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(1981). Sea water intrusion in coastal aquifers. SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 162-168.

During the past 8 years 1501 colposcopies were performed paying a special attention to cervical glands for diagnosis of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) and carcinoma. Normal openings could exclude these diseases at the error rate of only 5.1%, while atypical openings could identify them at the high confidence rate of 96.3%. False positive evaluations were mostly attributable to a marked degree of squamous metaplasia in the glands. The absence of gland openings in the main portion of the lesions amounted to 88.6% in invasive carcinomas but to only 12.4% in CIN. Adenoma malignum was a highly characteristic exception.

Protein kinase C (PKC) is an important enzyme that helps govern cell metabolism and growth. The enzyme is physiologically activated when an (S)-diglyceride binds to its own regulatory domain. The saturable binding site of the regulatory domain can also be bound by any of a group of structurally diverse tumor promoters, including debromoaplysiatoxins (DATs), phorbol esters, ingenols, teleocidins, and bryostatins. The question of how the same binding site can be the target of these structurally diverse molecules is of considerable importance and is addressed in this article. The relatively rigid structure of DAT and the fact that it possesses a diglyceride moiety renders it an ideal starting template. Structure-activity studies with PKC reveal that the C29 but not the C30 stereocenter of DAT is critical for activity. Furthermore, 3-deoxy-DAT and DAT are equipotent as PKC activators, hence the C3 hydroxyl group of DAT is not critical for activity. Straightforward structural considerations show that the C30 hydroxyl group of DAT matches the C3 hydroxyl group of diglyceride, the C29 stereocenter of DAT matches the C2 stereocenter of (S)-diglyceride, and the C1 ester moiety of DAT matches the C2 ester moiety of diglyceride. Based on these studies and on published structure-activity observations on other tumor promoters, a structural hypothesis is developed to account for the chemical mechanism of tumor promoter action. Experimentally testable predictions are made concerning the interactions with PKC of several classes of tumor PKC activators.

On the study of the behaviors of neurons during the appearance of evoked potential or seizure discharge in the Ammon's horn produced by repetitive electrical stimulation, the following results are obtained:1. The unit discharges are roughly classified into three groups of 1) complete synchronous type, 2) incomplete synchronous type, and 3) indifferent type according to their synchronization with response-wave and seizure discharge, and in response-wave and seizure discharge alike, the percentages of the unit discharges in each type are approximate. Further, according to discharging frequency of unit spike, we get facilitation type, inhibition type, and indifferent type.2. On the second positive phase of the response-wave caused by repetitive electrical stimulation, there arise the gigantic spikes (G-spike) of 3-5msec. duration, and they appear as a negative-positive spikes at a shallow layer near the alveus, while as positive-negative biphasic ones near pyramidal cell layer. They arise spontaneously at the seizure discharge and show an extremely close relation with seizure.

Summary The present experiments aimed at examining the results obtainable both by the intersection of the posterior commissure and by the stimulation of the pretectal region, the midbrain and other parts with an intention of making the course of light reflex pathwxy more clear-cut and precise. In twenty adult rabbits the parts causing a pupilloconstriction by the electric stimulation were looked for, and the apperance of evoked pctential from these parts upon photic stimulus and that of responses from the parts not causing a pupillary symptom but responding to a photic stimulus were pursued by means of the cathode ray oscillograph. The results are summarized as follows:. 1. The parts which cause a pupillccon striction as the reaction to electric stimulation are divided into two groups, one accompanied by evoked potential. The parts at which an evoked potential is recorded can be thought to receive an impulse from retina and to form a part of the light reflex pathway. On the other hand, those at which no evoked potential appears are regarded as a pupillocon strictor pathway but as having nothing to do with the light reflex pathway, though there are found some parts with exceptional respons. 2. As the parts which cause the bilateral pupilloconstriction upon electric stimulaticn and do give rise to the evoked potential upon bilateral photic stimulation, are to be mentioned the midline part of the posterior commissure including its neighbouring parts, and the midline part on the base of menencephalic central gray matter. The parts which cause a pupilloconstriction of similar degree on either side give birth to an evoked potintial of nearly similar wave form to the bilateral photic stimulus. 3. The parts which cause the contralateral pupilloconstriction upon electric stimulation and which give rise to an obviously evoked potential upon photic stimulus given to the pupilloconstrictor side, are the pretectal region. especially Area pretfctalis propria, Nucl. lentiformis pars parvocel-lularis and Nucl. interstitials cormissurae posterioria. The nature of the evoked potentials reveals that these parts represent some sort of relay nuclei in the light reflex pathway. 4. The parts which cause the ipsilateral pupillcconstriction and at which an evoked potential appears, are in the main the descending peduncle of the posterior commissure and the pudloconstrictor nucleus. the evoked potential at the descending Feduncle of the posterior commisure shows a monophasic negative wave, while that at the pupilioconstrictor nucleus gives a triphaslc wave. A distinct difference is always Obse vable between them. 5. Even when evoked potentials upon photic stimulus can be recorded from some parts of the lateral geniculate body, the superior colliculus, the optic radiation and the mesencephalic reticular formation, there is missed any pupilloconstrictor response upon electric stimulation there. An evoked potential of the fibres reaching from the optic tract to the pretectal region, if any, must be overlappd and overturned by the above-mentioned potentials and, therefore, is indeterminable so far under this circumstance. From the above data, we believe. we could demonstrate the validity of conclusion obtained from intersection of the posterior commissure and from stimulation of the pretectal region and the midbrain in rabbits, that an afferent path of light reflex changes neuron in the pretectal region. makes a complete decusation at the posterior commissure, passes through the descending peduncle of the posterior commisure and ultimately reaches the pupilloconstrictor nucleus.

Fourteen patients with vascular disease were studied to evaluate the efficacy of nicardipine hydrochloride as a hypotensive agent in the treatment of acute hypertension occurring during anaesthesia. Five patients received a bolus injection of nicardipine hydrochloride 0.5 mg. Another nine patients received bolus injections of nicardipine 1 and 2 mg. Nicardipine 0.5 mg significantly decreased systemic arterial pressure (by about 24%), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI) and rate-pressure product (RPP). Nicardipine 1 or 2 mg had twice the effect in decreasing arterial pressure as did 0.5 mg, without significant change in heart rate or right and left ventricular filling pressures. Cardiac index and stroke volume index increased and SVR, pulmonary vascular resistance, LVSWI and RPP decreased significantly.

The therapeutic efficacy and safety of Cefpiramide (CPM, SM-1652) at a 2 g/day dose were objectively compared with those of Cefsulodin (CFS) at a 2 g/day dose in patients with chronic complicated urinary tract infections (UTI) by P. aeruginosa in a double-blind study at 46 institutions in Japan. The results are as follows: The therapeutic efficacy was analyzed in 254 patients (136 cases administered CPM and 118 cases administered CFS) after excluding 20 cases as drop-out. Among 254 cases, the number of patients with infection of P. aeruginosa was 190 cases (100 cases administered CPM and 90 cases administered CFS), while that with infection of organisms other than P. aeruginosa was 64 cases (36 cases administered CPM and 28 cases administered CFS). By the administration of a 2 g/day dose for 5 days, the overall clinical effective rate of CPM was significantly higher than that of CFS in total patients. When the patients were classified into 2 groups with respect to causative organisms (P. aeruginosa and others), the clinical effective rate of CPM in patients with infections of P. aeruginosa was significantly higher than that of CFS, while the clinical effective rate of CPM in patients with infection of other organisms than P. aeruginosa was the same as that of CFS. As to the bacteriological effect on bacteriuria, the eradication rate of CPM was significantly higher than that of CFS not only against all causative organisms but also against P. aeruginosa. The rate of replacement by S. faecalis was significantly higher in the CFS-treated group than in the CPM-treated group. The same result was obtained on the rate of replacement by other organisms. The MIC values of CPM for isolated organisms before drug administration were lower than those of CFS. The incidence rates of side effects and the abnormal findings of clinical laboratory tests were the same for the CPM- and CFS-treated groups. From the results, it was concluded that CPM is a useful drug for the treatment of patients with chronic complicated urinary tract infections caused by P. aeruginosa.