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The 3­(4,5­dimethylthiazol­2­yl)­2,5­diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay is a routine cell viability assay for cell proliferation and cytotoxicity, which is widely used in many fields, especially in screening for drug discovery. However, this assay exhibits limitations in the presence of particular compounds and under certain assay conditions, which may yield false screening results. For example, polyphenols that are extracted from natural sources can react with MTT in the absence of living cells and thus interfere with the screening results. We measured the absorbance of 15 polyphenols extracted from green tea and showed that the phenolic hydroxyl groups in the polyphenols are responsible for the reduction of MTT to formazan. When three or more phenolic hydroxyl groups were present on a conjugated polyphenol, a significantly increased MTT reduction was observed. Moreover, the type of medium also had an effect on the absorbance value, in the following order: α­MEM + 10% FBS> α­MEM>DMEM/F12>PBS. The absorbance of the MTT assay recorded at 570 nm is more sensitive than that measured at 595 nm. These results will improve the cell­based assay of polyphenols and clarify the limitations of the MTT assay as a method of screening in drug discovery.

To stydy the protective mechanism of Jiedu Tongluo (JDTL) injection on experimental cerebral ischemia.Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was utilized to identify the content of TNF-alpha and IL1-beta in brain tissue of rats suffered from 6 h and 24 h ischemia with MCAO, Enzyme-linked immunoadsordent assay (ELISA) was used to observe the level of MCP-1 and ICMA-1.After 6 h and 24 h of ischemia, the increased contents of TNF-alpha, IL1-beta, MCP-1 as well as ICMA-1 was observed. JDTL injection dramatically inhibited the increase of TNF-alpha, IL1-beta after 6 h and 24 h of ischemia.JDTL injection had inhibiting effect on TNF-alpha, IL1-beta, MCP-1 as well as ICMA-1 caused by cerebral ischemia, the result suggested that JDIL injection can protect cerebral tissue from ischemic injury by inhibiting inflammatory factors.

The problems in the clinical test design of acupuncture therapy for rehabilitation of stroke at present are probed. The main problems now are: the objective of the test is not clear and definite; main and adjuvant points are not clear; needling manipulation is not clear or has no standards of manipulation; the model of the needling instrument is not definite, etc. For really becoming acupuncture therapy as a world medicine, it is necessary to continuously complete and raise the test design, manipulation standardization and united quantitative standard in acupuncture therapy for rehabilitation of stroke.

To research the expectorant components in volatile oil from the root and rhizome of Aster tataricus.GC-MS was applied to isolate and identify the compounds. In addition, TLC was used to isolate compound, and its structure was elucidated on the basis of spectral data analysis. At the same time, its expectorant effect was observed by method of the excretion quantity of phenol red in trachea of mice.Seven compounds were isolated and identified by GC-MS, they were (R)(-)-p-menth-1-en-4-ol (1), 2-undecanone (2), n-decanoic acid (3), (-)-spathulenol (4), hexahydrofamrnesyl acetone (5), hexadecanoic acid (6), and cis-9, cis-12-octaecadienoic acid (7). A known compound 1-acetoxy-2-ene(E)-4,6- decandiyne was isolated from the root and rhizome of A. tataricus, and it was shown to have expectorant effect.1-Acetoxy-2-ene(E) -4,6- decandiyne, a main compound in volatile oil, had been found to have expectorant effect.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), as a nosological entity referring to elderly people with MCI but without dementia, was proposed as a warning signal of dementia occurrence and a novel therapeutic target. MCI clinical criteria and diagnostic procedure from the MCI Working Group of the European Alzheimer's Disease Consortium (EADC) may better reflect the heterogeneity of MCI syndrome. Beijing United Study Group on MCI funded by the Capital Foundation of Medical Developments (CFMD) proposed the guiding principles of clinical research on MCI. The diagnostic methods include clinical, neuropsychological, functional, neuroimaging and genetic measures. The diagnostic procedure includes three stages. Firstly, MCI syndrome must be defined, which should correspond to: (1) cognitive complaints coming from the patients or their families; (2) reporting of a relative decline in cognitive functioning during the past year by the patient or informant; (3) cognitive disorders evidenced by clinical evaluation; (4) activities of daily living preserved and complex instrumental functions either intact or minimally impaired; and (5) absence of dementia. Secondly, subtypes of MCI have to be recognized as amnestic MCI (aMCI), single non-memory MCI (snmMCI) and multiple-domains MCI (mdMCI). Finally, the subtype causes could be identified commonly as Alzheimer disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), and other degenerative diseases such as frontal-temporal dementia (FTD), Lewy body disease (LBD), semantic dementia (SM), as well as trauma, infection, toxicity and nutrition deficiency. The recommended special tests include serum vitamin B12 and folic acid, plasma insulin, insulin-degrading enzyme, Abeta40, Abeta42, inflammatory factors. Computed tomography (or preferentially magnetic resonance imaging, when available) is mandatory. As measurable therapeutic outcomes, the primary outcome should be the probability of progression to dementia, the secondary outcomes should be cognition and function, and the supplement outcome should be the syndrome defined by traditional Chinese medicine. And for APOE epsilon4 carrier, influence of the carrier status on progression rate to dementia and the effect of treatment should be evaluated.

In order to provide the "guiding principles of clinical research on mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (protocol)" edited by Beijing United Study Group on MCI of the Capital Foundation of Medical Developments (CFMD) with evidence support, clinical criteria, subtypes, inclusion and exclusion of MCI, and use of rating scales were reviewed. The authors suggested that MCI clinical criteria and new diagnosis procedure from the MCI Working Group of the European Alzheimer's disease Consortium (EADC) may better reflect the heterogeneity of MCI syndrome. Diagnostic rating scales including Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), Global Deterioration Scale (GDS), Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) are very useful in definition of MCI but can not replace its clinical criteria. Absence of major repercussions on daily life in patients with MCI was emphasized, but the patients may have minimal impairment in complex IADL. According to their previous research, the authors concluded that highly recommendable neuropsychological scales with cut-off scores in the screening of MCI cases should include Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), logistic memory test such as Delayed Story Recall (DSR), executive function test such as Clock Draw Test (CDT), language test such as Verbal Category Fluency Test (VCFT), etc. And finally, the detection of biological and neuroimaging changes, including atrophy in hippocampus or medial temporal lobe in patients with MCI, was introduced.

To set up a new pattern of quality control and evaluation for Chinese medicine. By investigating the limitation of quality control pattern for Chinese medicine, the differences and similarities in the chemical substantial style as well as quality control patterns among Chinese medicine, chemical synthetic drugs and Biologicals, combining with the author's experience on the research of geo-authentic medicinal material and theory of Chinese medicinal nature, a new pattern of quality control for Chinese medicine has been explored and designed. A more rational pattern of quality control for Chinese medicine should be referred to Biologicals instead of chemical synthetic drugs, there are more similarity in chemical substantial style and quality control pattern for Chinese medicine between Chinese medicine and Biologicals than that between Chinese medicine and chemical synthetic drugs. Based on geo-authentic medicinal material and bioassay or biopotency detection, a new pattern of quality control for Chinese medicine could be built and applied.

To study the chemical constituents of Arenaria kansuensis.Column chromatographic techniques were applied to isolated constituents. A combination of physico-chemical properties and spectroscopic analysis were used to identify structures of constituents.Five compounds were obtained and elucidated as tricin (1), tricin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2), tricin 4'-O-beta-guaiacylglyceryl ether (3), isoscoparin (4) and isovitexin (5).Compound 2, 3 and 5 were isolated from A. kansuensis for the first time, compound 3 was obtained from the family Caryophyllaceae for the first time.

Chinese medical soft indexes provided by the four diagnostic methods of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are the important basis for syndrome differentiation and treatment. Whereas, the difficulty in scientific measurement and objective evaluation of these soft indexes is intensified due to the complexity and nonlinearity of Chinese medical practice and thinking of diagnosis and treatment, as well as the subjectivity and complexity hold by the person, who plays as the host and the guest of practice and research. Referring to the knowledge and technique of sociology, psychology and statistics, it is tried, in this study, to probe in the basic processes for soft index dependent efficacy evaluation of TCM, and build its mode preliminarily, i.e. , standardization - screening and reconstruction - measurement - weighing and quantification - evaluation.

To investigate the prepation of the liposome carried with vincristine sulfate (VCR) and mitoxantrone chlorhydric acid (MTO) and to evaluate the quality of the liposome.The liposome carried with VCR and MIT was prepared by pH-gradients method and reverse evaporation technique. HPLC was employed to determine VCR and MIT entrapping efficiency of liposomal. Laser particle analyzer was applied to determine the size and zeta potential of the liposomes carried with VCR and MTO.The mean diameter of the liposome carried with MIT and VCR was 72.22 nm, with the entrapping rate of 95.77% for VCR and 99.53% for MTO. The liposome had perfect shape.The liposomes with high entrapping rate and small particle size had been prepared by pH-gradient method and reverse evaporation technique.

To establish a HPLC fingerprint for quantitative analysis of the active constituents of jizhi syrup.HPLC analysis was performed on a Zorbax Sb C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm), the mobile phase in gradient elution was composed of (A) 1% acetic acid solution (including 0.2% triethylamine) and (B) acetonitrile, at a flow rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1). The column temperature was 30 degrees C and the wavelength was 280 nm.21 common peaks were tested in 10 batches of samples. Compared with the standard fingerprint, the similarity of each sample was greater than 0.99. At the same time, protocatechuic acid, protocatechu aldehyde, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, naringin and neohesperidin were found in all samples.The established method can be used for the quality control of jizhi syrup.

The mechanism of Chinese medications have some characteristic such as multi-pathway, multi-components, multi-targets and so on, which decide the direction of systems research. In the recent years, microarrays be concerned with the relative field of Chinese medications for its superiority of highthough, parallel and high-density. This paper mainly generalize the approach of these methods in the recent three years, such as finding effective target of Chinese medications, effective part of Chinese medications, checkup of Chinese medications, screening new drugs and so on. We suggest the concept of Pharmacogenomics of Chinese medications with the guidance of the theory of Chinese medications for further development of Chinese medications.

To establish a GC fingerprint of the volatile oil of Houttuynia cordata.The volatile oil was extracted from H. cordata by water stream distillation method, and analyzed by GC coupled with FID.12 bathes of samples collected from different regions were analyzed; the GC fingerprint of the volatile oil of H. cordata was subsequently established.The established GC fingerprint can be used for the identification of H. cordata.

To explore the influence of one Chinese herbal extract complex (GETO) on the expression of corticotropin-releasing factor(CRF) and protein kinasec(PKC) proteins of the hippocampus in middle cerebral artery orilusion(MCAO) rats.All rats were subjected to MCAO by nylon thread, except the sham-group rats. Rats were divied into four groups: sham-group, cerebral ischemia model-group, GETO-group(6. 1 g x kg(-1) x d(-1) )and Duxil-group (7.3 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)). Using immunohistochemistry technique we measured the expression quantity of CRF and PKC protein in hippocampus of MCAO rats at 2 h,6 h and 24 h after reperfusion, contrasted to Duxil.CRF: There were lots of positive and deeper dyeing neurons in hippocampus of model-group rats, while there were a few of positive and lighter dyeing neurons in sham-group, GETO-group and Duxil-group. The positive expression areas of CRF protein in hippocampus of model-group was significantly bigger than that of sham-group, GETO -group and Duxil-group respectively( P0. 01). PKC: There were a great number of denser positive granules in hippocampus of model-group rats, while there were a few of scattered positive granules in sham-group, GETO-group and Duxil-group. The positive expression areas of CRF protein in hippocampus of model-group was significantly bigger than that of sham-group, GETO-group and Duxil-group respectively( P0. 01). At the same time there was not significant difference about the expression of CRF and PKC protein between GETO group and Duxil-group.The high expression of CRF and PKC induced by cerebral ischemia may be one important factor that resulted in the delayed neuronal death in hippocampus. GETO can down-regulate the expression of CRF and PKC induced by cerebral ischemia, which may be one of the mechanisms that the Chinese herbal extract complex, protect cerebral ischemic injury.

To study on the release profile in vitro and biodistribution in mice of the compound liposomes carried with vincristine sulfate (VCR) and mitoxantrone chlorhydric acid (MTO).The release behaviors of the VCR and MTO from compound liposomes were studied in vitro. HPLC was developed for the determination of the contents of VCR and MTO in tissues in mice.The release time of VCR from compound liposome was 24 h and that from free drug (in control solution) was 6 h. The release of MTO from compound liposome was 0.05% after 288 h and release time of MTO from free drug (in control solution) was 12 h. The liposomes and free drugs were injected intravenously at same dose to mice. The elimination half-life time (T 1/2) in plasma of liposomal and free VCR were 0.16 h and 0.14 h, and the AUCs (0 - 48 h) of them were 2.69 (ug x g(-1)) x h and 1.58 (ug x g(-1)) x h, respectively. The elimination half-life times (T 1/2) in plasma of liposomal and free MTO were 21.6 h and 0.05 h and the AUCs (0 - 48 h) of them were 17.06 (ug x g(-1)) x h and 0.42 (ug x g(-1)) x h, respectively.The compound liposome with high entrapping efficiency and small particle size could be prepared by pH-gradients method and reverse evaporation technique. Two drugs were sustained-released from the compound liposome. Mice tail intravenous injection of compound liposomes showed that compound liposome prolonged the retention time and improved the concentration of MTO and VCR in the blood circulation system compared to control. In the mean time, compound liposome reduced the concentration of the MTO and VCR in heart, lung, kidney etc. These observations indicated that compound liposome could improve anticancer activity and reduce side effect.

The chemical composition, contact and repellent activities of the essential oil from Murraya microphylla branches and leaves against Lasioderma serricorne adults were determined and six compounds from the essential oil were isolated as well. The essential oil of M. microphylla obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis; 22 compounds were identified. The main constituents of the essential oil included β-caryophyllene (18.0%), α-pinene (13.8%), spathulenol (9.5%), α-humulene (6.0%), γ-elemene (5.1%) and zingiberene (4.6%), followed by α-cadinol (3.9%) and caryophyllene oxide (3.8%). Six of these compounds were isolated and fully identified as α-pinene, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, caryophyllene oxide, spathulenol and α-cadinol. L. serricorne adults had different sensitivities to the crude essential oil and isolated compounds. α-Humulene exhibited the strongest contact activity against L. serricorne, showing an LD50 value of 13.1 μg adult−1. However, spathulenol, the crude essential oil and α-cadinol showed stronger contact activity against L. serricorne than caryophyllene oxide and β-caryophyllene. The essential oil, α-humulene and spathulenol showed comparable repellency against L. serricorne adults at 2 h after exposure, relative to the positive control, DEET. The results demonstrate that the essential oil and isolated compounds exhibited important contact and repellent activities against L. serricorne. Thus, they could become potential natural insecticides or repellents for control of insects in stored products.

Some clinical trials showed that the efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine was not good as the efficacy of western medicine even thoush clinical doctors have been using traditional medicine effectively. Such a result originated from improper application of western medical thoughts in routine clinical efficacy evaluation. To find differences from effective cases with non-effective cases and put the differences into the indication of next clinical trial would conform to the differentiation theory in traditional Chinese medicine. The differences, whether positively or negatively related to the efficacy, could be obtained from all information including symptom evaluation, tongue appearance, pulse feeling and biological parameters with non-linear and other statistical methods. More specific indication finding would be the key task for clinical efficacy evaluation via multiple clinical trials.

To elucidate the therapeutic effect and the influence on PI3K-Akt-PKB-BAD-CREB-PCREB pathway in focal cerebral ischemia rat responses before and after treatment with baicalin and jasminoidin given alone or in combination.Rat model of ischemia reperfusion was established with thread. Generally accepted methods were used, including TTC staining, behavior test, as well as micro and ultra microscopy which can dynamically and accurately monitor pathological and physiological changes after cerebral ischemia on earlier period, to evaluate the brain injury induced by ischemia and the attenuations by the drugs. The difference of PI3K-Akt-PKB-BAD-CREB-PCREB expression was detected by western-blot technology.The combination of baicalin and jasminoidin composition can be potential neuroprotective agent. TTC staining technology combined with behavior grade and ultrmicro-structure observation on brain tissue is effective method to evaluate protective agent, which is related to signal transduction PI3K-Akt-PKB-BAD-CREB-PCREB pathway. The results provide benofical basis for revealing the complex of therapeutic mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine Qingkai Ling (QKL).

The researching thinking approach of "descending the dimension with the lowering rank, ascending the rank with the raising of nsion of dimension", which could exclude the intervention of non-crucial fact ors and reveal the complexity of syndrome as well, provides a feasible approach for syndrome standardization. A study was conducted by analyzing some syndromes and their correlated factors selected from the "Ancient Good-sized Medical Records Database" through unconditional logistic multivariate stepwise regression by SAS 6.12 universal statistical software to sieve the variable, and the mathematical mode of regression equation was obtained eventually, expressed as logit (p) = alpha + beta1X1 + beta2X2 + ... + betamXm. With that, the research of syndrome standardization was proceeded on the syndromes with diagnostic significance to provide references for standardization of syndrome differentiation. I

Chinese herbal prescriptions enhance the clinical curative effect through the use of multi-composition formulas, and the combined use of several components from herbal extracts is an enhanced mode of formulae organization and compatibility. The research with the combination components is under the guidance of the traditional Chinese medical theory which apply medical therapy following syndrome differentiation. The purpose is to enhance drug safety, clinical suitability, and to use drugs with clearer ingredients and mechanisms of action, with more stable and controllable product quality for commercial production. So the study of combination components must establish the methodology of combining standard components, confirming the main components through trial design, removing the poisonous components, and ascertaining dosage and ratios of all the components used. The mode of combination component has three forms: the one from the combined use of prepared medicinal herbs, the one from directly combined use of components, and the one from the standard ingredient composition of single herb. These three forms strictly follow the mechanisms of multi-component and multi-target medical intervention. The significance of using combined effective components is to ensure the accuracy and safety of clinical dosage, enhance the clinical effectiveness, reduce the use of medicinal herbs, decrease the side-effects, and to promote modern Chinese medicines that have clear ingredients and mechanisms. Our study on the chemistry and pharmacology of Chinese herbs provided scientific foundation to the combination effective components. Nowadays the modern medicine is faced with the complicated disease spectra, meanwhile, the single-ingredient chemical drug is not able to achieve satisfactory curative effect. So there is a need to develop new medicine with effective combination components to meet new opportunities and challenges. Therefore, it has becomes a new mode of developing combined components from effective traditional formulas and from single standard ingredient under traditional Chinese medicine theory, unlike the conventional way of clinic--experience based drug development. This new mode will promote the academic research and the industry development of traditional Chinese medicine.

To investigate differential gene expression and the pharmacological mechanism of baicalin and gardenin in focal cerebral ischemia in rats with high-density cDNA microarray.Rat left middle cerebral arteries were occluded and treated with either baicalin or gardenin. The pharmacological effects were investigated using the difference in infarction areas before and after treatment, which were determined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Gene expression was demonstrated using a "Biostar40S" gene microarray. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to verify the result of the selected genes.Both baicalin and gardenin reduced the infarction areas in focal cerebral ischemia rats (P0.05). The differential genes were 211, 177, and 70 (upregulated or downregulated) in the model group, baicalin, and gardenin treatment groups compared with the sham-operated group, respectively. Gene expression of RpL19 and Csnk2 underwent an approximately 1.9 and 2.1-fold increase, respectively, verified by semiquantitative RT-PCR, which was the same trend as the cDNA microarray.Differential gene expression with respect to the pharmacological effects of baicalin and gardenin on focal cerebral ischemia by cDNA microarray revealed a number of clues with respect to the therapeutic mechanisms of Chinese traditional medicine. In addition, the present study provided theoretical and experimental evidence that will aid future studies examining cerebral ischemia.

Theory and mode about compatibility of prescription are the key element for studies on complex prescription in traditional Chinese medicine. In this article, we reviewed the sources, methods and thoughtway about theory of prescription composition, and concluded the current researches about components compatibility. Through introducing the researches about compatibility of effective components, we advanced that components compatibility would be one of the new modes of compound prescription of Chinese medicine. The researches and foundation about the new modes of compound prescription of Chinese medicine would do active influence either in making modern Chinese medicine or in increasing clinical curative effect.

To explore the difference of genes expression profiles between focal cerebral ischemia tissue and that treated with Baicalin using cDNA microarray.The total RNAs were isolated from rat brains of sham-operation, vehicle (focal cerebral ischemia of rat brain) and baicalin-treated groups. mRNAs were reversely transcribed to cDNA with incorporation of fluorescent dUTP (Cy5 or Cy3 dUTP) to prepare hybridization probes. The PCR products of 4096 genes were spotted on the chip after a serial of treatment. The mixed probes were hybridized to the cDNA microarray. Axon Genepix 4000B and GenePixPro 3.0 software were used to scan and analyze the fluorescent signals.The expressions of 199 and 12 genes were found up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively, in the vehicle group compared with the sham-operation one. But the numbers of genes whose expressions were up-regulated and down-regulated were 89 and 88, respectively, when comparing the gene expression in the Baicalin-treated rat brain with that in the vehicle group. Moreover, one down-regulated and three up-regulated genes in the vehicle group were up-regulated and down-regulated in the Baicalin-treated group, respectively. Expressions of three up-regulated genes in the vehicle group were further reinforced in the Baicalin-treatment group.Multiple pathways and nodes may be involved in the pharmacological effect of Baicalin on brain ischemia.

To observe inhibiting effect of CGE (compound ginseng extract) on increased expression of IL-1beta and c-fos protein following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion.The vascular dementia model was made by middle cerebral artery occlusion for 2 hours. Expression of IL-1beta and c-fos were determined by immunohistochemistry in the hippocampus regions in brain tissue at the 0.5 h-7 d after reperfusion. CGE was diluted by CMC and poured into the stomach by 0.7 mL x (100 g)(-1) with a high dosage (19.34 x 10(3) g x L(-1) row herbs), a middle dosage (9.67 x 10(3) g x L(-1)), a low dosage (4.83 x 10(3) g x L(-1)). There were an IL-1ra (rhIL-1ra 20 microg injected into the left cerebral ventricle), a sham operation (NaCl 20 microL injected into the left cerebral ventricle) and a model as control.Compared with control group, three dose groups (low, middle and high) in CGE showed significant inhibiting effects on the expression of c-fos protein at 2, 3, 4, 12 hours and 3 day following cerebral ischaemic-reperfusion. The level of the inhibiting effects in small and middle groups were lower at all time points than that in IL-1ra group (P0.05 to P0.01). CGE inhibited the expression of hippocampus IL-1beta protein, taking effect from the 2 h after reperfusion. Both HD group (531 +/- 151.1) and MD group (589.3 +/- 78.6) showed more obvious effect which lasted until the 72 h compared with the model group (687.6 +/- 116.7) (P0.01 and 0.05). Large dose group (81.3 +/- 16.1) showed the same level of the inhibiting effect on expression of c-fos protein as IL-1ra group (67.2 +/- 25.7) from 4 hour on following cerebral ischaemic reperfusion (P0.05).CGE with function of Yiqi Bushen, Huoxue Huatan has effect of inhibiting up-regulated expression of IL-1beta and c-fos protein following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. However, this effect of CGE starts relatively later than that of IL-1ra. The effect of CGE is associated with its dosage, i.e. a larger dosage has a better effect on expression of c-fos protein in post-stroke dementia.

To provide some research clues from Chinese herbal medicine for SARS prevention and treatment.According to the experience and information, to select several perspective candidates from anti-SARS effective TCM prescriptions and drugs.A list of Chinese herbal medicine and more than 14 botanical taxa could be served for further anti-SARS investigation.This investigation indicated that Chinese herbal medicine will be an important source for ant-SARS new drug searching.

To observe the effect of Chinese herbal medicine in treating vascular dementia (VD) and to explore the method for therapeutic effect evaluation.Multi-center, double-blinded randomize-controlled method was adopted to observe the effect of treatment of 242 patients with VD of mild or middle degree, they were 89 cases in the TCM group, 106 cases in the western medicine group and 47 in the placebo group. Minimental state examination (MMSE), Blessed dementia scoring on TCM symptom classified evaluation were used to evaluate the therapeutic effect after 60 days treatment.The total effective rate of Jiannao Yizhi Granule was 58.4%, showing a better effect than that of the placebo group and the western medicine group respectively. The treatment was superior in holistic regulation and systemic functional state improvement, it could not only improve the mild middle key symptoms of VD and the mental disorder induced reduction of functional activities, but also alleviate or eliminate the peripheral symptoms of VD.The effect of treatment of vascular dementia by Jiannao Yizhi Granule is certain and is worth spreading.

Aim To analyse serum factors of experimental atherosclerosis of rabbit induced by immunologic injury and high fat diet by multiple linear stepwise regression. To discuss the risk factors and the relationship with atherosclerosis model from lipid metabolism, inflammation mediators, platelet function and vasoactive factors. Methods Japanese white rabbit, intravenously injected bovine serum albumin (250 mg/kg), feeding high fat diet after injection, seven days later, injected again bovine serum albumin (250 mg/kg), 72 days later, obtaining blood from central artery of rabbit ears to determine Lipid level, apolipoprotein, interleukin 6, interleukin 8, high sensitivity-C reactive protein (hs-CRP), platelet aggregation (PaGT), endothelin (ET), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), rennin angiotensin (RA), angiotensin (Ang), thromboxane B2 (TXB2), 6-keto-prostaglandin (6-Keto-PGF1a) (radioimmunity), and nitrogen monoxidum (NO) (enzymic method). Lastly, measured the atherosclerosis plaque sizes of rabbit. Results After 72 days, determined serum factors and compared the relationship with plaque size of aorta. All the items of model group increased or decreased obviously compared with control group. Due to exogenous high fat intake, lipid metabolism of model group was abnormal and vasoactivity was high. Otherwise, the levels of IL-6 and 8, apoA, apoB, ET, Ang, RA, platelet aggregation and TXB2 were significantly higher than those of control group (p

There are many paleosols embedded in the loess in northern China, which were formed during the warm humid periods occurring during the Pleistocene. These paleosols vary in their degree of both pedogenesis and weathering, reflecting the intensity of warm humid climate and duration of the period with such climate. Thus, it is considered that paleosols could give a clue to the analysis of paleoenvironments. The present study aims at presenting some supporting evidences to the stratigraphy and chronology of the Chinese loess based on pedoJogical investigations on paleosols. Paleosols and loess beds from the present land surface through the first “powdery sand” loess were described and sampled in the Luochuan area, Shaanxi Province. The field investigation revealed that S5 has the most highly developed clay ilIuviation horizon and can be classified as a burozem according to the Chinese soil classification system. SI and S4 are next to SS in their degree of development in soil morphology. S2, S3, S6, and S8 are...