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On the basis of developed condition about the braking control system of the mine hoist all over the world,combining the latest theories,the strategy of the fuzzy-PID control applying on the mine hoist was drawing up. The result in production verified that the fuzzy-PID control was more suitable in the mine hoist,particularly in the aspect of braking system.

Aortic stenosis (AS) and aortic regurgitation (AR) are associated with congenital isolated bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) disease. The chronic pressure overload of AS and the volume overload of AR are known to impair the left ventricular function. This study assessed whether two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) is capable of detecting the myocardial dysfunction associated with BAV caused by various aortic valve lesions in patients retaining normal ejection fraction (EF).Thirty-two isolated BAV patients and 20 healthy tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) volunteers were recruited. BAV patients were divided into 4 subgroups based on aortic valvular lesion types: normal function (NF) group, isolated AS group, isolated AR group, and a group who had both AS&AR. Myocardial strain and degree of twist were analyzed and compared between the BAV and TAV groups, as well as between valvular lesion groups and the NF group.Compared with healthy TAV controls, global radial strain (GRS), global circumferential strain (GCS), global longitudinal strain (GLS), and twist angle absolute values were lower in the BAV group (P < 0.05). The AS, AR, and AS&AR groups all demonstrated a significant decrease in GRS and GCS when compared with the TAV group. The AS and AS&AR groups demonstrated lower GLS than the TAV group, and the smallest degree of twist was detected in the AR group. There were no significant differences between the NF and TAV groups. The AR and AS&AR groups demonstrated significant differences in multiple parameters of cardiac mechanics compared with the NF group.2D-STE is able to detect altered cardiac mechanics associated with aortic lesion types in BAV patients with normal EF compared with normal TAV controls, and so can provide valuable information for clinical decision-making.

The transient voltage suppressor (TVS) is commonly used in circuit in order to protect the circuit from the Electrostatic Discharge (ESD). In this paper, the turn on voltage and the clamping voltage of the TVS device is tested to figure the capability of the device. The test shows the clamping voltage increase as the test voltage increase. After injected the BMM pulses, the internal of device was damaged. Both the turn on voltage and the clamping voltage of the TVS device would increase, and the protect capability of the TVS device decreased.

Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) protection device is the chief way by which the susceptibility to EMP of equipment can be decrease. Prior to each application, the EMP protection device has to be tested in order to evaluate its performances. In this paper, a new EMP protection performance testing system is designed and the Suppressing behavior of four kinds of EMP protection device during EMP stressing, e.g., response time and clamping voltage are analyzed. It is concluded that, the clamping voltage is increasing with the augment of the injected pulse voltage, and decreasing with the augment of the injected pulse width; the response time is independent of the injected pulse voltage and the injected pulse width. These important conclusions are significant in improving the revolution of structure and technology of EMP protection device.

This study examined the effect of P85 (a pluronic block copolymer) and microbubble (MB) ultrasound contrast agents under ultrasound irradiation on gene transfection and expression. The pEGFP plasmids that can encode enhanced green fluorescent protein (pEGFP) served as a report gene and were mixed with different concentrations of MB/0.05% (w/v) P85. Then the plasmids were transfected into human hepatoma G2 (HepG2) cells. The HepG2 cells treated with MB/P85 or without treatment were exposed to ultrasound (US parameters: 1 MHz, 1.0 W/cm(2), 20 s, 20% duty cycle). Twenty-four hours later, the transfection efficiency was assessed by fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. The cell viability was evaluated by Trypan blue exclusion test. The results showed that the gene transfection efficiency in HepG2 cells under ultrasound irradiation was significantly higher than that without ultrasound irradiation. HepG2 cells in the MB or P85 group in the absence of ultrasound expressed less amount of green fluorescent protein. The expression efficiency reached (22.14 ± 3.06)% and the survival rate was as high as (55.73 ± 3.32)% in the 30% MB plus P85 group. It was concluded that MB and P85 in the presence of ultrasound can enhance gene transfection and expression.

OFDM is an highly effective digital transmission technology because of its high bandwidth efficiency and resistance to multi-path fading performance. OFDM channel estimation is the key technology in the OFDM system. In this paper the estimation technology is mainly studied based on pilot information.

In this paper, a new ESD testing system was designed and the influence of discharge voltage on ESD parameters, e.g. peak value of discharge current, rise time and peak to peak value of induced voltage in a semi-circular loop antenna, and also the reproducibility of experimental results were analyzed used the system. It was concluded that as the approaching speed was constant, the variations of ESD parameters with discharge voltage were divided into three regions: ‘Townsend region’ ‘Transition region’ and ‘Streamer region’ the field strength generated at low discharge voltage was stronger than that at high discharge voltage, better reproducibility could be also obtained at low discharge voltage.

Osteosarcoma, the most common primary bone malignancy, has a bimodal age distribution, with a primary peak in adolescence and a smaller peak in the elderly. The etiologic contribution of germline genetic variation to osteosarcoma is not well-understood. It occurs at higher than expected frequencies in individuals with the Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) cancer predisposition syndrome. Approximately 70% of classic LFS families have germline TP53 mutations. Two previous studies reported that 3% of young osteosarcoma cases ( We determined the prevalence of germline TP53 mutations in 765 unselected osteosarcoma cases. DNA was extracted from blood and TP53 sequenced using custom Ampliseq panels. Variants were validated with Sanger sequencing. The IARC germline TP53 database was used to identify TP53 mutations reported in families with LFS (LFS-associated mutations). Variants were considered “likely LFS-associated mutations” if absent from publically available databases (ESP and 1,000 Genomes Project) and predicted non-functional or deleterious using in silico algorithms. Variants were considered “rare exonic variants” if their minor allele frequency (MAF) was There were 32 LFS-associated or rare TP53 variants in 62 osteosarcoma cases. The frequency of cases with an LFS or likely LFS-associated mutation and/or rare exonic variant was 8.1%. Notably, all 32 TP53 variants were present in cases A logistic regression case-case analysis identified a novel significant association between a rare TP53 variant, rs1800372 (p.R213R), and metastasis at diagnosis in cases of European ancestry (odds ratio [OR] 4.27, 95% CI 1.2-15.5, P = 0.026). We additionally confirmed that a common exonic variant, rs1042522 (p.P72R), was significantly associated with osteosarcoma risk (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.1-1.4, P = 0.0098) and poorer survival (HR 1.35, 95% CI 1.00-1.83, P = 0.048). Our data suggest that genetic susceptibility to young onset osteosarcoma is distinct from adult onset osteosarcoma. The high TP53 mutation prevalence we identified in osteosarcoma cases aged Citation Format: Lisa J. Mirabello, Meredith Yeager, Phuong L. Mai, Julie Gastier-Foster, Richard Gorlick, Chand Khanna, Ana Patiño-Garcia, Luis Sierrasesúmaga, Fernando Lecanda, Irene L. Andrulis, Jay S. Wunder, Nalan Gokgoz, Donald A. Barkauskas, Xijun Zhang, Aurelie Vogt, Kristine Jones, Joseph F. Boland, Stephen J. Chanock, Sharon A. Savage. High prevalence of germline TP53 mutations in young osteosarcoma cases. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 5574. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-5574

Choosing 8031 minimal systems, a familiar MCS-51 series SCM (single chip microcontroller), as experimental object, this-paper studies irradiation field effects & effecting mechanism of ESD EMP (electrostatic discharge electromagnetic pulse) via effecting experiment and theory research respectively. The interference & damage threshold of SCM in different, failure modes are ascertained. By analyzing the failure reasons, some rules of ESD EMP effects are concluded. This paper serves to provide practical SCM designs with a thorough and heady reference in dealing with complex-ESD protection design for automatic control equipment

Through systemic study on two types of electrostatic discharge (ESD), generators and the effects of discharge switch to ESD immunity test; it has been found that the verification of ESD generators presents a number of problems. The experimental results show that ESD generators from different manufactures yield different results while testing products, even if the discharge currents are quite similar. This means that it is incomplete that the IEC 61000-4-2 only specifies the values of the characteristics of the discharge current of the ESD generator during the verification procedure. To resolve this problem, besides ESD current waveform, the IEC 61000-4-2 standard should specify discharge current derivative, transient field, and induced voltages in detail.

Supporting WDM multicasting in an IP over WDM network poses interesting problems because some WDM switches may be incapable of switching an incoming signal to more than one output interface. An approach to WDM multicasting based on wavelength-routing, which constructs a multicast forest for each multicast session so that multicast-incapable WDM switches do not need to multicast, was proposed and evaluated previously. Such an approach requires global knowledge of the WDM layer. In this paper, we study WDM multicasting in an IP over WDM network under the framework of multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) using optical burst/label switching (OBS/OLS). We propose a protocol which modifies a multicast tree constructed by distance vector multicast routing protocol (DVMRP) into a multicast forest based on the local information only.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents comparative studies between the new and old standard IEC61000-4-2. IEC61000-4-2:2001 is modified on the foundation of the IEC61000-4-2:1995; there are seven modifications. The chapter explains, using two different models of generators, the radiation effect experiment of electrostatic discharge (ESD) to the single chip microprocessor (SCM) system, which is carried out based on the two old and new different standards. To compare the test results obtained from different test generators, the ESD current waveform and its waveform parameters are verified using the calibration setup of ESD current waveform. The ESD current waveforms of 2kV, 4kV, 6kV, and 8kV are measured in this experiment. To measure the waveform parameters accurately, the number of discharge per voltage test level is 10. Research result shows that the test result is not consistent through the two types of generators accorded with the same standard IEC61000-4-2 and it really reduces the discrepancy among different generators according as the new standard. But it is necessary to normalize the radiation field of generator to solve the problem in root.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a typical single-chip circuit, which is designed to simulate serial communication interface to study the effect of electrostatic discharge (ESD) electromagnetic pulse (EMP) to single-chip microprocessor (SCM) system. Using the ESD generator, the radiation effect experiments of ESD to the single chip microprocessor (SCM) system are carried out. The chapter provides, analyzes, and discusses the experiment data, which offers gist for studying the measures of protection about SCM system against ESD. Peak value of the current pulse being induced at an ESD event is much higher and the rise time is much quicker, which yields severe electromagnetic interference (EMI) or even damage to the surrounding electronic equipments or electronic system. Thereby, determining their ESD sensibility is very significant, which offers reference and guidance for designing circuit or selecting chip.

As WDM technology matures, IP over WDM multicast will become a challenging new topic. Supporting multicast at the WDM layer provides additional advantages, but also raises many new issues that do not exist in IP multicast. For example, the limitation on the light splitting capability of switches is one major difficulty in WDM multicast, and in addition, the limitations on both the wavelength conversion capability and optical buffer space may affect multicast routing as well. In this paper, we focus on the IP over WDM multicast routing problem, i.e. how to construct multicast trees at the WDM layer based on IP multicast routing protocols. More specifically, we study how label switched paths for optical label switching can be set up for multicast traffic. We propose two approaches, one without modification of existing IP multicast routing protocols, and the other with modification of existing IP multicast routing protocols.

Summary form only given. Performance and cost are two most important factors that affect the scalability of a WDM network. This study addresses two issues. One is to determine what is the best possible performance, and more importantly, how to achieve it with the given resources. The second is to determine which resource is insufficient, which is excessive, and how to balance them. We illustrate the principle by focusing on the problem of establishing complete connections, also known as all-to-all personalized communications, in a WDM ring. We show that there is an optimal value of the number of wavelengths for a given number of tunable transceivers per node and vice versa. In particular, the latter does not need to exceed 12 in an arbitrarily large ring.

Selecting good speech units and building precise acoustic models on these units are basic problems for HMM speech recognition systems. In this paper, we review some distinguished phonetic features of the Chinese language and show how these features could be considered for getting a better solution of speech units selection and acoustic model building. The initials and finals are suggested to be the recognition units. Several experiments have been carried out to find those proper acoustic models which can represent the co-articulation among initials and finals more accurately and give a higher recognition rate. Results of recognition error rate under different acoustic models are given and some comparisons are made. Experiments show that not only the intra-syllable context-dependent acoustic models but also the inter-syllable acoustic models are necessary for reducing recognition error rate of words and continuous speech recognition. Experiments also show the tone-pattern information is important for accurate syllable recognition.

We propose an on-line wavelength assignment algorithm for multi-fiber WDM networks, in which lightpaths are established and released dynamically. For a given number of fibers per link and number of wavelengths per fiber, the algorithm aims to minimize the blocking probability. It may also be used to reduce the number of wavelengths required for a given tolerable blocking probability. Simulation results show that our wavelength assignment algorithm performs better than other previously proposed algorithms (in the cases we studied). As the number of fibers per link increases, the benefit of having wavelength converters decreases dramatically, and the performance improvement of our algorithm over others increases. Our results also show that in case a preferred path is not available, rerouting along a node-disjoint backup path can significantly reduce the blocking probability.

Two properties of optical transmissions, namely, unidirectional propagation and predictable propagation delay, make it possible to pipeline packet transmissions in all-optical networks. In this paper, we study the problem of scheduling all-to-all personalized communication (AAPC) in unidirectional TDM/WDM rings with pipelined transmissions, which can achieve a much higher bandwidth utilization than non-pipelined transmissions. For a given number of wavelengths, K, and number of transmitter-receiver pairs per node, T, the theoretical lower bound (TLB) on the schedule lengths is derived and scheduling methods which can achieve near optimal results are proposed for three different cases, namely, T=K, 2/spl les/T

As wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology matures and multicast applications become increasingly popular, supporting multicast at the WDM layer becomes an important and yet challenging topic. In this paper, we study constrained multicast routing in WDM networks with sparse light splitting, i.e., where some switches are incapable of splitting light (of copying data in the optical domain) due to evolutional and/or economical reasons. Specifically, we propose four WDM multicast routing algorithms, namely, re-route-to-source, re-route-to-any, member-first, and member-only. Given the network topology, multicast membership information, and light splitting capability of the switches, these algorithms construct a source-based multicast "light-forest" (consisting one or more multicast trees) for each multicast session. While the first two algorithms can build on a multicast tree constructed by IP (which does not take into consideration the splitting capability of the WDM switches), the last two algorithms attempt to address the joint problem of optimal multicast routing and sparse splitting in WDM networks. The performance of these algorithms are compared in terms of the average number of wavelengths used per forest (or multicast session), average number of branches involved (bandwidth) per forest as well as average number of hops encountered (delay) from a multicast source to a multicast member. The results obtained from this research should present new and exciting opportunities for further theoretical as well as experimental work.

Wistar Furth (WF) intestinal allografts were transplanted into Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Recipients were randomly allocated into the following groups: (1) no treatment; (2) cyclosporine (CsA) 6 mg/kg/day, daily, subcutaneously (s.c.; full-dose therapy); (3) CsA 3 mg/kg/day, daily, s.c. (half-dose therapy); and (4) CsA 3 mg/kg/day, daily, s.c. + Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook. WF (TW) 3 mg/kg/day, daily, s.c. WF rats with intestinal autografts were used as controls. CD45RO intragraft expression and its index (CD45RO/CD45), measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), were significantly elevated in untreated and half-dose CsA-treated allografts as early as postoperative day (POD) 4, when rejection of intestinal allografts was not detected by routine pathology. Intestinal permeability measured by Tc-DTPA radioassay was significantly elevated in untreated allografts on POD 6. Histology showed that there was severe rejection in untreated intestinal allografts and mild rejection in allografts treated with a half dose of CsA on POD 6. There was a normal CD45RO expression, permeability, and histology in intestinal allografts treated with either a full dose of CsA or a half dose of CsA + TW. These data indicate that CD45RO intragraft gene expression is an early marker to detect intestinal allograft rejection in rats. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 19:348–350 1999

Two traffic scheduling schemes, namely, non-pipelined and pipelined scheduling, are considered for uniform traffic in unidirectional WDM rings. Their performances in terms of schedule length and through-put are compared. Optimal or near optimal schedules are obtained for a given number of wavelengths, and a given number of transceivers per node as well as their tuning time.

All-optical WDM networks are fast becoming the natural choice for future backbone. In this paper, we establish the efficiency of multicasting over unicasting in all-optical WDM networks, assess the usefulness of wavelength conversion for multicasting, and explore the issues related to the splitting (or copying) capability of the nodes. The comparison between multicasting and unicasting is based on the number of wavelengths as well as the amount of bandwidth required for a given set of multicasting sessions. For each multicasting session, a source-specific multicasting forest (or trees) is constructed first, taking into account the sparse splitting capability of the nodes in the network. Then, each multicasting tree is partitioned into segments according to the sparse wavelength conversion capability of the nodes on the tree such that each segment needs to be assigned the same wavelength. Simulation results obtained for a practical network such as NSFNET and randomly generated networks show that multicasting can reduce both the bandwidth consumed and the number of wavelengths required by as much as 50% or more when the size (i.e. the number of destinations) of each multicasting session is reasonably large. Such a reduction due to multicasting is not affected much by the wavelength conversion capability, the number of multicasting sessions and the size of the networks whose topology is more or less random. The results have also shown that sparse splitting can be nearly as effective as full splitting for multicasting.

In high-speed SONET/WDM rings, the dominant system cost may be the cost of electronic components, or in other words, the cost of SONET ADMs (S-ADMs). The number of S-ADMs can be dramatically reduced by using wavelength ADMs (WADMs) and grooming traffic (i.e., multiplexing lower rate signals) appropriately. In this paper, we proposed optimal or near- optimal algorithms for traffic grooming and wavelength assignment to reduce both the number of wavelengths and the number of S-ADMs. The algorithms proposed are generic in that they can be applied to both unidirectional and bidirectional rings with an arbitrary number of nodes under both uniform and non-uniform traffic with an arbitrary grooming (multiplexing) factor. Lower bounds on the number of wavelengths and S-ADMs required for a given traffic pattern are derived, and used to determine the optimality of the proposed algorithms. Our study shows that these lower bounds can be closely approached in most cases or even achieved in some cases using the proposed algorithms. In addition, even when using the minimum number of wavelengths, the savings in S-ADMs due to traffic grooming (and the use of WADMs) are significant, especially for large networks.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

All-to-all personalized communication (AAPC) requires each of the N nodes in a network to send a unique message to each of the other N - 1 nodes. In this paper, we study the problem of scheduling AAPC in WDM rings with K wavelengths and T transmitter-receiver pairs per node. We first determine the theoretical lower bound on the schedule length in a unidirectional ring with negligible tuning delay. A scheduling method based on a 'recursive packing procedure' is then proposed. Two extensions of the above work are also made. First, we use a similar method to schedule AAPC in bidirectional rings with a small T, which achieves a better schedule performance than the method in reference one. Second, we modify the schedule to take into account the effects of non-negligible tuning delay. The schedules derived in this paper can achieve the minimum length for some values of K and T, and a near minimum length in other cases.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

To resolve the poor reproducibility of the electrostatic discharge (ESD) immunity test platform which is specified in the standard IEC 61000-4-2, using a newly designed ESD testing system, the effects of the switch action of ESD generator, the discharge current and its derivative, the radiation field and the imperfect specification of the test method on the testing results were studied. It was found that the effect of the switch action of ESD generator on the testing results was very distinct, and the radiation field caused by the switch action was one of the main cause of the different testing results; different discharge current and current derivative were caused by different ESD generators, which would cause different testing results; the imperfect specification of the test method in the standard was the other reason.

Scheduling all-to-al connections in a network of limited physical connectivity provides a way to trade bandwidth for reduced routing control as well as deterministic connection latency. In this paper, we consider the problem of scheduling all-to-all connections in a WDM ring. For a given number of wavelengths, K, and a given number of transmitter/receiver pairs per node, T, we determine the theoretical lower bound (TLB) on the scheduling length. A basic scheduling strategy called complementary assembly with dual strides (CADS) is proposed. In a special case when K equals 1 and T equals 1, the TLB can be achieved based on CADS. Heuristic algorithms based on either homogeneous or heterogeneous CADS are then proposed for the case when K > 1, and near minimum scheduling length can be achieved for any T. Our analysis also indicate that there is an optimal value of T for a given K such that neither T nor K would become the performance bottleneck. Impact of wavelength-tuning delay, ring propagation delay, laser array fabrication especially wavelength drift of the WDM sources on the scheduling method is also discussed.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Background Germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes account for 20–25 % of inherited breast cancers and about 10 % of all breast cancer cases. Detection of BRCA mutation carriers can lead to therapeutic interventions such as mastectomy, oophorectomy, hormonal prevention therapy, improved screening, and targeted therapies such as PARP-inhibition. We estimate that African Americans and Hispanics are 4–5 times less likely to receive BRCA screening, despite having similar mutation frequencies as non-Jewish Caucasians, who have higher breast cancer mortality. To begin addressing this health disparity, we initiated a nationwide trial of BRCA testing of Latin American women with breast cancer. Patients were recruited through community organizations, clinics, public events, and by mail and Internet. Subjects completed the consent process and questionnaire, and provided a saliva sample by mail or in person. DNA from 120 subjects was used to sequence the entirety of BRCA1 and BRCA2 coding regions and splice sites, and validate pathogenic mutations, with a total material cost of $85/subject. Subjects ranged in age from 23 to 81 years (mean age, 51 years), 6 % had bilateral disease, 57 % were ER/PR+, 23 % HER2+, and 17 % had triple-negative disease. Results A total of seven different predicted deleterious mutations were identified, one newly described and the rest rare. In addition, four variants of unknown effect were found. Conclusions Application of this strategy on a larger scale could lead to improved cancer care of minority and underserved populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13742-015-0088-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.