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This article is organized to analyze concept of incorporation and China as a case study through inquiring how the process of integration of China to the Modern World System- Capitalist World Economy occured. Firstly theoretical basis is tried to be emphasized and then following the subject of China’s brief historical background, it is examined the main characteristics and some statistics of China’s economic change before concluding remarks. Those who reads this work will be able to find general information about the Capitalist World Economy, Incorporation concept and China’s place in this structure. There is a wide range of literature on the history and economic power of China, and all these resources have helped a lot to analyze this work. China's increasingly massive economic share shows that the world system needs to be questioned and some analysis is needed. In this study, it is analyzed whether there is an overlap between China's ideological identity and its place in the world system (claimed) and the integration process., {"references":["Arrighi, G. (2005a). Hegemony Unravelling—1. New Left Review 32.","Arrighi, G. (2005b). Hegemony Unravelling —2. New Left Review 33.","Blomström, M., & Hettne, B. (1984). Development theory in transition: the dependency debate and beyond : Third World responses. London: Zed Books.","Chase-Dunn, C. (1978). Core-Periphery Relations: The Effects of Core Competition. In B. H. (Editor), Social Change in the Capitalist World Economy. Beverly Hills: SAGE Publications.","Childe, G. (1954). What Happened in History. Victoria, Australia: Penguin Books.","China.Org.Cn. (2009, September 16). 1983: Household Responsibility System. Retrieved from China.Org.Cn: http://www.china.org.cn/features/60years/2009-09/16/content_18534697.htm","Cienciala, A. M. (1999). The Rise and Fall of Communist Nations 1917-1994. Kansas: University of Kansas.","Deng, K. (2000). Great leaps backward: poverty under Mao. London: London School of Economics and Political Science & Columbia University.","General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China (2018). availablae in http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2017-02/10/content_28161624.htm","Hobsbawn, E. J. (1999). Industry and Empire: From 1750 to the Present Day. Penguin.","IMF. (2019). World Economic Outlook: and IMF staff calculations.available in https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPSH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD/CHN","Joint Economic Committee. (1982). CHINA UNDER THE FOUR MODERNIZATIONS. Washington: JOINT ECONOMIC COMMITTEE Congress of the United States","Minqi, L. (2008). The Rise of China and the Demise of the Capitalist World-Economy. London: Pluto Press.","Peled, M. X. (director). (2006). ChinaBlue [documentary].","Phillips, T. (2016, May 11). The Cultural Revolution: all you need to know about China's political convulsion. The Guardian : https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/11/the-cultural-revolution-50-years-onall-you-need-to-know-about-chinas-political-convulsion","Saray, M. O., & Gökdemir, L. (2007). Çin Ekonomisinin Büyüme Aşamaları (1978-2005). Journal of Yaşar University 2(7), 161-186.","Stiglitz, J. E. (director). (2013). why(,) globalization fails ? [online lecture].","Tam, O. K. (2006). Financial Reform in China. S. Gabriel içinde, Chinese Capitalism and the Modernist Vision (s. ch.2). Routledge.","Wallerstein, I. (1976). The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York: New York: Academic Press.","Wallerstein, I. (2004). World-Systems Analysis An Introduction. Durham and London: Duke University Press. Retrieved from SocioSite: http://www.sociosite.net/topics/texts/wallerstein_summary.php","Wallerstein, I. (2010). How to Think About China.","Watkins, T. (2002). San José State University . San José State University Department of Economics: http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/greatleap.html","Yörük, E. (2018). Çin'in Yükselişi ve Yeni Kapitalizm. Sosyoekonomi, 197-208."]}

This chapter presents and analyses key concepts and theories that contribute to the understanding of spatial inequality in human settlements. The concepts and theories used apply to both urban and rural environments since dynamics of inequality in South Africa prevail at and in different spatial levels—but more so, how they respond to global forces. Key theories that are considered in this chapter include theories of regional disequilibrium which argue that problems of inequality manifest themselves demographically and spatially, in some instances showing this diversity over regions. In this regard, spatial inequality can be analysed as a regional problem as well as a global problem. In addition, developmentalism theory and world system theory are also considered. They are also supported by theories of public service provision which in essence consider service provision from the perspective of the government. Theories of deprivation wrap up this chapter by bringing on boards deprivation as a major component associated with equality. Hence this chapter provides a comprehensive conceptualisation of service delivery thereby setting the stage for understanding dynamics in the South African context.

Aim: Millions of people are displaced globally, as refugees, asylum seekers or migrants. Although, at a first glance, crisis and conflicts are considered the main trigger for these movements, the migration challenge may have different roots: demographic trends, poverty, the globalization of communication, etc. The present article is an introduction to the main concepts and terminology regarding migration and it links the migration with actual labor problems within the EU. Design: The article shows how migration terminology is reflected in the EU migration policy and how migration policy affects labor policy and vice versa. The article is to be considered a state of the art or methanalysis and explains the concepts: in-migration, out-migration, refugees, asylum-seekers. In addition, it draws attention to controversies regarding the use of concepts: illegal migration, irregular migration and return migration. Conclusions: The article presents eight main economic theories of migration. Five of them have as subject of analysis the determinants of migration and the other three have the subject of analysis the perpetuation of migration. Some of the main theories analyzed here are the neoclassical theory of migration, the human capital theory of migration, the new economics theory of migration, world system theory, network theory, migration systems theory. Originality: The article demonstrates the fact that neither of these economic theories/models explain adequately the actual determinants of migration and it proposes a new model focused more on the transdisciplinary effects of human movements. Keywords: migration, crisis, development, asylum seekers, labor market policies JEL: J015, J61, J15

Van der Merwe and Dodd begin by analysing what is meant by the notion of underdevelopment as well as exploring its historical antecedents in Northern-led colonialism in the Global South. Reflecting on some of the major development thinking as a response to political-economic events at the time, and critiquing some of the early schools of development theory, notably modernisation theory, dependency theory, and world systems theory, the chapter highlights the tensions between endogenous and exogenous explanations for underdevelopment. The government-business-media (GBM) complex is tentatively offered as a means of reconciling these opposing explanations of underdevelopment. The GBM complex further caters for this bifurcated analysis by incorporating both descriptive (endogenous) and structural (exogenous) levels of analysis. What emerges is that asymmetrical development is hardwired into the relational aspect of capitalist development, and while country-level reforms are beneficial, they must be coupled with careful, individualised, and tailored insertion into the global political economy.

The literature on education and globalization states that patterns of higher education systems tend toward international convergence, and that trends such as massification, privatization and internationalization are observable in nations with different degrees of development around the world. Neo-institutionalism and world systems theory differ on whether focus should be given to international convergence or domestic adaptation. Studies addressing historical and contextual dimensions of policy diffusion are relevant as they will further specify the nature of the extranational effects on national policies. The case of Argentina’s national higher education policy is particularly relevant to this literature due to political and academic traditions that have inhibited the diffusion of many global trends into the country. This study offers a comparative historical analysis of the issues that have been prioritized in Argentina’s higher education policy over three decades (1983–2015), the strategies empl...

Globalization spearheaded professionalization and commercialization of sports, which has contributed and elevated sport labour migration out of Africa. People move far from their home base to improve their standards of living, form new identities, and to enhance national pride, which enabled many African men and women involved in elite sports to become an integral part of global sport competitions. This paper investigates factors that influenced the migration of athletes/players out of Eastern Africa and to understand their transnational experiences in a global context. The World System Theory, transnationalism and neoclassical theoretical perspectives guided this research in broad and specific contexts. Data sources included research journal articles, public government documents, theoretical and philosophical papers, newspapers, and internet documentaries that provide stories about sport migrants individually and as a collective group. Themes emerging from this study focus on the following: (a) p...

In this paper we examine the views of ordinary people in Hungary and Romania about developmental trajectories and developmental hierarchies. Our work extends research on perception of global hierarchies as we include the views of ordinary people in the countries of Hungary and Romania. In addition, our research makes a unique contribution to the development and developmental hierarchy literature by examining, for the first time, how individuals define development. Although the main focus of this paper is the developmental views of Hungarians and Romanians, at times we add to our discussion results from a survey in Bulgaria and another from Albania. In this paper we conclude that developmental models are widespread among ordinary people in Hungary and Romania; we also find that the South-East European region does show some specificities in terms of the over- and under-positioning of certain countries relative to the dominant international rating system. China and, to a lesser degree, Russia were over-positioned by respondents relative to the developmental index scores of those countries. Within the region, unlike Bulgarians and Albanians, who severely underrated themselves, Hungarian and Romanian respondents put themselves in a middle position on the developmental scale. Concerning developmental items with some differences between the two countries, our data show that the economy is the most important development criterion in the minds of Hungarians and Romanians, followed by democracy, science and technology, and education.

The South Korean region of Pyeongchang will host the 2018 Winter Olympic Games. Using Wallerstein’s world system theory and Collins’s notions of zones of prestige and emulation as a conceptual framework, this paper examines the South Korean Government’s intention to stage the winter sporting spectacle. As the Winter Olympics is arguably considered a game for the relatively affluent global north, South Korea, as a semi-core state, attempts to elevate its position to a global economic and cultural powerhouse through being a host of this winter sports mega-event. However, it should be noted that the Winter Olympic Games is an event through which white supremacy and Western cultural hegemony are continuously reinforced. Therefore, the South Korean ambition to enhance its international standing by staging the Winter Olympic Games paradoxically reflects Western cultural imperialism and Orientalism embedded in South Korean cultural politics associated with the winter sporting contest.

The Modern World System Capitalist Agriculture and The Origin of The European World Economy, is Immanuel Wallenstein‟s historical exposition of the structure and character of the prevailing global sociopolitical and economic relation. He made an insightful note on the exploitative nature of this relation. And the inevitable consequences are highlighted. The claims in this study are by no means original but by adding the semi-periphery in this analysis he has expanded the existing theory of global political economy from bimodal to trimodal structure. However, the strength of Wallenstein study lies not in the originality of its theory but on the fervent and pugnacious contention of the study that the contemporary global socio-political and economic composition would suffocate development in the periphery nations, undermine liberal democracy and promote global inequality. And ultimately favour the rich capitalist nation over the poor ones if the present trend is allowed to continue.

This article provides an overview and analysis of sustainable development from a sociological perspective. It is divided into three parts. The first presents selected relevant sociological research before there was ever a concept of sustainable development'. The selected focus is on work falling under the rubrics of environmental sociology as well as development sociology. The second part briefly discusses the context and process that led to conceptualizing sustainable development'. The third part considers the response of several sociological theories to sustainable development issues, with the focus on a selection of four major system theories: world systems theory, neo-Marxist treadmill of production' theory, ecological modernization theory and modern systems theory, all of which have addressed development issues and more recently sustainability questions. The article ends by identifying an ongoing global transformation, the sustainability revolution, which can be compared and contrasted to the Industrial Revolution. Whether this emerging revolution will take place fast enough and comprehensively enough to save the planet earth from multiple disasters remains to be seen. Resume Cet article propose un apercu et une analyse du developpement durable dans une perspective sociologique. Il est divise en trois parties. La premiere partie presente un certain nombre de recherches sociologiques abordant ce theme, avant meme l'apparition du concept de << developpement durable >>. L'accent est mis sur les recherches en sociologie environnementale et en sociologie du developpement. La deuxieme partie examine le contexte et le processus ayant mene a la conceptualisation du << developpement durable >>. La troisieme partie examine plusieurs representations sociologiques de la question du developpement durable en privilegiant quatre approches systemiques : la theorie du systeme-monde, la theorie neomarxiste du treadmill of production, la theorie de la modernisation ecologique et la theorie des systemes modernes. Ces quatre approches se sont penchees sur les questions de developpement et, plus recemment, de durabilite. Cet article poursuit en mettant en evidence un mouvement social, a l'echelle mondiale, celui de la revolution du developpement durable que l'on pourrait comparer a celui de la revolution industrielle en matiere de transformation des conditions sociales, economiques et culturelles. Il reste a voir si cette nouvelle revolution s'operera avec la rapidite et la portee suffisantes pour sauver notre planete des nombreuses catastrophes qui la menacent. Cet article conclut en suggerant que la sociologie peut et doit jouer un role dans la revolution du developpement durable, comparable a celui assume lors de la revolution industrielle, c'est-a-dire le suivi, la collection de donnees, l'analyse, l'explication et l'evaluation des consequences et des evolutions de ce phenomene. Resumen El articulo ofrece una vision general y un analisis del desarrollo sostenible desde una perspectiva sociologica. Esta dividido en tres partes. La primera parte presenta la investigacion sociologica relevante antes de que hubiera siquiera un concepto de desarrollo sostenible. El enfoque seleccionado se centra en las rubricas de sociologia ambiental y la sociologia del desarrollo. La parte II analiza brevemente el contexto y el proceso que llevo a la conceptualizacion de desarrollo sostenible. La Parte III considera la respuesta de varias teorias de la sociologia a temas de desarrollo sostenible, con foco en una seleccion de cuatro grandes teorias del sistema: la Teoria Mundial del sistema, la teoria neo-marxista de la rueda de produccion, la teoria de la modernizacion ecologica y la teoria de los sistemas modernos, todos han abordado cuestiones de desarrollo y, mas recientemente, las cuestiones de sostenibilidad. El articulo identifica un movimiento continuo social global, la revolucion de la sostenibilidad, que puede ser comparada con la revolucion industrial, en funcion de la transformacion de las condiciones sociales, economicas y culturales. Si esta revolucion emergente se llevara a cabo con la suficiente rapidez y extension para salvar el planeta tierra de multiples desastres, aun esta por verse. El articulo concluye sugiriendo que la sociologia puede y debe jugar un papel en relacion con la revolucion del desarrollo sostenible similar a su papel vis-a-vis la revolucion industrial, esto es, el seguimiento y la recopilacion de datos, el analisis, la explicacion, y la evaluacion de impactos y desarrollos relacionados.

This introduction describes the second of two issues of the International Journal of Sociology on “Migration in the Global South.” Existing research on migration through and into Global South countries points to some key similarities between migration in the Global South compared to the Global North that make South/North comparisons feasible. At the same time, some significant differences make Global North theories of migration inappropriate for application to the Global South. The articles published in this issue explore country case studies of migration that illuminate the interconnections of South and North and demonstrate the importance of a future migration research agenda that both locates migration within the North/South divide and examines critically whether such a conceptual divide is the best way to describe the complex interrelationships between countries currently defined as being in the Global South versus the Global North.

Since the fall of State Socialism in 1989, the worlds largest automakers have established 13 light vehicle assembly plants in the Central European nations of Czechia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia. Although it missed much of the 1990s boom, the central location of Slovakias city-regions, along with their skilled, but relatively inexpensive labor force, have resulted in that nation becoming a prime production base for the export of automobiles to developed Europe during the 2010s, as well as to North America. Drawing upon World Systems Theory and research on the CE auto industry, this article examines Automotive Industry related foreign direct investment ( i.e., Auto FDI) in Slovakias Bratislava, Trencin, Trnava, and Zilina City-Regions ( i.e. the Bratislava- Zilina Corridor). It finds that although Auto FDI may have helped boost Slovakias Gross Domestic Product and per capita Gross National Income to semi-periphery levels, it also has made the economies of the four city-regions in its Bratislava-Zilina Corridor overly dependent on foreign transnational corporations from the highly cyclical automotive industry. Basing its conclusions upon World System theorist depictions of semi-periphery nations, it then concludes that while Slovakias economic levels may qualify as middle income/semi-periphery, the structural role its major city-regions play within the worlds automotive industrial division of labor has not yet achieved this position. Rather, their status now more closely resembles what might be labeled the upper perimeter of the periphery , where core-peripheral-like power relations have remained much more prominent than in many other semi-periphery nations, particularly as compared with the original Asian NIEs and todays BRICs.

Betty's Hope Plantation, on the island of Antigua, provides a case study to explore the changes and transformations occurring during the rise of the British Caribbean sugar plantation system. Since 2007, archaeological investigations at the site and related archival research have revealed that new technologies in the production of sugar can be identified over three centuries. In this investigation, questions arise as to the efficiencies of sugar production technology and innovation in an industry that relied mainly on enslaved labor. The desire for sugar also converged with the technological innovations of the industrial revolution, which can be seen in the artifacts recovered from the site. Applying the theoretical framework of world systems theory allows for micro- and macro-scale approaches to understanding life on this Caribbean sugar plantation. From an ecological perspective, world systems theory, when linked to the model of the dynamics of coupled natural and human systems, provides a potential bridge to considering the relationship between humans and their environment at Betty's Hope, its ecology, and the peoples who inhabited this landscape. The legacy of “King Sugar” has left more than bitter memories; the seeds of ecological destruction were sown long ago, as the system eventually collapsed under its own weight.

The article discusses the Baltic colonial experience in historical and comparative perspective. It sketches the ways in which Baltic societies are best linked to theoretical discussions on postcolonial issues, and whether they might be looked upon in a more global context. The main question posed by the article is in what ways Baltic identity has been determined by processes of foreign settlement, occupation and colonization of the territory of each respective country and whether we can see Baltic societies as potential agencies of Europe’s internal others.

This research attempts to analyze the wave of North Korean refugees toSouth Korea and how problems arise on the domestic political level to thesocietal level. Waves of refugees have occurred since the division of thetwo Koreas through the 38 parallel, which gave rise to defections fromNorth Korea. Meanwhile, South Korea is perceived as an ideal and safeplace to take shelter. This in turn raised numerous problems explicableby at least two theoretical frameworks, namely the world system theoryin explaining the desire to migrate, and the multiculturalist paradox,which explains the emergence of social and cultural frictions. Discourseon identity and social problems poses a challenge for the South Koreangovernment. On one hand, North Korean refugees can provide beneficialinformation for the government. On the other hand, two social problemsarise, namely the long-term problem for refugees in surviving the mentaland financial burdens, as well as the negative stigma and xenophobiaplaced by the South Korean society on the refugees. These are the reasonswhy integration remains difficult for refugees.

The typical approach in the business strand of literature on inter-organisational forms of cooperation is based on the Porter&rsquo, s value chain model or on the body of literature related to the supply chain. However, there is extended research on value chains based on a different theoretical tradition, rooted in world-systems theory and commodity chain concepts, which recently tend to merge under the umbrella of the Global Value Chain (GVC). We use this eclectic approach as a theoretical framework to investigate the issue of informational asymmetries considered as a barrier in upgrading the position of local producers in the GVC by enhancing quality. As an empirical illustration, we use the Polish apple sector. Poland is one of the largest apple producers in the world with a strong export orientation and linkages with the global value chain. The study provides an insight into the barriers of upgrading the position in GVC and ways to overcome them. Responsibility for the final quality offered for the end-user is strongly dispersed across many actors in the chain, while interrelations between them are plagued by the information asymmetry problem. Therefore, the upstream transmission of end-user quality expectations within the chain fails due to the lack of orchestrating incentives and causes the misbehaviour in conducting different activities in the chain. Thus, attempts to upgrade the position of Polish apple growers in the GVC should be focused on overcoming information asymmetries. Mechanisms such as branding, standardisation and certification seem to be promising ways forward.

A global multi-regional input-output model with sub-national resolution for Galicia, north-west Spain, was used to study physical and value added trade balances between Galicia, the rest of Spain and the world. Within the framework of Ecologically Unequal Exchange theory, we argue that a region, such as Galicia, can play a twofold role as core and periphery in the global division of extractive activities. We show that Galicia is a sink, i.e. net importer of natural resources from middle- and low-income economies, and that the lower the income of the trade partner, the more raw material intensive the imports (measured as upstream kg per USD imported value added). However, this physical deficit is less accentuated than for the rest of Spain and Galicia's material footprint is significantly lower (~14.2 compared with ~24.5 t/capita). Moreover, Galicia is a source, i.e. net exporter of raw materials compared with more thriving European Union economies and, even for some key trade partners, such as Germany, UK and the rest of Spain, it is a net importer of value added.

© 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. The football transfer market is a billion-pound industry, traditionally dominated by the European market. This has been challenged by the rise of relatively new markets emerging from China, Brazil, Turkey and Russia. Important countries within the market, they also challenge the traditional status order. While classical international trade theorists suggest that capital or resource advantage predicts trade, economic sociologists argue that a world-systems perspective economic relationships are a core component. Therefore, we analyse the football trade network of these emerging markets to understand the structure, specifically in relation to the world-systems perspective. Using social network analysis, we identify the network is structured analogously to a world-systems perspective with a core of European countries, a semi-periphery of developing countries and a periphery containing countries where football is less developed. Furthermore, Turkey and Brazil occupy structural holes acting as brokers between the core, semi-periphery and periphery positions which can be advantageous.

Marxism’s critique of International Political Theory (IPT) is not of specific themes but of how the latter understands international politics generally. Where IPT typically focuses on ethical and normative issues and problems of justice, Marxism has always given priority to capitalism and class, which it regards as fundamental to modern politics and as inadequately recognized within IPT. Marxism therefore rejects the view of the international as a shared “societal” space open to negotiation and compromise, and instead emphasizes irreconcilable conflict and exploitation. Through its leading schools of Imperialism, World Systems Theory, and Neo-Gramscian theory, Marxism has provided accounts of international politics that strongly contrast with the concerns of IPT. However, a potentially more far-reaching line of critique, drawing upon Marx’s analysis of liberal forms, remains undeveloped because Marxism has not yet clarified the status of the international within its theoretical space.

Theories focusing exclusively on the macroscopic scale of analysis emerged in the 1970s. These theories assign a dominant role to the structure of the international system, which is viewed as an autonomous and regulatory body. They maintain that the state is so entrenched in this international structure and in the organizing principles of international relations, that the structure constrains and largely determines the state’s behavior, just as the market shapes the behavior of investors, producers and consumers. This chapter brings together the microscopic and the macroscopic levels of analysis by looking at how consideration of international structure can contribute to FPA. It looks at the shift toward structural theory of international relations by introducing some of the dominant macroscopic theories and approaches. The chapter then addresses the limits and criticisms of this level of analysis, and presents theoretical propositions that try to reconcile different interpretations of agent and structure role.

Social media platforms provide world governments with the opportunity to distribute news content from their broadcast channels directly to foreign publics [Wallerstein, I. (1974). The modern world system. New York: Academic Press] World System Theory, which has successfully explained and predicted the structure of international news flow, is now being challenged. Specifically, these social platforms undermined assumptions regarding the one-way flow of information toward audiences and the exclusive institutional nature of the players in the international system. This study examines the unique case of government-sponsored news media and its international news flow. It finds that while the structure of the international news flow on Twitter exhibits a hierarchical core–periphery structure, non-institutional actors (e.g. bloggers) conformed less than institutional players (e.g. governments and news media) to that structure. This study also found that non-institutional actors assumed the role of bridgi...

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of information and communication technology (ICT) for promoting environmental sustainability in a changing society. Isolated studies exist, but few take a holistic view. Derived from a Marxian tradition, the authors propose Ecological World Systems Theory (WST) as a holistic framework to assess the environmental impact of ICT. The theory is adapted responding to theoretical critiques of absence of change, namely state-centrism and structuralism.Design/methodology/approach– Theoretical study. Empirical examples derived from already published literature.Findings– Ecological WST focuses on the unequal distribution of environmental degradation, sees technological development as a zero-sum game rather than cornucopia and holds that technology is often seen as a fetish in today ' s society. The findings are that popular discourses on ICT and sustainability are since the 1990s becoming increasingly cornucopian, while conditions in the ICT value chain are less cornucopian.Research limitations/implications– Theoretical contributions to Marxian critiques of ICT, with more environmental focus than earlier Marxian critiques, for example Fuchs’ work. Develop a theoretical framework for ICT and sustainability which could be compared with works of e.g. Hilty, Patrignani and Whitehouse. The work is mostly based on existing empirical studies, which is a limitation.Practical implications– This theoretical framework implies that unequal environmental degradation in different parts of the world should be taken into account when assessing environmental impact, for example by means of LCA.Social implications– The framework brings together questions of environmental effects of ICT and global justice.Originality/value– The authors apply a rarely discussed theoretical framework to ICT and environmental sustainability. By doing this the authors suggest how the discourses and the value chain of ICT is intrinsically tied to the world system.

Different destinies of particular countries and nonexistence of warranted economic and social prosperity are explained by two paradigms: geographical and institutional one. Geographical paradigm insists upon the significance of physical geography, climate, ecology, that shape technology and individual behaviour. Institutional paradigm attributes the central role of institutions which promote investment in human, physical capital and technology. These two approaches have their roots in: 1. Traditional society theory (Theory of Asiatic mode of production): differences in traditional societies of each country explain their different growth rates and level of economic development, and 2. World system theory: only countries that escaped colonial status have a chance to develop.

The term “contested periphery” was recently coined by Mitchell Allen for use in his 1997 UCLA dissertation concerned with Philistia, the Neo-Assyrians, and World systems theory (Allen 1997: 49-51, 320-21, Fig. 1.4; cf. also Berquist 1995a, 1995b). Allen identi?ed “contested peripheries” as “border zones where different systems intersect” (Allen 1997: 320). Chase-Dunn and Hall immediately adopted this term and de?ned it more formally as “a peripheral region for which one or more core regions compete” (Chase-Dunn and Hall 1997: 37).

We review three decades of research linking social network methods with world systems theory. We identify four themes nested within two versions of a general social network methodology—the identification of network Roles and Position. The themes vary by the type of data and the definition of equivalence used to identify roles and positions. Second, we provide a demonstration of the general methodological approach taken in the literature, applying a recent methodological innovation to a newly compiled large global trade dataset. The results identify the expected core/periphery interaction pattern, suggesting that it is a fundamental feature of cross-national trade data, regardless of how the data are analyzed. We conclude by suggesting both methodological and substantive directions for future social network research on the world-system.

This article attempts to look at two currents of thought which both have influences on International Relations study, which is structural realism that proposed by Kenneth Waltz and ideas of the world system from Immanuel Wallerstein. In both perspectives, the patterns of International Relations is presuppose the existence of structure determination and large system which surrounding actor or agent whose the presence is quite important in current International Relations. Through both of critical reviews which are utilizing the constructivist study, both structural realism ideas and world system ideas were neglected the role of agents that have a decisive role in International Relations. The neglect of the agent roles made both ideas are reductionist and tend to attempt global structure as an unit of analysis which deterministic.

As we expand and extend our applications of world-system theory, as we explore the shifting interplay between cores and peripheries, as we see boundaries emerge and dissolve, we also fix world-systems theory itself on the map table. What is its core? What are its peripheries, or would it claim that all human interactions fall within its sway?Thomas Hall, for example, does not take quite the entire map, but takes "intersocietal interaction" as the world-systems domain.

Growing South–South trade and concern with the social implications of participation in value chains brings into focus the trade-offs involved when production can be relatively easily located in developing countries with lower labour standards and products exported back to developing countries with large domestic markets. The article explores spatial shifts of this kind in the context of the South African and Lesotho apparel sectors using value chain analysis and drawing on world systems theory. It concludes that the emergence of a web of value chains coordinated by South African retailers has led to social downgrading in the South African apparel sector and social upgrading in Lesotho, creating a decent work dilemma.

© 2015 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. Despite the phenomenal growth in the numbers of international students, research focusing on mobile students from post-Soviet countries is still extremely scarce. This paper offers an empirical investigation and theorisation of student mobility from post-Soviet countries to contribute to the growing body of research on the topic of international student mobility that so far has largely focused on English-speaking destination countries. Using secondary numeric data, I provide a snapshot of undergraduate student mobility differentials and examine whether particular characteristics of student home countries are associated with the proportion of their students studying abroad. The two variables of interest are the tertiary enrolments and the labour force participation of young people. The results show that countries with lower tertiary enrolments and lower labour force participation rates are more likely to have higher proportions of students studying abroad, when controlling for the population size and the GDP per capita. The regression model explains 77% of the variation in the outcome. The paper also examines the most popular destinations for students in order to show that their choices of destination countries seem to be somewhat limited and mainly revolve around countries within the region. I place the results in the context of scholarship on international student mobility and world-systems theory to discuss the implications for individual states and individual students.

Socio-economic rights are ethico-political claims to employment, social security, health, education and adequate living standards, the understanding and contestation of which have changed over time. In this article, I examine the first wave of attempts to constitutionalize socio-economic rights in Mexico (1917), Weimar Germany (1919) and, in particular, the Irish Free State (1922). The real politics of constitutionalizing socio-economic rights, I argue, centred on a clash between popular, anti-systemic movements and governments’ attempts to contain the ideals and practices of these movements. In all three cases, escalating popular militancy spurred state constitution makers into proposing socio-economic rights as an alternative to revolution. In the Irish Free State, however, the ruling class’ successful containment – militarily, politically and ideologically – of social movements’ ideals and practices ensured more conservative constitutional forms predominated, emphasizing national identity and private property rights. The critical discourse analysis of the Irish constitution-making process demonstrates the salience of both ‘national’ (core–peripheral) and ‘social’ (capital–labour) relations in determining final constitutional forms of socio-economic rights. For socio-economic rights advocates and scholars today, these findings invite fresh reflection on the limits of claiming rights from the state in a capitalist society.

Centrality in the world-system allows countries to externalize their hazards or environmental harms on others. Core countries, for instance, dump heavy metals and greenhouse gases into the global sinks, and some of the core's hazardous products, production processes and wastes are displaced to the (semi) peripheral zones of the world-system. Since few (semi) peripheral countries have the ability to assess and manage the risks associated with such hazards, the transfer of core hazards to the (semi) periphery has adverse environmental and socio-economic consequences for many of these countries and it has spawned conflict and resistance, as well as a variety of other responses. Most discussions of this risk globalization problem have failed to situate it firmly in the world-system frame emphasizing the process of ecological unequal exchange. Using secondary sources, I begin such a discussion by examining the specific problem of ship breaking (recycling core-based ocean going vessels for steel and other materials) at the yards in Alang-Sosiya, India and Chittagong, Bangladesh. Attention centers on the nature and scope of ship breaking in these two locations, major drivers operating in the world-system, adverse consequences, the unequal mix of costs and benefits, and the failure of existing political responses at the domestic and international levels to reduce adequately the adverse consequences of ship breaking.

This article argues that the format business transformed into a trading system in the 2000s, system being defined as a singular transnational space structured by networks of interdependent economic agents, firms, institutions and places. Following the global commodity chain/global value chain approach set out by Immanuel Wallerstein and developed by Gary Gereffi, this article then examines each dimension of the global TV format commodity chain that runs through this trading system. Beginning with the governance structure, this article counter-intuitively asserts that despite the current boom in TV production, it is a buyer-driven chain with power resting firmly in the hands of those making the acquisitions: the broadcasters. Considering the chain’s geographical configuration, this article identifies three tiers of format exporters and specific trade routes along which most TV formats travel. These findings enable us to reassess the claims made by the cosmopolitanization thesis about the nature of media globalization. Contrary to this thesis, this article asserts the need to comprehend media globalization within the context of an expanding capitalist world-system, and shows that the new transnational TV format trade and its commodity chain replicate the inequalities and power structures of former trading systems.

World-systems theory is a multidisciplinary, macro-scale approach to world history and social change which emphasizes the world-system as the primary (but not exclusive) unit of social analysis. “World-system” refers to the inter-regional and transnational division of labor, which divides the world into core countries, semi-periphery countries, and the periphery countries. Though intrinsically geographical, world-systems perspectives did not receive geographers’ attention until the 1980s, mostly in economic and political geography. Nevertheless, geographers have made important contributions in shaping world-systems perspectives through theoretical development and critique, particularly in the understanding of urban processes, states, and geopolitics. The world-systems theory can be considered as a sub-discipline of the study of political geography. Although sharing many of the theories, methods, and interests as human geography, political geography has a particular interest in territory, the state, power, and boundaries (including borders), across a range of scales from the body to the planet. Political geography has extended the scope of traditional political science approaches by acknowledging that the exercise of power is not restricted to states and bureaucracies, but is part of everyday life. This has resulted in the concerns of political geography increasingly overlapping with those of other sub-disciplines such as economic geography, and, particularly, with those of social and cultural geography in relation to the study of the politics of place.

This essay focuses on two related “radical theories” of development, dependency and world-systems theory, and shows how they emerged as a critique partly of modernization theory and of the development strategy of import substitution industrialization. The dependency and world-systems perspectives on development were very influential among radical development theorists from the late 1960s onwards, all of whom agreed that capitalism had to be theorized as a world-system. These include Andre Gunder Frank, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Theotonio Dos Santos, Walter Rodney, Samir Amin, Arghiri Emmanuel, and Immanuel Wallerstein. Some “stronger” versions of dependency, associated with underdevelopment and world-systems theory, have been introduced in recent years. In particular, A. G. Frank proposed the idea that development and underdevelopment are two sides of the same coin. A more nuanced approach to understanding dependency suggested that development and dependence were in some respects compatible. Wallerstein’s world-systems theory has spawned another approach called world-systems analysis. As theories, the ideas associated with both dependency and the world-systems are problematic, failing, for example, to adequately explain the origins of the capitalist world economy. However, both theories remain useful for understanding the current global order. In addition to recognizing that capitalism can in some respects be regarded as a world-system, the two approaches correctly assume that neoliberalism reinforces hierarchies by undermining the capacities of states to shift out of low value production into higher value sectors, as shown by historical patterns of manufacturing.

Historical sociology has not been as global as it might be, instead remaining tied to various forms of state-centrism. This paper explains why and suggests some strategies for redressing the problem. Focusing mostly upon “second wave” historical sociology, it argues that historical sociology’s occlusion of global and transnational forms, dynamics, and processes lies in its analytic infrastructure which analytically bifurcates social relations across space and emphasizes a variable-based causal scientism. Overcoming the occlusion requires rescaling the objects of study and seeking descriptive assemblages of global and transnational forms, dynamics, and processes.

The goal of this collective monograph is to explore the backgrounds to and the underlying theoretical and substantive debates about globalization and world-systems analysis to facilitate comparisons among various historical instances of globalization. This chapter introduces these topics to readers not closely familiar with these various approaches to globalization. It also explains the contexts for each of the chapters within those theoretical and empirical debates. The chapters in this collective monograph are not a final word on these topics. Rather, they are an invitation to scholars in many disciplines to contribute to these debates and to enhance interconnections among the many discussions of globalization.

This chapter is concerned with the spatial articulation of the emerging world system of production and markets through a global network of cities. World cities lie at the junction between the world economy and the territorial nation state. Being essential to both transnational capital and national political interests, world cities may become bargaining counters in the ensuing struggles. World cities are the control centers of the global economy. Their status, of course, is evolving in the measure that given regions are integrated in a dominant role with the world system. Building upon a broad range of intellectual sources—including radical international political economy, world systems theory, Marxian urban studies, urban systems theory, and radical community studies—John Friedmann and Goetz Wolff’s “agenda for research and action” represented a genuinely original synthesis. The primary social fact about world city formation is the polarization of its social class divisions.

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and leading Western and East Asian politicians demand coherent global management of migration and flight. This article wants to explore whether global management on refugees is feasible. It attempts to make these very different regions and regional mechanisms comparable aiming to contribute to a better intraregional understanding to raise common awareness. It compares the data on refugees and migration of the recent years to or within both regions, looking for interconnections. Then, it compares the structure, namely the legal framework in Europe and in Asia. This analysis will be followed by an agency analysis, under consideration of identity politics and discourse. The politicization of identity politics in both regions frames, and is framed by, decision makers towards global management options.This paper concludes that global management of flight and migration has become more probable in recent years since the awareness has risen in both regions about this issue. The legal foundations in many Asian states are strengthened and orientate towards the UN refugee conventions, while the restrictive rich East Asian economies have begun to realise their responsibilities.