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Currently, the hazy weather in China is increasingly serious. It is urgent for China to reduce haze emissions in environmental governance. A feasible way is to control haze emissions by optimizing the input sources. This paper proposed an innovative method in which the haze emission is controlled by readjusting input indicators. The output efficiency of input indicators in 29 provinces in China is calculated through 7 input indicators (namely, SO emissions, NO emissions, soot emissions, coal consumption, car ownership, capital, and labor force) as well as GDP (desirable output) and PM emissions (undesirable output). The results showed that the input indicators are excessive in redundancy on condition that PM emissions and GDP are equal. The input indicators are high in redundancy rate except labor force. The redundancy rates of soot emissions, SO emissions and coal consumption are relatively high and, respectively, are 78, 67.18, and 61.14%. Moreover, all the provinces are redundant in inputs except Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai which are optimal in input-output efficiency. The redundancy of middle and western provinces, such as Ningxia, Guizhou, and Shanxi, is relatively large. The ideas and methods proposed in this paper can provide a reference for the future researches that aim to reduce the input indicators of undesirable output, and the empirical results can provide empirical support for the PM abatement in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There have been no previous report of hand joint destruction prevalence in Chinese rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and potential factors of hand joint destruction among RA patients from Nantong China. In addition, we wanted to examine the differences between functional capacity, psychological status, and quality of life in patients with hand joint destruction compared to those without hand joint destruction.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University between July 2015 and June 2016. RA patients completed questionnaires for demographic or clinical variables, the 10-cm Visual Analog Scale for pain, the 28-joint Disease Activity Score-erythrocyte sedimentation rate for disease activity, the Health Assessment Questionnaire-disability index for physical function, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale for anxiety and depression, and the Short Form 36 health survey for quality of life. Laboratory examinations were taken to obtain some biochemical indicators (e.g., rheumatoid factor, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody). X-ray assessment of hand was performed and hand joint destruction was defined as Sharp score > 0. Independent sample t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test, Chi-square test, and multivariate analysis using backward stepwise logistic regression model were used to analyze these data.Results: One hundred and sixty-one RA patients were included in this study. Radiographic findings revealed that almost 47.2% (n = 76) of patients had hand joint destruction. Multivariate analysis found that education ≤ 9 years (p = 0.041), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody positive (p = 0.021), high disease activity (p = 0.020), and long disease duration (p < 0.001) were important potential risk factors of hand joint destruction. Participants with hand joint destruction tended to have lower physical function and quality of life, and more severe depressive symptoms compared to individuals without hand joint destruction.Conclusions: 47.2% of people with RA from Nantong China experienced hand joint destruction. Education, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody, disease activity, and disease duration had great impacts on hand joint destruction. The results suggested that rheumatologists should pay attention to RA patients' hand joint destruction, especially those with low education levels, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody positive, high disease activity, and long disease duration by patient education or other ways to improve patients' prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessment of the health and economic impacts of PM2.5pollution is of great importance for urban air pollution prevention and control. In this study, we evaluate the damage of PM2.5pollution using Beijing as an example. First, we use exposure–response functions to estimate the adverse health effects due to PM2.5pollution. Then, the corresponding labour loss and excess medical expenditure are computed as two conducting variables. Finally, different from the conventional valuation methods, this paper introduces the two conducting variables into the computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to assess the impacts on sectors and the whole economic system caused by PM2.5pollution. The results show that, substantial health effects of the residents in Beijing from PM2.5pollution occurred in 2013, including 20,043 premature deaths and about one million other related medical cases. Correspondingly, using the 2010 social accounting data, Beijing gross domestic product loss due to the health impact of PM2.5pollution is estimated as 1286.97 (95% CI: 488.58–1936.33) million RMB. This demonstrates that PM2.5pollution not only has adverse health effects, but also brings huge economic loss. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has high sensitivity but low specificity for breast cancer, and consequently, new techniques to improve the specificity of breast MRI in diagnosing breast cancer are under development.Purpose: To assess the ability of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) compared with the ADC ratio (ADCr) to differentially diagnose benign compared with malignant breast lesions.Material and Methods: Forty-eight women with breast lesions (average age, 45 years) underwent MRI scanning including T1-weighted dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) scanning and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). The average ADC and ADCr values for both lesions and pectoralis major muscles (ADCrmuscle and ADCrmuscle) were measured in patients with malignant (n = 25) and benign (n = 23) breast lesions. The ADCr of the contralateral breast (ADCr contralateral) was also evaluated. All histology was confirmed by pathological analysis of biopsied tissue. ADC and ADCr values were analyzed using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves.Results: For benign lesions compared with malignant lesions, lesion-side ADC was 1.45 vs. 1.05, respectively (P < 0.001), normal-side ADC was 1.82 vs.1.64 (P = 0.002), ADCrmuscle was 1.35 vs. 0.9 (P < 0.001), and ADCrcontralateral was 0.79 vs. 0.64 (P = 0.001). ADCrmuscle showed higher sensitivity (82.61%) and specificity (96.00%) than ADCrcontralateral (60.87% and 92.00%, respectively) and ADC (69.57% and 96.00%) for discriminating malignant from benign lesions. The AUC using ADCrmuscle had higher discriminatory power (0.92, P < 0.001) for malignant versus benign breast lesions compared with either ADC (0.82, P < 0.001) or ADCrcontralateral (0.78, P = 0.001).Conclusion: The ADCrmuscle value showed higher sensitivity and specificity and improved diagnostic accuracy compared with either ADC or ADCrcontralateral in differentiating benign from malignant breast lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While political disputes occur frequently and widely among many countries, their impact on the international trade is unclear and less systematically investigated. Considering the 2012 Diaoyu Islands Dispute, under several premised assumptions, this paper applies the international trade Inoperability Input-Output Model to determine the indirect economic loss and to screen out Chinese industries that are sensitive to the dispute. Results based on Leontief's technical coefficients matrix show that the total indirect economic loss of China's gross trade is between RMB 540.4226 billion and RMB 1023.3068 billion. Industries that are sensitive to the dispute include electrical equipment and machinery, general special equipment manufacturing, metal smelting and rolling processing, manufacture and processing of metals and metal products, and chemical. The empirical findings suggest that China establish an early-warning mechanism and trade assistance system, so that key industries that were damaged could be properly compensated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The systematic development of the hydrogen energy industry is inseparable from government subsidies and co llaboration among enterprises in the industrial chain. Unlike existing studies on the overall impact of government subsidies on enterprise economic profits, this study discusses the impact of research and development (R&D) and production subsidies on the economic profits of upstream and midstream enterprises in the hydrogen energy industry chain. The empirical results based on hydrogen-related A-share listed enterprises from 2011 to 2019 in China show that the government's R&D and production subsidies have effectively improved the economic benefits of hydrogen energy enterprises. In particular, government R&D subsidies significantly improve the economic profits of upstream enterprises, whereas production subsidies have insignificant effects. For midstream enterprises that produce hydrogen fuel cells, the economic effect of government production subsidies is more significant than that of R&D subsidies. The results of this study may provide references for optimizing the distribution of subsidies in the hydrogen energy industry chain and promoting the sound development of the hydrogen energy industry worldwide. • Government subsidies promote the profit of hydrogen energy enterprises. • R&D subsidies promote the profit of upstream hydrogen energy enterprises. • Production subsidies are more effective for midstream hydrogen energy enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Japanese government intended to discharge more than 1.2 million tons of nuclear wastewater from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean, arousing great attention from governments and people around the world. Using the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model, this article describes the impact of this event on the economic output of global countries and regions under different scenarios. The empirical results showed that: (1) The negative effects caused by nuclear wastewater discharge would reduce the GDP of affected areas, while other unaffected areas will increase. The total global social welfare loss could reach up to 219.8 billion U.S. dollars, accounting for 0.26% of global GDP in 2020. In addition, this negative impact would increase with the expansion of nuclear wastewater. (2) The discharge of nuclear wastewater would increase the trade imbalance between several regions and reduce the total production value of most countries or regions. This paper evaluated the economic losses caused by the discharge of nuclear wastewater on global countries or regions, and further revealed the negative consequences of the discharge of nuclear wastewater into the ocean. [Display omitted] • The GTAP model assessed the impact of Fukushima nuclear wastewater discharge on the global economy. • The total global social welfare loss will reach up to 219.8 billion U.S. dollars. • The nuclear wastewater discharge would reduce the GDP of affected areas, while other unaffected areas will increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A dynamic general equilibrium model about air pollution in china was established. • Empirical impacts of environmental regulation on air pollution in china were analysed. • Reasons about recent decline in china's air pollution were provided. In recent years, the average concentration of PM 2.5 in China's air pollution has generally declined, but literature discussing reasons for the decline are scarce. This study provides an explanation of the reasons for the decline in China's air pollution through theoretical model construction and simulation. Firstly, a DGE (Dynamic General Equilibrium) model, including time and space dimensions, is used to describe the mechanism for energy structure adjustment and environmental regulation affecting air pollution in China. Secondly, the parameters of the theoretical model are adjusted for simulation. The simulation results show that the government environmental control has positive policy effect, both in reducing air pollution and in promoting economic growth, while energy structure adjustment only works in curbing air pollution. Further simulations found that the effectiveness of government environmental control depends on whether there are regional differences in policy implementation and the choice of policy paths. Thirdly, panel data from 286 cities at prefecture level and above in China from 2010 to 2018 verified the simulation. The empirical results verified the availability of government environmental control and energy structural adjustment in improving air quality. From the analysis of heterogeneity, the government environmental control showed better air pollution control effect in big cities, and the policy effect of government environmental control was gradually improving over time. The following policy implications are proposed: research on alternative energy sources, adjustment of energy structure, and the coordinated development of government environmental control in various regions are the main strategies for improving air quality. Adopting the "fast first and then slow" governance policy, designing the "north first and then south," and "heavy first and lighter" air pollution control measures can achieve better control effects. Figure 1 Research framework [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study applies the DEA-Malmquist productivity index methodology to estimate the total factor productivity of the three major cruise companies worldwide from 2003 to 2022. This is done in an effort to reveal the resilience characteristics under the impact of the epidemic shock and examine the features of the growth of operational efficiency in the cruise sector. The findings indicate that Tech is the primary factor causing an increase in the TFP of cruise firms, while scale efficiency change is the primary method of technical efficiency change improvement. This study analyzes the efficacy of the commercial methods employed by significant cruise lines in response to the outbreak,in order to understand the resilience of major cruise companies under the impact of the epidemic. The framework for reaction countermeasures and the essential components of technological efficiency enhancement for cruise operating enterprises are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A framework of water quality factors analysis considering scale effect is developed. • The optimal scales of influencing factors on water quality in YJRB are given. • Optima-scale non-linear effects of influencing factors on water quality are found. • Thresholds for key factors that accelerate water quality degradation are clarified. Accurately identifying the optimal spatial scales of effect analysis of influencing factors on water quality is crucial for effective water environment management. To address this, we propose a framework that consists of mix scale division (watersheds, riparian buffers, and circular buffers), and conduct a case study in the Yuanjiang River Basin (YJRB). Scale effects and non-linear impacts of various influencing factors on water quality were identified. The case study results revealed the variations of these water quality indicators were predominated by different influencing factors at various sales, such as by slope (SL) at the scale of riparian buffer (w) = 500 m and circular buffer (r) = 15 km (with a contribution percentage of 16.6 %), mean annual temperature (TE) at the watershed scale (23.4 %), annual precipitation (PR) at the scale of w = watershed and r = 15 km etc. The percentage of cultivated land (CL) > 28 % at the scale (w = 500 m, r = 50 km) will lead to increase in total phosphorus (TP) and SL > 26° at the scale (w = 500 m, r = 15 km) will lead to increase in pondus hydrogenii (pH). While, POP > 30 person per unit area at the scale (w = 100 m, r = 1 km), SL > 24° at the scale (w = 500 m, r = 15 km), NDVI > 0.48 at the scale (w = 500 m, r = 5 km) and PR > 1300 mm at the scale (w = watershed, r = 15 km) will lead to decrease in ammonia nitrogen (NH 3 -N) , total nitrogen (TN), electrical conductivity (EC) and turbidity (NTU) respectively. Results indicated that the precision can be improved by regulating influencing factors within scale effects and considering the non-linear effects of factors on water quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Confronted with the constraints of carbon dioxide reduction, R&D improves the production efficiency of enterprises. However, China's diversified economic entity structure makes enterprises with different attributes exhibit different R&D behaviors under the constraints of external carbon dioxide reduction. This paper takes Ten Thousand Enterprises Plan as an example, which belongs to the front-end policy and restricts the enterprise's carbon emission rights, reveals the impact of carbon dioxide reduction constraint on enterprises' R&D investment and alleviates the endogenous bias of previous research. Moreover, this paper explores the moderating effect of ownership structure on the relationship between carbon dioxide reduction policy and enterprises' R&D investment. The results show that the relationship between carbon reduction policy and enterprises' R&D investment in China is manifested as a significant "cost effect", that is, mandatory carbon emission reduction policy limits the expansion of enterprises' R&D investment scale. Comparing state-owned enterprises with non-state-owned enterprises, carbon dioxide reduction policy can hardly stimulate the R&D investment in non-state-owned enterprises, while the state-owned enterprises can easily obtain factor resources, which decreases carbon emission reduction costs and improve R&D investment intention, resulting in stronger R&D behaviors. • Alleviates the endogenous bias of previous research focus on carbon dioxide reduction and R&D based on front-end policy. • Policy implementation limits enterprises' R&D investment through investment intention and carbon dioxide reduction cost. • Carbon dioxide reduction policy hardly stimulates the R&D investment in non-state-owned enterprises. • Incentivizing investment intention and reducing reduction costs are effective ways to enhance the policy effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization has been viewed as an important factor in rapidly increasing carbon emissions. While urbanization relates to various aspects across space and time, a comprehensive assessment of its influences on carbon emission remains scare. In order to explore the multiple effects of urbanization on carbon emissions, a spatial panel data model was applied in this study, by combing nighttime light remote sensing data form 1995 to 2015 in the case of Zhejiang, China. The results showed that on time series, carbon emissions showed an overall trend of growing rapidly first and slowing down then, and its growth rate was closely related to the socio-economic development. Spatially, high carbon emission areas were mainly concentrated in the northeast and eastern coastal areas, while the southwest regions were the main low-carbon emission areas. Furthermore, the investigation of impact factors revealed that the expansion and fragmentation of urban land, augment of the secondary industry, and consumption behavior would lead to growth in carbon emissions, while the connectivity between urban lands, rising of urban population, and residents' low-carbon awareness could promote carbon mitigation. To be noticed, the impact of economic growth on carbon emissions may gradually be weakening as the industry upgrades. Overall, this research has provided a useful insight into the relationship between urbanization and carbon emissions that can support policy makers and urban planners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of air pollution is one of the hotspots attracting continuous scholarly attention, but the comprehensive statistical and visual analysis reviews are few. Employing the method of bibliometric analysis, this paper took the relevant literature from 1996 to April 2022 on the Web of Science as the research object. Through the methods of keyword co-occurrence analysis and burst analysis, the spatiotemporal evolution trend, cooperation network, outstanding scholars, knowledge base, and research focus of air pollution impact research are visually presented. Via constructing a common word matrix of high-frequency words, clustering analysis is used to aggregate high-frequency keywords into 24 clusters. By the strategic coordinate analysis method, the relationships within and between clusters were revealed. The main findings include (1) research on the impact of air pollution mainly focusing on human health; (2) the six keywords with the highest centrality are California, hydrocarbons, dioxide, generation, Asia, and diesel; (3) these 11 clusters may be developed into future research hotspots: particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, mortality, ozone, pollution, air quality, asthma, children, epidemiology, aerosols, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; and (4) seven topics are research hot: daily mortality, long-term exposure, coronary heart disease, concentration, North China plain, traffic-related air pollution, and air pollution., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

To explore the value of the combined MR imaging features and clinical factors Nomogram model in predicting intractable postpartum hemorrhage (IPH) due to placenta accreta (PA). We conducted a retrospective study with 270 cases of PA patients admitted to our hospital from January 2015 to December 2022. The clinical data of these patients were analyzed, and they were divided into 2 groups: the IPH group and the non-IPH group based on the presence of IPH. The differences in data between the 2 groups were compared, and the risk factors for IPH were analyzed. A Nomogram model was constructed using independent high-risk factors, and the predictive value of this model for IPH was analyzed. The results of multivariable binary Logistic regression analysis showed higher number of cesareans, placenta previa, placenta accreta type (implantation, penetration), low signal strip on T2 weighted image (T2WI) were independent high-risk factor for IPH (P < .05). ROC analysis and Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test showed the Nomogram predictive model constructed with the high-risk factor has good discrimination and calibration. Decision curve analysis (DCA) showed that when the probability threshold for the Nomogram model's prediction was in the range from 0.125 to 0.99, IPH patients could obtain more net benefits, making it suitable for clinical application. The higher number of cesareans, placenta previa, placental accreta type (implantation, penetration), and low signal strip on T2WI are independent high-risk factor for IPH. The Nomogram predictive model constructed with the high-risk factor demonstrates good clinical efficacy in predicting the occurrence of IPH due to PA., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

This paper innovatively constructed an analytical and forecasting framework to predict PM 2.5 concentration levels for 16 municipal districts in Shanghai. By means of XGBoost parameters adjustment, empirical mode decomposition, and model fusion, improvements are made on XGBoost prediction accuracy and stability so that prediction deviation at extreme points can be avoided. The main findings of this paper can be summarized as follows: 1) Compared with the original model, the goodness of fit of the modified XGBoost model on the test set increased by 17 %, and the root mean square error decreased by 28 %; 2) The variation of PM 2.5 concentration in Shanghai has a significant seasonal (cyclical) effect, and its fluctuation period is 3 months (a quarter). In winter, the frequency of extreme value points is significantly higher than that in other seasons; 3) In terms of spatial distribution, the PM 2.5 concentration in the central city of Shanghai is higher than that in the rural areas, and the PM 2.5 concentration gradually decreases from center city to the surrounding areas. The innovation and contribution of this paper can be summarized as follows: 1) EEMD algorithm verified by SSA was used to decompose the original model without reconstructing all subsequences and get the best weighing among each part of the hybrid model by using variable weight assignment; 2) The city was cut into pieces according to administrative districts in avoid of the duplicate analysis when utilizing advised Kriging interpolation; 3) IDW method was applied to verified Kriging interpolation to increase the accuracy; 4) The latitude and longitude were innovatively converted into the arc length of the corresponding spherical surface; 5) Hierarchical analysis method was used to obtain the order of importance among the PM 2.5 monitoring stations, which could improve the accuracy and achieve dimension reduction., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

As the division of work within the world economic system becomes increasingly complex, the impact of disturbing events on the economic system is expanding. Recently, Japan proposed to discharge nuclear wastewater into the Pacific Ocean, which will cause damage to marine fisheries, thereby seriously affecting fisheries and other industries in Japan and other countries and regions around the world. Considering different scenarios of final and intermediate demand shifting, this paper uses the Inoperability Input-Output Model (IIM) and Multi-Region Input-Output Model (MRIO) to simulate the economic consequences of nuclear wastewater discharge in Japan and calculate the economic changes of each industry and country (region). The results show that: In the short term, when only the final demand for Japanese fishery products decreases. (1) The ten countries (regions) with significant economic losses are Japan, the United States, Chinese Taipei, Canada, Chile, South Africa, Mexico, Peru, the United Kingdom, and Ireland. (2) The ten countries (regions) with a significant increase in total output due to demand shift are China (People's Republic of), the Rest of the World, India, Indonesia, Viet Nam, the Philippines, Brazil, Myanmar, the Russian Federation, and Malaysia. (3) A ranking of changes in the total output of different industries. In the long term, when both intermediate and final demand for Japanese fishery products decrease. (4) The change in value added in Japan. (5) The change in value added of 67 countries (regions) worldwide. The ten countries (regions) with the most significant increase in value-added are the Russian Federation, China (People's Republic of), the Rest of the World, the United States, Indonesia, Australia, Norway, Korea, Viet Nam, and Myanmar. The ten countries (regions) with the most significant decrease in value-added are Japan, Chinese Taipei, Chile, South Africa, Peru, Thailand, Mexico, Cambodia, Costa Rica, and Morocco. Changes in value added of 45 industrial sectors worldwide., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The growth of China's OFDI (outward foreign direct investment) is a unique feature of the "Belt and Road" project. Does China's OFDI have a green halo effect on countries along the Belt and Road (B&R)? Is this green halo effect somehow asymmetrical? What is the underlying mechanism? This paper systematically examines how China's OFDI exerts its influence on green technology spillovers, based on 56 B&R countries' 2003-2019 panel data. This study makes three significant findings: Firstly, China's OFDI has positive asymmetric characteristics in promoting green technology spillovers to host countries mentioned, which have lower income levels and openness. Secondly, strict relative environmental regulation can act as a "pressure pool," significantly enhancing the "green halo effect"; Thirdly, China's OFDI can help host countries obtain more green technology spillovers through three channels: expanding host countries' economic scale, upgrading host countries' industrial structure, and suppressing host countries' use of non-renewable energy. These findings point the way for 56 host countries to better accessing green technology spillovers., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Since December 2019, the COVID-19 epidemic has been spreading continuously in China and many countries in the world, causing widespread concern among the whole society. To cope with the epidemic disaster, most provinces and cities in China have adopted prevention and control measures such as home isolation, blocking transportation, and extending the Spring Festival holiday, which has caused a serious impact on China's output of various sectors, international trade, and labor employment, ultimately generating great losses to the Chinese economic system in 2020. But how big is the loss? How can we assess this for a country? At present, there are few analyses based on quantitative models to answer these important questions. In the following, we describe a quantitative-based approach of assessing the potential impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on the economic system and the sectors taking China as the base case. The proposed approach can provide timely data and quantitative tools to support the complex decision-making process that government agencies (and the private sector) need to manage to respond to this tragic epidemic and maintain stable economic development. Based on the available data, this article proposes a hypothetical scenario and then adopts the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model to calculate the comprehensive economic losses of the epidemic from the aspects of the direct shock on the output of seriously affected sectors, international trade, and labor force. The empirical results show that assuming a GDP growth rate of 4-8% in the absence of COVID-19, GDP growth in 2020 would be -8.77 to -12.77% after the COVID-19. Companies and activities associated with transportation and service sectors are among the most impacted, and companies and supply chains related to the manufacturing subsector lead the economic losses. Finally, according to the calculation results, the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions are put forward: disaster recovery for key sectors such as the labor force, transportation sector, and service sectors should be enhanced; disaster emergency rescue work in highly sensitive sectors should be carried out; in the long run, precise measures to strengthen the refined management of disaster risk with big data resources and means should be taken., (© 2021 Society for Risk Analysis.)

In an attempt to investigate the impact of major events on urban air quality in terms of the extent, duration and spatial scope, data on the daily air quality index and the concentrations of individual pollutants are collected in 140 cities of China from January 2, 2015, to November 28, 2017. Based on a spatial differences-in-differences, the impact of major events, such as political conferences, sporting events at the national level, on urban air quality in the dimensions of time and space are explored. It is concluded that major events not only affected the air quality of the host city, but also exercised influence on the air quality of the surrounding areas. Recommendations for mitigating the impact of major events on urban air quality have been proposed, such as establish regional atmospheric environment management system and formulate regional unified standards for pollutant discharge, industrial access and law enforcement., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. part of Springer Nature 2021.)

Assessment of the health and economic impacts of PM2.5 pollution is of great importance for urban air pollution prevention and control. In this study, we evaluate the damage of PM2.5 pollution using Beijing as an example. First, we use exposure-response functions to estimate the adverse health effects due to PM2.5 pollution. Then, the corresponding labour loss and excess medical expenditure are computed as two conducting variables. Finally, different from the conventional valuation methods, this paper introduces the two conducting variables into the computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to assess the impacts on sectors and the whole economic system caused by PM2.5 pollution. The results show that, substantial health effects of the residents in Beijing from PM2.5 pollution occurred in 2013, including 20,043 premature deaths and about one million other related medical cases. Correspondingly, using the 2010 social accounting data, Beijing gross domestic product loss due to the health impact of PM2.5 pollution is estimated as 1286.97 (95% CI: 488.58-1936.33) million RMB. This demonstrates that PM2.5 pollution not only has adverse health effects, but also brings huge economic loss.

To mitigate and control the eutrophication of the waters in Fuxian Lake bay, 1 hm2 Yaonigou constructed wetland was built on the north Fuxian lakeshore, and the P removal of the wastewater from Yaonigou River was investigated by the techniques of precipitation pond, oxidation pond, and subsurface-and surface flow constructed wetland. The results demonstrated that this constructed wetland had a very strong capacity (7.8% - 81.1%) of total phosphorus (TP) removal. The average removal rate of TP was 54.9%, and the TP retention in the constructed wetland was 265mg x m(-2) x d(-1), of which, plant assimilation was 26.1 mg x m(-2) x d(-1), about 10% of the total. The TP removal was mainly through adsorption and sedimentation, but the seasonal growth dynamics of main plant Oenanthe javanica could have a definite effect on the efficiency of TP removal. During the examination, the TP retention capacity was in order of subsurface flow constructed wetland > oxidation pond > precipitation pond > surface flow constructed wetland.