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Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of iGlarLixi in the Asian Pacific (AP) population with type 2 diabetes (T2D) using derived time‐in‐ranges calculated from seven‐point self‐measured blood glucose. Methods: Two phase III trials were analysed. LixiLan‐O‐AP was performed in insulin‐naive T2D patients (n = 878) randomized to iGlarLixi, glargine 100 units/mL (iGlar) or lixisenatide (Lixi). LixiLan‐L‐CN was performed in insulin‐treated T2D patients (n = 426) randomized to iGlarLixi or iGlar. Changes in derived time‐in‐ranges from baseline to end‐of‐treatment (EOT) and estimated treatment differences (ETDs) were analysed. The proportions of patients achieving 70% or higher derived time‐in‐range (dTIR), 5% or higher dTIR improvement, and the composite triple target (≥ 70% dTIR, < 4% derived time‐below‐the‐range [dTBR] and < 25% derived time‐above‐the‐range [dTAR]) were calculated. Results: The changes from baseline to EOT in dTIR with iGlarLixi were greater versus iGlar (ETD1: 11.45% [95% CI, 7.66% to 15.24%]) or Lixi (ETD2: 20.54% [95% CI, 15.74% to 25.33%]) in LixiLan‐O‐AP, and versus iGlar (ETD: 16.59% [95% CI, 12.09% to 21.08%]) in LixiLan‐L‐CN. In LixiLan‐O‐AP, the proportions of patients achieving 70% or higher dTIR or 5% or higher dTIR improvement at EOT with iGlarLixi were 77.5% and 77.8%, respectively, higher than with iGlar (61.1% and 75.3%) or Lixi (47.0% and 53.0%). In LixiLan‐L‐CN, the proportions of patients achieving 70% or higher dTIR or 5% or higher dTIR improvement at EOT were 71.4% and 59.8% with iGlarLixi, greater than with iGlar (45.4% and 39.5%). More patients achieved the triple target with iGlarLixi compared with iGlar or Lixi. Conclusion: iGlarLixi achieved greater improvements in dTIR parameters versus iGlar or Lixi in insulin‐naïve and insulin‐experienced AP people with T2D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder associated with microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in pathogenesis. Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are involved in the regulation of microglia activation and neuroinflammation. However, it is yet to be established whether exosomes derived from Treg cells (Treg-Exos) possess protective effect against MPP+-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in microglia. Objective: In our study, we examined the function of Treg cells in the in vitro PD model. MTT assay was used to assess the viability of BV2 cells. ROS, MDA, and SOD activity were detected, and ELISA was performed to estimate the inflammatory response and oxidative stress of BV-2 cells. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting were applied to detect the level changes of genes involved in the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Results: The results showed that Treg-Exos improved the cell viability of MPP+-treated BV2 cells. MPP+-induced increase in ROS and MDA production, as well as decrease in SOD activity in BV2 cells were attenuated by Treg-Exos. The increased levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-β, IL-6, and TNF-α in MPP+-induced BV2 cells were also prevented by the treatment of Treg-Exos. Treg-Exos inhibited MPP+-induced activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling, indicated by decreased protein level of TLR4 and p-p65/p65 ratio in BV2 cells. Further, we also found that upregulation of TLR4 blocks the protective effect of Treg-Exos on MPP+-treated BV2 cells. Conclusions: Collectively, Treg-Exos attenuated MPP+-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory injury in BV-2 cells by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric CH 4 is the second-largest anthropogenic contributor to global warming. However, its emissions, components, spatial–temporal variations and projected changes still remain largely uncertain from city to national scales. CH 4 emissions from waste treatment (including solid waste landfills, solid waste incineration and sewage) account for >50 % of total anthropogenic CH 4 emissions at the city scale, and considering the high temperature sensitivity of CH 4 emission factors (EFs) to biological-process-based sources such as waste treatment, large differences will occur when estimating future CH 4 emissions under different global warming scenarios. Furthermore, the relationships between temperature and waste treatment CH 4 emissions have only been studied in a few site-specific studies and lack representativity for whole cities, which contain various biophysical conditions and show heterogeneous distribution. The above factors cause uncertainty in the evaluation of city-scale CH 4 emissions (especially from waste treatments), and projected changes still remain unexplored. Here we conduct the first tower-based CH 4 observation network with three sites in Hangzhou, which is located in the developed Yangtze River Delta (YRD) area and ranks as one of the largest megacities in China. We found the a priori total annual anthropogenic CH 4 emissions and those from waste treatment were overestimated by 36.0 % and 47.1 % in Hangzhou, respectively. In contrast, the total emissions in the larger region, i.e., Zhejiang Province or the YRD area, were slightly underestimated by 7.0 %. Emissions from waste treatment showed obvious seasonal patterns following air temperature. By using the linear relationship constructed between monthly waste treatment CH 4 emissions and air temperature, we find the waste treatment EFs increase by 38 %–50 % with temperature increases of 10 ∘ C. Together with projected temperature changes from four climate change scenarios, the global-warming-induced EFs in Hangzhou will increase at the rates of 2.2 %, 1.2 %, 0.7 % and 0.5 % per decade for IPCC AR5 (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the Fifth Assessment Report) RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) 8.5, RCP6.0, RCP4.5 and RCP2.6 scenarios, respectively. And the EFs will finally increase by 17.6 %, 9.6 %, 5.6 % and 4.0 % at the end of this century. Additionally, the derived relative changes in China also show high heterogeneity and indicate large uncertainty in projecting future national total CH 4 emissions. Hence, we strongly suggest temperature-dependent EFs and the positive feedback between global warming and CH 4 emissions should be considered in future CH 4 emission projections and climate change models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of problems of large amount of maintenance and high failure rate existed in actual running process of mine-used electric locomotive used traditional DC speed regulation system, a speed regulation system of mine-used electric locomotive based on permanent magnet synchronous motor was designed. The system uses TMS320F28335 as control core and realizes high-precision control of the electric locomotive combining with strategy of direct torque control as well as peripheral circuits of current sampling, speed measurement. The experimental result shows that the system has good speed regulation performance, fast dynamic response and less maintenance.

Although cities only account for 3% of the global land area, they have disproportionately contributed 70% of total anthropogenic CO2 emissions; the main issue in estimating urban anthropogenic CO2 emissions is their large uncertainty. Tower-based atmospheric CO2 observations and simulations in urban areas have been frequently used as an independent approach to constrain and evaluate greenhouse gas emissions from city to regional scales, where only daytime CO2 observations and simulations are used considering the consensus that the large bias in simulating nighttime planetary boundary layer heights (PBLH) and atmospheric CO2 concentration will cause overestimation/underestimation in CO2 emission inversions. The above strategy of only using daytime observations makes the numbers of available concentration observations largely decrease even with the fact that tower-based atmospheric CO2 observations are sparsely distributed and conducted. Here, to solve the issue of large bias in nighttime CO2 simulations, we conducted four months of atmospheric CO2 observations from January to April in 2019, and raised an approach by coupling emission heights with dynamic PBLH variations in a WRF-STILT model. We found (1) the overestimation of simulated nighttime CO2 concentration decreased by 5–10 ppm, especially between 0:00 and 7:00. (2) The statistics for nighttime simulations were largely improved by using a revised model and posteriori emissions. The regression slopes of daily averages were 0.93 and 0.81 for the default model using a priori emissions and the revised model using the same a priori emissions, and the slope largely improved to 0.97 for the revised model using posteriori emissions. Moreover, the correlation coefficient also increased from 0.29 and 0.37 to 0.53; these results indicate our revised model obviously calibrated the bias in both nighttime and daily CO2 concentration simulations. In general, it is strongly recommended to use the revised WRF-STILT model in future inversion studies, which can effectively reduce the overestimation of nighttime spikes and make full use of nighttime observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]