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The market demand for strength of display screens is constantly increasing, and solutions for slimming or polishing display screens can cost millions of dollars per year. This article provides a solution without increasing costs by upgrading the materials, specifications, and maintenance methods of ESC (Electrostatic Chuck) used for dry etching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trace of the polymer conformation tensor in numerical simulations is bounded by applying a logarithmic transformation to the elastic force in the finitely extensible nonlinear elastic-Peterlin model. This method, called elastic stress logarithmic transformation (EL), is combined with the artificial diffusion (AD) and square-root conformation reformulation (SRCR) methods to establish EL-AD and EL-SRCR methods, respectively. The accuracy and stability of these methods have been investigated by conducting direct numerical simulations of viscoelastic laminar flows around a circular cylinder at a Reynolds number Re = 100, considering a wide range of rheological parameters: the maximum polymer extensibility L = 10 and 100, and the Weissenberg number W i = 1 − 80. Specifically, effects of artificial diffusion coefficients measured by dimensionless Schmidt number S c c = 10 − 10 6 on the flow are studied. The results indicate that the EL method can effectively ensure the boundedness and accuracy of the conformation tensor trace, making the EL-AD method a valuable modification of the AD method for simulations with larger L and Wi. The impact of the polymer stress diffusion on the simulation is complex. It can stabilize the simulation by reducing sharp gradients and peak positions of elastic stress. However, inappropriate artificial diffusion coefficients lead to flow artifacts when L is large (L = 100). One consequence is an amplification of the solid-like phenomenon caused by polymer near the upstream stagnation point of the cylinder. Another consequence is an enhanced suppression of vortices by polymer downstream of the cylinder. The challenge in determining a suitable AD coefficient emphasizes the superiority of the EL-SRCR method in terms of stability and accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dolichos trilobus Linn (Leguminosae) is often used in Yi ethnic medicine to treat pain, fracture, and rheumatism. To explore the therapeutic potential of doliroside B (DB) from D. trilobus and its disodium salt (DBDS) and the underlying mechanism in pain. In the writhing test, Kunming mice were orally treated with DB and DBDS at doses of 0.31, 0.62, 1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg. Vehicle, morphine, indomethacin, and acetylsalicylic acid were used as negative and positive control on the nociception-induced models, respectively. In the hot plate test, mice were orally treated with DB and DBDS at doses of 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg. In the formalin test, mice were orally treated with DB and DBDS at doses of 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg. In the meanwhile, lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory model in RAW264.7 macrophages was adopted to study the mechanism of pain alleviation for DBDS. DBDS (5 mg/kg) inhibited the writhing number by 80.2%, which exhibited the highest antinociceptive activity in pain models. DBDS could selectively inhibite the activity of COX-1. Meanwhile, it also reduced the production of NO, iNOS, and IL-6 by 55.8%, 69.0%, and 49.9% inhibition, respectively. It was found that DBDS also positively modulated the function of GABAA1 receptor. DBDS displayed antinociceptive activity by acting on both the peripheral and central nervous systems, which may act on multitargets. Further work is warranted for developing DBDS into a potential drug for the treatment of pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Members of Bifidobacterium are among the first microbes to colonize the human intestine naturally, their abundance and diversity in the colon are closely related to host health. Recently, the gut microbiota has been gradually proven to be crucial mediators of various metabolic processes between the external environment and the host. Therefore, the health-promoting benefits of Bifidobacterium spp. and their applications in food have gradually been widely concerned. The main purpose of this review is to comprehensively introduce general features, colonization methods, and safety of Bifidobacterium spp. in the human gut, highlighting its health benefits and industrial applications. On this basis, the existing limitations and scope for future research are also discussed. Bifidobacteria have beneficial effects on the host's digestive system, immune system, and nervous system. However, the first prerequisite for functioning is to have enough live bacteria before consumption and successfully colonize the colon after ingestion. At present, strain breeding, optimization (e.g., selecting acid and bile resistant strains, adaptive evolution, high cell density culture), and external protection technology (e.g., microencapsulation and protectants) are the main strategies to address these challenges in food application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]