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For the dynamic classification of motor imagery mind states in the brain-computer interface (BCI), we propose a power projection based feature extraction method to classify the electroencephalogram (EEG) signals by combining information accumulative posterior Bayesian approach. This method improves the classification accuracy by maximizing the average projection energy difference of the two types of signals. The experimental results on two BCI competition datasets show that the classification accuracy is about 90%. The results of the classification accuracy and mutual information demonstrate the effectiveness of this method.

Over the past 5 years there has been a remarkable change in the manner in which symptomatic gallstones are surgically managed. In this study we reviewed the experience of a large HMO to determine the relationship between the rate of increase of ERCP and that of cholecystectomy. All individuals enrolled in US Healthcare's HMO-PA, in the region of southeastern Pennsylvania from 1988 through 1993, were included in the analysis. Using the HMO claims database, patients who underwent an open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy during the study period were identified. We then identified those patients who had a pre- or post- operative ERCP. Over the study period, there has been a substantial increase in cholecystectomies per 1000 members-from 1.37 in 1988 to 2.16 (p < 0.0001) in 1993. In our study population there were 1261 ERCPs performed in 979 patients with an average of 1.3 ERCPs per patient during the study period. The ERCP rate per 1000 members has increased from 0.16 to 0.56 (p < 0.0001) from 1988 to 1993, at the same time that the cholecystectomy rate was substantially increasing. The correlation for the ERCP and cholecystectomy rates from 1988 to 1993 was 0.994 (p < 0.0001). Since the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 1989-1990, many more ERCPs are now being performed. It is necessary to determine the implications related to the rapid diffusion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, including the effect that this technology has had on other older and stable technologies such as ERCP. Our results describe the dramatic effect that laparoscopic cholecystectomy has had on the utilization of ERCPs.

The contents of Jinguiyaolue (Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber) can mainly be divided into 2 parts, which are "text" and "attached formulas". It is mostly thought that the "text" has more content than the "attached formulas". After comparing the small character version of WU Qian's transcript, which was recently published,with the large character version of Jinguiyaolue, and doing textual research on the "attached formulas" in Za Liao Fang of Jinguiyaolue (Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber) according to the clues left by the Bureau of the Revision of Medical Books in Song Dynasty, we can find that there are only "chai hu decoction with addition or subtraction in four seasons" and "the Kele pear pill for taking for long periods" which belong to the Song masters' copy. However, another 22 prescriptions called "attached formulas" were added when the Song masters revised it.

The spectrum of excited N2 molecules and ions was measured by optical emission spectroscopy in pulsed corona discharge with a wire-to-plate reactor. The ratio of emission intensities emitted by the excited molecules and ions of N2 was compared with numerical simulation to determine average electron energies and electric field distributions. Within 2 cm distance from wire electrode in horizontal and vertical directions, electric field and average electron energies appear to be in the ranges of 11.05 19.6 MV x m(-1) and 10.10-13.92 eV respectively; as the distance increases, average electron energies and electric field show a similar trend: first decrease and then increase. Chemically active species, such as OH, O and O3, can be generated through the energetic electron collisions with H2O and O2 directly or indirectly. For the NO oxidation, there is no coexistence of NO and O3, whereas there is a coexistence of NO and OH. NO is oxidized by O3 or O more efficiently than by OH radical.

To understand the effects of the change of climate, vegetation, flooding led by the construction of Three Gorges Project to the growth of Oncomelania snail.The spatial analysis function of ArcGIS combined with meteorological data, 1:50 000 and the 1:10 000 digital elevation model were employed to analyzed the climate, flooding and other conditions of the reservoir area, and the field survey was used to investigated the vegetation in this area.The flood time, climate precipitation, sunshine duration, vegetation types and coverage of Three Gorges reservior area can meet the growth needs of Oncomelania snail. However, the characteristic of water impounding winter and disembogueing in summer were not agreed with the life circle of Oncomelania snail.The environment of flooding in winter and drought in summer in the Three Gorges reservior areas is not suitable for the growth of Oncomelania snail. If the transfusion of snais from other endemic areas can be prevented, the area can be avoid to become snail area.

The primary problems of brain-computer interface (BCI) are the low channel capacity and high error rate. Therefore, an assistive motion control method is important for the brain-actuated robot to realize real-time and reliable control. To make the brain-actuated robot respond to the external environments with more flexibility, a shared control method based on fuzzy logic is proposed. Experimental results obtained with ten healthy voluntary subjects show that the proposed fuzzy-based shared controller has improved performance compared with direct control approach.

Streamer plays a key role in the process of OH radical generation. The propagation of primary and secondary streamers of positive wire-plate pulsed corona discharge was observed using a short gate ICCD in air environment. The influence of the applied voltage on the properties was investigated. It was shown that the primary streamer propagation velocity, electric coverage and length of secondary streamer increased significantly with increasing the applied voltage. Then 2-D OH distribution was investigated by the emission spectrum. With the analysis of the OH emission spectra, the distribution of OH radicals showed a trend of decreasing from the wire electrode to its circumambience. Compared with the streamer propagation trace, the authors found that OH radical distribution and streamer are in the same area. Both OH radical concentration and the intensity of streamer decreased when far away from the wire electrode.

In order to get extensive knowledge of wire-to-plate pulsed corona discharge reactor, the influences of different diameters of wire electrode, different wire-to-plate and wire-to-wire spacing on OH radical generation were experimentally investigated under atmospheric pressure based on emission spectrum, and the spatial distribution of OH radicals in the electric field was also discussed in detail The results showed that OH radicals decrease along the X-axis, and the activation radius is approximately 20 mm; showing a trend of first increase and then decrease along the Y-axis, with the activation radius being more than 30 mm. OH radical has small change as the diameter of wire electrode changes below 2 mm, with a sharp decline as the diameter continues to increase. OH radical emission intensity increases as wire-to-wire spacing increases and decrease as wire-to-plate spacing increases.

Hanke Zhiyan (written by Dooyo Higuchi and published in 1749), held in the Fujikawa collection of Kyoto University Library, recorded in detail the process by which Higuchi was assigned by the government to heal Korean envoys. The name, age, symptoms, diagnosis and medicine of 14 patients were described in detail in this book. It could be known from the recording that Korean envoys suffered from a variety of diseases and Dooyo Higuchi (a Traditional Chinese Medicine doctor of Japan), with a solid academic foundation and plenty of experience, could give specific diagnoses and flexible therapies. Hanke Zhiyan described full and accurate medical exchanges between Japan and Korea, and was a vivid reflection of medical exchanges in the history of the two countries.

After comparing the Renho Temple version of Taisu, and Taisu texts cited by Ishinpo, and analyzing characteristic features of the cited text, it could be that the Renho Temple version of Taisu is probably reliable and it may be the same version system as the one cited by Ishinpo. So Ishinpo is a helpful addition to the Renho Temple version of Taisu. As texts cited by Ishinpo are the epitome and sifting of Taisu, so that the Ishinpo is only of reference value in reading the Renho Temple version Taisu.

The extant Jinguiyaolue (Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golder Chamber) is less likely to originate directly from the section on miscellaneous diseases in the 16-volume Shanghanzabinglun (Treatise on Cold Pathogenic and Miscellaneous Diseases) of ZHANG Zhong-jing which was complied in the early third century. It was, in fact, compiled in the Northern Song dynasty. All the extant editions of Jinguiyaolue, including Japanese editions, were derived from the five editions system complied from the Yuan dynasty to the Ming dynasty, belongs to the large character version. The small character version of Wu Qian's transcript that was recently discovered in the shanghai Library is different from the original system, and this is worthy of attention to. By comparison of Deng Zhen's version with We Qian's version, it was realized that the Northern Song government had not simply converted the large character version into the small character version, but revised it as large-scale for the second time.

The uncertainty of thrust acceleration will cause enormous error to model and track the accelerated motion of maneuvered target during orbit transfer process. An on-line minimum-variance estimator was developed for thrust acceleration applied to orbit transfer using discrete-time radar measurements. The mass-flow-rate of propellant was selected as a state variant, which was estimated by employing an integral state model and Extended Kalman filter. The variation equations for the measurement vector to mass-flow rate have been established to linearize the discrete-time measurement equations. The algorithm has applied successfully to maneuver process in commanding satellite into Geo-stationary orbit and lunar insertion orbit. The results show the algorithm developed here can monitor and determine whether engine works well or failure precisely and quickly during orbit transfer process.

For further studying the theories and applications of rough sets (RS), this paper proposes a new theory on RS, which mainly includes topological space, topological properties, homeomorphism, and its properties on RS by some new definitions and theorems given. The relationship between partition and countable open covering is discussed, and some applications based on the topological rough space and its topological properties are introduced. Moreover, some perspectives for future research are given. Throughout this paper, the advancements of the new theory on RS and topological algebra not only represent an important theoretical value but also exhibit significant applications of RS and topology.

A recombinant plasmid containing cathepsin B endopeptidase of Schistosoma japonicum (Sjcb2) was constructed, indentified by PCR, restrictive enzyme, digestion and DNA sequencing, and expressed into mammalian cells. Immunochemistry examination showed that the Sjcb2 gene can be expressed in the eukaryotic system, providing a basis for the development of schistosome DNA vaccine.

To find a new method for edge detection and modeling in frontal facial contour image.Searching circle-based edge detection algorithm was developed on the basis of Sobel edge detector. Apriori knowledge of the facial contour and searching limitations as the minimum curvature radius, concave-convex property, and maximum edge disconnected distance were used to detect the edge of frontal facial contour. The frontal facial contour model was established with least squares curve fitting methods, and the relationship between the model rank and model precision was analyzed.The edge detected by the new method was consistent with the actual edge of the facial contour and the irrelevant edge was well eliminated. Variation of the 2,4,10 time models from the actual image were compared, which identified the 10 time model as the best one.The effectiveness and practicability of this new method for edge detection and modeling has been tested, which provides a theoretic basis for designing facial contouring image system.

The valence state of thallium affecting its toxicity, distribution and mobility, photoxidation reaction of Tl(I) was studied under the radiation from high-pressure arc mercury light or solar light. The results show that the low pH, the strong light intensity and UVB and VUC region are in favor of the photoxidation of Tl(I). In the case of pH = 2, only less than 1% Tl(I) remained in the solution after 10 min of irradiation, while pH = 9, with about 83% Tl(I) in the solution after 1 h of irradiation. After 5 min of irradiation, if the distance between the light source and the surface of solution is 20cm, just 4% Tl(I) remained in the solution, while the distance is 36 cm, still remained about 50%. 90% Tl(I) remained in filtered light, while less than 1% Tl(I) still remained in non-filtered light. The microorganic effect is not obvious comparing with photoxidation effect in this experiment, the remained Tl(I) in excluding microorganic and microorganic experiment are all about 70%.

Through textual research on the Song Dynasty block-printed large-character and small-character editions of Shang han lun (Treatise on Cold Pathogenic Disease), it can be definitely verified that Yang Shoujing's so-called 'facsimile handwritten copy of Northern Song edition' was an apocrypha fabricated by Yang himself. Japanese Horikawa's An zheng edition, the original edition adopted by Yun Tieqiao's photocopy, did exert a profound and lasting influence on China. After collating the Song Dynasty block-printed edition collected in Japan National Cabinet Library with the one collected in the National Beijing Library thoroughly, and checking the prefaces and postscripts carefully, it has been found, for the first time, that these two editions, both called 'Song edition', differ dramatically.

This paper is concerned with improving the learning efficiency and stability of neural networks. An alternating algorithm is presented for the training process. The method is divided into two stages. First, the gradient method is applied, and then a bisection technique is used. The convergence is proved for the proposed method, so that a stable distribution of weights can be reached. Compared with the standard gradient method, the oscillating divergent phenomenon is avoided.

A minimum-variance estimation is developed for thrust acceleration applied to orbit transfer using discrete-time Radar measurements. An integral state model is used for the unknown Mass-Flow-Rate during transfer process. An extended Kalman Filter(EKF) is developed for the forward estimate in real time. And variation equations about the motion states to Mass-Flow-Rate are developed in the Earth Centered Inertial (ECI) coordinate frame. The method was used on many Geosatationary satellite transfer process successfully. The results show the method developed here can detect and determinate whether engines applied for orbit transfer work well or failure precisely and quickly.

The phase change between periodic signals is regular. Research on the regular phenomenon between periodic signals is helpful to improve the precision of some measurements and develop some new measurement methods. So it is necessary to analyze the characteristics of the greatest common factor frequency and the least common multiple period universally existing in periodic signals. The regulation of the quantitative phase shift resolution between periodic signals is presented. The cause of difference in phase characteristics between periodic signals is explained well. In this paper we propose different application prospects based on the regular phenomenon between periodic signals, with focusing on the methods for high precision frequency measurement and transient stability measurement. The experimental results are satisfactory.

Lu2Ti2O7 nano-plates are successfully synthesized via a molten salt technique and first reported in this paper. The as-prepared Lu2Ti2O7 nano-plates are actually composed of single crystals with a typical cubic fluorite structure. The diameters of the fabricated Lu2Ti2O7 nano-plates range from 500–1000 nm with thicknesses up to several tens of nano-meters. The possible growth mechanism is suggested as ‘shape memory effect’, which is weakened significantly by the substitution Lu2O3 for Lu(NO3)3. Finally, we systematically investigate the photoluminescence properties of Lu2Ti2O7 nano-particles with various morphologies.

During the 21st solar activity cycle the HXRBS aboard SMM satellite and the HXM on HINOTORI spacecraft detected several thousand hard X-ray solar flares. Studies of the temporal properties of these events had revealed hundreds of examples of fast spikes with durations of less than 1 sec. We analysed part of these observations and found that they have four common characteristics. Among these characteristics, quasi-periodic oscillations led us to believe the possibility of oscillations existing in the corona. We have studied the characteristics of the oscillations and derived their periods. The conditions of trapping the oscillations are also discussed.