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The wear-resistance performance of machined surface is an important factor in the evaluation of surface quality and precision in aerospace manufacturing industry. By using high-speed Ring-Block friction and wear machine (MRH-3), the influence of cutting parameters in milling aluminum alloy 7050-T7451 on wear-resistance of machined surface including friction coefficient and wear quantity are experimentally investigated. The wear-resistance is particularly sensitive to cutting speed and feed rate. The friction coefficient has marked drop trends as cutting speed increases. The influence of cutting speed on wear quantity is more complicated and the tendency of wear quantity was ascend in first and descend at last (v>900/min). The results show that the influence of cutting parameters on wear-resistance was also positively correlated with surface roughness and work-hardening of machined surface. The high work-hardening and surface quality had the promoting effecting on wear-resistance. The experiment and analysis results show that the machined surface by high speed cutting and lower feed rate has more superior in surface quality and wear-resistance performance comparing with conventional cutting speed.

Stage 3 is the key phase of chronic kidney disease. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used for the treatment of chronic kidney disease. But a large sample trial is desirable.A total of 578 Chinese patients with primary glomerulonephritis in CKD stage 3 were randomly assigned to three groups: patients received TCM (TCM group), benazepril (Ben group), TCM combined with benazepril (TCM+Ben group). Patients were followed up for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was the time to the composite of 50% increased of serum creatinine, end stage renal disease or death.eGFR in the TCM and the TCM+Ben group were improved (week 24 vs. baseline, P0.05) while eGFR in the Ben group was decreased (week 24 vs. baseline, P0.05). 24h urinary protein excretion (UP) and urinary albumin/creatinine (UAlb/Cr) were decreased in the TCM+Ben (week 24 vs. baseline, P0.05) and the Ben group (week 24 vs. baseline, P0.05). UP and UAlb/Cr were increased in the TCM group to week 12, then were stable (week 24 vs. baseline, P0.05). The hemoglobin in the TCM group was also improved (week 24 vs. baseline, P0.05). The accumulative survival rate in the TCM+Ben group was higher than that in the TCM group and the Ben group (P=0.044). Side effects in the TCM group were the lowest in these groups (P0.05). The patients with dry cough in the TCM+Ben group and the Ben group were increased as compared with the TCM group (P0.05). Hyperkalemia happened less frequently in the TCM group as compared with the other two groups (P=0.052).For the patients with CKD stage 3, TCM can improve eGFR and hemoglobin with lower side effects. Benazepril significantly decreased the proteinuria. Chinese medicine integrated with benazepril can ameliorate renal function and decrease proteinuria synergistically.

NC code to machine arc-surface of the transmission box had been obtained in UG CAM module. Then, the code was imported into Vericut in order to control the virtual machine to mill the box’s arc-surface. As a result, the simulation process machining the typical arc-surface of the transmission box was achieved. Meanwhile, the collision and interference were all verified as well. The accuracy of NC code was not only tested but also modified in this process. Due to this work has been finished, the production cost will be decreased and the production cycle will be shortened. It is of great guiding significance for the actual production process.

Surface hardening plays an important role in the evaluation of surface quality and performance of wear-resisting of components. Surface hardening of aluminum alloy 7050 is researched in high speed milling by means of micro-hardness experiments and formula. It is greatly influenced by different cutting speed and material. The relationship between surface hardness and cutting parameters are obtained and studied. The surface hardening is particularly sensitive to cutting speed and slightly to the width of cut. The effect of depth variant of machined layer on micro-hardness is analyzed, and the equation between work hardening capacity and layer depth is established to predict the harden layer depth in different conditions. The experiment results show that the work hardening capacity and layer depth in high speed cutting is greater than that in conventional cutting.

Ti6Al4V is a difficult to machine alloy with low cutting efficiency and server tool wear. A series of orthogonal turning tests with coated carbide in higher speed scale was carried out on a CA6140 lathe. The experiential functions of tool life based on orthogonal experiment were developed. The tool wear morphologies were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS), adhesion, diffusion and micro-chipping were the major wear mechanisms of coated carbide tool. Finally, the cutting parameters of coated carbide tool in Ti6Al4V dry turning were optimized based on tool life-efficiency contour analysis, in same cutting efficiency, the lower cutting speed and larger depth of cut are the better selection in Ti6Al4V turning for coated carbide tool.

Established space dynamic analysis model of nonlinear structure in accordance with the unique mechanical characteristics of Lowpylon Cable-stayed Bridge. As the Example for the program about 90+128 meters spacing lowpylon Cable-stayed Bridge of houhu in Wuhan,Simulated the whole process of automobile loading bridge ,calculated eigenvalues of moving loads. Adopted computing skills,using nonlinear supperposition theory analysed time-history and discussed the influence about vibration of transverse and longitudinal because of different velocity. The results show that the research using nonlinear supperposition method to study the dynamic response of Cable-stayed Bridge under moving load is reasonable and effective.

We experimentally characterized a high-intensity optical three-qubit Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) states with a count of ∼ 25 / s by using the method of over-complete state tomography. Furthermore, based on the state, a convincing, 3.5 standard deviations, violation of Gisinʼs inequality has been measured, thus confirming the validity of Gisinʼs inequality for three-qubit GHZ states. From the data, we verified the good agreement of the experimental violation with the value predicted by quantum mechanics given the reconstructed density matrix. This result represents the first step towards the experimental implementation of Gisinʼs theorem.

Cationic liposomes (CLs) can accumulate in tumor vascular endothelial cells (VECs) to show high selective targeting ability. Therefore, chemotherapeutic agent-loaded CLs are considered as new therapeutic vehicles to enhance the treatment efficacy. This study investigated the effect of N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC), one of derivatives of chitosan with positive charge determined by its degree of quaternization (DQ), on preparing doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded CLs. TMCs with various DQ, i.e., 20% (TMC20), 40% (TMC40), and 60% (TMC60) were synthesized and characterized by 1 HNMR. DOX-loaded liposomes (DOXL) were prepared by ammonium sulfate gradients followed by TMC-coating to obtain TMC-coated DOXL with various positive surface charges. The morphology, size, ζ-potential and drug release in vitro of TMC-coated DOXL were studied compared with those of DOXL. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as cell model, the vascular targeting ability of TMC-coated DOXL was evaluated in vitro. A solid tumor, formed by implantationmurine hepatoma cells (H 22 ) into mice, as tumor model, the tumor inhibition rate and tumor histological sections stained by HE of TMC-coated DOXL group were researched compared with those of free DOX and DOXL group. It was found that with the increase of TMC's DQ, the positive surface charge of TMC-coated DOXL was enhanced accordingly, which had little effect on DOX release in vitro while led to the significant increase of DOX uptake by HUVECs in vitro and the treatment effect on solid tumor in vivo. Especially, TMC-coated DOXL showed better targeting ability to the nuclei compared with free DOX and DOXL, which could further enhance the efficacy of DOX in vivo.

After TiO2/SPAN (Sulfonated Polyaniline) complex prepared by the reverse-microemulsion method was calcinated, C, S & N-doped TiO2 was successfully synthesized with C/S/N/Ti atomic ratio of 12.5/12.2/1.3/100 and formaldehyde-degradation ratio of 58.5%. Its excited wavelength was red-shifted to 433.5 nm and its band gap was degraded to 2.87 eV. XPS analysis proved that C, S & N was doped into TiO2 lattice to form TiC, Ti(CO)n, Ti(CO3)2, Ti(SO3)2, TiS2, TiN and Ti(NO2)n.

The serum heparanase level of 92 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (median, 91.4 U/mL) was higher than that of 19 healthy control subjects. Serum heparanase levels were higher in patients with HCC characterized by large tumors (>5 cm), advanced pTNM stage (III and IV), tumor capsule absence, and portal vein invasion. Positive correlations between serum heparanase and tumor heparanase expression were observed in 92 patients with HCC, 53 among them treated with tumor resection. In these 53 patients, the rate of microscopic venous invasion was significantly higher in 18 cases with high serum heparanase levels (>91.4 U/mL) than in the other 35 cases with low heparanase levels (14/18 vs 10/35; P = .001). Serum heparanase and vascular endothelial growth factor were identified as independent predictive factors for HCC microscopic venous invasion. The postoperative recurrence-free time (median, 8.7 months; range, 4.1–22.9 months), recurrence rate (72% [13/18]), 1.5-year disease-free survival rate (29.7%) were significantly worse in these 18 patients.

This work evaluated the effectiveness of rice straw pretreatment using a TiO2/UV system in the presence of oxidants. The effects of TiO2 concentrations, pH and photocatalysis time were investigated. Inorganic oxidants including H2O2, K2S2O8, and KIO4 were added to further enhance the effect on enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw. The TiO2/UV/ H2O2 pretreatment showed a higher amount of released reducing sugar (8.88 ± 0.10 mg/mL, compared to 5.47 ± 0.03 mg/mL in untreated sample). Composition analyses of rice straw after the TiO2/UV/H2O2 pretreatment showed partial lignin and hemicellulose removal. Moreover, structural features of untreated and pretreated rice straw were analyzed through FE-SEM, FT-IR, and XRD. This work suggests that H2O2 is an efficient addition for photocatalysis pretreatment of rice straw.

The comparative effectiveness of aluminum hydroxide and aluminum chloride has been studied in the development of bacterial wilt infection on leaves of Nicotiana rustica cv. Gansu yellow flower. We have analyzed the changes of foliar H 2 O 2 content, as well as of non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants under aluminum stress. Pretreatment with aluminum hydroxide before pathogen challenge reduced the development of Ralstonia solanacearum infection and decreased the extent of leaf injury. The pretreatment also reduced the Al uptake in comparison to pretreatment with aluminum chloride. H 2 O 2 generation was significantly enhanced by pretreatment with aluminum hydroxide. Increased NADPH oxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were correlated with limited infection. Aluminum hydroxide pretreatment shifted the leaf redox homeostasis of AsA/DHA and GSH/GSSG toward oxidation, yielding higher oxidant levels than aluminum chloride before bacterial inoculation. The results support the idea that aluminum hydroxide induced H 2 O 2 accumulation through non-enzymatic and enzymatic regulation, ultimately resulting in resistance to tobacco wilt disease.

Ti6Al4V is a difficult to machine alloy with low cutting efficiency and server tool wear. A series of orthogonal milling tests with coated and uncoated carbide insert was carried out. The tool life predictive models based on orthogonal experiment were developed. Finally, the cutting parameters for both tools in Ti6Al4V dry milling were optimized based on tool life-efficiency contour analysis.

Material constitutive model for metal machining is very difficult to obtain and establish accurately by conventional tension and compression tests. The dynamic mechanical properties and material model during machining aluminum 7050-T7451 are studied by means of orthogonal machining experiments (including quick-stop experiment, cutting force and cutting temperature measurements). Compare with compression tests (SHPB), the established material model with large strain (0.8~1.9) and high strain rate (0.45×105~1.89×105) in this paper is more valid and reliability in simulation and analyzing machining process.

The effect of surface damaged layer and Te enrichment layer of Hg 1- x Mn x Te on the indentation size were studied experimentally. Based on the results, the indentation size effect (ISE) of Hg 1– x Mn x Te were discussed using different models, including Meyer's law, the power-law, Hays-Kendall approach and the theory of strain gradient plasticity. The results show that surface damaged layer weakens ISE of the wafers, but the Te enrichment layer reinforces it. The minimum test load necessary to initiate plastic deformation for different Hg 1– x Mn x Te wafers increases from 3.11 to 4.41 g with the increase of x from 0.05 to 0.11. The extrapolated surface hardness values of Hg 1– x Mn x Te are 347.21, 374.75, 378.28 and 391.51 MPa and the corresponding shear strength values are 694.53, 749.50, 756.56 and 783.12 MPa for Hg 1– x Mn x Te with the x values of 0.05, 0.07, 0.09 and 0.11, respectively.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2 and 4 play a key role in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, the role of TLRs in the pathogenesis of HBV-related liver cirrhosis and their regulation of the innate immune response of patients with liver cirrhosis remain unknown. To assess the contribution of TLR2/4 in HBV-related liver cirrhosis, we examined the expression of circulating TLR2 and TLR4 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), CD4(+)CD25(+)CD127(low/-) Treg proportions, and CD3(+)/CD4(+)/CD8(+) T-cell counts in 30 liver cirrhosis patients, 21 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, and 16 normal controls (NC). Furthermore, we analyzed the relationship between TLR2/4 expression and Treg proportions and T-cell counts. We show that the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 was significantly upregulated in patients with liver cirrhosis compared to NC. TLR4 expression was significantly increased in patients with liver cirrhosis compared to patients with CHB, and for TLR2 expression there were no differences between them. TLR4 expression showed a significant positive correlation with the frequency of Tregs in liver cirrhosis patients. TLR2 expression negatively correlated with CD3(+)/CD4(+)/CD8(+) T-cell counts and HBV viral load in patients with liver cirrhosis. These findings indicate that TLR may be involved in the pathogenesis of HBV-related liver cirrhosis, and may interact with Tregs and CD3(+)/CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cells in the immune response during HBV-related liver cirrhosis.

Ti6Al4V is a difficult to machine alloy with low cutting efficiency and server tool wear. A series of orthogonal turning tests with CBN (Cubic Boron Nitride) in higher speed scale was carried out on a CA6140 lathe. The experiential functions of tool life based on orthogonal experiment were developed. The tool wear morphologies were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS), adhesion, diffusion and micro-chipping were the major wear mechanisms of CBN tool. Finally, the cutting parameters of CBN tool in Ti6Al4V dry turning were optimized based on tool life-efficiency contour analysis, in same cutting efficiency, the higher cutting speed and small depth of cut are the better selection, it means that utilization of CBN tool enables the high cutting speed turning of Ti6Al4V.

Vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation has been known to be predominant in vascular remodeling of pulmonary hypertensive. The GATA family proteins, a group of zinc finger transcription factors, play an important role during cell proliferation. The aim of present study was to investigate the expression of GATA-6 gene in experimental pulmonary hypertensive rats and explore the effect of regulation of GATA-6 expression by simvastatin on pulmonary vascular remodeling. The male Sprague-Dawley rats model was established with receiving pneumonectomy and monocrotaline (MCT) administration. Right pulmonary artery remodeling in these animals was compared with untreated rats or rats receiving simvastatin. The level of GATA-6 mRNA and protein expression was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting, respectively. Pneumonectomized, MCT-treated rats had significantly increased mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), RV/(LV + S) ratio (ratio of the right ventricular to left ventricular and septum weights), vascular occlusion scores (VOSs), and percent media wall thickness on day 35, all the indices were significantly decreased after simvastatin administration in these rats. The level of GATA-6 mRNA and protein were markedly decreased in these pneumonectomy and MCT-treated rats, and they were significantly up-regulated in these rats after receiving simvastatin. These results indicate that the development and progression of pulmonary hypertension is prevented by simvastatin by up-regulating GATA-6 expression in the lung tissue.

Cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been well shown to be elevated in brain injury and diseases. However, the significance of IL-6 production in such neuropathologic states remains controversial, and the intracellular signal-transduction pathways involved in the brain IL-6 action are primarily unclear. We previously indicated that exogenous IL-6 protected neurons against glutamate and N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) attacks and the effects of IL-6 was blocked by anti-gp130 antibody. Here, we provide further evidence for the IL-6 neuroprotection and show signal molecules transducing the IL-6 message. The cerebellar granule neurons from postnatal 8-day infant rats were exposed to IL-6 for 8 days, and also pretreated chronically with Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor AG490 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor PD98059. NMDA stimulated the cultured neurons for 30 min to induce neuronal injury and death. Cell counting kit-8 assay and Western blot were employed to measure neuronal vitality and cleaved caspase-3 expression, respectively. The chronic IL-6 exposure prevented the suppression of the neuronal vitality and the enhancement of the cleaved caspase-3 level induced by NMDA. The neuroprotective effect of IL-6 depended on IL-6 concentration and neuronal damaged degree. IL-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation was inhibited by AG490 but not by PD98059; and IL-6-induced ERK1/2 activation was blocked by PD98059 but not by AG490. Either AG490 or PD98059 blocked the IL-6 protection against the NMDA-elicited neuronal vitality decrease and caspase-3 activation increase. These findings suggest that IL-6 protects neurons from NMDA-induced excitoxicity and the IL-6 neuroprotection may be transduced by both JAK/STAT3 and RAS/MAPK pathways.

BACKGROUND Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a common heart condition which does considerable harm to the health of children and adolescents. CHD epidemiological characteristics of Tibetan children whose ages ranged from 4 to 18 years were investigated in Qinghai Province. METHODS A total of 32 578 Tibetan children, living at altitudes of 2535 m, 3600 m and 4200 m, were examined using a three-stage protocol: prescreening, rechecking and diagnosis using a color Doppler. The distribution of CHD at different altitudes was analyzed together with differences in occurrence according to age and gender. RESULTS A total of 235 CHD cases were discovered. The total prevalence of CHD was 7.21 per thousand. Prevalence of CHD has been shown to increase along with increase in altitude with 5.45 per thousand at an altitude of 2535 m, 6.80 per thousand at 3600 m and 9.79 per thousand at 4200 m. There were no statistically significant differences between the prevalence at 2535 m and 3600 m (chi(2) = 1.594, P > 0.05). However, there was a significant difference between the prevalence at 2535 m and 4200 m (chi(2) = 7.002, P < 0.01). Also, apparent differences existed between the prevalence at 3600 m and at 4200 m (chi(2) = 5.540, P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in prevalence according to age at an altitude of 2535 m, but the rate of CHD increased significantly along with increasing age at 3600 m and 4200 m. The total prevalence ratio of children aged from 16 to 18 years was significantly higher than that of children from 4 to 7, and from 8 to 12 with chi(2) values of 10.79 (P < 0.005), and 5.60 (P < 0.05) respectively. Within the constituent ratio of CHD, the prevalence of atrial septal defect (ASD) was the highest at 39.10%, followed by the prevalence of ventricular septal defect (VSD) at 32.8% and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) at 24.7%. Furthermore the proportion of the four categories of CHD varied at different altitude levels: at 2535 m, of those diagnosed with CHD, the prevalence rate of VSD was the highest at 43.5%, at 3600 m ASD was the highest at 42.8% and at 4200 m, PDA was the highest at 50.8%. CONCLUSION The epidemiological characteristics of CHD in Tibetan children may be associated with altitude levels.

The phase-shifting method is widely used in 3-D profile measurement with optoelectronic technology and phase unwrapping is an important link where in. The traditional methods are too complex and have low efficiency. A novel method of evaluating absolute phase is presented in this paper. The technique combined the grey code fringe with phase shifting technique and colored encoded grating pattern. The order of the projecting fringes ) , ( y x n can be obtained from only one distortional colored image. The procedure is relatively simple in experimental setup and algorithm. In addition, the speed of measurement is faster than current phase unwrapping algorithm. The experimental results have proved the validity of this method.

This paper introduced the machinability and the state-of-art of Ti6Al4V machining. Turning test with thee different tungsten carbide tool have be done at cutting speed 40, 80, 120, 160 m/min, the relationship between cutting force and cutting speed, cutting distance was analyzed, the influence of working cutting edge angle on the tool wear and cutting force was investigated as well. Finally, the tool wear and wear mechanics was analyzed.

Objective: This survey investigated the relationships among anxiety, depression, coping strategies and demographic characteristics of post-hysterectomy Chinese women before discharge and further determined the best predictors of anxiety and depression among this group. Methods: The sample consisted of 105 women who were administered, 1–2 days prior to discharge, via one-to-one interview, the Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale, the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale, the Brief COPE Scale and a demographic questionnaire. Results: Only 1.9% of the participants experienced anxiety, while 4.8% experienced depression after having a hysterectomy. Active coping, positive reframing, planning, emotional support and venting were the most frequently used coping strategies. Significant positive and negative correlations were found among anxiety, depression, coping strategies and the demographic characteristics of the subjects. The best predictors of anxiety were self-blame, venting and medical payment. The best predictors of depression were self-blame and employment status. Conclusion: Self-blame was the predictor of both anxiety and depression. It implied that a patient’s negative self-evaluation may influence both psychological status and mental health. The ways of medical payment and employment status were predictors of anxiety and depression respectively, both of which reflected the economic stress that affected the psychological status and quality of life of the Chinese women, post-hysterectomy, before discharge. The findings of this study indicate that care for Chinese women post-hysterectomy, before discharge, should address their physical, psychological, social and economic well-being.

Ultrahigh-Quality microcavity with whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) is a new kind of resonator with high quality. The evanescent wave of WGM plays an important role in surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). In this paper we study the relationship between coupling coefficient and evanescent wave of the WGM and the coupling character difference between the microsphere and the microstadium. Based on the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD), we calculate the coupling coefficient of different substances (water, C2H5OH, CHCL3, olive oil, C6H6 and CS2) with different dielectric constant and the mode volume ratio of the evanescent wave in microsphere and microstadium of the above substances in near field. The results show that (1) the mode volume ratio of evanescent wave will decrease with the increasing of the coupling coefficient; (2) the microstadium has a higher coupling coefficient than the sphere one.

To establish a nested case-control study cohort in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients and investigate the clinical characteristics, WHO subtype and risk factors associated with MDS evolution to leukemia of this cohort.All patients, ≥18 years of age, provided by 24 Shanghai hospitals with initial clinical findings consistent with a hematopoietic abnormality between June 2003 and April 2007, were the candidates for inclusion in this study. The blood and bone marrow samples of every patient should be provided at baseline. Diagnosis was made by incorporating morphologic, immunophenotypic, cytogenetic and molecular features according to WHO classification criteria. Cytogenetic analysis was performed using conventional G-banding karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques. Cumulative risk of evolution was estimated by Kaplan-Meier method. Prognostic factors were evaluated by univariate Log-rank method and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models.A total of 435 patients were diagnosed as MDS. The median age of MDS onset was 58(18-90) years, with 248 male patients and 187 female patients (male: female 1.33: 1). The percentage of cases with refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia (RCMD) was the highest (65.5%), while that of refraetory anemia (RA) (2.3%), refractory anenia with ring sideroblast (RARS) (1.1%) and 5q-syndrome (0.5%) was lower. Trisomy 8 (+8) was the most common chromosome abnormalities (71 cases, 12.7%). The mean follow-up time was 20.3 (4.2-57.1) months. Cases were patients with evolution by the end of follow-up, while controls were patients without evolution by that time. Case group included 41 patients and control group included 342 patients. Univariate analysis showed that the age, sex, WHO subtype, WBC count, absolute neutrophil count (ANC), IPSS cytogenetic subgroup, IPSS group and bone marrow blast percentage were significant risk factors for leukemia-free survival (LFS). Multivariate analysis of COX model showed that the age, sex, WHO subtype, IPSS cytogenetic subgroup and bone marrow blast were independent risk factors for LFS.A nested case-control study cohort of MDS patients is established. The clinical characteristics and WHO subtype of MDS patients in Chinese Shanghai are different from that in Western countries. The independent risk factors for MDS evolution are age, sex, WHO subtype, IPSS cytogenetic subgroup and bone marrow blast percentage.

To observe the therapeutic effect of Yishen Qingre Huashi Recipe (YQHR) in treating proteinuria of chronic glomerular disease patients with Pi-Shen deficiency complicated damp-heat syndrome (PSDCDHS).Totally 121 stage 1 -2 primary chronic glomerular disease patients with PSDCDHS were randomly assigned to the treated group (85 cases) and the control group (36 cases) according to 2:1. All patients received conventional and symptomatic treatment. Patients in the treated group took YQHR additionally, while those in the control group took Losartan Potassium Tablet (50 mg each time, once per day) additionally. The therapeutic course for all was 6 months. Changes of 24 h urine protein, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine(SCr), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were observed at different time points. And the difference in therapeutic effects were compared between the two groups.Compared with the control group after 6 months of treatment, 24 h urine protein obviously decreased in the treated group (P0. 05). There was no statistical difference in SCr, BUN, or eGFR between the two groups after 6 months of treatment (P0. 05). The total effective rate after 2, 4, and 6 months of treatment in the treated group was 77. 6% (66/85 cases), 82. 4% (70/85 cases), and 89. 4% (76/85 cases), respectively. They were 47. 2% (17/36 cases), 55. 6% (20/36 cases), and 61. 1% (22/36 cases) in the control group, respectively. Compared with before treatment in the treated group, the total effective effect after 6 months of treatment was higher than that after 2 months of treatment (χ2=4. 28, P0. 01). Compared with the control group at the same time points, the total effective rate in the treated group after 2, 4, and 6 months of treatment was higher (χ2=10. 87, 9. 53, 13.16, P0. 01).YQHR could significantly lower proteinuria in chronic glomerular disease patients with PSDCDHS, improve the clinical effect, thereby providing clinical evidence for treating chronic glomerular disease proteinuria from resolving dampness and clearing heat.

This study was designed to investigate the association of quality of life, perceived stigma, and medication adherence among Chinese patients with schizophrenia, and to ascertain the predictors of quality of life. A cross-sectional correlation study was conducted with 146 participants. All participants completed self-report scales: the Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale, Link's Stigma Scale, and the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale. Pearson parametric correlations and stepwise multiple regressions were performed. The total quality of life score and psychosocial subscale was significantly positively correlated with perceived stigma, coping orientation of withdrawal, and feelings of stigma, and negatively correlated with age and medication adherence. The means of all subscale scores except perceived devaluation-discrimination and different/guilty feelings were significantly higher than the midpoint of 2.5. The best predictors of quality of life and psychosocial domains were stigma-related feelings: feeling misunderstood, feeling different/shame, and age. Our findings suggest that an individual's negative emotional response may strengthen internalized stigma and decrease quality of life. As the best predictor, age indicated that adaptation to mental illness may relieve perceived stigma and achieve favorable quality of life.

To explore the therapeutic effect of Yishen Qufeng Shengshi Recipe (, YQSR) in patients with glomerular proteinuria METHODS: A total of 145 patients with glomerular proteinuria were selected and randomly assigned to the treatment group (108 cases) and the control group (37 cases) according to a random number table in a ratio of 3:1. All patients received conventional and symptomatic treatment. In addition, patients in the treatment and control groups were given YQSR (200 mL, twice per day, orally) and losartan (50 mg/d orally), respectively for 6 months. The 24-h urine protein quantity, blood urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine in the two groups were measured at multiple time points before and after treatment.At the end of the study, 5 cases were lost to follow-up in the treatment group and 1 in the control group. Finally, the statistical data included 103 cases in the treatment group and 36 cases in the control group. The total effectiveness after 2, 4, and 6 months was 81.6% (84/103), 87.4% (90/103), and 92.2% (95/103), respectively, in the treatment group and 47.2% (17/36), 55.6% (20/36), and 61.1% (22/36), respectively, in the control group, with significant difference between the two groups (P0.01 at all observation points). In the treatment group, the curative effect after 6 months was better than that after 2 months (P0.05). The 24-h urine protein quantity was significantly lower in the treatment group at 3, 4, 5, and 6 months than that in the control group (P0.05 or P0.01, respectively) CONCLUSION: YQSR could significantly reduce the amount of glomerular proteinuria in the early stage.

The community-based mental health services were encouraged to improve the quality of life for individuals with chronic mental disorders in Mainland China. This study aims to explore how the quality of life, perceived stigma, and medication adherence differ among a Chinese population with schizophrenia prior to and one-month following discharge.One hundred and twenty-eight Chinese people with schizophrenia completed the self-report scales: the Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale (SQLS), the Link' Stigma Scale, and the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) prior to discharge and at one month after discharge. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a paired sample t-test.The findings of SQLS demonstrate deterioration on psychosocial and motivation/energy domain (P0.001) accompanied by improvement of symptom/side effect (P0.05) after discharge. The scores of perceived stigma and actual stigma coping orientations (P0.001) after discharge were found to be significantly higher than before discharge. Medication adherence was significantly reduced after discharge than before discharge (P0.001).The results of this study provide implications for clinical practices, such as provision of psychosocial and educational rehabilitation programs for individuals who are in a stable mental status and plan to discharge; and to provide effective family education in order to improve family coping strategies and caring capabilities when patients return to the community. The findings provide important policy implications as well to facilitate individuals with schizophrenia to reintegrate into the community and benefit from a favorable QOL.

Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder, has been reported to be associated with brain neuroinflammation in its pathogenesis. Herein, changes in peripheral immune system were determined to better understand PD pathogenesis and provide possible target for treatment of PD through improvement of immune disorder.1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was intraperitoneally injected into mice to prepare PD model. Expression levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and transcription factors of CD4+ T lymphocyte subsets in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes and concentrations of the cytokines in serum were examined on day 7 after MPTP injection. Percentages of CD4+ T lymphocyte subsets were measured by flow cytometry.MPTP induced PD-like changes such as motor and behavioral deficits and nigrostriatal impairment. Expression levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines including interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-17 and IL-22, in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes were upregulated and their concentrations in serum were elevated in PD progression. But, the concentrations of the anti-inflammatory cytokines including IL-4, IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β were not altered in the two lymphoid tissues or serum of PD mice. In addition, expression of T-box in T cells (T-bet), the specific transcription factor of helper T (Th) 1 cells, was downregulated, but expression of transcription factor forkhead box p3 (Foxp3), the transcription factor of regulatory T (Treg) cells, was upregulated. In support of the results, the numbers of IFN-γ-producing CD4+ cells (Th1 cells) were reduced but CD4+CD25+ cells (Treg cells) were elevated in both the lymphoid tissues of PD mice.PD has a dysfunction of peripheral immune system. It manifests enhancement of proinflammatory response and CD4+ T cell differentiation bias towards Treg cells away from Th1 cells.

The carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acari: Tetranychidae), is an economically important and extremely polyphagous herbivorous pest, with the title of "resistance champion" among arthropods. Anticholinesterase insecticides such as organophosphate and carbamate account for more than one-third of global insecticide sales. The non-target toxicity and resistance problem of organophosphate and carbamate have become of growing concern, which may be due to the fact that they target the ubiquitous catalytic serine residue of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in mammals, birds, and beneficial insects. In this study, the structural differences between T. cinnabarinus AChE and human AChE, at or near the catalytic pocket, were illustrated. From the SPECS chemical lead-compound database, 55 AChE inhibitor candidates were screened for high affinity for T. cinnabarinus AChE, but low affinity for human AChE, using the DOCK 6 and AutoDock Vina software. Three of the fifty-five candidates had inhibitory activity greater than that of the reversible AChE inhibitor eserine, with no observed inhibitory activities against human AChE. Two of the three had toxicity to T. cinnabarinus comparable to that of natural insecticidal pyrethrins. However, their potency is low compared with that of etoxazole, and further work is needed to optimize their potency. The selectivity of the three compounds over human and mite AChE may be due to their interaction with the mite-specific residues, as analyzed by Cyscore. The three compounds are potential lead compounds for development of novel acaricides against T. cinnabarinus with reduced toxicity to non-target species and a low propensity for resistance.

Tetranychus cinnabarinus(Acari: Tetranychidae) is a worldwide polyphagous agricultural pest that has the title of resistance champion among arthropods. We reported previously the identification of the acaricidal compoundβ-sitosterol fromMentha piperitaandInula japonica. However, the acaricidal mechanism ofβ-sitosterol is unclear. Due to the limited genetic research carried out, wede novoassembled the transcriptome ofT. cinnabarinususing Illumina sequencing and conducted a differential expression analysis of control andβ-sitosterol-treated mites. In total, we obtained >5.4 G high-quality bases for each sample with unprecedented sequencing depth and assembled them into 22,941 unigenes. We identified 617 xenobiotic metabolism-related genes involved in detoxification, binding, and transporting of xenobiotics. A highly expanded xenobiotic metabolic system was found in mites.T. cinnabarinusdetoxification genes—including carboxyl/cholinesterase and ABC transporter class C—were upregulated afterβ-sitosterol treatment. Defense-related proteins, such as Toll-like receptor, legumain, and serine proteases, were also activated. Furthermore, other important genes—such as the chloride channel protein, cytochromeb, carboxypeptidase, peritrophic membrane chitin binding protein, and calphostin—may also play important roles in mites’ response toβ-sitosterol. Our results demonstrate that high-throughput-omics tool facilitates identification of xenobiotic metabolism-related genes and illustration of the acaricidal mechanisms ofβ-sitosterol.

In this paper the species of ethnic medicinal plants Orobanche, Cistanche and Boschniakia, and their ethnopharmaceutical uses were comprehensively summarized by field investigation, systematical data analysis and comparison of relevant specimen and references. The results showed that six plants belonging to Orobanche were used as seven kinds of ethnic medicinal plants, two plants attributing Boschniakia were used as ten kinds of ethnic medicinal plants, two plants of Cistanche were used as three ethnic medicinal plants. The same plant was often used as different ethnic medicine in varied ethnic minorities. The effects of the ethnic medicines included yang-tonifying, hemostasis and analgesic activities. Hence, it is necessary to develop the rich plant resource of Orobanche for alleviation of Cistanche resources shortage.

Up-regulation of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) to prevent the formation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides might be a promising strategy to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). RNA G-quadruplex motif within the 5'-UTR of the ADAM10 mRNA is an inhibitory element for ADAM10 translation. Thus, mitigation of the suppressive effect of this motif using an RNA G-quadruplex-forming G-rich sequence (QGRS) binder might be a new approach for AD therapy. Herein, a series of new methylquinolinium derivatives were synthesized and screened by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and the dual-luciferase reporter assay. Among them, compound 24 showed selective affinity for the QGRS of ADAM10 and could strongly up-regulate the translation of it. Moreover, treatment with 24 led to a significant increase of the secretion of sAPPα, consequently decreasing the Aβ40 in cellular. These results illustrate that the interaction between the RNA QGRS and a small molecule may be a new molecular strategy to modulate the translation of ADAM10.

To determine the effects of Syndrome Differentiated Chinese Medicine (TCM) Therapy on (CKD) 1-2 stage chronic kidney disease with proteinuria.A prospective randomized control study was undertaken in 11 centers. A total of 396 chronic nephritis patients were divided into a treatment group (n=297) and a control group (n=99). Their TCM syndrome was classified as "Qi and Yin Deficiency of spleen and kidney" or "Qi and Yang Deficiency of spleen and kidney", with accompanying syndromes showing as "water and dampness", "damp-heat", and "blood stasis". Patients in the treatment group took a dose of Chinese medicine daily in response to their syndromes, while the controls took 50 mg/d losartan. The course of treatment was 24 weeks. Changes of 24-hour urinary protein excretion and glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) before and after treatments (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 weeks), as well as clinical efficacy (after 4, 16, 24 weeks treatments) were measured.361 patients were included in the final program participants comply analysis (PPS). Patients in the treatment group showed gradual decreased 24-hour urinary protein excretion, whereas the controls remained unchanged. Significant differences in 24-hour urinary protein excretion appeared between the experimental and control group at week 20 and 24 (P0.05). eGFR decreased in all of the patients after treatments (P=0.0014). At three follow-up points, patients in the treatment group had higher eGFR than the controls, but without statistical significance (P0.05). Significant differences in clinical remission rate, marked effect rate and total effective rate were observed between the treatment and control groups at week 24 (P0.001).Syndrome differentiated TCM therapy can reduce the level of proteinuria in CKD 1-2 nephritis patients, promoting clinical effectiveness and protecting renal functions.

To explore the effects of NF-κB on proliferation of rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) inhibited by simvastatin.PASMC isolated from rats and cultured in vitro were randomly divided into four groups (n=6 each): control, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) treatment, PDGF+simvastatin treatment, and PDGF+simvastatin+parthenolide (NF-κB inhibitor) treatment. MTT colorimetric assay and flow cytometry were performed to detect cell proliferation and cell cycle distribution. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression of NF-κB protein. Real-Time PCR was performed to detect NF-κB mRNA expression.Compared with the control group, MTT values of PASMC at all time points, cell proportion at the S phase and G2+M phase, NF-κB protein and mRNA expression increased significantly in the PDGF group (P0.05). With the intervention of simvastatin, the levels of above indexes decreased compared with the PDGF group (P0.05). With the intervention of simvastatin and parthenolide, the levels of above indexes decreased more obviously, but were not significantly different from those in the simvastatin intervention group.Simvastatin can inhibit proliferation of PASMC and cell cycle process. NF-κB may play an important role in the inhibitory effect of simvastatin on the proliferation of PASMC.

In this paper, the character of profile material cutting is analyzed; the dynamic alliance structure of plastic window production and its quick response to the varied and individualized requirements are introduced; the formation of network manufacturing environment and the practice of NC technology in the environment are illustrated; and then the method of improving the material utilization and the ability of flexible manufacturing are put forward.

High efficiency, low offset voltage InGaP/GaAs power heterostructure-emitter bipolar transistors (HEBTs) have been demonstrated. The large signal performance of the HEBTs is characterized. Output power of 0.25 W with power added efficiency (PAE) of 63.5% at 1.9 GHz has been achieved from a 26-finger HEBT with total emitter area of 873.6 /spl mu/m/sup 2/. Output power of 1.0 W with PAE of 63% has been obtained from the composition of four above-mentioned power cells at the optimum conditions of impedance matching. The thermal performance of HEBT is presented and the results show better thermal management than conventional HBT. The experimental results demonstrate good power performance and capability of HEBTs.

We used an animal model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) to study changes and roles of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expressed by CD4+ T cell subsets, and then explore the relationship between CD4+ T cell subset-derived catecholamines and inflammatory responses in CIA.Thirty-six male DBA/1 mice were randomly divided into control group, CIA model group (day 35) and CIA model group (day 55) (n = 12). CIA model was induced by type II collagen (CII) in DBA/1 mice. On the 35th and 55th day following primary immunization, the joints of the mice were observed for clinical score of swelling and the level of anti-CII IgG antibody in serum was examined. Expression of specific transcription factors and cytokines of Th1, Th17, Th2 and Treg cells and TH in mesenteric lymph nodes was measured by means of Western blot. The changes of TH expressed by CD4+ T cell subsets in mesenteric lymph nodes were determined by flow cytometry.Clinical score and anti-CII antibody level increased in CIA compared with that in intact mice. Specific transcription factors and cytokines expressed by Th1 and Th17 cells were upregulated and cytokines expressed by Th2 and Treg cells were downregulated in mesenteric lymph nodes in CIA mice. Expression of TH was upregulated and the increased expression of TH in CD4+ T cells was attributed to Th1 and Th17 cells in mesenteric lymph nodes of CIA.The increase in catecholamines from CD4+ T cell subsets in mesenteric lymph nodes of CIA may be related to inflammatory alleviation in CIA progression.

We previously showed that the cerebellum modulates the immune system. Here we determined whether cerebellar ataxia alters immunological function to further demonstrate an involvement of the cerebellum in immune modulation.Neurotoxin 3-acetylpyridine (3-AP) was intraperitoneally injected in rats to induce cerebellar ataxia. Behavior and motor coordination were tested on day 7 following 3-AP injection. Nissl staining and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to determine neuronal loss and neurotransmitter contents, respectively, in all the three cerebellar nuclei, fastigial nucleus (FN), interposed nucleus (IN) and dentate nucleus (DN). T and B lymphocyte differentiation and function were measured by flow cytometry, Western blot and ELISA.3-AP induced motor discoordination and locomotor reduction. In all the three cerebellar nuclei, FN, IN and DN, there was a neuronal loss and a decrease in contents of glutamate and GABA (but not glycine) after 3-AP injection. Importantly, CD4+ T cells, but not CD8+ T cells, were increased by the 3-AP treatment. Moreover, interferon (IFN)-γ-producing cells and interleukin (IL)-17-producing cells were decreased in cerebellar ataxia rats, but IL-4-producing cells and CD25-expressing cells were increased. Expression of the T helper (Th)1- and Th17-related cytokines, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-17 and IL-22, was downregulated in CD4+ cells in cerebellar ataxia rats, while expression of the Th2 and regulatory T (Treg)-related cytokines, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, was upregulated. Furthermore, B lymphocyte number and anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) IgM and IgG antibody levels were elevated in cerebellar ataxia.Cerebellar ataxia alters cellular and humoral immunity.

Background The sex-determining region Y-box 17 (SOX17) is a member of the high mobility group (HMG) transcription factor family, which plays critical roles in the regulation of development and stem/precursor cell function. Recent evidence demonstrated that SOX17 acts as a tumor-suppressor gene, at least partly though repression of Wnt pathway activity. Methods Here we report that SOX17 methylation was detected in THP-1 and SKM-I cell lines and SOX17 mRNA levels was up-regulated by 5-aza-dC. To clarify the role of SOXI7 in MDS, methylation-specific PCR (MSP) was employed to examine the methylation status of SOX17 in 164 adult de novo MDS patients and 6 normal samples. Results We found that SOX17 methylation was presented in 58.5% (n = 96) of these patients and none of the normal samples. Methylation was correlated significantly with World Health Organization (WHO) subtypes and international prognostic scoring system (IPSS) risk group. Patients with advanced stages of WHO subtypes (69.6% vs. 44.4%, p = 0.001) and higher risk IPSS subgroups (69.8% vs. 48.8%, p = 0.010) exhibited a significantly higher frequency of SOX17 methylation. Though multivariate analysis indicated that SOX17 methylation status was not the independent factor that impacted overall survival (OS) (HR = 0.097), there were significant differences in marrow blast levels and the IPSS risk subgroups between patients with and without SOX17 methylation. Conclusions These findings suggest that the hypermethylation of SOX17 promoter may be one of the early events in the development of MDS and predicts poor prognosis.

Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that inhibits prokaryotic-like protein synthesis by blocking translocation of messenger RNA and transfer RNAs on the ribosome. Mutants resistant to this antibiotic have been isolated from a wide range of bacteria, the alga Chlamydomonas and from chloroplasts of different species of higher plants. Usually a single nucleotide substitution occurred on chloroplast 16S ribosome RNA gene is sufficient to resist spectinomycin. Mutation rates of 16S rRNA gene of Nicotiana tabacum L treated with different concentrations of spectinomycin were studied. The results showed a sharp decrease of green resistant shoots from 30 to 300 mg l-1 spectinomycin, then an increase from 300 to 500 mg l-1 and finally a gradual decrease from 500 to 1000 mg l-1. The increasing number of green resistant shoots from 300 to 500 mg l-1 spectinomycin indicates that the higher selective pressure applied by the antibiotic promoted a faster evolutionary rate of 16S rRNA gene. Furthermore, a new substitution site of 16S rDNA which conferred resistance to spectinomycin was isolated and confirmed by sequencing, endorsing that mutation is due to selection through high concentration of the antibiotic.

To investigate the role of distribution and phylogeny of phenylethanoid glycoside in medicinal plants of Gesneriaceae, five phenylpropanoid glycosides, acteoside, paraboside B, isonuomioside A, paraboside II, and paraboside III were quantitatively determined in 12 species of Gesneriaceae by HPLC. The existence and content of these compounds were analyzed. The results showed that phenylethanoid glycosides were found in the most of those plants, but the kind of phenylethanoid glycosides varied in different species. Acteoside distribute in most of this plant group, paraboside B, isonuomioside A, paraboside II, and paraboside III were rare in those plants. The results of this study support morphological viewpoint that Trib. Trichosporeae is more developmental than Trib. Didymocarpeae.

Pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase are efficient enzymes for ethanol production in Zymomonas mobilis. These two enzymes were over-expressed in Escherichia coli, a promising candidate for industrial ethanol production, resulting in high ethanol production in the engineered E. coli. To investigate the intracellular changes to the enzyme overexpression for homoethanol production, 2-DE and LC–MS/MS were performed. More than 1,000 protein spots were reproducibly detected in the gel by image analysis. Compared to the wild-type, 99 protein spots showed significant changes in abundance in the recombinant E. coli, in which 46 were down-regulated and 53 were up-regulated. Most proteins related to tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycerol metabolism and other energy metabolism were up-regulated, whereas proteins involved in glycolysis and glyoxylate pathway were down-regulated, indicating the rewired metabolism in the engineered E. coli. As glycolysis is the main pathway for ethanol production, and it was inhibited significantly in engineered E. coli, further efforts should be directed at minimizing the repression of glycolysis to optimize metabolism network for higher yields of ethanol production.

The highest qubit Ardehali inequality violation with 203 standard deviations is first experimentally demonstrated using the hyper-entangled four-photon-eight-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state. Moreover, we experimentally investigate the robustness of the Ardehali inequality for the four-, six-, and eight-qubit GHZ states in a rotary noisy environment systematically. Our results first validate the Ardehali' theoretical statement of relation between violation of Ardehali inequality and particle number, and proved that Ardehali inequality is more robust against noise in larger number qubit GHZ states, and provided an experimental benchmark for us to estimate the safety of quantum channel in the noisy environment.

The carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval), is a major agriculture pest. It can be found worldwide, has an extensive host plant range, and has shown resistance to pesticides. Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides account for more than one-third of all insecticide sales. Insecticide resistance and the toxicity of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides to mammals have become a growing concern. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the major targeted enzyme of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. In this study, we fully cloned, sequenced and characterized the ace1 gene of T. cinnabarinus, and identified the differences between T. cinnabarinus AChE1, Tetranychus urticae Koch AChE1, and human AChE1. Resistance-associated target-site mutations were displayed by comparing the AChE amino acid sequences and their AChE three-dimensional (3D) structures of the insecticide-susceptible strains of T. cinnabarinus and T. urticae to that of a T. urticae-resistant strain. We identified variation in the active-site gorge and the sites interacting with gorge residues by comparing AChE1 3D structures of T. cinnabarinus, T. urticae, and humans, though their 3D structures were similar. Furthermore, the expression profile of T. cinnabarinus AChE, at the different developmental stages, was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; the transcript levels of AChE were higher in the larvae stage than in other stages. The changes in AChE expression between different developmental stages may be related to their growth habits and metabolism characteristics. This study may offer new insights into the problems of insecticide resistance and insecticide toxicity of nontarget species.

The multiphoton Jaynes–Cummings model is theoretically generalized to the simplest case of collectively radiating atoms. For this Jaynes–Cummings model, we find its supersymmetric structure. Based on this, we introduce a supersymmetric unitary transformation to diagonalize the Hamiltonian, and in so doing, its eigenvalues and eigenfunctions are obtained. Some transition processes are calculated.

This study investigated the quality of bamboo shoot shell silage prepared with or without rice straw (RS) or/and wheat bran (WB), and to evaluate their nutritive value in terms of chemical composition, ruminal degradation characteristics, and voluntary intake by lambs. The bamboo shoot shells silages were prepared in experimental silos to create four treatments: (1) 100% (fresh basis) bamboo shoot shells (control); (2) 90% bamboo shoot shells+10% RS (RS10); (3) 90% bamboo shoot shells+5% RS and 5% WB (RS5WB5), and (4) 90% bamboo shoot shells+10% WB (WB10). Voluntary intakes of the silages were determined in a 4×4 Latin square design with four lambs. The bamboo shoot shell silage alone was of poor quality with moulding and seepage to the bottom of the silo. Addition of RS or/and WB improved silage quality, but addition of WB was superior to that with RS. The DM loss was very high in control silage (>17%), but addition with RS increased DM recovery, with little effect on quality of silage. Recovery of DM further increased in both WB-added groups and was higher than that in the RS-added silage. Adding WB improved the quality of silage, judged by a lower pH value, decreased NH 3 -N concentration and increased content of lactic and total acids. While adding RS decreased the ruminal degradation of DM and crude protein of bamboo shoot shells silage, WB addition increased both rapidly and slowly degraded fractions of bamboo shoot shells silage, and ruminal degradability of DM and crude protein at 48h was increased. Voluntary DM intake of bamboo shoot shells silage was 32, 67 and 120% higher for groups RS10, RS5WB5 and WB10 than for the control. The CP intake was 18, 55, and 232% higher with addition of 10% RS, 10% RS plus 5% WB, and 10% WB, compared to the control. Improved performance of lambs may be expected from bamboo shoot shell silage prepared with RS or/and WB, but improvements are substantively higher for WB.