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Additional file 5 Supplementary Fig. 5 A and E Western blot detecting of PD-L1 and RNF31 expression in BT549 and HS578T cells with indicated treatment. B and F RT–qPCR results of PD-L1 mRNA level with indicated treatment in BT549 and HS578T cells. C-D and G-H The cell-membrane localized PD-L1 in BT549 and HS578T cells with indicated treatment were analyzed by Flow cytometry using PD-L1 antibody.

Additional file 1 Supplementary Fig. 1 A Western blot detecting of RNF31 expression in HS578T cell exposed to indicated methods. B-C Transwell assay (left panel) of HS578T cells. Right panel shows quantification of transwell assay results. Scale bar 100 μm. D-E FACS analysis (left panel) was performed on the HS578T cell to detect the proportion of CD44 + CD24-cells. F-G FACS analysis (left panel) was performed on the HS578T cell to detect the proportion of apoptotic cells. The cells were incubated with PI and Annexin V. Right panel shows quantification of apoptosis proportion. H-I Wound healing assay (left panel) of HS578T cell migration capability following transfected with indicated treatment. J-K Representative images (left panel) of EdU assays in HS578T cell transfected with indicated treatment. EdU-positive cells, red; cell nuclei, blue. Right panel shows quantification of Edu results. Scale bar 100 μm.

Additional file 4 Supplementary Fig. 4 A-B Western blot detecting of YAP and RNF31 protein localized in cytoplasm and nucleus in the MDAMB231 cell with indicated treatment. Subcellular protein fractionation kit was used for cytoplasm and nucleus separation. Tubulin and Histone3 were engineered to cytoplasm and nucleus controls. Nucleus/Cytoplasm ratio of YAP protein (B). C Representative immunoblots to show the interaction between RNF31 with YAP or TAZ by immunoprecipitation (IP) with RNF31 antibody.

Additional file 2 Supplementary Fig. 2 A FPKM expression form RNA-Seq in MDAMB231 cell (GSE218406). B Western blot detecting of p38、p-p38 and RNF31 expression in MDAMB231 cell exposed to indicated methods. C Western blot detecting of YAP、YAP P-S127 and RNF31 expression in HS578T cell exposed to indicated methods. D RT–qPCR results of CTGF and CYR61 mRNA expression in HS578T cell transfected with either indicated treatment. E Measurement of TEAD transcriptional activity using luciferase assays using reporters that contain tandem TEAD binding sites in HS578T cell. F-H RT–qPCR results of YAP mRNA expression in indicated cells transfected with either indicated treatment.

Grain weight is a major determinant in rice yield, which is tightly associated with grain size. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms that control this trait remain unclear. Here, we report a rice (Oryza sativa) mutant, low grain weight (lgw), which shows that reduced grain length is caused by decreased cell elongation and proliferation. Map-based cloning revealed that all mutant phenotypes resulted from a nine-base pair (bp) deletion in LGW, which encodes the kinesin-like protein BRITTLE CULM12 (BC12). Protein sequence alignment analysis revealed that the mutation site was located at the nuclear localization signal (NLS) of LGW/BC12, resulting in the lgw protein not being located in the nucleus. LGW is preferentially expressed in both culms and roots, as well as in the early developing panicles. Overexpression of LGW increased the grain length, indicating that LGW is a positive regulator for regulating grain length. In addition, LGW/BC12 is directly bound to the promoter of GW7 and activates its expression. Elevating the GW7 expression levels in lgw plants rescued the small grain size phenotype. We conclude that LGW regulates grain development by directly binding to the GW7 promoter and activating its expression. Our findings revealed that LGW plays an important role in regulating grain size, and manipulation of this gene provides a new strategy for regulating grain weight in rice.

Additional file 3: Supplemental Table 1. Genetic characteristic of lnc-LOC.

Additional file 1. Cell STR test report.

Additional file 9: Table S1 Cell wall composition analysis of internodes of wild type and cef3-c1 plants.

Additional file 7.