan los efectos que los cambios demográficos, políticos y económicos propuestos para el Noroeste Argentino ca. 1000-1550 A.D. habrían tenido sobre el modo de vida las poblaciones que lo habitaban a partir del estudio de condiciones patológicas del cráneo y de la dentición en una muestra ósea humana procedente de la Quebrada de Humahuaca, del Valle Calchaquí y de la Quebrada del Toro (n= 268). La baja frecuencia de patologías poróticas e infecciones en la muestra sugiere que la mayoría de los individuos analizados no sufrieron importantes eventos de estrés nutricional-metabólico e infeccioso. Sin embargo, se registraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la prevalencia de patologías poróticas para ciertos sitios del Valle Calchaquí central. Estos resultados son interpretados a la luz de un enfoque biocultural que enfatiza el componente político-económico de las relaciones sociales del pasado. The effects that demographic, political and economic changes proposed for Northwest Argentina ca. 1000-1550 A.D. would have had on lifestyle of populations who inhabited it are evaluated from the study of pathological conditions of the skull and dentition in a human bone sample from the Quebrada de Humahuaca, Calchaquí Valley and Quebrada del Toro (n= 268). The low frequency of porotic diseases and infections in the sample suggests that most individuals suffered no significant events of nutritional-metabolic and infectious stress. However, statistically significant differences were recorded in the prevalence of porotic diseases for certain sites from middle Calchaquí Valley. These results are interpreted in light of a biocultural approach that emphasizes the political - economic component of the social relations of the past. Os efeitos que as mudanças demográficas, políticas e econômicas propostas para Noroeste da Argentina ca. 1000-1550 AD no modo de vida das pessoas são avaliados a partir do estudo das condições patológicas do crânio e dentes em uma amostra de osso humano da Quebrada de Humahuaca, Valle Calchaquí e Quebrada del Toro (n = 268). A baixa freqüência de doenças e infecções poróticas amostra inteira sugere que a maioria dos indivíduos estudados não sofreu significativos eventos de estresse metabolico-nutricional e infeccioso. No entanto, diferenças estatisticamente significativas foram registradas na prevalência de doenças poróticas em certas locais do Valle Calchaquí central. Estes resultados são interpretados à luz de uma abordagem biocultural que enfatiza a componente política - económica das relações sociais do passado. Fil: Gheggi, María Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja. - Universidad Nacional de La Rioja. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja. - Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja. - Secretaría de Industria y Minería. Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja. - Provincia de La Rioja. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja; Argentina

Before European contact, Native Hawaiian agriculture was highly adapted to place and expressed a myriad of forms. Although the iconic lo&lsquo, i systems (flooded irrigated terraces) are often portrayed as traditional Hawaiian agriculture, other forms of agriculture were, in sum, arguably more important. While pockets of traditional agricultural practices have persevered over the 240 years since European arrival, the revival of indigenous methods and crops has substantially increased since the 1970s. While engagement in lo&lsquo, i restoration and maintenance has been a core vehicle for communication and education regarding Hawaiian culture, it does not represent the full spectrum of Hawaiian agriculture and, on the younger islands of Hawai&lsquo, i and Maui in particular, does not accurately represent participants&rsquo, ancestral engagement with &lsquo, āina malo&lsquo, o (dry land, as opposed to flooded lands). These &ldquo, dryland&rdquo, forms of agriculture produced more food than lo&lsquo, i, especially on the younger islands, were used to produce a broader range of resource crops such as for fiber, timber, and medicine, were more widespread across the islands, and formed the economic base for the powerful Hawai&lsquo, i Island chiefs who eventually conquered the archipelago. The recent engagement in the restoration of these forms of agriculture on Hawai&lsquo, i Island, compared to the more longstanding efforts to revive lo&lsquo, i-based cultivation, is challenging due to highly eroded knowledge systems. However, their restoration highlights the high level of place-based adaptation, demonstrates the scale and political landscape of pre-European Hawai&lsquo, i, and provides essential elements in supporting the restoration of Hawaiian culture.

The integration of creative arts&ndash, based methods into scientific research offers a host of advantages, including the ability to capture the complex texture of lived experience, explore interconnections between nature and culture, support nonhierarchical relations, and communicate insights in engaging and empowering new ways. In this article, we describe a new method&mdash, CreativeVoice&mdash, integrating the creative arts and qualitative research, which we developed and applied in a context of pursuing community-based conservation of agricultural biodiversity. We developed CreativeVoice as an integrative method to help us understand the local contexts, cultures, and perspectives from community members of different ages and genders, in two contrasting farming communities in Oaxaca, Mexico. CreativeVoice effectively adapts and extends the Photovoice method so as to retain its benefits but address some of its limitations. This includes allowing participants to choose a genre of artistic expression connected to their own specific individual or cultural contexts and providing the capacity to move beyond capturing present-day realities to directly bring in connections to the past and visions for the future. This article describes both the CreativeVoice approach and the significant value of integrating arts-based methods into research for advancing sustainability.

Looking beyond the concept of national canons and their selective forgetting of mixed and hybrid pasts, the aim of the paper is to look at the Eastern Adriatic in an anthropological perspective as a historical space which has been shaped by the complexity of migratory processes and interactions between the components of the “eternal triangle” (heredity, environment and culture). We will present the comprehensive results of the holistic anthropological research conducted for several decades in the area, based on the belief that human evolution and variability can be understood only by the simultaneous study of biological and socio-cultural phenomena. The current findings of mitochondrial and DNA Y chromosome lineages of the population of Eastern Adriatic are interpreted with particular emphasis on population exchange, short-term and long-term migration movements, the form of selection of reproductive partners, the assessment of possible founder effects, as well as on cultural and linguistic convergence and divergence factors.

Adult stature variation is commonly attributed to differential stress-levels during development. However, due to selective mortality and heterogeneous frailty, a population’s tall stature may be more indicative of high selective pressures than of positive life conditions. This article examines stature in a biocultural context and draws parallels between bioarchaeological and living populations to explore the multidimensionality of stature variation in the past. This study investigates: 1) stature differences between archaeological populations exposed to low or high stress (inferred from skeletal indicators); 2) similarities in growth retardation patterns between archaeological and living groups; and 3) the apportionment of variance in growth outcomes at the regional level in archaeological and living populations. Anatomical stature estimates were examined in relation to skeletal stress indicators (cribra orbitalia, porotic hyperostosis, linear enamel hypoplasia) in two medieval bioarchaeological populations. Stature and biocultural information were gathered for comparative living samples from South America. Results indicate 1) significant (P < 0.01) differences in stature between groups exposed to different levels of skeletal stress; 2) greater prevalence of stunting among living groups, with similar patterns in socially stratified archaeological and modern groups; and 3) a degree of regional variance in growth outcomes consistent with that observed for highly selected traits. The relationship between early stress and growth is confounded by several factors—including catch-up growth, cultural buffering, and social inequality. The interpretations of early life conditions based on the relationship between stress and stature should be advanced with caution.

Denna uppsatsen undersöker varför våld i film är så utbrett och populärt. Jag använder mig av ett evolutionärbiologiskt perspektiv, som tidigare inte använts vid filmforskning i så stor utsträckning. Istället har filmforskning och andra studier på människans beteende oftast utgått ifrån ett socialkonstruktivistiskt perspektiv. Uppsatsen är av typen ”forskningsöversikt” vilket innebär att jag inte har gjort någon klassisk analys på ett filmiskt verk eller empiriskt material, utan har sammanställt en stor mängd forskning från andra forskare. För att kunna svara på min frågeställning har jag behövt forska inom mänsklig evolution, audiovisuell perception samt våld i film. Den viktigaste bokenför uppsatsen kom att bli Torben Grodals Embodied Visions. Huvudfrågan i min frågeställning löd: Vilka faktorer ligger enligt tidigare forskning bakom populariteten av våldsskildringar?Svar: 1. Film är utformad för att påverka oss, aktivera känslor. 2. Det som påverkar ossallra mest är de bilder som påminner om de djupast rotade mekanismerna inuti oss. 3. Av evolutionära skäl ingår våld och aggressivitet bland dessa djupt rotade mekanismer., This paper examines why violence in films is so widespread and popular. I use an evolutionary biological perspective, that has not previously been used in film research as much. Instead, the film research and other studies on human behavior usually originate from a social constructionist perspective. The essay is a "research review", which means that I have not made a classic analysis of a cinematic work or empirical data, but have collected a large amount of research from other scientists. To be able to answer my question, I had to do research in human evolution, audio visual perception and violence in film. The most important book for the essay came to be Torben Grodals Embodied Visions. The main question in my research question was: What factors are in accordance with previous research behind the popularity of graphic violence? Answer: 1. Film is designed to affect us, activating emotions. 2. what affects us the most is images that reminds us of deeply rooted mechanisms inside us. 3. of evolutionary reasons, violence and aggression are among these deep-rooted mechanisms.

For many American women, insurance restrictions and lack of access restrict women's options when choosing birth experiences. This research uses a biocultural approach and cognitive anthropological methods to explore the ways and the degree to which alternative birthing practices, such as home-, clinic-, and hospital-based natural births, and midwifery services, physically and emotionally affect the women and infants who experience them. This research explores the reasons women pursue natural or alternative births. These topics are explored through interviews with women who have had natural births, who have used midwifery services, and who have had highly medicalized, OBGYN-attended births. Findings indicate that while there is not an overarching cultural model of how women want to experience birth, there is a shared cultural model concerning the nature of birth among Mississippi women. Results show that women benefit more, emotionally and physically, from natural birth and midwifery care than from highly medicalized birth.

Así como la educación moldea los pensamientos de la siguiente generación de investigadores, sus marcos conceptuales, herramientas analíticas y la manera en que estos interactúan con su entorno natural, impactará significativamente los estudios científicos, las políticas y la toma de decisiones. El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar cómo los programas de postgrado en Chile, relacionados con ecología y manejo de recursos naturales, integran los aspectos socioecológicos en sus cursos de Biología de la Conservación. Adicionalmente, presentamos nuestras perspectivas acerca de los procesos, beneficios, y desafíos que se presentan con la participación en programas con enfoques interdisciplinarios. En Chile, revisamos 22 programas de postgrado (nueve doctorales y trece de magíster) relacionados con temas de ecología y/o manejo de recursos naturales, acreditados por la Comisión Nacional de Acreditación a octubre del año 2008. De ellos, el 64 % tienen un curso de Biología de la Conservación. A pesar de cierta integración de aspectos socioeconómicos en los contenidos de estos cursos, la perspectiva educativa de estos sigue mayoritariamente el paradigma utilitarista, lo cual contrasta con las aproximaciones más amplias en la filosofía ambiental. Proponemos que es necesario un cambio de paradigma en la enseñanza de la Biología de la Conservación en Chile, de tal manera que abarque aspectos sociales y ecológicos, más allá de su valor utilitario o instrumental, incorporando al ser humano dentro de los ecosistemas y el modelo ecosistémico del no equilibrio. Para integrar la perspectiva socioecológica en los cursos de Biología de la Conservación proponemos incluir 4 componentes en la enseñanza: (a) perspectiva biocultural, (b) interdisciplinariedad, (c) comunicación multidireccional y participación y, (d) experiencia de campo y encuentros directos con la naturaleza y las comunidades locales.

Merrill Singer’s Anthropology of Infectious Disease argues that pathogens are intertwined with human social worlds. Through a variety of case studies drawn from around the world, from HIV to malaria and from Lyme disease to tuberculosis, the book emphasizes a biosocial or biocultural approach to the understanding of infectious disease. In contrast to a strictly biomedical framework, the core argument of the book is that infectious diseases cannot be understood through biology alone but rather must be considered within the context of the cultural and social worlds they inhabit. The book emphasizes the interactions between biologic, political, economic, sociocultural, and ecologic factors and how these factors affect the emergence, prevention, treatment, distribution, cultural experiences, and global impact of pathogens. The first 2 chapters of the book provide the framework for the rest of the text. The first chapter begins with a history of the anthropology of infectious disease, starting from the post–World War II period to the present day. This chapter continues by making a strong case for the inclusion of anthropologic frameworks in our understanding of microbes and their impact because ethnography and other anthropologic tools link every day on-the-ground experiences to broader social structures and global processes. Following this foundation in social science, the book’s second chapter provides a more biologically based introduction to microbes, emphasizing human–pathogen interaction and evolution. Using theoretical approaches ranging from ecosocial theory, medical ecologic theory, phenomenologic and meaning-centered approaches, and critical medical anthropology, Singer explores a wide array of topics throughout the rest of the book. Drawing from medical ecologic theory, the next 3 chapters explore connections between humans, the environment, and other organisms. These linkages are explored through the lens of multispecies infections and zoonotic diseases, the effect of environmental devastation on patterns of disease, and the evolutionary arms race between humans and emerging drug-resistant pathogens. Moving on to the role of social factors in the differential burden of disease in various populations, the last sections of the book explore social experiences of suffering, highlighting the interaction of infectious with noninfectious disease, the relationship between inequality and emerging infectious disease, and the effects of politics and global structural forces on future pathogenic challenges. Throughout the text, Singer presents a broad array of examples. The volume of case studies drawn upon, although useful in their analytic breadth, could be overwhelming for the novice reader. Thus, the book could benefit from an emphasis on a few core case studies. Overall, however, Anthropology of Infectious Disease is written clearly and compellingly and would make an important addition to a course in public health, medical anthropology, or even microbiology. Although the book could be assigned as a whole, each chapter can stand alone, making it a versatile and practical teaching tool for students at multiple levels. In addition, the book contains a comprehensive glossary and discussion questions at the end of each chapter, making it even more useful in educational settings. Because of its accessible style and clear elucidation of theory, this book is also appropriate for practitioners in medicine or public health and infectious disease who would like to familiarize themselves with social science approaches in the field.

"Assumptions about nature are embedded in people?????? ?? s preferences for environmental policy and management. The people we interviewed justified preservationist policies using four assumptions about nature knowing best: nature is balanced, evolution is progressive, technology is suspect, and the Creation is perfect. They justified interventionist policies using three assumptions about nature: it is dynamic, inefficient, and robust. Unstated assumptions about temporal, spatial, and organizational scales further confuse discussions about nature. These findings confirm and extend findings from previous research. Data for our study were derived from interviews with people actively involved in negotiating the fate of forest ecosystems in southwest Virginia: landowners, forest advisors, scientists, state and federal foresters, loggers, and leaders in non-governmental environmental organizations. We argue that differing assumptions about nature constrain people's vision of what environmental conditions can and should exist, thereby constraining the future that can be negotiated. We recommend promoting ecological literacy and a biocultural approach to ecological science."