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The freestanding ferroelectric membranes with super-elasticity show promising applications in flexible electronic devices such as transducers, memories, etc. While there have been recent studies on the effect of mechanical bending on the domain structure evolutions and phase transitions in ferroelectric membranes, its influence on Young's modulus of these freestanding membranes is less explored, which is crucial for the design and application of flexible electronics. Here, a phase-field model is developed to simulate the tunability of Young's modulus of freestanding Ba1− xSr xTiO3 membranes under mechanical bending. It is demonstrated that the bended membrane shows a uniform Young's modulus compared with unbended membrane. By increasing the bending angle, Young's modulus tunability is enhanced, which can be attributed to the vortex-like domain structures induced by the mechanical bending. These vortex-like domains with large domain wall energy inhibit the subsequent domain switching under externally applied tensile strain and reduce the eigenstrain variation, which leads to a large Young's modulus. In addition, the formation of vortex domain structure is suppressed with increasing Sr2+ content in Ba1− xSr xTiO3 membranes at the same bending degree, resulting in a decrease in Young's modulus tunability. Our work reveals that the tunability of Young's modulus of freestanding ferroelectric membranes can be achieved by mechanical bending, which provides guidance for designing flexible electronic devices.

Mini full-color light-emitting diodes (mini-fc-LEDs) are a promising solution for display applications, including outdoor, cinema, and wearable devices, owing to their high resolution. However, it is difficult to simultaneously obtain high color uniformity and ambient contrast ratio (ACR). To solve this issue, we report a bilayered packaging structure with an SiO2 scattering layer on the bottom and a graphite extinction layer on the top. The bilayered packaging structure combines the scattering effect of SiO2 nanoparticles and the extinction effect of graphite nanoparticles, wherein the scattering effect improves the color uniformity, and the extinction effect improves the ACR. The color uniformity and ACR of the mini-fc-LEDs were selectively adjusted by changing the nanoparticle concentration and the thickness ratio of the bilayer. Compared to conventional devices, the inhomogeneity of the bilayered devices reduced by 65.9%, the ACR increased by 32.9%, and the figure of merit (FOM, representing the overall performance of the device) increased by 168.8%. We believe that the proposed packaging structure can also be applied to other LEDs such as OLEDs and micro-LEDs.

The critical heat flux of fuel assembly was of great interest for pressurized water reactors, which was related to the safety and economic efficiency. Recently, many studies showed that the nano- and micro-structures on the heat surface could improve the CHF greatly by changing the wettability, onset of nucleate boiling, bubble behaviors (grow, slip, departure etc.) on the modifying surfaces. In present study, the square column microstructures was manufactured on the zirconium alloy surface with ultraviolet laser, whose column microstructure images acquired by SEM (scanning electron microscope) showed many smaller microstructures in the bottom region than the size of square column. And the modified surface showed anisotropic hydrophily, which was smaller than that on the original surface. And the CHF of zirconium alloy microstructure surface was improved about 25%, which was a considerable value for the fuel assembly. And more studies are recommended to focus on the stability and flow boiling behaviors of the zirconium alloy microstructure surface in the future study.

γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has various physiological functions and is widely used in medicine, food, and other fields. Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of L-glutamate to synthesize GABA. However, the industrial application of microorganism-derived GAD is limited by its rapid loss of enzymatic activity with pH approaching neutrality. In this study, a novel glutamate decarboxylase, GAD MSM, from Mycobacterium smegmatis was overexpressed and purified. On the basis of homologous modeling and substrate molecular docking, several GAD MSM mutants were constructed, and their enzymatic properties were analyzed. The results showed that the optimal pH of wild-type GAD MSM is 5.4; at pH 6.2, 22.8% enzymatic activity was retained; the T211 amino acid residue and C-terminal deletion mutant GAD MSMΔC showed relatively high catalytic activity in a pH range of 5.0–7.0. The V max and K m values of GAD MSMΔC were 14.69 and 5.70, respectively, at pH 5.5, and 9.87 and 6.17, respectively, at pH 7.0. Compared with the wild-type GAD, GAD MSMΔC still maintained higher affinity and enzymatic activity of the substrate, maintaining 78.5% of the highest enzymatic activity even at pH 7.0, which is the highest reported activity retention for GAD under neutral pH condition. Therefore, GAD MSMΔC can be used for the transformation of high-yielding strains and industrial production of GABA.

Background: Polyethylene glycol interferon alpha (PEG-IFN-α) is the most frequently used pharmacotherapeutic approach in patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Numerous studies have reported that interleukin-28B (IL-28B) genetic polymorphisms are related to the therapeutic efficacy of PEG-IFN-α, but the results are inconsistent. The present meta-analysis aimed to analyze the association between IL-28B genetic polymorphisms and the prognosis of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) treated with PEG-IFN-α to inform clinical practice.Methods: PubMed, EBSCO, and Scopus databases were searched for relevant literature published before February 30, 2021. We calculated the crude odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the cited articles. A total of 2510 patients with CHB treated with PEG-IFN-α in 13 clinical cohort studies were analyzed.Results: The overall analysis demonstrated a potential association between IL-28B genetic polymorphisms and response to PEG-IFN-α; however, the association was not statistically significant. Furthermore, the subgroup analysis revealed that among patients with HBeAg-negative CHB, the rs12979860 CC genotype and rs8099917 TT genotype were associated with more significant treatment response to PEG-IFN-α (CC vs. non-CC: OR 2.78, 95% CI 1.00–7.76, I2 = 83%; TT vs. non-TT: OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.35–3.48, I2 = 0%). Among Asian patients with CHB, the rs12979860 CC genotype was associated with a more significant treatment response to PEG-IFN (CC vs. non-CC: OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.18–2.99, I2 = 0%).Conclusion: This meta-analysis revealed that the IL-28B rs12979860 CC genotype and rs8099917 TT genotype indicated a better treatment response than non-CC and non-TT genotypes for PEG-IFN-α in patients with CHB.

Aiming at understanding the phase distribution characteristics and developing the transition criterion from wall-peak to core-peak phase distribution in a rod bundle channel, air–water two-phase flow experiments were conducted in 5 × 5 rod bundles in the Interfacial Evolution Research Facility at Chongqing University (IERFC). Based on the experimental data, the influences of gas velocity, liquid velocity, mixing vane spacer grid (MVSG), and geometrical size on phase distribution have been analyzed in detail. With the increasing superficial gas velocity and decreasing liquid velocity, the wall-peak phase distribution turned to core-peak. The wall-peak phase distribution was enhanced by an MVSG, and the transition from the transitional phase distribution to the wall-peak phase distribution appeared when the air–water mixture flowed through the MVSG. The gap size was the key factor for the transition of phase distribution in rod bundles. Moreover, the transition criterion from wall-peak to core-peak phase distribution was developed based on present experimental data and the data in the literature, which was also verified based on the limited data. More experiments were recommended to focus on the detailed phase distribution in the rod bundle channel with different geometrical sizes.

As one of the Generation IV nuclear reactors, the SCWR (supercritical water-cooled reactor) has high economy and safety margin, good mechanical properties for its high thermal efficiency, and simplified structure design. As the key component of nuclear reactor, the fuel assembly has always been the main issue for the design of the SCWR. The design of the fuel assembly for CSR1000 proposed by the Nuclear Power Institute of China (NPIC) has been optimized and presented in this study, which is composed of four subassemblies welded by four filler strips and guide thimbles arranged close together in the cross-shaped passage. Aiming at improving the hydraulic buffer performance of the cruciform control rod, the scram time and terminal velocity of control rod assembly were calculated to assess the scram performance based on the computational fluid dynamics and dynamic mesh method, and the mechanical property and neutronic performance of assemblies were also investigated. It has been demonstrated that the optimized fuel assembly had good feasibility and performance, which was a promising design for CSR1000.

Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a type of natural non-protein amino acid, is a key precursor for the biosynthesis of heme, and it has been broadly applied in medicine, agriculture. Several strategies have been applied to enhance ALA synthesis in bacteria. In the present study, we employed synthetic antisense RNAs (asRNAs) of hemB (encodes ALA dehydratase) to weaken metabolic flux of ALA to porphobilinogen (PBG), and investigated their effect on ALA accumulation. For this purpose, we designed and constructed vectors pET28a-hemA-asRNA and pRSFDuet-hemA-asRNA to simultaneously express 5-ALA synthase (ALAS, encoded by hemA) and PTasRNAs (2 inverted repeat DNA sequences sandwiched with the antisense sequence of hemB), selecting the region ranging from − 57 nt upstream to + 139 nt downstream of the start codon of hemB as a target. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that the mRNA levels of hemB were decreased above 50% of the control levels, suggesting that the anti-hemB asRNA was functioning appropriately. ALA accumulation in the hemB weakened strains were 17.6% higher than that obtained using the control strains while accumulating less PBG. These results indicated that asRNAs can be used as a tool for regulating ALA accumulation in E. coli. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02733-8.

A family of ambient-dried polybenzoxazine aerogels is prepared with a facile and scalable process as a high-performance polymeric aerogel with strong and robust thermomechanical properties at eleva...

In order to study the trajectory characteristics of supercavitating vehicle in free motion, a series of experiments were carried out on an unpowered vehicle under ventilation and non-ventilation conditions respectively. High-pressure gas was utilized to launch the vehicle. The flow pattern in free motion was captured by using a high-speed video camera, the variations in the motion parameters and the cavity pressure were simultaneously recorded by using the internal measuring system. The measured data under ventilation and non-ventilation conditions were analyzed in detail, giving the effect of the ventilation on the motion of the vehicle. The experimental results show that the cavitation number fluctuates around a certain value under the influence of both velocity of the vehicle and the ventilation flow rate, keeping the vehicle to stably move in the supercavitating state. Under non-ventilation condition, the vehicle moves stably at the state of supercavitating and double-cavity closed on at the cylindrical section of the vehicle. But the motion turns into instable when the cavity is closed at the shoulder of the vehicle. Therefore, to reduce the cavitation number by ventilation is beneficial to maintaining the stability of the vehicle.

The bioreduction of aged nanoscale zero valent iron (NZVI) by Shewanella putrefaciens CN32 (CN32) in the presence of different biochar materials was conducted to understand how biochars mediated the activation of aged NZVI to enhance the removal efficiency of contaminants. The results indicated that the prepared biochars contained different oxygen-containing functional groups (such as O C O, COOH, C O, C O, C C, C H and C C). The biochars significantly enhance electron transfer from CN32 to aged NZVI, thus accelerating reductive dechlorination of Pentachlorophenol (PCP). The maximum PCP degradation rate (kmax) was 2.45 mg·L−1·d−1, which was 2.6 times greater than that of the biochar-free control (0.94 mg·L−1·d−1). The intermediates of phenol were detected after 30 days, likely indicating that reductive dechlorination was the dechlorination pathway of PCP. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis showed that vivianite, as a secondary mineral, was formed during the bioreduction aged NZVI-BC600 (Biochar prepared at 600 °C with NZVI activation) by CN32. Vivianite was formed mainly through the reaction of Fe(II) and PO43−. The combined electrochemical and electron paramagnetic resonance analysis might suggest that biochar associated semiquinone radical (C O) were likely involved in the bioreduction of aged NZVI. This study provided some theoretical support for further research on biochar mediated bioreduction activation of aged NZVI to enhance the degradation of contaminants.

Neutrase-hydrolysates hydrolyzed from mulberry leaf proteins were separated by ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, and semipreparative reverse-phase HPLC. Purified fractions were analyzed for their radical scavenging activity, hemolysis inhibition ability, and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA). Three new antioxidant peptides, P1 (SVL, 317 Da), P2 (EAVQ, 445 Da), and P3 (RDY, 452 Da), were obtained from the most active HPLC fraction (R1) and identified using UPLC-QTOF-MS. These three peptides were then synthesized, and their antioxidant activities were analyzed. P1 and P2 had no ability to inhibit hemolysis of erythrocytes but did show antioxidant activity on HepG2 cells. P3 showed the highest hemolysis inhibition ability (92%) and CAA value (2204 μM QE/100 g peptide). The Tyr residues at the C-terminal region play an important role in the antioxidant activity in P3. Thus, the natural peptide R1 and synthesized P3 could be used as antioxidants and might be promising components of functional foods.

G-quadruplex specific dyes are powerful tools for probing nucleic acid structures. Among nucleic acids, aptamers are of great interest, and widely exploited to construct versatile bioassays. Herein, based on G-quadruplex selective dye, thioflavin T (ThT), for probing the intrinsic structure of aptamers, we proposed a ratiometric fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) aptasensor enabling robust and ultrafast detection of toxin. The binding of target ochratoxin A (OTA) would destruct the G-quadruplex structure of aptamer. It would lead to the detachment of ThT dye from aptamer which diminished the FRET effect between ThT and terminal-labeled dye, thus allowing quantification of OTA via FRET signals. The FRET aptasensor would confer an enhancement of 76.9% of signal to background ratio compared to the ThT-based non-FRET aptasensor. Remarkably, the FRET mechanism would eliminate the signal fluctuation resulted from varied probe concentration, thus benefiting the robustness of the assay. The aptasensor could achieve a detection of limit of 0.38 ng/mL for OTA detection. And the detection of OTA could be finished within 30 s. Besides, the assay was successful in analyzing OTA in coffee and oat samples with recoveries rate of 93.93%–107.59%. Therefore, G-quadruplex specific dye-based probing and FRET method would be a compelling design strategy for aptasensor, and may facilitate their practical application in food safety and environmental screening.

A gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled to QuEchERS extraction method was developed for the determination of 7 volatile N-nitrosamines (VNAs) in Chinese Sichuan salted vegetables, and the method detection limit (MDL), method quantification limit (MQL), recovery and relative standard deviation (RSD) were determined. Furthermore, the VNA contents of 406 Sichuan salted vegetables were measured and discussed. The MDL of the 7 VNAs ranged from 0.02 to 0.15 ng/g, and their recoveies when spiked with 10 ng/g standards ranged from 91.5 to 106.1%. The within-day RSD and between-day RSD were 2.1–4.6% and 2.4–7.2%, respectively. These results indicate that the method developed was of good accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility. The mean content of total VNAs in the 406 Sichuan salted vegetables was 0.56 ng/g, and more than 95% of them (n = 386) were at low VNA content ( 0.05). The VNA with both the highest concentration and the highest occurrence frequency of ≥3 ng/g was N-nitrosopyrrolidine.

The drift-flux model is important for rod bundle two-phase flow analysis. A 5 × 5 rod bundles experiment has been performed under air-water two-phase flow conditions. The superficial liquid velocity ranges from 0.00 to 1.50 m/s while the superficial gas velocity ranges from 0.02 to 6.00 m/s. The void fraction has been measured by the impedance meter. Four typical drift-flux models developed for rod bundles have been compared with present data. By analyzing the experimental data and visualization, the distribution parameter may be influenced by the flow recirculation and turbulence significantly. In order to consider these two effects, a critical liquid velocity has been defined to determine which effect is dominant as the increase of liquid velocity, and a new critical void fraction correlation related to the flow-regime transition from cap-bubbly to cap-turbulent flow is incorporated to determine the distribution parameter. The new drift-flux model developed from existing models shows a good prediction capability.

Hepatic myelopathy is a complication seen in patients with chronic liver failure with physiologic or iatrogenic portosystemic shunting. The main symptom is progressive lower limb dyskinesia. The role of the brain motor control center in hepatic myelopathy is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the gray matter changes in patients with hepatic myelopathy secondary to transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and to examine their clinical relevance. This was a cross-sectional study. Twenty-three liver failure patients with hepatic myelopathy (hepatic myelopathy group), 23 liver failure patients without hepatic myelopathy (non-hepatic myelopathy group) after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, and 23 demographically matched healthy volunteers were enrolled from March 2014 to November 2016 at Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), China. High-resolution magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo brain imaging was acquired. Group differences in regional gray matter were assessed using voxel-based morphometry analysis. The relationship between aberrant gray matter and motor characteristics was investigated. Results demonstrated that compared with the non-hepatic myelopathy group, gray matter volume abnormalities were asymmetric, with decreased volume in the left insula (P = 0.003), left thalamus (P = 0.029), left superior frontal gyrus (P = 0.006), and right middle cingulate cortex (P = 0.021), and increased volume in the right caudate nucleus (P = 0.017), corrected with open-source software. The volume of the right caudate nucleus in the hepatic myelopathy group negatively correlated with the lower limb clinical rating of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (r = -0.53, P = 0.01). Compared with healthy controls, patients with and without hepatic myelopathy exhibited overall increased gray matter volume in both thalami, and decreased gray matter volume in both putamen, as well as in the globus pallidus, cerebellum, and vermis. The gray matter abnormalities we found predominantly involved motor-related regions, and may be associated with motor dysfunction. An enlarged right caudate nucleus might help to predict weak lower limb motor performance in patients with preclinical hepatic myelopathy after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), China (approval No. 20140227-6) on February 27, 2014.

In relation to the development of flow regime criteria for rod bundle geometry, this paper provides several experimental flow regime maps at different axial locations with simple and prototypic spacer grids, respectively. Experiments with vertical adiabatic air-water flow were conducted under an atmospheric pressure condition. The experiment facility was composed of 5 × 5 rod arranged on a square pitch in a square casing with 9.5 mm outside diameter and 12.6 mm pitch. The inlet superficial gas velocities range from 0.01 to 8.69 m/s, while inlet superficial liquid velocities range from 0.06 to 2.51 m/s. New flow regime maps were acquired at three axial locations of z/DH = 21.9, 58.4 and 107 through high-speed camera images. The experimental maps obtained were compared with the existing analytical models of flow regime transition criteria for vertical rod bundles. A reasonable agreement has been obtained between measured flow regime maps and models of the existing flow regime transition criteria for rod bundles at fully developed flow conditions. The different effects of two types of spacer grids on the flow regime transition were also discussed in this paper.

Drift-flux model has been one of the most popular models predicting two phase flow parameters in nuclear reactor and other industrial equipment since proposed. Most of researches are based on the void fraction measurement on the whole cross-section of the void fraction, which is under the influence of casing tube and might be unfit for sub-channel. Therefore, experiments have been performed to measure the void fraction in sub-channels with the newly designed impedance void meter, based on which the existing drift-flux correlations have been evaluated. However, few correlations have good performance in bubbly and cap bubbly flow. In order to improve the accuracy and consider the physical significance, the new correlation of distribution parameter is proposed by adopting Julia’s drift velocity correlation. The proposed correlation could predict the present data, Yang’s data and Clark’s data with the mean relative error of 13.96%, 16.23% and 24.9% respectively. Furthermore, the L/D effect on distribution parameter has been analyzed with different spacer grids. The mixing vane spacer grid (MVSG) results in a larger value of distribution parameter than simplified spacer grid in low void fraction region for the stronger recirculating flow.

Immobilizing nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) particles on silica-based supports is an effective way to overcome the NZVI aggregation. The pH value and calcium hardness can change the aggregation kinetics and alter the stability of the suspensions of NZVI-silica based materials, thus change the reactivity of these NZVI-silica based materials to remove chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs). The removal of CAHs by these NZVI-silica based materials includes adsorption by silica based supports and degradation by NZVI particles. Using 1,1,1-TCA and mesoporous hydrated silica (mHS) as model chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon (CAH) and silica based support, the effects of pH value and Ca2+ concentration on both the adsorption and adsorption-degradation processes of CAHs by NZVI-silica based materials were studied. The structural and textural features, suspension stability, particle size distribution, and Zeta potential of the materials under various conditions were characterized by different techniques. Both decreasing initial pH value and increasing Ca2+ concentration can reduce the Zeta potential of mHS and lead to the aggregation of mHS particles, thus inhibiting the removal of 1,1,1-TCA via adsorption by mHS through decreasing the number of sites for adsorption. Low initial pH value can accelerate the corrosion of NZVI core and remove the passivation layer, thus promoting the removal of 1,1,1-TCA via adsorption-degradation by NZVI@mHS. Ca2+ can decrease the sites for adsorption and form precipitates which can block mesoporous channels, thus hinder the 1,1,1-TCA removal via adsorption-degradation by NZVI@mHS.

As an approach of painless administration, coated microneedles (MNs) have an increasing attention on the drug loading capacity to meet higher drug dosage requirement. In this work, the solid and coated MNs were successfully fabricated using hot-compaction process and dipping with a dam board reservoir. The maximum drug loading of different height, arrays and coating solutions reached 118 μg, which was hundreds of times the unmodified coated MNs. The in vitro drug delivery was also evaluated and the result revealed that the coated MNs fabricated could achieve about 90% drug delivery efficiency. The insulin-coaded MNs holding 0.5 IU of insulin were fabricated with dipping method, which had the same therapeutic effect on diabetic mice compared with the injection of the same dose. All the results demonstrated that coated MNs could meet the dosage needs of diseases by improving the height, arrays and coating solutions.

This study proposes a framework for automatic high-frequency transactions based on a deep reinforcement learning model — proximal policy optimization. The framework creatively regards the transaction process as actions and returns as awards to align with the idea of reinforcement learning. It compares price prediction policies including long short-term memory (LSTM) and multi-layer perception (MLP) by applying them to the real-time bitcoin price. Then an automatically generating transaction strategy is constructed building on PPO with LSTM as the static policy. The approach is able to trade bitcoins in a simulating environment with synchronous data and achieves []% higher benefit than that of the average market. It is demonstrated that the approach can earn excess returns and be expanded to other financial products.

Metal oxide-based Resistive Random-Access Memories (RRAM) exhibit multiple intermediate resistive states, due to the formation/rupture of a conductive filament (CF) inside a switching layer. While there have been extensive studies on the resistive switching behavior caused by a pre-existing CF, the initial stage of the formation and growth of a CF, i.e., the electroforming process has been less understood. In this work, we developed a physical model to fundamentally understand the formation and growth behavior of a CF in a metal oxide layer constrained by the top/bottom electrodes. It is revealed that the CF formation is assisted by the supply of oxygen vacancies at the anode and the oxygen vacancies transport in the oxide layer. The effects of the external conditions (the oxygen exchange rate j 0 and the applied voltage) and the physical properties of the oxides (the electrical σ and thermal conductivity k th ) on the CF morphology evolution, current density evolution, and local temperature and electrical potential distribution have been systematically explored. It is found that larger oxygen vacancy exchange rate and relatively small voltage sweep rate result in a more uniform CF. Furthermore, by choosing oxides with lower Lorenz number (ratio of k th and σ ), CF with more homogeneous morphology can be realized. This work provides a fundamental understanding of the kinetic behaviors of the CF formation and growth during the electroforming process, and could potentially guide the oxide and electrode materials selection, synthesis and working conditions for switching to achieve improved RRAM stability and functionality.

Additional file 1.

Hydroxy-sanshool compounds were extracted from the hydrodistillation residue of Z. bungeanum Maxim. pericarp (ZBM) and Z. armatum DC. pericarp (ZADC) by using ethanol–water extraction and extractions assisted with (i) enzymes, (ii) ultrasound, and (iii) enzymes and ultrasound. The yields of the hydroxy-sanshool extracts under these four extraction conditions were calculated and compared. The ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction was then optimized based on a Box–Behnken design. Furthermore, five hydroxy-sanshool compounds in the extracts were quantified and their pungent taste contribution value (PCV) was calculated. Oral sensory evaluation was finally performed. Compared with that of the hydroxy-sanshool extracted with ethanol–water, the yields of the samples from the extraction assisted with enzymes, ultrasound, and enzymes and ultrasound increased by 4.2–7.6%, 9.3–9.8%, and 21.5–26.2%, respectively. A maximum yield of 7.87% (w/w) was achieved by using ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction under the optimal conditions: 3.1% (w/w) amount of enzyme, an incubation temperature of 50.3 °C, and an ultrasound irradiation power of 207 W. The PCV of hydroxy-α-sanshool, hydroxy-β-sanshool, hydroxy-γ-sanshool, hydroxy-e-sanshool, and hydroxy-γ-isosanshool was 1153, 447, 461, 139, and 51 ml g−1 for the ZBM extract, respectively, while the PCV of these five hydroxyl-sanshools was 659 ml g−1, 575 ml g−1, not detected, 119 ml g−1, and not detected for the ZADC extract, respectively. Tingling and salivation were the main taste sensations of ZBM, whereas numbing and tingling sensations were dominant in ZADC.

Annular flow in rod bundle geometry is characterized by multi-dimensional properties in terms of two distinct length scales, rendering no consensus yet on an available model for predicting the circumferential incoherent distribution of film thickness. Current paper presents a semi-empirical but original correlation based on pertinent underlying physics. Gas phase Reynolds number is used to illustrate the gas–liquid interfacial shear-off mechanism. Liquid source term is scaled by the combination of void fraction and liquid volumetric flux. Circumferential shear stress produced by secondary flow is employed to denote mass transport in subchannel. Four available datasets including 189 data points are collected to develop and validate the proposed correlation from both cross-sectional and subchannel local regions perspectives. The majority of data can be correlated with the maximum relative error of ± 20.0%. Based upon the heuristic correlation, the circumferential incoherent distribution of film thickness is analyzed. The average film thickness on center rod increases slightly as the liquid velocity increased, since most of liquid phase migrates to corner region leading to a dramatically increase in film thickness on rod nearby duct wall. Two dependent factors are mainly responsible for the rod peripheral distribution of liquid thickness, in which the hydrodynamic effect dominates over the secondary flow factor, but the secondary flow makes the peripheral distribution of film thickness more uniform. Among the hydrodynamic parameters, both void fraction and gas velocity contribute to the thinning of the liquid film, but the increasing of liquid thickness along with rod periphery is attributed to the variation of subchannel characteristic length.