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A micromagnetic study of the thermal stability and magnetization switching by spin-polarized current in Perpendicular Magnetic Tunnel Junctions comprising a four-layer stack of free layer, reference layer, and synthetic antiferromagnets is presented. It is demonstrated that the minimal energy path (MEP)—related to the thermal stability of the system—does not necessarily follow the same trajectory as the current-induced switching. The MEP can be by uniform rotation (UR) or by domain walls (DWs), whereas the current-induced switching can be by UR, DWs, or bubble formation depending on geometrical and stack parameters. The bubble formation is further affected by the direction of switching, i.e., parallel to antiparallel vs antiparallel to parallel switching. We demonstrate the existence of different regimes where the energy barrier and the figure of merit, defined as a ratio between the energy barrier and switching current, show characteristic dependencies and even optimum points depending on the device diameter and the stack parameters. The presented results may explain recent experiments.

The composition, structure, manufacturing process and properties of Metallic reactive materials are introduced. The typical ternary mixture of Ni-Al-W have high density of 7.37g/cm3 and static tensile strength of 228MPa, which make the reactive fragments gain high penetration capability to perforate the target&s skin and can survive under explosive. The Ni-Al-W fragments undergo intermetallic reaction and oxidation reaction upon impacting. The energy release characteristics of Ni-Al-W reactive material were analysed. The chemical energy and pressure generated by reaction of the reactive material have a linear relationship with the impact velocity. A warhead prototype of Ni-Al-W fragment warhead was designed and the warhead explosion testing was carried out. The results show that the Ni-Al-W fragments are capable of withstanding to explosive loading with acquiring initial velocity of 2256m/s. The Ni-Al-W fragments also have advantage of perforation in area against the bi-layered space plates. The metallic reactive fragment warhead can increase the lethality of fragmentation warheads against aircrafts and phased array antenna, which increasingly get mature and have a wide application prospect.

Pure CO ice has been irradiated with electrons of energy in the range $150-1000$~eV with the Interstellar Energetic-Process System (IEPS). The main products of irradiation are carbon chains C$_n$ ($n=3$, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12), suboxides, C$_n$O ($n=2$, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7), and C$_n$O$_2$ ($n=1$, 3, 4, 5, 7) species. \ce{CO2} is by far the most abundant reaction product in all the experiments. The destruction cross-section of CO peaks at about 250 eV, decreases with the energy of the electrons and is more than one order of magnitude higher than for gas-phase CO ionization. The production cross-section of carbon dioxide has been also derived and is characterized by the competition between chemistry and desorption. Desorption of CO and of new species during the radiolysis follows the electron distribution in the ice. Low energy electrons having short penetration depths induce significant desorption. Finally, as the ice thickness approaches the electron penetration depth the abundance of the products starts to saturate. Implications on the atmospheric photochemistry of cold planets hosting surface CO ices are also discussed., Comment: 13 pages, 14 figures

We study the photo-desorption occurring in H$_2$O:CO:NH$_3$ ice mixtures irradiated with monochromatic (550 and 900 eV) and broad band (250--1250 eV) soft X-rays generated at the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (Hsinchu, Taiwan). We detect many masses photo-desorbing, from atomic hydrogen (m/z = 1) to complex species with m/z = 69 (e.g., C$_3$H$_3$NO, C$_4$H$_5$O, C$_4$H$_7$N), supporting the enrichment of the gas phase. At low number of absorbed photons, substrate-mediated exciton-promoted desorption dominates the photo-desorption yield inducing the release of weakly bound (to the surface of the ice) species; as the number of weakly bound species declines, the photo-desorption yield decrease about one order of magnitude, until porosity effects, reducing the surface/volume ratio, produce a further drop of the yield. We derive an upper limit to the CO photo-desorption yield, that in our experiments varies from 1.4 to 0.007 molecule photon$^{-1}$ in the range $\sim 10^{15} - 10^{20}$~absorbed photons cm$^{-2}$. We apply these findings to a protoplanetary disk model irradiated by a central T~Tauri star.

Rectification is an important stage in electronic circuits for any wireless radio frequency power transfer application. Currently, Schottky diodes are widely used as rectifiers; however, they are inefficient at low power levels of microwatts or less (providing maximum sensitivities around 4 mV/μW). Nanoscale magnetic tunnel junctions can serve as alternative rectifiers by utilizing the so-called spin-torque diode effect, demonstrating a much higher rectification sensitivity (200 mV/μW) compared to Schottky diodes. However, for this mechanism to work, the signal frequency must match the ferromagnetic resonance frequency, which typically lies in the gigahertz range. For signals in the megahertz range or lower, Schottky diodes remain the only option for rectification. Here, we demonstrate a mechanism based on thermally activated adiabatic stochastic resonance in magnetic tunnel junctions to produce low frequency (up to tens of megahertz) signal rectification at low input power (submicrowatt), with a sensitivity of up to 35 mV/μW—higher than state-of-the-art Schottky diode rectifiers at this frequency and power range. These findings suggest magnetic tunnel junctions as potential alternatives to Schottky diodes for low frequency and low power applications.

Objective Quantitative analysis and comparison of the expression of ribonucleic acid （RNA） from frozen organs and formaldehyde-fixed and paraffin-embedded （FFPE） tissues. Methods Frozen specimens of human brain, myocardium and liver tissues as well as FFPE samples at different postmortem intervals were collected and mass concentration of RNA was extracted and detected. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction （RT-qPCR） technology was used to analyze the amplification efficiency and relative expression of each RNA marker. Results The mass concentration and integrity of RNA extracted from FFPE samples were relatively low compared with frozen specimens. The amplification efficiency of RNA markers was related with RNA species and the length of amplification products. Among them, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase （GAPDH） and β-actin （ACTB） with relatively long amplification products failed to achieve optimal amplification efficiency, whereas 5S ribosomal RNA （5S rRNA） achieved ideal amplification efficiency and showed quite stable expression across various tissues, therefore it was chosen as internal reference marker. The expression quantity of GAPDH and ACTB in frozen specimens with longer postmortem intervals and in FFPE samples with relatively long amplification products was decreased. The expressions of tissue-specific microRNAs （miRNAs）, GAPDH and ACTB with relatively short amplification products had consistency in the same tissues and FFPE samples. Conclusion Through standardizing the RT-qPCR experiment, selecting the appropriate RNA marker and designing primers of appropriate product length, RNA expression levels of FFPE samples can be accurately quantified.冻存器官和甲醛固定石蜡包埋组织中RNA的定量表达.目的 定量分析并对比冻存器官和甲醛固定石蜡包埋（formaldehyde-fixed and paraffin-embedded，FFPE）组织中核糖核酸（ribonucleic acid，RNA）的表达情况。 方法 选取不同死亡时间人体脑、心肌和肝组织的冻存及FFPE样本，提取并检测RNA质量浓度，运用实时荧光定量反转录聚合酶链反应（reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction，RT-qPCR）技术分析各RNA指标的扩增效率及相对表达量。 结果 与冻存样本相比，FFPE样本中所提取RNA的质量浓度和完整性相对较低。各RNA指标扩增效率与RNA种类及扩增产物长度有关，其中扩增产物较长的甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶（glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase，GAPDH）及β-肌动蛋白（β-actin，ACTB）扩增效率不理想，而5S核糖体RNA（5S ribosomal RNA，5S rRNA）扩增效率理想且在各组织中表达稳定，故选为内参指标。较长死亡时间的冻存样本及FFPE样本中扩增产物较长的GAPDH及ACTB表达量下降，而组织特异性微小RNA（microRNA，miRNA）以及扩增产物较短的GAPDH和ACTB在同一组织冻存和FFPE样本中表达具有一致性。 结论 通过标准化RT-qPCR实验，选取合适的RNA指标及设计合适产物长度的引物，能够准确定量FFPE样本中RNA的表达水平。.法医病理学；核糖核酸；石蜡包埋；冷冻保存；反转录聚合酶链反应；核糖核酸完整性指数.

A number of clinical guidelines on nutrition therapy in cancer patients have been published by national and international societies; however, most of the reviewed data focused on gastrointestinal cancer or non-cancerous abdominal surgery. To collate the corresponding data for esophageal cancer (EC), a consensus panel was convened to aid specialists from different disciplines, who are involved in the clinical nutrition care of EC patients. The literature was searched using MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the ISI Web of Knowledge. We searched for the best evidence pertaining to nutrition therapy in the case of EC. The panel summarized the findings in 3 sections of this consensus statement, based on which, after the diagnosis of EC, an initial distinction is made between the patients, as follows: (1) Assessment; (2) Therapy in patients with resectable disease; patients receiving chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy prior to resection, and patients with unresectable disease, requiring chemoradiotherapy or palliative therapy; and (3) Formula. The resulting consensus statement reflects the opinions of a multidisciplinary group of experts, and a review of the current literature, and outlines the essential aspects of nutrition therapy in the case of EC. The statements are: Patients with EC are among one of the highest risk to have malnutrition. Patient generated suggestive global assessment is correlated with performance status and prognosis. Nutrition assessment for patients with EC at the diagnosis, prior to definitive therapy and change of treatment strategy are suggested and the timing interval can be two weeks during the treatment period, and one month while the patient is stable. Patients identified as high risk of malnutrition should be considered for preoperative nutritional support (tube feeding) for at least 7-10 days. Various routes for tube feedings are available after esophagectomy with similar nutrition support benefits. Limited intrathoracic anastomotic leakage postesophagectomy can be managed with intravenous antibiotics and self-expanding metal stent (SEMS) or jejunal tube. Enteral nutrition in patients receiving preoperative chemotherapy or chemoradiation provides benefits of maintaining weight, decreasing toxicity, and preventing treatment interruption. Tube feeding or SEMS can offer nutrition support in patients with unresectable esophageal cancer, but SEMS is not recommended for those with neoadjuvant chemoradiation before surgery. Enteral immunonutrition may preserve lean body mass and attenuates stress response after esophagectomy. Administration of glutamine may decrease the severity of chemotherapy induced mucositis. Enteral immunonutrition achieves greater nutrition status or maintains immune functions during concurrent chemoradiation.

Grit – passion and perseverance for long-term goals – has been empirically shown to be a positive predictor of success across multiple contexts. The current study developed a new framework of grit within a framework of self-regulatory behaviours. Here, a qualitative approach was assumed to obtain interview data from chief innovation officers and chief information officers within technologically intensive industries. Empirical evidence was used to inductively determine the underlying cognitive-affective processing that influences gritty behaviour. Overall, six strategies were identified: temporal perspective, perpetual evaluation, motivational orientation, strength and resource gathering, system thinking and framing. Organisations may utilise the grit model developed here to enhance the grittiness of their innovation leaders by building effective cognitive-affective strategies.

To use virtual anatomy technique in the analysis of post-mortem characteristic changes of CT images in the experimental drowning rabbit model and the related parameters in 3D virtual model, so as to explore its application value in the diagnosis of drowning in forensic pathology.A model of drowning rabbits was established, with animal models of hemorrhagic shock and mechanical asphyxia as the controls. CT scan was performed on the experimental animals, and the differences in imaging features between the groups were compared by morphological reading of the tomographic images. CT data were imported into Mimics 14.0 software for 3D modeling. The CT values and lung volumes were calculated by the software, and the differences on CT values and lung volumes brought by different causes of death were analyzed.The CT images of lungs in the drowning group showed characteristic ground-glass opacity （diffuse and uniform density increase）. There were no obvious abnormalities in hemorrhagic shock group, and only a few similar changes were found in the mechanical asphyxia group. Compared with the controls, the CT values and the lung volumes in the drowning group were significantly increasedBased on post-mortem lung imaging, the combination of CT value and lung volume changes can effectively reflect the virtual anatomical features in drowning, and provide a diagnostic basis for the forensic identification of drowning.家兔溺死模型肺CT影像参数的特征性变化及3D虚拟测量.应用虚拟解剖技术对比分析实验性家兔溺死模型肺部CT影像的死后特征性改变及3D虚拟模型相关参数的差异，探讨其在法医病理学溺死诊断中的应用价值。.建立家兔溺死模型，并以失血性休克、机械性窒息的动物模型做对照。对实验动物行CT断层扫描，通过断层图像形态学阅片观察比较各组间影像学特征差异。将CT扫描数据导入Mimics 14.0软件进行3D建模，通过软件自动化分析计算出肺部CT值和肺体积，分析不同死亡原因引起的肺部CT值及体积差别。.溺死组肺部CT影像均表现为特征性的弥漫性毛玻璃样改变（弥漫性均匀一致的密度增高影），失血性休克组相应部位未见明显异常，机械性窒息组仅少部分有类似改变。与失血性休克和机械性窒息组相比，溺死组肺部CT值和体积均明显增大在死后肺部影像的基础上，结合肺体积及CT值变化，可有效反映出溺死尸体肺部虚拟解剖特征性改变，为溺死的法医学鉴定提供诊断依据。.法医病理学；溺水；肺；成像，三维；虚拟解剖；兔.

Chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps mainly uses combination of medications represented by nasal glucocorticoids and functional sinus endoscopic surgery (FESS) and comprehensive treatment with antibiotics. The effect of oral antibiotics for CRS exacerbations on the microbial resistance rate in the population has not yet been fully assessed, but may be significant, and glucocorticoid-resistant CRS has also emerged. CRSwNP associated with complications of asthma is considered a more serious condition. It can have a major impact on the patient's quality of life. Therefore, there seems to be an urgent need for new strategies, including biologics to treat this common disease. Usually there is a TH2 bias in refractory CRS. Recently, studies of biologics have played a different role in severe airway disease, especially in Th2-biased CRSwNP, which opens up a new treatment approach compared with standard therapy. Biological therapy may help to improve patients with refractory CRSwNP clinical outcomes. Biological agents include monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, or receptors. Monoclonal antibodies currently available for the treatment of refractory CRS include omalizumab, mepolizumab, reslizumab, benralizumab, dupilumab, etc. This article describes the progress made in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps with several monoclonal antibodies.

Ozone (O3) is one of the major pollutants in near-surface air. In order to protect sensitive plants from O3 pollution, many kinds of protectants including synthetic ones, were assessed in previous studies. Although they have certain protective effects, some of them are not environment-friendly. In the present study, leaf water extracts of aromatic plants [Plectranthus hadiensis var. tomentosus (PHT), Pelargonium hortorum (PHB), Tagetes patula (TP)] were compared for mitigating the damages caused by O3 (150 ppb for 3 days, 8 h day−1) on snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris ‘Jiangjunyoudou’). Our results showed that O3 fumigation impaired plasma membrane, decreased chlorophyll content, increased contents of malondialdehyde and superoxide anion, inhibited photosynthesis, and caused visible injury. Leaf water extracts of PHT, PHB or TP ameliorated the negative effects of O3. Among them, extract of PHT showed the greatest potential to alleviate the O3-caused injury, followed by PHB and TP.

Background\ud IgA nephropathy is the most common cause of glomerulonephritis in the Western world and predominantly affects young adults. Demographically these patients are the biggest users of social media. With increasing numbers of patients turning to social media to seek information and support in dealing with their disease, analysis of social media streams is an attractive modern strategy for understanding and responding to unmet patient need.\ud \ud \ud Methods\ud To identify unmet patient need in this population, a framework analysis will be undertaken of prospectively acquired social media posts from patients with IgA nephropathy, acquired from a range of different social media platforms. In collaboration with patients and members of the clinical multidisciplinary team, resources will be created to bridge gaps in patient knowledge and education identified through social media analysis and returned to patients via social media channels and bespoke websites. Analysis of the impact of these resources will be undertaken with further social media analysis, surveys and focus groups.\ud \ud \ud Conclusions\ud Patients with chronic diseases are increasingly using social networking channels to connect with others with similar diseases and to search for information to help them understand their condition. This project is a 21st century digital solution to understanding patient need and developing resources in partnership with patients, and has wide applicability as a future model for understanding patient needs in a variety of conditions.

The photodesorption of icy grain mantles has been claimed to be responsible for the abundance of gas-phase molecules toward cold regions. Being water a ubiquitous molecule, it is crucial to understand its role in photochemistry and its behavior under an ultraviolet field. We report new measurements on the UV-photodesorption of water ice and its H$_2$, OH, and O$_2$ photoproducts using a calibrated quadrupole mass spectrometer. Solid water was deposited under ultra-high-vacuum conditions and then UV-irradiated at various temperatures starting from 8 K with a microwave discharged hydrogen lamp. Deuterated water was used for confirmation of the results. We found a photodesorption yield of 1.3 $\times$ 10$^{-3}$ molecules per incident photon for water, and 0.7 $\times$ 10$^{-3}$ molecules per incident photon for deuterated water at the lowest irradiation temperature, 8 K. The photodesorption yield per absorbed photon is given and comparison with astrophysical scenarios, where water ice photodesorption could account for the presence of gas-phase water toward cold regions in the absence of a thermal desorption process is addressed., 11 pages, 12 figures, 3 tables

To find out whether the Interleukin-6 (IL-6)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway is involved in the expression of hepcidin in the mouse brain in vivo, we investigated the phosphorylation of STAT3, as well as the expression of hepcidin mRNA, ferroportin 1 (Fpn1) and ferritin light chain (Ft-L) proteins in the cortex and hippocampus of LPS-treated wild type (IL-6+/+) and IL-6 knockout (IL-6-/-) mice. We demonstrated that IL-6 knockout could significantly reduce the response of hepcidin mRNA, phospho-STAT3, Fpn1 and Ft-L protein expression to LPS treatment, in both the cortex and hippocampus of mice. Also, Stattic, an inhibitor of STAT3, significantly reduced the expression of phospho-STAT3 and hepcidin mRNA in the cortex and hippocampus of the LPS-treated wild type mice. These findings provide in vivo evidence for the involvement of the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway in the expression of hepcidin.

With increased interest in heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR), the thermal reflection coefficient of HAMR media becomes more important, as it is related to the change of optical parameters of the media at different temperatures and can potentially be used for non-contact temperature measurement. In this report, we introduce a method to calibrate the thermal reflection coefficient of magnetic thin films by in situ measurement of the thermal reflectance as well as the magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE) signal from the media. In the measurement, we use one beam to locally heat up the media, while using a second beam, whose diameter and intensity is much smaller, to measure in situ the MOKE and thermal reflectance signal of the heated media. We characterize the media temperature by heating up the magnetic media with prewritten magnetic patterns in an ultra-high vacuum system and the resulting magnetic remanence in the prewritten area is measured by magnetic force microscopy. Thus the thermal reflection coefficient is measured by performing a pump-probe experiment, with the temperature calibrated at the zero thermoremanence temperature of the HAMR media, at which temperature all grains under test have reached Curie temperature. This method can be extended to comparative studies of the thermo-optical properties of magnetic thin films, whose magnetic properties are sensitive to temperature.

The effects of naturally acidified seawater on shell traits were quantified through the comparison of dove snails (Family: Columbellidae) Anachis misera from vent environments with Euplica sp. from non-vent sites in northeastern Taiwan. Samples of A. misera were collected around a shallow vent (24.8341° N, 121.96191° E), which included the east, south, southwest, and northwest sites. An absence of Anachis snails was found in the most acidic north site (pH 7.19–7.25). Based on the similarities of protein expression profiles, the Anachis snails were classified into two groups, i.e., V-South (pH 7.78–7.82) and V-Rest (pH 7.31–7.83). Comparing their shell traits to the non-vent Euplica sp. from Da-xi (DX) and Geng-fang (GF) (pH 8.1–8.2), a difference in shell shape (shell width : shell length) was found, with the populations having more globular shells than the non-vent ones. The means of shell width were significantly different among sites (p < 0.01), with a descending order of GF > DX > V-South and V-Rest. The relationships of shell length to total weight were curvilinear for both Anachis and Euplica snails. The logarithmically transformed slopes differed significantly among sites, and the mean body weight of the GF population was greater than that of the others (p < 0.01). Positive correlations between shell length and shell thickness of body whorl (T1) and penultimate whorl (T2) were only observed in non-vent GF and DX populations. Anachis snails from vent sites were thinner in T1 and T2 compared to the Euplica snails from non-vent sites (p < 0.05). Within each vent group, shell thickness between T1 and T2 was insignificantly different. Between vent groups, T1 and T2 from V-Rest showed a decrease of 10.6 and 10.2%, respectively, compared to V-South ones. The decrease of T1 and T2 between vent Anachis snails and non-vent Euplica snails was as great as 55.6 and 29.0%, respectively. This was the first study to compare snail's morphological traits under varying shallow-vent stresses with populations previously classified by biochemical responses. Overall, the shallow-vent-based findings provide additional information from subtropics on the effects of acidified seawater on gastropod snails in natural environments.

Maskless H2SO4 wet-etching on sapphire substrates creates three-dimensional pyramidal pattern on sapphire surface. Alunogen self-forming mask grows in H2SO4 etching generating a dynamic self-masking action, which fabricates 3-dimensional pyramidal pattern on the etched sapphire wafers. The slope and size of the pyramids are controlled by rate ratio (k) between alunogen growth rate and c-plane etching rate. Constant k results in flat facet side-planes of sapphire pyramids and varying k in etching produce curved side-planes of the sapphire pyramid. © The Author(s) 2015. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse of the work in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0051506ssl] All rights reserved.

Biodiesel fuels are considered an alternative to fossil fuels. This is one of the effective means of transferring solar energy to dynamic energy via photosynthesis. It is also being considered in order to reduce the levels of carbon dioxide production worldwide. Biodiesel fuels are a renewable, biodegradable, and clean energy source. Producing enough biofuels to replace fossil fuels will bring the advantages of reduced air pollution and reduced other environmental impacts of fossil fuels. In this study, the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to design the experimental runs and to discuss the manufacturing variables on the transesterification of palm oil into fatty acid methyl ester (i.e. biodiesel fuel). The variation of the degree of effect for each variable in the transesterification process was observed. A second-order model was obtained to predict the yield of biodiesel fuel and the viscosity as a function of the reaction time, the mass fraction of catalyst in methanol and the molar ratio of methanol to plant oil. The experimental data of the yield and the viscosity of biodiesel fuels in different manufacturing variables are discussed in this study. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was also applied to discuss the main factor and interaction factor effects of the manufacturing variables on the responses of the yield of unrefined biodiesel fuels. The shortage of farmland in Taiwan is a problem that needs to be solved before mass propagation of biofuels can be accomplished. In southeastern Asia, there are many farms and most energy farm products are cultivated (e.g. palm oil or Jatropha oil). In addition to sunflowers and soybeans in Taiwan, those energy farm products are possible choices for production of biodiesel fuel in Taiwan. The cooperation between Indonesia and Taiwan on the plantation of palm or Jatropha trees in Indonesia has conducted and will be one of the possible ways to solve the problem of the shortage of energy farm products in Taiwan.

Trigonal pyramidal oxyanions, EO 3 2− (E = S, Se, Te), were utilized as a template in the formation of Ag16 clusters, which dimerize via intermolecular Ag-S bonds to form a Ag32 cluster stabilized by 1,1-dithiolate ligands. Structural elucidations on [Ag16(EO3){S2P(OEt)2}12]2+ in comparison with tetrahedral oxyanioncentered Ag16 clusters previously characterized from this group clearly suggest that the lone-pair electrons on chalcogen center has a structure-directing effect.

In regions where stars form, variations in density and temperature can cause gas to freeze-out onto dust grains forming ice mantles, which influences the chemical composition of a cloud. The aim of this paper is to understand in detail the depletion (and desorption) of CO on (from) interstellar dust grains. Experimental simulations were performed under two different (astrophysically relevant) conditions. In parallel, Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations were used to mimic the experimental conditions. In our experiments, CO molecules accrete onto water ice at temperatures below 27 K, with a deposition rate that does not depend on the substrate temperature. During the warm-up phase, the desorption processes do exhibit subtle differences indicating the presence of weakly bound CO molecules, therefore highlighting a low diffusion efficiency. IR measurements following the ice thickness during the TPD confirm that diffusion occurs at temperatures close to the desorption. Applied to astrophysical conditions, in a pre-stellar core, the binding energies of CO molecules, ranging between 300 K and 850 K, depend on the conditions at which CO has been deposited. Because of this wide range of binding energies, the depletion of CO as a function of AV is much less important than initially thought. The weakly bound molecules, easily released into the gas phase through evaporation, change the balance between accretion and desorption, which result in a larger abundance of CO at high extinctions. In addition, weakly bound CO molecules are also be more mobile, and this could increase the reactivity within interstellar ices., Accepted in ApJ

Dead bodies found in the water are not all caused by drowning. The important task of forensic identification is to distinguish between entering the water before and after death, and to clarify the cause of death. In the practice of forensic identification, drowning is generally diagnosed on the basis of comprehensive considerations such as cadaveric signs, histopathological examinations, and diatom tests, with the exclusion of other causes of death. The emergence of virtopsy techniques provides new insights for the diagnosis of drowning. This paper reviews the post-mortem imaging studies of sinus and mastoid small chambers, respiratory tracts, lung tissues, gastrointestinal tracts and blood in the corpses in recent years. The value, potential of virtopsy in the diagnosis of drowning is discussed, with the prospects of its development direction.溺死虚拟解剖研究进展.水中尸体并非都是溺死，法医学鉴定的重要任务是区别生前入水和死后入水，明确死亡原因。法医学鉴定实践中，溺死一般依据尸体征象、组织病理学检验和硅藻检验等综合考虑，并需要排除其他死亡原因。虚拟解剖技术的出现为溺死的诊断提供了新的思路。本文综述了国内外近年来对溺死尸体的鼻窦与乳突小房、呼吸道、肺组织、胃肠道和血液等死后的影像学研究成果，探讨虚拟解剖技术在溺死诊断应用上的价值与潜力，并对溺死虚拟解剖的发展方向进行展望。.法医病理学；溺水；尸体解剖；虚拟解剖；综述.

To reconstruct a vehicle-bicycle-cyclist crash accident and analyse the injuries using 3D laser scanning technology, multi-rigid-body dynamics and optimized genetic algorithm, and to provide biomechanical basis for the forensic identification of death cause.The vehicle was measured by 3D laser scanning technology. The multi-rigid-body models of cyclist, bicycle and vehicle were developed based on the measurements. The value range of optimal variables was set. A multi-objective genetic algorithm and the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm were used to find the optimal solutions, which were compared to the record of the surveillance video around the accident scene.The reconstruction result of laser scanning on vehicle was satisfactory. In the optimal solutions found by optimization method of genetic algorithm, the dynamical behaviours of dummy, bicycle and vehicle corresponded to that recorded by the surveillance video. The injury parameters of dummy were consistent with the situation and position of the real injuries on the cyclist in accident.The motion status before accident, damage process by crash and mechanical analysis on the injury of the victim can be reconstructed using 3D laser scanning technology, multi-rigid-body dynamics and optimized genetic algorithm, which have application value in the identification of injury manner and analysis of death cause in traffic accidents.

Lung cancer seriously threats to patient's life and health. Cyramza is a therapeutic drug for inhibition of vessel formation and growth in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cyramza on growth and apoptosis of non-small lung cancer HCC4006 and explore the related mechanisms.Cell viability and apoptosis were examined by MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Western blot was employed to examine the effect of cyramza on the apoptotic protein Bcl-w. After that Bcl-w knockdown and overexpression were respectively fulfilled by Bcl-w siRNA and plasmid transfection, effects of cyramza on cell apoptosis were determined by Western-blot.Cyramza inhibited the cell growth and induced the cell apoptosis in HCC4006 cells, which was mediated by downregulation of Bcl-w level. Bcl-w knockdown and overexpression could increase and decrease the effect of cyramza on cell apoptosis, respectively.Cyramza induced the apoptosis of non-small lung cancer cell line HCC4006 via the downregulation of Bcl-w.

The fifth national consensus conference on the management of

This paper aimed to analyze the clinical effects of Xianling Gubao capsules on the bone mineral density (BMD) of 94 patients with osteoporosis. After reviewing and analyzing the clinical information in our hospital from January 2015 to January 2016, the patients were divided into a control group and a treatment group with 47 cases in each group. Patients in the control group were treated with routine Western medicine, while the treatment group received Xianling Gubao capsules. Both groups were treated continuously for 3 courses (30 days each course) and had their BMD analyzed and compared. The effective rates of the treatment group and control group were 91.48% and 70.21%, respectively, with statistical significance (P less than 0.05). Compared with the same group before the treatment, the bone metabolic indexes (blood calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphate) and the BMD of the femoral neck and lumbar vertebrae (L1-2, L3-4, L2-4) of both groups were all improved with statistical significance (P less than 0.05) after the treatment. The above indexes of the treatment group were all significantly higher than those of the control group, with statistical significance (P less than 0.05). Compared with the same group before treatment (P less than 0.05), the osteocalcin (OC) levels of both groups were increased, and the Cross-linked N-telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX-1) levels were decreased after the treatment. The OC level in the treatment group was higher when compared with the control group, while the CTX-1 level was lower compared to the control group (P less than 0.05). Moreover, no significant side-effects or adverse events were observed during the treatment and observation period. The Xianling Gubao Capsule possesses a therapeutic effect for BMD in osteoporosis patients, which can effectively increase their BMD, improve their bone metabolism, and control the loss of bone mass, therefore, can be used in clinical promotion and application.

Conductive atomic force microscopy (CAFM) was used to investigate nano-electric performances of semiconductor MOS (metal-oxide-semiconductor) devices. Due to the small tip size (as small as ∼20 nm for PtSi probes), CAFM is capable of imaging both topography and current information of nano-device structures simultaneously with very high lateral resolution. Due to the use of wide ranges of current amplifier (sensitivity from 1pA/V to 1uA/V to 1mA/V), CAFM can detect current as small as sub-pA to relatively large current of uA to mA range. Furthermore, I-V measurement is capable of measuring current change as a function of bias voltage. In this study, we first use CAFM to measure a SRAM (Static Radom Access Memory) device as an example to show the CAFM capabilities and advantages in a general review of CAFM tip selection and sensitivity considerations, followed by selected examples of CAFM studies on different semiconductor devices for electric failure analysis (EFA) and faulty isolation.

To understand and analyze the current situation and secular trends for prevalence of malnutrition among Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-18 years from 2005 to 2014, and to provide important scientific basis for students' nutrition improvement.All the subjects aged 7-18 years in both sexes were sampled from 2005, 2010 and 2014 Chinese National Surveys on Students Constitution and Health. According to the new students' health standard of "Screening Standard for Malnutrition of school-age children and adolescents"(WS/T456-2014) in 2014 of China, the nutritional status of children in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities, excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan province) were analyzed and compared in different ages, genders, regions and provinces from 2005 to 2014. The Tibetan students was used with the data of Tibetan minority and all the other students from 30 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) were Han minority.The prevalence of malnutrition of children and adolescents of Han minority aged 7-18 years in 2014 was 10.0%. The prevalence of malnutrition components, including stunting, mild wasting and moderate severe wasting, were 0.8%, 3.7%, and 5.5%. Compared with 2005 and 2010, the prevalence of malnutrition of Han children and adolescents in 2014 had declined with 5.0 and 2.6 percentage points, respectively, and its components had declined with 1.0, 1.8, 2.2 and 0.4, 1.1, 1.2 percentage points, respectively. The prevalence of malnutrition of 2014 in boys was higher than in girls (11.1% vs.8.9%), the rural was higher than the urban (11.0% vs.9.1%) and the west (11.7%) was higher than the east (9.0%) and the middle (9.2%). Mild wasting of Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-18 years was the main component in malnutrition and the stunting in the Han and Tibetan children and adolescents only accounted for 8.0% and 7.5%, respectively. Compared with 2005 and 2010, the prevalence of malnutrition for Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-18 years in 2014 had declined with various extents constantly, and there was a statistically significant difference among three surveys (P0.05). Provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) with high prevalence of malnutrition mainly concentrated in the southwest of China from 2005 to 2014. Compared with 2005 and 2010, the prevalence of malnutrition declined in 31 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) of China in 2014. The number of provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) with high prevalence of malnutrition decreased constantly and increased for the number of province (autonomous regions, municipalities) with low prevalence.The prevalence of malnutrition among Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-18 years had declined from 2005 to 2014, but the total prevalence of malnutrition was still high. Mild wasting was the main component in malnutrition and the prevalence of stunting was low. Provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) with high prevalence of malnutrition mainly concentrated in the southwest of China.

Hypervalent molecules are one of the exceptions to the octet rule. Bonding in most hypervalent molecules is well rationalized by the Rundle–Pimentel model (three-center four-electron bond), and high ionic bonding between the ligands and the central atom is essential for stabilizing hypervalent molecules. Here, we produced one of the simplest hypervalent anions, HF−, which is known to deviate from the Rundle–Pimentel model, and identified its ro-vibrational features. High-level ab inito calculations reveal that its bond dissociation energy is comparable to that of dihalides, as supported by secondary photolysis experiments with irradiation at various wavelengths. The charge distribution analysis suggested that the F atom of HF− is negative and hypervalent and the bonding is more covalent than ionic.

In this study, impacts of O3 on four cultivars (‘Rose’, ‘Pink’, ‘Blush’ and ‘White’) of the polka dot plant with variegated leaves were investigated for the first time. Ozone fumigation [(120 ± 20 ppb) for 14 days (8 h day−1, from 8:30 to 16:30)] resulted in visible foliar injuries, decreased contents of pigments (chlorophyll a and b, and carotenoid), the inhibition of photosynthesis, the increase of quantum yield of non-regulated heat dissipation and fluorescence emission (Y(NO)), and the damage of cell membrane. Elevated O3 increased the content of anthocyanin (Ant). ‘White’ showed the highest, and ‘Rose’ the lowest amount of injured leaf area, indicating that the former was the most sensitive, and the latter the most tolerant to O3 stress. After O3 exposure, the highest Ant content was found in ‘Rose’, followed by ‘Pink’, ‘Blush’, and ‘White’. Levels of Ant were likely responsible for the different sensitivities to O3 due to their roles in photoprotection.

Two novel red phosphors KBaEu(XO

The thermodynamical instabilities of low densities in the $np$ matter and $npe$ matter are studied within several relativistic nuclear models under some values of magnetic fields. The results are compared between each other and the effects of the symmetry energy slope at saturation density on the instability are investigated. The instability regions can exhibit bands due to the presence of Landau levels for very strong magnetic fields of the order of ${10}^{17}$ G, while for weaker magnetic fields, the bands are replaced by many diffused or scattered pieces. It also shows that the proton fraction in the inner crust of neutron stars may be complex under strong magnetic fields.

Current anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapy for oral cancer does not provide satisfactory efficacy due to drug resistance or reduced EGFR level. As an alternative candidate target for therapy, here we identified an oncogene, ROS1, as an important driver for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) metastasis. Among tumors from 188 oral cancer patients, upregulated ROS1 expression strongly correlated with metastasis to lung and lymph nodes. Mechanistic studies uncover that the activated ROS1 results from highly expressed ROS1 gene instead of gene rearrangement, a phenomenon distinct from other cancers. Our data further reveal a novel mechanism that reduced histone methyltransferase EZH2 leads to a lower trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 suppressive modification, relaxes chromatin, and promotes the accessibility of the transcription factor STAT1 to the enhancer and the intron regions of ROS1 target genes, CXCL1 and GLI1, for upregulating their expressions. Down-regulation of ROS1 in highly invasive OSCC cells, nevertheless, reduces cell proliferation and inhibits metastasis to lung in the tail-vein injection and the oral cavity xenograft models. Our findings highlight ROS1 as a candidate biomarker and therapeutic target for OSCC. Finally, we demonstrate that co-targeting of ROS1 and EGFR could potentially offer an effective oral cancer therapy.

The absorption of light to create Wannier-Mott excitons is a fundamental feature dictating the optical and photovoltaic properties of low band gap, high permittivity semiconductors. Such excitons, with an electron-hole separation an order of magnitude greater than lattice dimensions, are largely limited to these semiconductors but here we find evidence of Wannier-Mott exciton formation in solid carbon monoxide (CO) with a band gap of $g8\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$ and a low electrical permittivity. This is established through the observation that a change of a few degrees K in deposition temperature can shift the electronic absorption spectra of solid CO by several hundred wave numbers, coupled with the recent discovery that deposition of CO leads to the spontaneous formation of electric fields within the film. These so-called spontelectric fields, here approaching $4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{V}\text{ }{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, are strongly temperature dependent. We find that a simple electrostatic model reproduces the observed temperature dependent spectral shifts based on the Stark effect on a hole and electron residing several nm apart, identifying the presence of Wannier-Mott excitons. The spontelectric effect in CO simultaneously explains the long-standing enigma of the sensitivity of vacuum ultraviolet spectra to the deposition temperature.

In a recent article, we reported the UV irradiation of H2S:H2O ice and estimated upper limits for solid H2S in protostars. Photoproducts of H2S ice processing were proposed as a plausible explanation of sulphur depletion towards dense clouds and protostars. But the photochemistry of H2S with C-bearing molecules like CO and CH3OH was not explored. We simulate experimentally the formation of organic products made from UV irradiation and warm-up of CO or CH3OH ice containing H2S. Our experiments were performed under ultrahigh vacuum conditions using the Interstellar Astrochemistry Chamber. We used infrared spectroscopy and quadrupole mass spectrometry to monitor the solid and gas phase simultaneously during the experiments. The main species produced after irradiation of H2S:CO ice mixtures were H2S2, HS · ,C S2 ,H 2CO, and OCS. In H2S:CH3OH irradiation experiments CO, CO2 ,C H4 ,H 2CO, and CS2 were formed. A complex organic refractory residue remained at room temperature. This experimental evidence supports that dust grains are likely a reservoir of the missing sulphur in dense clouds and circumstellar regions. Indeed, with the exception of CS2 and OCS, we found that most of the sulphur contained in refractory photoproducts that were stable at room temperature is likely in the form of S-chains. Our results are used to interpret the observations of OCS and CS2 in different astrophysical environments.

The detection of nucleobases, the informational subunits of DNA and RNA, in several meteorites suggests that these compounds of biological interest were formed via astrophysical, abiotic processes. This hypothesis is in agreement with recent laboratory studies of irradiation of pyrimidine in H2O-rich ices with vacuum UV photons emitted by an H2-discharge lamp in the 6.9–11.3 eV (110–180 nm) range at low temperature, shown to lead to the abiotic formation of several compounds including the nucleobases uracil, cytosine, and thymine. In this work, we irradiated H2O:pyrimidine ice mixtures under astrophysically relevant conditions (14 K, ≤10−9 torr) with high-energy UV photons provided by a synchrotron source in three different ranges: the 0th order light (4.1–49.6 eV, 25–300 nm), the He i line (21.2 eV, 58.4 nm), and the He ii line (40.8 eV, 30.4 nm). The photodestruction of pyrimidine was monitored with IR spectroscopy, and the samples recovered at room temperature were analyzed with liquid and gas chromatographies. Uracil and its precursor 4(3H)-pyrimidone were found in all samples, with absolute and relative abundances varying significantly from one sample to another. These results support a scenario in which compounds of biological interest can be formed and survive in environments subjected to high-energy UV radiation fields. Key Words: Pyrimidine—Nucleobases—Interstellar ices—Cometary ices—High-energy photons—Molecular processes—Prebiotic chemistry. Astrobiology 14, 119–131.

PURPOSE To evaluate a new application of an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex) vascular graft for use in macular buckling surgery for treatment of highly myopic eyes. METHODS The Gore-Tex vascular graft was used as a macular buckling material in eight consecutive cases of myopic macular diseases which included fovea detachment, foveoschisis, or macular hole retinal detachment. RESULTS Retinal reattachment was achieved in all cases except one which had partial resolution (88%). The postoperative best-corrected visual acuity ranged from 20/2000 to 20/100 depending on the degree preexisting macular degeneration, and significant better than the preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (P = 0.048, paired t-test). During the follow-up period, which ranged from 8 months to 3 years, no eye developed buckle-related complications such as infection or dislocation. CONCLUSION The initial pilot results from this series using a Gore-Tex graft for macular buckling is promising. Throughout the follow-up period, the Gore-Tex was well tolerated in the highly myopic eyes. Large scale and long-term follow-up is warranted.