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Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is a model for multiple sclerosis. Here we show that induction generates successive waves of clonally expanded CD4+, CD8+ and γδ+ T cells in the blood and central nervous system, similar to gluten-challenge studies of patients with coeliac disease. We also find major expansions of CD8+ T cells in patients with multiple sclerosis. In autoimmune encephalomyelitis, we find that most expanded CD4+ T cells are specific for the inducing myelin peptide MOG35-55. By contrast, surrogate peptides derived from a yeast peptide major histocompatibility complex library of some of the clonally expanded CD8+ T cells inhibit disease by suppressing the proliferation of MOG-specific CD4+ T cells. These results suggest that the induction of autoreactive CD4+ T cells triggers an opposing mobilization of regulatory CD8+ T cells.

Based on the chromium - free passivation technology for the galvanized layer, the advantages and disadvantages of four composite passivation systems with silane, tannic acid and phytic acid used as the main film - forming substances were summarized, from the aspects of the properties of the passivation film, the stability of the passivation solution and the corrosion resistance mechanism of the film. Results showed that the silane system had the best corrosion resistance and stability. Tannic acid and phytic acid systems could obtain rich colors through different compounding methods, but the surface conditions were poor. The corrosion resistance mechanisms of tannic acid and phytic acid were similar. The environment of the passivation solution caused tannic acid or phytic acid to react with Zn2+ to form a complex and form a chelate ring to attach to the surface of the substrate, while the silane could combine with organic corrosion inhibitors and inorganic complexes respectively to form the Si - O - M covalent bond. The best compatibility principles of each system were listed. This comparative study showed that the silane system had a better application prospect in being used as the main film - forming substance. Its film had excellent corrosion resistance, the most stable structure with the least defects. It could have a synergistic corrosion inhibition effect with various types of corrosion inhibitors, making the film have good corrosion resistance and self - repairability.

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) is a novel tumor treatment method by using hydroxyl radicals (•OH) to kill cancer cells. However, its therapeutic effects are strictly confined by the short lifespan of •OH and reduced •OH generation speed. Herein, an effective CDT is achieved by both improving •OH lifetime and long‐lasting generating •OH through intraparticle electron transfer within heterogeneous nanoparticles (NPs). These heterogeneous NPs are composed of evenly distributed Cu and Fe3O4 (CFO NPs) with large interaction interfaces, and electrons tend to transfer from Cu to Fe3O4 for the appearance of ≡Cu2+ and increase in ≡Fe2+. The generated ≡Cu2+ can interact with GSH, which prolongs the lifespan of •OH, produces ≡Cu+ for higher speed •OH generation with H2O2, and induces cell ferroptosis for tumor therapy. The improved ≡Fe2+ can also improve the •OH release under H2O2 until Cu is depleted. As a result, a sustainable •OH generation is achieved to promote cell apoptosis for effective tumor therapy. Since H2O2 and GSH are only overexpressed at tumor, and CFO NPs can degrade in the tumor microenvironment, these NPs are with high biosafety and can be metabolized by urine. This work provides a novel biomaterial for effective cancer CDT through intraparticle electron transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the chromium - free passivation technology on the surface of the galvanized layer, the advantages and disadvantages of four composite passivation systems with silicate, molybdate, titanium salt and rare earth metal salt as the main film - forming substances were summarized from the 3 aspects including the properties of the passivation film, the stability of the passivation solution and the corrosion resistance mechanism of the film, which showed that the system with the best corrosion resistance was the silicate system. The differences in the stability of the passivation solution of each system and the different influencing factors were compared, and the corresponding improvement methods of different systems were summarized, which indicated that the silicate system had the best stability. Besides, it was described that silicate, molybdate and titanium salt systems could obtain plenty of colors through different compounding methods. The corrosion resistance mechanisms of molybdate, titanium salt and rare earth metal salt systems were similar. The passivation solution environment caused Zn2+ reaction to produce precipitates that adhered to the surface of the substrate, while the complexation of silicate was obviously easy to form a network of macromolecular substances to achieve uniform adhesion. The best compatibility principles of each system were listed. Finally, through the above comprehensive comparison, it was found that the silicate system had a good application prospect as the main film - forming substance. Its film had excellent corrosion resistance, diverse film colors and minimal surface defects. Molybdenum ions and rare earth metal ions could be used as additives to improve self - repairing performance of film.