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With anthropogenic global warming, heat‐related extreme events are projected to increase in severity and frequency. Already vulnerable regions like Africa will be hard‐hit. Therefore, such regions could benefit from low global warming levels. Using the Community Earth System Model low warming simulations, we investigate changes in temperature extremes across Africa as a function of global mean temperature in the context of the implications of the Paris Agreement's targets. A significant warming across Africa is projected at the 1.5 °C warming world and is amplified at the 2 °C world, exceeding the mean global warming rate. Specifically, North Africa and East Africa regions are projected to have the highest and lowest temperature changes of 0.63 °C (0.60–0.67 °C) and 0.50 °C (0.47–0.54 °C), respectively, between the 1.5 and 2 °C warmer worlds. Consequently, hot events are also estimated to increase with global warming. We showed that limiting warming to 1.5 °C instead of 2 °C may lead to 29% (27–31%) to 35% (33–37%) reduction in severity of hot events and to 31% (30–33%) to 42% (39–48%) reduction in the frequency of the threshold‐based high‐temperature events across Africa. The highest reductions are projected over North Africa. Furthermore, restricting warming to 0.5 °C lower than 2 °C might also result in 28% (34–40%) to 37% (25–34%) reduction in severity of once‐in‐10/20‐year heat events across Africa with North Africa having the highest benefits than tropical regions. Thus, restricting warming to low levels may indeed translate to substantial benefits of reduced intensity and frequency of extreme heat events across Africa. Plain Language Summary: As global warming continue to increase extreme daily temperatures, efforts to limit this warming to low levels could be of much benefit to Africa, an already vulnerable populous region. Therefore, the agreed 1.5 and 2 °C global warming targets under the Paris Agreement might have substantial paybacks. Here, we used a suite of unique climate simulations to investigate differences in high‐temperature extremes under the 1.5 and 2 °C warming worlds across Africa. We found that limiting warming to 0.5 °C lower than 2 °C may lead to benefits of between 29% and 42% reductions in intensity and frequency of heat events across Africa, with the largest benefit estimated over North Africa. Currently, relatively rare once‐in‐20‐year heat events across Africa may become approximately twice as common under 2 °C world as compared to under 1.5 °C world. Therefore, limiting global warming to 1.5 °C instead of the previously suggested 2 °C could translate into substantial benefits across Africa. Key Points: CESM low warming simulations are used to analyze mean and extreme high‐temperature events over Africa under 1.5 and 2 °C warming worldsCurrently, once‐in‐20‐year heat events across Africa may become approximately twice as common under 2 °C world than under 1.5 °C worldLimiting warming to 0.5 °C lower than 2 °C may lead to between 29% and 42% reductions in intensity and frequency of heat events across Africa [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • This study aimed to detect the relationship between extraversion and neuroticism with brain structure and function by voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and functional connectivity density (FCD). • Extraversion was negatively correlated with GMV of bilateral putamen. • Extraversion was negatively correlated with FCD in the precuneus. • These finding may provide a neurobiological basis of extraversion. Abstract Extraversion and neuroticism are two main dimensions of Eysenck's personality. We assessed the relationship between extraversion and neuroticism with brain structure and function by voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and functional connectivity density (FCD). The resting state functional magnetic resonance image and high resolution structural T1 weighted images of 100 young healthy subjects were used in analysis. Our results showed that extraversion was negatively correlated with gray matter volume (GMV) of the bilateral putamen, and it was negatively correlated with FCD in the precuneus. No associations between neuroticism and brain structure and function changes. Overall, our results suggested that several brain regions involved in shaping of extraversion traits among young individuals, which may provide a neurobiological basis of extraversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simulating the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) rain belt has been proven challenging for climate models. In this study, the impacts of high resolution to the simulation of spatial distributions and rainfall intensity of the EASM rain belt are revealed based on Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) simulations from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) models. A set of sensitivity experiments is further performed to eliminate the potential influences of differences among CMIP5 models. The results show that the high-resolution models improve the intensity and the spatial pattern of the EASM rainfall compared to the low-resolution models, further valid in the sensitivity experiments. The diagnosis of moist static energy (MSE) balance and moisture budgets is further performed to understand the mechanisms underlying the enhancements. Both analyses indicate that the improved EASM rainfall benefits from the intensified meridional convergence along the EASM rain belt simulated by the high-resolution models. In addition, such convergence is mainly contributed by intensified stationary meridional eddy northerly flows over the central northern areas of China and southerly flows over the south of Japan due to increased model resolution, which is robust in the sensitivity experiments. Further analysis indicates that the stationary meridional eddy flow changes in high-resolution simulations are related to the barotropic Rossby wave downstream of the Tibetan Plateau resulting from increased resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subtropical anticyclones dominate the subtropical ocean basins in summer. Using the multimodel output from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), the future changes of the subtropical anticyclones as a response to global warming are investigated, based on the changes in subsidence, low-level divergence, and rotational wind. The subtropical anticyclones over the North Pacific, South Atlantic, and south Indian Ocean are projected to become weaker, whereas the North Atlantic subtropical anticyclone (NASA) intensifies, and the South Pacific subtropical anticyclone (SPSA) shows uncertainty but is likely to intensify. Diagnostic analyses and idealized simulations suggest that the projected changes in the subtropical anticyclones are well explained by the combined effect of increased tropospheric static stability and changes in diabatic heating. Increased static stability acts to reduce the intensity of all the subtropical anticyclones, through the positive mean advection of stratification change (MASC) over the subsidence regions of the subtropical anticyclones. The pattern of change in diabatic heating is dominated by latent heating associated with changes in precipitation, which is enhanced over the western North Pacific under the 'richest get richer' mechanism but is reduced over subtropical North Atlantic and South Pacific due to a local minimum of SST warming amplitude. The change in the diabatic heating pattern substantially enhances the subtropical anticyclones over the North Atlantic and South Pacific but weakens the North Pacific subtropical anticyclone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in precipitation characteristics directly affect society through their impacts on drought and floods, hydro-dams, and urban drainage systems. Global warming increases the water holding capacity of the atmosphere and thus the risk of heavy precipitation. Here, daily precipitation records from over 700 Chinese stations from 1956 to 2005 are analyzed. The results show a significant shift from light to heavy precipitation over eastern China. An optimal fingerprinting analysis of simulations from 11 climate models driven by different combinations of historical anthropogenic (greenhouse gases, aerosols, land use, and ozone) and natural (volcanic and solar) forcings indicates that anthropogenic forcing on climate, including increases in greenhouse gases (GHGs), has had a detectable contribution to the observed shift toward heavy precipitation. Some evidence is found that anthropogenic aerosols (AAs) partially offset the effect of the GHG forcing, resulting in a weaker shift toward heavy precipitation in simulations that include the AA forcing than in simulations with only the GHG forcing. In addition to the thermodynamic mechanism, strengthened water vapor transport from the adjacent oceans and by midlatitude westerlies, resulting mainly from GHG-induced warming, also favors heavy precipitation over eastern China. Further GHG-induced warming is predicted to lead to an increasing shift toward heavy precipitation, leading to increased urban flooding and posing a significant challenge for mega-cities in China in the coming decades. Future reductions in AA emissions resulting from air pollution controls could exacerbate this tendency toward heavier precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated variations in summertime short-duration precipitation extremes over the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley (MLYRV) and the possible impacts of tropical cyclones (TC) on these changes over the 1961–2016 period. Three short-duration precipitation types, including all events and the events in the 75th and 95th percentiles, are defined. At the 75th percentile, both the amount and number of TC-induced extreme short-duration rainfall events exhibit slightly declining trends, and the trends are not pronounced for the 95th-percentile cases. The number and amount of TC-induced 95th-percentile events are approximately one order of magnitude larger than those of the 75th-percentile cases, indicating that TCs play a more significant role on the upper tail of the rainfall distribution over the MLYRV in summer than on the rest of the precipitation distribution. A large number of the defined non-TC precipitation events are mainly distributed over the central-south MLYRV and southeastern regions. The spatial patterns of TC-induced rainfall resemble the contributions of TC-induced precipitation events to the total summer rainfall, with large values located in southeastern regions of the MLYRV. The spatial distribution of 95th-percentile events is principally attributed to the frequency of TC activities and to the TC tracks. Most of the TCs that trigger 95th-percentile events make landfall over the southeast MLYRV, and the corresponding large frequency of TC tracks is mainly situated over the ocean to the east of Taiwan. Both environmental factors and atmospheric circulations modulate the variations in extreme short-duration rainfall events. In particular, equatorward displacement of the western Pacific subtropical high impacts TC track density, resulting in more occurrences of precipitation extremes in 95th-percentile events over the MLYRV. • TCs play a more significant role on the upper tail of the rainfall distribution over the MLYRV in summer than on the rest of the rainfall distribution. • The short-duration precipitation extremes induced by TCs are mainly distributed in southeastern regions of the MLYRV. • Equatorward displacement of the WPSH results in more occurrences of short-duration rainfall extremes in 95th-percentile events over MLYRV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel library of chiral guanidines featuring the tartaric acid skeleton is easily accessed with tunable steric and electronic properties. A guanidine molecule of this library with an incorporated 2,6-diisoaniline fragment was identified as a suitable promoter for the enantioselective fluorination of 1,3-dicarbonyl and α-cyano carbonyl compounds to furnish the fluorinated product with up to 84% ee and 99 % yield using N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) as the fluorinating agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To assess the relationship of the Interleukin-10 (IL-10) -1082G/A (rs1800896), -819C/T (rs1800871) and -592C/A (rs1800872) polymorphism with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by means of meta-analysis. Methods: Published data addressing the association between polymorphism of the IL-10 with Crohn's disease (CD) and Ulcerative colitis (UC) were selected from electronic databases. A total of 17 studies including 4132 cases and 5109 controls were included in this meta-analysis which detected whether -1082G/A, -819C/T and -592C/A polymorphism were associated with CD or UC susceptibility. Result: The IL-10 -819C/T and -519C/A variant allele observed a significant association with UC (OR 1.16, 95%CI 1.03-1.31 and OR 1.19, 95%CI 1.03-1.38) not CD while there is no significant association between -1082G/A and UC or CD. Conclusion: The IL-10 -819C/T and -592C/A polymorphisms contribute to susceptibility to UC, but IL-10 -1082G/A polymorphism neither associated with CD nor UC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel library of chiral guanidines featuring a tartaric acid skeleton was developed from diethyl l-tartrate. These guanidines are easily accessed with tunable steric and electronic properties. The utilities of the guanidines were highlighted by their ability to catalyze the α-hydroxylation of β-ketoesters and β-diketones with remarkable efficiency and excellent enantioselectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Physical activity (PA) deficiency, outdoor time reduction during college have been associated with higher cumulative physiological burden as measured by allostatic load (AL). Therefore, the present research sought to analyze the independent and interaction effects of PA and outdoor time on AL in college students.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in two universities from April to May 2019. Self-assessment questionnaire and International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Version (IPAQ-SF) were used in the investigation, AL level was assessed according to the results of biochemical examination, blood pressure and human body morphological measurements. Binary Logistic Analysis was used to analyze the relationships between PA, outdoor time and AL.Results: The prevalence of low PA, low outdoor time and high AL were 16.3%, 71.1% and 47.6%, respectively. Low PA (OR=1.83, 95%CI: 1.20~2.78) and low outdoor time (OR=1.90, 95%CI: 1.35~2.67) are independently associated with high AL (P<0.05, for each). Interaction analysis indicated that low PA and low outdoor time were interactively associated with high AL (OR=2.93, 95%CI: 1.73~4.94, P<0.05).Conclusions: There were the significant independent and interaction effects between PA and outdoor time on AL. In the future, college students' physical education can be arranged reasonably to reduce the health risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Frequency of imaging markers (FIM) has been identified as an independent predictor of hematoma expansion in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), but its impact on clinical outcome of ICH is yet to be determined. The aim of the present study was to investigate this association. Methods: This study was a secondary analysis of our prior research. The data for this study were derived from six retrospective cohorts of ICH from January 2018 to August 2022. All consecutive study participants were examined within 6 h of stroke onset on neuroimaging. FIM was defined as the ratio of the number of imaging markers on noncontrast head tomography (i.e., hypodensities, blend sign, and island sign) to onset-to-neuroimaging time. The primary poor outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 3–6 at 3 months. Results: A total of 1253 patients with ICH were included for final analysis. Among those with available follow-up results, 713 (56.90%) exhibited a poor neurologic outcome at 3 months. In a univariate analysis, FIM was associated with poor prognosis (odds ratio 4.36; 95% confidence interval 3.31–5.74; p < 0.001). After adjustment for age, Glasgow Coma Scale score, systolic blood pressure, hematoma volume, and intraventricular hemorrhage, FIM was still an independent predictor of worse prognosis (odds ratio 3.26; 95% confidence interval 2.37–4.48; p < 0.001). Based on receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, a cutoff value of 0.28 for FIM was associated with 0.69 sensitivity, 0.66 specificity, 0.73 positive predictive value, 0.62 negative predictive value, and 0.71 area under the curve for the diagnosis of poor outcome. Conclusions: The metric of FIM is associated with 3-month poor outcome after ICH. The novel indicator that helps identify patients who are likely within the 6-h time window at risk for worse outcome would be a valuable addition to the clinical management of ICH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous research has found a relationship between problematic mobile phone use (PMPU) and suicidality. However, few studies have examined the interaction effects between low physical activity (PA) and PMPU on suicidality among college students. This study aimed to examine the interactions of PA and PMPU and their impact on suicidality in a school-based sample among Chinese college students. Methods: Analysis is based on date from two university in China, which recruited 4787 participants. Binomial logistic regression models were used to explore the associations of PA, PMPU with suicidal ideation and suicide attempt, as well as the interaction of PA and PMPU with suicidality. Results: The prevalence of suicide attempt and suicidal ideation were 3.5 and 7.2%, respectively. Low PA was significantly associated with suicide attempt (OR = 3.48, 95%CI: 2.52–4.81) and suicidal ideation (OR = 1.90, 95%CI: 1.46–2.46). PMPU was significantly associated with suicide attempt (OR = 3.65, 95%CI: 2.66–5.01) and suicidal ideation (OR = 2.83, 95%CI: 2.25–3.54). Interaction analysis indicated that low PA and PMPU were interactively associated with suicide attempt (OR = 9.51, 95%CI: 6.15–14.73, P < 0.001), RERI = 4.85(1.20–8.50), AP = 0.51(0.29–0.73), SI = 2.32(1.34–4.04). There was no additive interaction effects between PA and PMPU on suicidal ideation. Conclusions: The findings reveals that the intervention programs of suicide attempt should consider the students PA levels and PMPU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]