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Three species of the Ascomycetes genus Camillea were recorded in a fragment of Amazon rainforest in the region of Santarém, Pará state, Brazil. The occurrence of C. leprieurii, C. cyclops and C. bilabiata expand the range of distribution of these species in the state. Camillea leprieurii has previous records in the regions of Marabá, Oriximiná, Itaituba and Novo Progresso, while C. cyclops had been recorded in the west of the state. This is the first record of C. bilabiata for Pará. We provide a morphological description of the specimens and an identification key for Camillea species found in Pará.

A species of Hypoxylon, found on dead wood in China, differs from H. hypomiltum and H. samuelsii in having highly carbonaceous stromata, asci with a long stipe and wider ascospores. Based on morphology and molecular phylogeny, it is described as a new species, H. wujiangensis sp. nov. A detailed description and illustration are provided, along with molecular evidence for the new species.

Se presentan registros sobre los hongos xilariales que habitan en corteza y madera de Ocotea porphyria, un árbol endémico de la selva montana de Argentina y Bolivia. Se registran por primera vez seis especies del género Xylaria, incluyéndose descripcio- nes, ilustraciones y comentarios sobre las mismas. Se proveen dos claves dicotómicas, una sobre los géneros y la otra sobre las especies presentes en este hospedante.

Xylaria species are prolific natural product producers. Here, we report the characterization of a new glycosylated incisterol derivative, called xyloneside A (1) and two known lignans (2 and 3) from the ascomycetous Xylaria sp. FB. The structure of xyloneside A (1) was determined by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and electronic circular dichroism measurements. Xyloneside A is composed of a 1,2,3,4,5,10,19-heptanorergosterane skeleton and a β-D-mannopyranose moiety. This is the first report of an incisterol derivative from an Ascomycete. The biological effects of the isolated metabolites on cytotoxicity, autophagy, cell-migration, and angiogenesis were evaluated.

Nigrospora is a monophyletic genus belonging to Apiosporaceae. Species in this genus are phytopathogenic, endophytic, and saprobic on different hosts. In this study, leaf specimens with disease symptoms were collected from host plants from the Shandong Peninsula, China. The fungal taxa associated with these leaf spots were studied using morphology and phylogeny based on ITS, TEF1, and TUB2 gene regions. In this article, we report on the genus Nigrospora with N. gorlenkoana, N. oryzae, N. osmanthi, N. rubi, and N. sphaerica identified with 13 novel host associations including crops with economic importance such as bamboo and Chinese rose.

Mango is an economically important fruit crop in southern China. However, leaf spots restrict the development of mango trees, reducing the yield and production. Pestalotioid fungi are one of the major agents causing leaf spots on mango. During 2016 and 2017, 21 isolates of pestalotioid fungi associated with leaf spots on mango leaves were collected from five provinces in southern China: Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, Guangdong, and Fujian. All 21 isolates were subjected to morphological characterization and DNA sequence analysis. The morphological data were combined with analyses of concatenated sequences of the ITS (internal transcribed spacer), TEF 1-α (translation elongation factor), and TUB2 (β-tubulin) for higher resolution of the species identity of these isolates. The results showed that these isolates belong to Neopestalotiopsis clavispora, Pestalotiopsis adusta, P. anacardiacearum, P. asiatica, P. photinicola, P. saprophyta, P. trachicarpicola, and Pseudopestalotiopsis ampullacea. Pathogenicity test results showed that all these species could cause symptoms. On detached mango leaves (cv. Tainong), early foliar symptoms on leaves were small yellow-to-brown lesions. Later, these spots expanded with uneven borders, turned white to gray, and coalesced to form larger gray patches. To our knowledge, this is the first description of N. clavispora, P. adusta, P. asiatica, P. photinicola, P. saprophyta, P. trachicarpicola, or Ps. ampullacea as causal agents for leaf spots on mango worldwide.

During a survey of xylarialean fungi in Northern Iran, several specimens that showed affinities to the Hypoxylon rubiginosum complex were collected and cultured. A comparison of their morphological characters, combined with a chemotaxonomic study based on high performance liquid chromatography, coupled with diode array detection and mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD/MS) and a multi-locus phylogeny based on ITS, LSU, rbp2 and tub2 DNA sequences, revealed a new species here described as Hypoxylon guilanense. In addition, Hypoxylon rubiginosumsensu stricto was also encountered. Concurrently, an endophytic isolate of the latter species showed strong antagonistic activities against the Ash Dieback pathogen, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, in a dual culture assay in our laboratory. Therefore, we decided to test the new Iranian fungi for antagonistic activities against the pathogen, along with several cultures of other Hypoxylon species that are related to H. rubiginosum. Our results suggest that the antagonistic effects of Hypoxylon spp. against Hym. fraxineus are widespread and that they are due to the production of antifungal phomopsidin derivatives in the presence of the pathogen.

A survey of monocotyledon plant-inhabiting fungi in Guangdong Province, China, revealed a leptosillia-like taxon from living leaves of Cordyline fruticosa in the Shenzhen University garden. Phylogenetic relationships were investigated based on morphology and combined analysis of the ITS, LSU, RPB2, β-tubulin and tef 1–α gene sequence data. Based on ecological, morphological and phylogenetic data, we introduce Leptosillia cordylinea sp. nov. with a description and illustrations. The morphology of other Leptosillia species is reviewed and a taxonomic key is provided.

A new Collodiscula, found on a bamboo culms in China, differs from C. japonica, C. fangjingshanensis, C. leigongshanensis, C. bambusae and C. chiangraiensis in having 5-septate ascospores (42.5–65 × 10–15.5 µm). It is described as a new species, Collodiscula tubulosa sp. nov. based on the morphology and molecular phylogeny.

Fungal diversity notes is one of the important journal series of fungal taxonomy that provide detailed descriptions and illustrations of new fungal taxa, as well as providing new information of fungal taxa worldwide. This article is the 11th contribution to the fungal diversity notes series, in which 126 taxa distributed in two phyla, six classes, 24 orders and 55 families are described and illustrated. Taxa in this study were mainly collected from Italy by Erio Camporesi and also collected from China, India and Thailand, as well as in some other European, North American and South American countries. Taxa described in the present study include two new families, 12 new genera, 82 new species, five new combinations and 25 new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions as well as sexual-asexual reports. The two new families areEriomycetaceae(Dothideomycetes, familyincertae sedis) andFasciatisporaceae(Xylariales, Sordariomycetes). The twelve new genera compriseBhagirathimyces(Phaeosphaeriaceae),Camporesiomyces(Tubeufiaceae),Eriocamporesia(Cryphonectriaceae),Eriomyces(Eriomycetaceae),Neomonodictys(Pleurotheciaceae),Paraloratospora(Phaeosphaeriaceae),Paramonodictys(Parabambusicolaceae),Pseudoconlarium(Diaporthomycetidae, genusincertae sedis),Pseudomurilentithecium(Lentitheciaceae),Setoapiospora(Muyocopronaceae),Srinivasanomyces(Vibrisseaceae) andXenoanthostomella(Xylariales, generaincertae sedis). The 82 new species compriseAcremonium chiangraiense,Adustochaete nivea,Angustimassarina camporesii,Bhagirathimyces himalayensis,Brunneoclavispora camporesii,Camarosporidiella camporesii,Camporesiomyces mali,Camposporium appendiculatum,Camposporium multiseptatum,Camposporium septatum,Canalisporium aquaticium,Clonostachys eriocamporesiana,Clonostachys eriocamporesii,Colletotrichum hederiicola,Coniochaeta vineae,Conioscypha verrucosa,Cortinarius ainsworthii,Cortinarius aurae,Cortinarius britannicus,Cortinarius heatherae,Cortinarius scoticus,Cortinarius subsaniosus,Cytospora fusispora,Cytospora rosigena,Diaporthe camporesii,Diaporthe nigra,Diatrypella yunnanensis,Dictyosporium muriformis,Didymella camporesii,Diutina bernali,Diutina sipiczkii,Eriocamporesia aurantia,Eriomyces heveae,Ernakulamia tanakae,Falciformispora uttaraditensis,Fasciatispora cocoes,Foliophoma camporesii,Fuscostagonospora camporesii,Helvella subtinta,Kalmusia erioi,Keissleriella camporesiana,Keissleriella camporesii,Lanspora cylindrospora,Loratospora arezzoensis,Mariannaea atlantica,Melanographium phoenicis,Montagnula camporesii,Neodidymelliopsis camporesii,Neokalmusia kunmingensis,Neoleptosporella camporesiana,Neomonodictys muriformis,Neomyrmecridium guizhouense,Neosetophoma camporesii,Paraloratospora camporesii,Paramonodictys solitarius,Periconia palmicola,Plenodomus triseptatus,Pseudocamarosporium camporesii,Pseudocercospora maetaengensis,Pseudochaetosphaeronema kunmingense,Pseudoconlarium punctiforme,Pseudodactylaria camporesiana,Pseudomurilentithecium camporesii,Pseudotetraploa rajmachiensis,Pseudotruncatella camporesii,Rhexocercosporidium senecionis,Rhytidhysteron camporesii,Rhytidhysteron erioi,Septoriella camporesii,Setoapiospora thailandica,Srinivasanomyces kangrensis,Tetraploa dwibahubeeja,Tetraploa pseudoaristata,Tetraploa thrayabahubeeja,Torula camporesii,Tremateia camporesii,Tremateia lamiacearum,Uzbekistanica pruni,Verruconis mangrovei,Wilcoxina verruculosa,Xenoanthostomella chromolaenaeandXenodidymella camporesii. The five new combinations areCamporesiomyces patagoniensis,Camporesiomyces vaccinia,Camposporium lycopodiellae,Paraloratospora gahniaeandRhexocercosporidium microsporum. The 22 new records on host and geographical distribution compriseArthrinium marii,Ascochyta medicaginicola,Ascochyta pisi,Astrocystis bambusicola,Camposporium pellucidum,Dendryphiella phitsanulokensis,Diaporthe foeniculina,Didymella macrostoma,Diplodia mutila,Diplodia seriata,Heterosphaeria patella,Hysterobrevium constrictum,Neodidymelliopsis ranunculi,Neovaginatispora fuckelii,Nothophoma quercina,Occultibambusa bambusae,Phaeosphaeria chinensis,Pseudopestalotiopsis theae,Pyxine berteriana,Tetraploa sasicola,Torula gaodangensisandWojnowiciella dactylidis. In addition, the sexual morphs ofDissoconium eucalyptiandPhaeosphaeriopsis pseudoagavacearumare reported fromLaurus nobilisandYucca gloriosain Italy, respectively. The holomorph ofDiaporthe cynaroidisis also reported for the first time.

Natonodosa is introduced as new genus based on morphology and multigene phylogenetic data, and the monotypic genus Natonodosa, typified by N. speciosa, is characterized by mononematous conidiophores, polyblastic, nodose conidiogenous cells and unicellular, fusiform, hyaline conidia. The other freshly collected material was identified as Poroisariopsis inornata, a species that since its original description had not been reported; it is characterized by synnematous conidiophores with polytretic, cylindrical and uncinate conidiogenous cells with percurrent extensions, and distoseptate, obclavate, brown conidia. A lectotype and an epitype for the species are established and referred since the original specimen of this microfungus has not been found in any herbarium. Placement of both taxa in Xylariales was ascertained by BLASTn searches. Maximum likelihood analysis of the combined sequence data of the ribosomal rDNA (ITS and partial LSU region), as well as partial gene regions coding for the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) and beta-tubulin (TUB2), was performed. In addition, a new name, Guarroa, is proposed for replacing the illegitimate genus name Phaeobotrys M. Calduch, Gene & Guarro. A dichotomous key to the new genus and morphologically similar taxa is provided.

[Background] White root rot disease caused by Rosellinia necatrix is one of the most important threats affecting avocado productivity in tropical and subtropical climates. Control of this disease is complex and nowadays, lies in the use of physical and chemical methods, although none have proven to be fully effective. Detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying white root rot disease has the potential of aiding future developments in disease resistance and management. In this regard, this study used RNA-Seq technology to compare the transcriptomic profiles of R. necatrix during infection of susceptible avocado ‘Dusa’ roots with that obtained from the fungus cultured in rich medium., [Results] The transcriptomes from three biological replicates of R. necatrix colonizing avocado roots (RGA) and R. necatrix growing on potato dextrose agar media (RGPDA) were analyzed using Illumina sequencing. A total of 12,104 transcripts were obtained, among which 1937 were differentially expressed genes (DEG), 137 exclusively expressed in RGA and 160 in RGPDA. During the root infection process, genes involved in the production of fungal toxins, detoxification and transport of toxic compounds, hormone biosynthesis, gene silencing and plant cell wall degradation were overexpressed. Interestingly, 24 out of the 137 contigs expressed only during R. necatrix growth on avocado roots, were predicted as candidate effector proteins (CEP) with a probability above 60%. The PHI (Pathogen Host Interaction) database revealed that three of the R. necatrix CEP showed homology with previously annotated effectors, already proven experimentally via pathogen-host interaction., [Conclusions] The analysis of the full-length transcriptome of R. necatrix during the infection process is suggesting that the success of this fungus to infect roots of diverse crops might be attributed to the production of different compounds which, singly or in combination, interfere with defense or signaling mechanisms shared among distinct plant families. The transcriptome analysis of R. necatrix during the infection process provides useful information and facilitates further research to a more in -depth understanding of the biology and virulence of this emergent pathogen. In turn, this will make possible to evolve novel strategies for white root rot management in avocado., This research was supported by RTA2017–00040–00-00 (INIA-AEI), AVA201601.14 and AVA2019.008 (20% Junta de Andalucía, 80% FEDER) as well as AGL2017–83368-C2–1-R (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación) grants. C Pliego is currently supported by an INIA-CCAA contract, co-financed by INIA (20%) and FEDER (80%).

Iodosphaeria honghense sp. nov., collected from dead twigs of an unknown host in Honghe, Yunnan Province, China, is introduced based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses. Iodosphaeria honghense is distinct from other similar taxa in having cylindrical to allantoid, guttulate ascospores without a mucilaginous sheath. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses based on combined LSU, ITS and RPB2 data matrix indicate that I. honghense forms a distinct lineage within the Iodosphaeriaceae. This study provides a detailed description and illustrations with morphological comparisons, and includes a key to accepted Iodosphaeria species.

Two new furan derivatives, annulofurans A-B (

International audience; Although secondary metabolites are typically associated with competitive or pathogenic interactions, the high bioactivity of endophytic fungi in the Xylariales, coupled with their abundance and broad host ranges spanning all lineages of land plants and lichens, suggests that enhanced secondary metabolism might facilitate symbioses with phylogenetically diverse hosts. Here, we examined secondary metabolite gene clusters (SMGCs) across 96 Xylariales genomes in two clades (Xylariaceae s.l. and Hypoxylaceae), including 88 newly sequenced genomes of endophytes and closely related saprotrophs and pathogens. We paired genomic data with extensive metadata on endophyte hosts and substrates, enabling us to examine genomic factors related to the breadth of symbiotic interactions and ecological roles. All genomes contain hyperabundant SMGCs; however, Xylariaceae have increased numbers of gene duplications, horizontal gene transfers (HGTs) and SMGCs. Enhanced metabolic diversity of endophytes is associated with a greater diversity of hosts and increased capacity for lignocellulose decomposition. Our results suggest that, as host and substrate generalists, Xylariaceae endophytes experience greater selection to diversify SMGCs compared with more ecologically specialised Hypoxylaceae species. Overall, our results provide new evidence that SMGCs may facilitate symbiosis with phylogenetically diverse hosts, highlighting the importance of microbial symbioses to drive fungal metabolic diversity.

Phylogenetic analyses of combined LSU, rpb2, tub2 and ITS sequence data of representative Xylariales taxa indicated that Diabolocovidia, Didymobotryum and Vamsapriya cluster together and form a distinct clade in Xylariales. Morphological comparison also shows their distinctiveness from other families of Xylariales. Therefore, we introduce it as a novel family, Vamsapriyaceae. Based on morphological characteristics, Podosporium and Tretophragmia, which were previously classified in Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, are now included in the Vamsapriyaceae. In addition, three Vamsapriya species, V. chiangmaiensis sp. nov, V. uniseptata sp. nov, and V. indica are described and illustrated in this paper.

Astrocystis multiloculata Y.P. Wu & Q.R. Li, sp. nov. (Fig. 4) MycoBank: MB839643 Type:— CHINA. Yunnan Province: Baoshan City, Lancang River Nature Reserve (24.51946°N, 99.415778°E), elev. 1747 m, on dead bamboo culms, 10 October 2019, Yinhui Pi2019LC129 (GMB0033, holotype; KUN-HKAS 112661, isotype; ex-type living culture, GMBC0033). Saprobic on the surface of dead bamboo culms, visible as black raised lump on the host. Sexual morph: Stromata erumpent, effused lump with flat top, irregular in outline, with a discoid black base, containing many perithecia (mostly more than 8, with independent ostiole), gregarious or solitary, scattered, carbonaceous, embedded on the host surface, 0.6–3.0 mm diam., 0.6–2.4 mm high, smooth, tissue between perithecia woody. Perithecia spherical to obovate, without carbonaceous stromatal tissue surrounding the individual perithecia. Ostioles at the same level as stromatal surface, with slight papillate openings. Asci 120–142 × 7–12.5 μm (mean 131 × 9.5 μm, n = 30), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, short-pedicellate, persistent, apically rounded, with J+, square-shaped apical apparatus, blue staining in Melzer’s reagent, 3–5 μm (mean 3.5 μm, n = 30) high, 3.0–4.5 μm (mean 3.3 μm, n = 30) wide. Ascospores 19–25 × 7–11 μm (mean 21.5 × 8.7 μm, n = 30), uniseriate, dark reddish brown, aseptate, equilateral ellipsoid, with rounded ends, smooth, with a straight germ slit slightly less than full-length, lacking appendages and sheath. Asexual morph: undetermined. Culture characteristics:— Ascospores germinated on PDA within 24 hours, 25 °C, colonies, dense but thinning towards the edge, edge irregular, white from above, reverse similar in colour. No conidia were observed on PDA or OA media. Habitat/Distribution:— Known to inhabit dead bamboo, Yunnan Province, China. Etymology:— Refers to its stromata containing many ascomata. Other specimens examined:— CHINA. Yunnan Province: Baoshan City, Lancang River Nature Reserve (25.13409°N, 99.352676°E), elev. 2546 m, on dead bamboo culms, 10 October 2019, Yinhui Pi, collection number: 2019LC166 (GMB0032; living culture, GMBC0032). Notes:— Morphologically, A. multiloculata can be distinguished from other Astrocystis species by its superficial stromata, which contain many perithecia (mostly more than 8, with independent ostiole), and larger ascospores (19–25 × 7–11 μm). Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS, RPB2, β-tubulin and α-actin dataset show that A. multiloculata formed a well-separated clade to A. cocoes with high bootstrap support (Fig. 1). Astrocystis multiloculata shows a close relationship with Kretzschmariella in terms of stromata. Both have stromata containing many perithecia, and ascospores with straight germ slit slightly less than spore-length, but K. culmorum (Cooke) Y.M. Ju & J.D. Rogers (Ju & Rogers 1994) and K. guaduae Viégas (Viégas 1994) usually bear a cellular appendage on immature ascospores which distinguish them from A. multiloculata. Moreover, the phylogenetic tree shows that it is more reasonable to place A. multiloculata in Astrocystis., Published as part of Wu, You-Peng, Pi, Yin-Hui, Long, Si-Han, Lin, Yan, Long, Qing-De, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Kang, Ying-Qian, Shen, Xiang-Chun, Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Zhang, Xu & Li, Qi-Rui, 2021, Morphological and phylogenetic study of five species of Astrocystis and Collodiscula on bamboo, pp. 265-284 in Phytotaxa 522 (4) on page 276, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.522.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5565846, {"references":["Ju, Y. M. & Rogers, J. D. (1994) Kretzschmariella culmorum. Mycotaxon 51: 242.","Viegas, K. G. (1994) Kretzschmariella guaduae. Bragantia 4: 105."]}

Astrocystis cocoes (Henn.) Laessøe & Spooner, Kew Bull. 49(1): 27 (1994) (Fig. 6) ≡ Rosellinia cocoes Henn., Hedwigia 47(4): 256 (1908) MycoBank: MB580660 Saprobic on the surface of dead bamboo stalk, visible as black raised spots on the host. Sexual morph: Stromata erumpent, solitary or gregarious, not or somewhat confluent, black, carbonaceous, containing 1 ascoma, almost conical with a round apex, 0.4–0.6 mm diam., 0.5–0.8 mm high, with an outer stellate layer; persistent pale squamules from host cuticle, apex smooth and sometimes almost annulate with a minutely papillate ostiole. Asci 118–129 × 6.6–8.5 μm (mean 123 × 7.6 μm, n = 30), 8-spored, spore bearing part cylindrical, stipe short and tapering, apically rounded, with a discoid, subapical, J+ apical apparatus, with sides tapering to the base, blue staining in Melzer’s reagent, 2.4–3.5 μm (mean 2.8 μm, n = 30) high, 2.0–3.2 μm (mean 2.8 μm, n = 30) wide. Ascospores 18.1–22.8 × 5.5–6.0 μm (mean 19.8 × 6.2 μm, n = 30), overlapping uniseriate, aseptate, dark reddish brown, inequilaterally fusiform, with one or both ends beaked, flattened side slightly convex, with a germ slit on flattened side, less than full spore-length, with thin mucilaginous sheath and pad-like polar appendages. Asexual morph: undetermined. Specimens examined:— CHINA. Hainan Province: Wuzhishan City, Wuzhishan Nature Reserve (18.541959°N, 109.405444°E), elev. 767 m, on dead bamboo culms, 11 October 2020, Q.R. Li 2020WZS64-3 (GMB0037; KUN-HKAS 112701; living culture, GMBC0037). Culture characteristics:— Ascospores germinated on PDA within 24 hours at 25 °C, colonies, dense but thinning towards the edge, edge irregular, white from above, reverse similar in colour. No conidia were observed on PDA or OA media. Habitat/Distribution:— Known to inhabit dead bamboo, Brazil, China, India, Philippines. Notes:— Astrocystis cocoes was described on dead branches of Cocos nucifera (Laessøe & Spooner 1994) collected from Philippines. Our new collection (GMB0037) morphologically resembles A. cocoes. Astrocystis cocoes is distinct from A. sublimbata by its size of ascospores (15–19 × 6.5–8.5 μm vs 17–22 × 7.5–9.5 μm). Moreover, the ascospores of A. sublimbata do not possess a mucilaginous sheath and pad-like polar appendages (Smith & Hyde 2001). Phylogenetic analyses of the combined ITS, RPB2, β-tubulin and α-actin genes show that GMBC0037 groups with A. cocoes with high support (100% ML, 1.00 BYPP; Fig. 1). This is the first report of A. cocoes from China., Published as part of Wu, You-Peng, Pi, Yin-Hui, Long, Si-Han, Lin, Yan, Long, Qing-De, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Kang, Ying-Qian, Shen, Xiang-Chun, Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Zhang, Xu & Li, Qi-Rui, 2021, Morphological and phylogenetic study of five species of Astrocystis and Collodiscula on bamboo, pp. 265-284 in Phytotaxa 522 (4) on page 280, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.522.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5565846, {"references":["Laessoe, T. & Spooner, B. M. (1994) Rosellinia & Astrocystis (Xylariaceae): new species and generic concepts. Kew Bulletin 49: 1 - 70. http: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 4110199","Smith, G. & Hyde, K. D. (2001) Fungi from palms. XLIX. Astrocystis, Biscogniauxia, Cyanopulvis, Hypoxylon, Nemania, Guestia, Rosellinia and Stilbohypoxylon. Fungal Diversity 7: 89 - 127. http: // doi. org / 10.1002 / yea. 733"]}

Astrocystis bambusicola R.H. Perera & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 87: 173 (2017) (Fig. 5) MycoBank: MB552219 Saprobic on the surface of dead bamboo stalk, visible as black raised spots on the host. Sexual morph: Stromata erumpent, scattered, superficial, subglobose to dome-shaped, blackened, carbonaceous, with papillate ostioles, containing 1–3 ascomata, 0.20–0.73 mm diam., 0.13–0.20 mm high. Perithecia comprising black, fragile, carbonaceous tissue. Asci 119–132 × 8–11.5 μm (mean 124 × 9.6 μm, n = 30), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, with a short pedicel, persistent, apically rounded, with J+, square-shaped apical apparatus, blue staining in Melzer’s reagent, 3–4.5 μm (mean 3.2 μm, n = 30) high, 2.0–3.5 μm (mean 2.8 μm, n = 30) wide. Ascospores 18.0–26 × 6.5–11 μm (mean 20.8 × 8.0 μm, n = 30), uniseriate, ellipsoid, aseptate, brown to dark brown, guttulate, smooth-walled, with a germ slit slightly less than full spore-length, lacking appendages and sheath. Asexual morph: undetermined. Specimens examined:— CHINA. Guizhou Province: Tongren City, Fanjingshan Nature Reserve (27.544623°N, 108.454326°E), elev. 912 m, on dead bamboo culms, 10 October 2020, Q.R. Li 2020FJS35 (GMB0036, KUN-HKAS 112691; living culture, GMBC0036). Culture characteristics:— Ascospores germinated on PDA within 24 hours at 25 °C, colonies, dense but thinning towards the edge, edge irregular, white from above, reverse similar in colour. No conidia were observed on PDA or OA media. Habitat/Distribution:— Known to inhabit dead bamboo, China, Thailand. Notes:— Morphologically, A. bambusicola differs from A. mirabilis and A. bambusae by its superficial stromata, larger ascospores and smaller asci. Phylogenetic analyses of a combined ITS, RPB2, β-tubulin and α-actin sequences dataset shows that our strain GMB0036 clades with the type strain of A. bambusicola (MFLUCC 17-0127) with high statistical support (99% ML, 0.99 BYPP; Fig. 1). The new collection morphologically resembles A. bambusicola. Thus, we identify it as A. bambusicola which has been reported in Thailand (Hyde et al. 2017) and Yunnan, China (Hyde et al. 2019)., Published as part of Wu, You-Peng, Pi, Yin-Hui, Long, Si-Han, Lin, Yan, Long, Qing-De, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Kang, Ying-Qian, Shen, Xiang-Chun, Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Zhang, Xu & Li, Qi-Rui, 2021, Morphological and phylogenetic study of five species of Astrocystis and Collodiscula on bamboo, pp. 265-284 in Phytotaxa 522 (4) on pages 276-280, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.522.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5565846, {"references":["Hyde, K. D., Norphanphoun, C., Abreu, V. P., Bazzicalupo, A. & Mortimer, P. E. (2017) Fungal diversity notes 603 - 708: taxonomic and phylogenetic notes on genera and species. Fungal Diversity 87: 1 - 235. http: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 017 - 0391 - 3","Daranagama, D. A., Camporesi, E., Tian, Q., Liu, X., Chamyuang, S., Stadler, M. & Hyde, K. D. (2015) Anthostomella is polyphyletic comprising several genera in Xylariaceae. Fungal Diversity 73: 203 - 238. http: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 015 - 0329 - 6","Fournier, J., Lechat, C. & Courtecuisse, R. (2018) The genera Kretzschmariella and Nemania (Xylariaceae) in Guadeloupe and Martinique (French West Indies). Ascomycete. org 10: 1 - 47. http: // doi. org / 10.25664 / ART- 0226","Hyde, K. D., Tennakoon, D. S., Jeewon, R., Bhat, D. J. & Doilom, M. (2019) Fungal diversity notes 1036 - 1150: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa. Fungal Diversity 96: 1 - 242. http: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 019 - 00429 - 2"]}

Collodiscula lancangjiangensis Y.P. Wu & Q.R. Li, sp. nov. (Fig. 2) MycoBank: MB839642 Type:— CHINA. Yunnan Province: Baoshan City, Lancang River Nature Reserve (28.72997°N, 99.361083°E), elev. 2674 m, on dead bamboo culms, 10 October 2019, Yinhui Pi 2019LC157 (GMB0030, holotype; KUN-HKAS 112663, isotype; ex-type living culture, GMBC0030). Saprobic on dead bamboo culms. Sexual morph: Stromata scattered or gregarious, solitary, superficial, black, hexagonal prism, 0.5–0.8 mm diam., 0.3–0.6 mm high, containing 1–2 ascomata, with a circle of black tissue at the bottom, with a papillary ostiole. External stromatal layer black, carbonaceous, easily chipped away to reveal the thin, black ascomata. Ostioles papillate in the centre, black. Perithecia subglobose to globose, 0.4–0.8 mm diam., 0.3–0.6 mm high. Asci 145–175 × 9–16 μm (mean 162 × 11.8 μm, n = 30), 8-spored, unitunicate, short-pedicellate, apically rounded with a J+, wedge-shaped apical apparatus, blue staining in Melzer’s reagent, 3.0–3.5 μm (mean 3.2 μm, n = 30) high, 1.5–2.0 μm (mean 1.7 μm, n = 30) broad. Ascospores 26–36.5 × 5–7.5 μm (mean 31 × 6.5 μm, n = 30), overlapping uniseriate, fusiform, equilateral, 3-septate, not constricted at septa, yellowish brown, blunt at both ends, smooth-walled, lacking germ slits or appendages. Asexual morph: undetermined. ...continued on the next page Culture characteristics:— Ascospores germinated on PDA within 24 hours at 25 °C, colonies, dense but thinning towards the edge, edge irregular, white from above, reverse similar in colour. No conidia were observed on PDA or oat agar (OA) media. Habitat/Distribution:— Known to inhabit dead bamboo, Yunnan Province, China. Etymology:— Refers to the location where the specimens were collected, Lancang River Nature Reserve. Other material examined:— CHINA. Yunnan Province: Baoshan City, Lancang River Nature Reserve (25.7880°N, 99.352864°E), elev. 2656 m, on dead bamboo culms, 10 October 2019, Yinhui Pi 2019LC352 (GMB0031, KUN-HKAS 112678; no culture was obtained; DNA was extracted directly from asci and ascospores); Yunnan Province: Baoshan City, Lancang River Nature Reserve (25.033204°N, 99.361543°E), elev. 2676 m, on dead bamboo culms, 10 October 2019, Yinhui Pi 2019LC205 (GMB0038; KUN-HKAS 112669; no culture was obtained). Notes:— To date, six species of Collodiscula have been reported (Hino & Katumoto 1955, Li et al. 2015a, b, Hyde et al. 2017, Xie et al. 2020). Collodiscula lancangjiangensis has 3-septate ascospores as does C. fangjingshanensis and C. leigongshanensis, which were collected from China. However, C. lancangjiangensis has larger ascospores than C. fangjingshanensis (19–25.5 × 4.5–6 μm) and C. leigongshanensis (28–35 × 8–10.5 μm). Phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 1) indicates that C. lancangjiangensis is closely related to C. japonica with high bootstrap support and PP values (92% ML, 0.99 BYPP; Fig. 1), but forms a distinct lineage., Published as part of Wu, You-Peng, Pi, Yin-Hui, Long, Si-Han, Lin, Yan, Long, Qing-De, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Kang, Ying-Qian, Shen, Xiang-Chun, Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Zhang, Xu & Li, Qi-Rui, 2021, Morphological and phylogenetic study of five species of Astrocystis and Collodiscula on bamboo, pp. 265-284 in Phytotaxa 522 (4) on pages 268-273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.522.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5565846, {"references":["Hsieh, H. M., Lin, C. R., Fang, M. J., Rogers, J. D., Fournier, J., Lechat, C. & Ju, Y. M. (2010) Phylogenetic status of Xylaria subgenus Pseudoxylaria among taxa of the subfamily Xylarioideae (Xylariaceae) and phylogeny of the taxa involved in the subfamily. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54: 957 - 969. http: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2009.12.015","Hyde, K. D., Norphanphoun, C., Abreu, V. P., Bazzicalupo, A. & Mortimer, P. E. (2017) Fungal diversity notes 603 - 708: taxonomic and phylogenetic notes on genera and species. Fungal Diversity 87: 1 - 235. http: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 017 - 0391 - 3","Bahl, J., Jeewon, R. & Hyde, K. D. (2005) Phylogeny of Rosellinia capetribulensis sp. nov. and its allies (Xylariaceae). Mycologia 97: 1102 - 1110. https: // doi. org / 10.3852 / mycologia. 97.5.1102","Daranagama, D. A., Camporesi, E., Tian, Q., Liu, X., Chamyuang, S., Stadler, M. & Hyde, K. D. (2015) Anthostomella is polyphyletic comprising several genera in Xylariaceae. Fungal Diversity 73: 203 - 238. http: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 015 - 0329 - 6","Dai, D. - Q., Phookamsak, R., Wijayawardene, N. N., Li, W. - J., Bhat, D. J., Xu, J. - C., Taylor, J. E., Hyde, K. D. & Chukeatirote, E. (2017) Bambusicolous fungi. Fungal Diversity 82: 1 - 105. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 016 - 0367 - 8","Hsieh, H. M., Ju, Y. M. & Rogers, J. D. (2005) Molecular phylogeny of Hypoxylon and closely related genera. Mycologia 97: 844 - 865. https: // doi. org / 10.3852 / mycologia. 97.4.844","Wendt, L., Sir, E. B., Kuhnert, E., Lambert, C., Hladki, A. I., Remero, A. I., Luangsa-Ard, J. J., Srikitikulchai, P., Persoh, D. & Stadler, M. (2018) Resurrection and emendation of the Hypoxylaceae, recognised from a multigene phylogeny of the Xylariales. Mycological Progress 17: 115 - 154. http: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11557 - 017 - 1311 - 3","Li, Q. - R., Wen, T. - C., Kang, J. - C. & Hyde, K. D. (2015 b) A new species of Collodiscula (Xylariaceae) from China. Phytotaxa 205: 187 - 196. http: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 205.3.6","Li, Q. - R., Kang, J. - C. & Hyde, K. D. (2015 a) Two new species of the genus Collodiscula (Xylariaceae) from China. Mycological Progress 14: 52. http: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11557 - 015 - 1075 - 6","Jaklitsch, W. M. & Voglmayr, H. (2012) Phylogenetic relationships of five genera of Xylariales and Rosasphaeria gen. nov. (Hypocreales). Fungal Diversity 52: 75 - 98. http: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 011 - 0104 - 2","Xie, X., Liu, L. - L., Shen, X. - C., Kang, Y. - Q. & Li, Q. - R. (2020) Contributions to species of Xylariales in China - 3. Collodiscula tubulosa (Xylariaceae). Phytotaxa 428: 122 - 130. http: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 428.2.6","Han, J. & Ma, J. (2005) Molecular and morphological investigation of the genus Daldinia in Northern Europe. Trace Elements Science 104: 275 - 280. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0953756299001719","Pelaez, F., Gonzalez, V., Platas, G. & Sanchez-Ballesteros, J. (2008) Molecular phylogenetic studies within the family Xylariaceae based on ribosomal DNA sequences. Fungal Diversity 31: 111 - 134.","Kuhnert, E., Fournier, J., Peroh, D., Luangsa-Ard, J. J. D. & Stadler, M. (2014) New Hypoxylon species from Martinique and new evidence on the molecular phylogeny of Hypoxylon based on ITS rDNA and β- tubulin data. Fungal Diversity 64: 181 - 203. http: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 013 - 0264 - 3","Stadler, M., Kuhnert, E., Persoh, D. & Fournier, J. (2013) The Xylariaceae as model example for a unified nomenclature following the \" one fungus-one name \" (1 F 1 N) concept. Mycology 4: 5 - 21.","Johnston, P. R., Rogers, J. D., Park, D. & Martin, N. A. (2016) Entalbostroma erumpens gen. et sp. nov. (Xylariaceae) from Phormium in New Zealand. Mycotaxon 131: 765 - 771. http: // doi. org / 10.5248 / 131.765","Senanayake, I. C., Maharachchikumbura, S. S. N., Hyde, K. D., Bhat, D. J., Gareth Jones, E. B., McKenzie, E. H. C., Dai, D. - Q., Daranagama, D. A., Dayarathne, M., Goonasekara, I., Konta, S., Li, W. - J., Shang, Q. - J., Stadler, M., Wijayawardene, N. N., Xiao, Y. - P., Norphanphoun, C., Li, Q. - R., Liu, X. - Z., Bahkali, A., Kang, J. - C., Wang, Y., Wen, T. - C., Wendt, L., Xu, J. - C. & Erio, C. (2015) Towards unraveling relationships in Xylariomycetidae (Sordariomycetes). Fungal Diversity 73: 73 - 144. http: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 015 - 0340 - y","Fournier, J., Flessa, F., Persoh, D. & Stadler, M. (2011) Three new Xylaria species from southwestern Europe. Mycological Progress 10: 33 - 52. http: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11557 - 010 - 0671 - 8","Sir, E. B., Lambert, C., Wendt, L., Hladki, A. I. & Stadler, M. (2016) A new species of Daldinia (Xylariaceae) from the Argentine subtropical montane forest. Mycosphere 7: 1378 - 1388. http: // doi. org / 10.5943 / mycosphere / 7 / 9 / 11","Hino, I. & Katumoto, K. (1955) Illustrationes fungorum bambusicolorum III. Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University 6: 29 - 68."]}

Collodiscula japonica I. Hino & Katum., Bull. Faculty Agricult., Yamaguchi University 6: 55 (1955) (Fig. 3) ≡ Acanthodochium collodisculae Samuels, J.D. Rogers & Nagas., Mycotaxon 28(2): 457 (1987) MycoBank: MB295371 Saprobic on dead bamboo culms, arising from the center of the base and perpendicular to the surface of the substrate. Sexual morph: Stromata scattered, superficial, pulvinate, 0.8–1 mm diam., 0.3–0.6 mm high, containing 1(–3) ascomata, coronate with the outer stroma remaining as a ‘crown’ around the inner stroma, black, carbonaceous, the combined outer and inner stromal layers fused to form a single layer, easily stripped from the inner stroma. Perithecia semiglobose, 0.4–0.6 mm diam., 0.3–0.6 mm high. Asci 120–148 × 7.0–11.4 μm (mean 132 × 8.3 μm, n = 30), 8-spored, unitunicate, short-stipitate, apically rounded with a J+, funnel-shaped apical apparatus, blue staining in Melzer’s reagent. Ascospores 19–26 × 4.5–5.5 μm (mean 22.5 × 4.8 μm, n = 30), fusiform to narrowly fusiform, brown to dark brown, 1-septate, not or slightly constricted at septum, inaequilateral, with rounded ends, smooth- walled, lacking germ slits or appendages. Asexual morph: Acanthodochium collodisculae. Specimens examined: — CHINA. Guizhou Province: Tongren City, Fanjingshan Nature Reserve (27.533842°N, 108.454326°E), elev. 920 m, on dead bamboo culms, 10 October 2020, Q.R. Li 2020 FJS37 (GMB0035, KUN-HKAS 112692; living culture, GMBC0035). Culture characteristics:— Ascospores germinated on PDA within 24 hours at 25 °C, colonies, dense but thinning towards the edge, edge irregular, white from above, reverse similar in colour. No conidia were observed on PDA and OA media. Habitat/Distribution:— Known to inhabit dead bamboo, China, Japan, Russia. Other specimens examined:— CHINA. Guizhou Province: Tongren City, Fanjingshan Nature Reserve (27.544283°N, 108.42908°E), elev. 1037 m, on dead bamboo culms, 10 October 2020, Q.R. Li, collection number: 2020 FJS29 (GMB0034, KUN-HKAS 112690; living culture, GMBC0034). Notes:— The genus Collodiscula was introduced and typified by C. japonica from bamboo culms in Japan. Subsequently, C. japonica has been reported from Russia (Vasilyeva 1998), Taiwan (Ju & Rogers 1999), and Zhejiang province, China (Jaklitsch & Voglmayr 2012). Phylogenetic analyses of the combined ITS, RPB 2, β-tubulin and α-actin sequences dataset shows that our strains, GMB0034 and GMB0035, clade with C. japonica (CBS124266) with high support (95% ML, 0.98 BYPP; Fig. 1). The new collections are morphologically the same as C. japonica. Interestingly, all collections of C. japonica were found on the surface of bamboo culms., Published as part of Wu, You-Peng, Pi, Yin-Hui, Long, Si-Han, Lin, Yan, Long, Qing-De, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Kang, Ying-Qian, Shen, Xiang-Chun, Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Zhang, Xu & Li, Qi-Rui, 2021, Morphological and phylogenetic study of five species of Astrocystis and Collodiscula on bamboo, pp. 265-284 in Phytotaxa 522 (4) on page 273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.522.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5565846, {"references":["Vasilyeva, L. N. (1998) Plantae non Vasculares, Fungi et Bryopsidae Orientis extremi Rossica. Fungi. Tomus 4. Pyrenomycetidae et Loculoascomycetidae. Nauka, Petropoli, pp. 418.","Ju, Y. M. & Rogers, J. D. (1999) The Xylariaceae of Taiwan (excluding Anthostomella). Mycotaxon 73: 343 - 440.","Jaklitsch, W. M. & Voglmayr, H. (2012) Phylogenetic relationships of five genera of Xylariales and Rosasphaeria gen. nov. (Hypocreales). Fungal Diversity 52: 75 - 98. http: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 011 - 0104 - 2"]}

Two pairs of diastereoisomeric isoindoline alkaloids, xylarins A-D (

To discover microorganisms that naturally possess chemical weapons against the phytopathogen

Eight freshwater asexual strains collected from China and Thailand were subjected to morpho-molecular analyses. BLAST search results showed that the new strains belonged to Pleurotheciales, Sordariomycetes. Phylogenetic analyses based on a combined LSU, SSU, ITS and RPB2 sequence dataset are used to clarify the placement of the new strains within Pleurotheciales. Pleurothecium guttulatum and Pleurotheciella sympodia are introduced as two new species from freshwater habitats. New geographical record of Pleurotheciella nilotica from Asia (Thailand and China) is reported. New habitat and geographical records of Phaeoisaria annesophieae (from freshwater habitats in Asia) are reported. Descriptions and illustrations of the new species and records, as well as known species Rhexoacrodictys erecta and Phaeoisaria annesophieae, are provided. A key to Pleurotheciella species is provided.