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DAVID HEIM'S article 'Voters and values' (Aug. 8) fails to provide any emphasis or recognition relating to the constitutional principle commanding 'separation between Religion and Government' (James Madison, 'Detached Memoranda'). [...]

The article examines the link between antipsychotics and cell stress and aims to determine if first-generation antipsychotics will demonstrate different impacts compared to second-generation antipsychotics. Some of the selected studies did not provide information for individual antipsychotics but merged a selection of first-generation antipsychotics. The study stresses that it is too early to assert the neuroprotective properties of antipsychotic medication.

An increasing number of cell types, including peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), have been demonstrated to release heat shock proteins (Hsps). In this paper we investigate further the hypothesis that Hsps are danger signals. PBMCs and Jurkat cells released Hsp70 (0·22 and 0·7 ng/106 cells, respectively) into medium over 24 h at 37°C. Release of Hsp70 was stimulated 10-fold by GroEL ( P < 0·001) and more than threefold by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ( P < 0·001). Although Hsp60 could be detected in the medium of cells cultured at 37°C for 24 h, the low rates of release were due probably to cell damage. Significant release of Hsp60 was observed when Jurkat cells were exposed to GroEL (2·88 ng/106 cells) or LPS (1·40 ng/106 cells). The data are consistent with the hypothesis that Hsp70 and Hsp60 are part of a danger signalling cascade in response to bacterial infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cairn on Hardendale Nab was excavated in 1986 in advance of destruction by quarrying, and this allowed the reconstruction of a complex sequence of development. Construction of the cairn appears to have begun in the Early Bronze Age, although it might have been earlier. Phase 1 comprised a simple cist burial, and small earthen mound, with a number of secondary burials made in and around the original monument. Unusual rectangular features might have been used for pyres. Phase 2 saw the erection of a round enclosure around the mound, which was later (Phase 3) filled with loose limestone rubble. Again burials, both cremations and inhumations, were cut into the rubble, and bone scattered over and amidst it, with an apparent focus on the southern part of the structure. The entire complex was buried by a further layer of rubble in Phase 4, into which several further burials, this time inhumations, were cut. The excavation produced an unusually large amount of environmental evidence, much of it associated with the use of the cairn as a roost by owls in Phases 2 and 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isoforms of the vitamin B12 carrier protein transcobalamin (TC) might influence its cellular availability and contribute to the association between disrupted single-carbon metabolism and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We therefore investigated the relationships between the TC 776C>G (Pro259Arg) genetic polymorphism, total serum cobalamin and holo-TC levels, and disease onset in 70 patients with clinically diagnosed AD and 74 healthy elderly controls. TC 776C>G polymorphism was also determined for 94 histopathologically confirmed AD patients and 107 controls. Serum holo-TC levels were significantly higher in TC 776C homozygotes (p = 0.04). Kaplan-Meier survival functions differed between homozygous genotypes (Cox's F-Test F(42, 46) = 2.1; p = 0.008) and between 776C homozygotes and heterozygotes (Cox's F test F(46, 108) = 1.7; p = 0.02). Proportionately fewer TC 776C homozygotes appear to develop AD at any given age, but this will require confirmation in a longitudinal study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The application of granules containing 10 % phorate at 1.12,2.24 or 4.48 kg a.i./ha in a narrow slit together with carrot seed significantly reduced seedling emergence in both a mineral and peat soil. When the granules were applied at 2.24 or 4.48 kg a.i./ha in a narrow slit 2.5 cm below the seed, seedling emergence was adversely affected only at the higher rate in the mineral soil. Phorate granules applied with the seed in the peat soil gave a significantly lower plant density than when applied below the seed, but subsequent carrot yields were unaffected because much larger roots were produced. All phorate treatments gave effective reduction of carrot fly larval damage to the roots. On the peat soil, there were significant increases in total phorate residues present in mature carrots with increasing rate of phorate granules placed with the seed. Placement of the granules 2.5 cm below the seed resulted in a 50% reduction in total residues of phorate in whole carrots compared with placing the granules with the seed. Residues resulting from 1.12 kg a.i./ha with the seed or 2.24 kg a.i./ha 2.5 cm below the seed were not significantly greater than residues in untreated carrots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the problem of currency stabilization in post-World War II scenario. It is noted that the period after the war led to the emergence of major financial crisis worldwide. Therefore, the need to establish a proper financial institution was felt. It is suggested that the countries whose economies were badly affected should have adopted a formalized plan for their economic development to overcome the international financial problems. It is argued that the gold standard should be modified. It is suggested that the amount of official exchange balances should be increased to correct the unequal distribution of gold and to give more margin for corrective action to countries which are internally disturbing deficits in their international balance.