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Background: More evidence have shown that the combination of immune and inflammatory mechanism was critical in diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, the relationship between CD4+ T cells and the development of DN is still unclear. Therefore, this study will focus on this issue from the perspective of clinicopathology. Methods: From September 2019 to December 2022, a total of 112 adult patients with DN were enrolled in the study. According to the density of CD4+ T cell infiltration based on immunostaining, the patients were divided into high-CD4 group (56 patients) and low-CD4 group (56 patients). Another 25 diabetic patients with minimal change disease (non-diabetic nephropathy, NDN) was reviewed as control group in clinical and molecular analysis. The clinical parameters, morphological features, and molecular characteristics were compared. The predictive value of CD4+ T cells for DN prognosis was also investigated. Results: DN patients in the high-CD4 group suffered from higher proteinuria and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) level than those in the low-CD4 group and NDN patients. Renal biopsy in the high-CD4 group presented with more severe glomerular lesions, higher density of interstitial inflammation, and more severe tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis than in the low-CD4 group. Multivariate logistic analysis indicated that the density of CD4+ T cell infiltration could independently predict the severity of tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis. In addition, more severe mitochondrial damage of renal tubular epithelial cells and a more obvious expression of Bcl6, IL-6, STAT3, and TGFβ1 were observed in DN patients of the high-CD4 group, indicating the possible mechanism of CD4+ T cells involving the progression of DN. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that a higher intensity of interstitial CD4+ T cell deposition remained as an independent predictor of the double endpoint with doubling of baseline serum creatinine or end-stage renal disease. Conclusion: The high density of CD4+ T cell infiltration was associated with renal function decline and severity of renal lesions and predicted poor renal survival for DN patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave (MW)‐driven strategies could potentially offer transmissivity through obstacles, selective energization, wave‐focusing, and nonmechanical steering via phased‐array technologies, which have unique application prospects in confined environments. Implementing multidegree of freedom (MDOF) control is the key to developing motion strategies for advanced MW‐driven robots. However, the use of MWs for MDOF control of robots has so far remained a challenge. This article first presents examples of wireless driving and controlling millimeter‐scale peristaltic pipeline robots (diameter, 4 mm; length, 30 mm; weight, 0.39 g) utilizing multifrequency MWs in complex nonmetal channel environments. Herein, shape memory alloy springs combined with passive wires, whose length depends on the frequencies of MWs, are adopted to form selectively controlled robot components, and silicon rubber replica technology is utilized to achieve miniaturization of the robot. The monopole antenna model is developed for the actuator, and its structure is refined using antenna theory. This allows the successfully achievement of MDOF control of the robot at several MW frequencies (2.4, 4, and 5.9 GHz). Powered by MWs from outside the pipe, the pipeline robot achieves horizontal, vertical, and curved motions in a pipe with a diameter of 5 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the impact of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) presence and fibrosis risk on adverse outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Methods: Data were sourced from two longitudinal cohorts: 1172 patients from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and 326 patients from the kidney biopsy cohort at the West China Hospital of Sichuan University. Cox regression estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for NAFLD and liver fibrosis concerning adverse clinical outcomes. Subsequently, a two‐sample Mendelian randomization study using genome‐wide association study statistics explored NAFLD's potential causal link to cardio‐cerebrovascular events. Results: In the NHANES cohort, NAFLD stood as an independent risk factor for various outcomes: overall mortality [HR 1.53 (95% confidence interval, CI 1.21‐1.95)], mortality because of cardio‐cerebrovascular diseases [HR 1.63 (95% CI 1.12‐2.37)], heart disease [HR 1.58 (95% CI 1.00‐2.49)], and cerebrovascular disease [HR 3.95 (95% CI 1.48‐10.55)]. Notably, advanced liver fibrosis, identified by a fibrosis‐4 (FIB‐4) score >2.67, exhibited associations with overall mortality, cardio‐cerebrovascular disease mortality and heart disease mortality. Within the kidney biopsy cohort, NAFLD correlated with future end‐stage kidney disease [ESKD; HR 2.17 (95% CI 1.41‐3.34)], while elevated FIB‐4 or NAFLD Fibrosis Scores predicted future ESKD, following full adjustment. Liver fibrosis was positively correlated with renal interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy in biopsies. Further Mendelian randomization analysis supported a causal relationship between NAFLD and cardio‐cerebrovascular events. Conclusions: In patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease, the NAFLD presence and elevated FIB‐4 scores link to heightened mortality risk and ESKD susceptibility. Moreover, NAFLD shows a causal relationship with cardio‐cerebrovascular events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycoproteins, representing a significant proportion of posttranslational products, play pivotal roles in various biological processes, such as signal transduction and immune response. Abnormal glycosylation may lead to structural and functional changes of glycoprotein, which is closely related to the occurrence and development of various diseases. Consequently, exploring protein glycosylation can shed light on the mechanisms behind disease manifestation and pave the way for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Nonetheless, the study of clinical glycoproteomics is fraught with challenges due to the low abundance and intricate structures of glycosylation. Recent advancements in mass spectrometry‐based clinical glycoproteomics have improved our ability to identify abnormal glycoproteins in clinical samples. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the foundational principles and recent advancements in clinical glycoproteomic methodologies and applications. Furthermore, we discussed the typical characteristics, underlying functions, and mechanisms of glycoproteins in various diseases, such as brain diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, kidney diseases, and metabolic diseases. Additionally, we highlighted potential avenues for future development in clinical glycoproteomics. These insights provided in this review will enhance the comprehension of clinical glycoproteomic methods and diseases and promote the elucidation of pathogenesis and the discovery of novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]