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Nicotine Sulfate (1-800) and white oil emulsion (1.0%) applied to peach trees in May and June were not effective in preventing the subsequent deposition of overwintering eggs of the European Red Mite. Nicotine Sulfate and ground tobacco dust were also ineffective in reducing the number of overwintering eggs when treatments were applied in August. Four applications in August on peaches of a one per cent white oil emulsion gave a reduction of 98.9 per cent in the number of overwintering European Red Mite Eggs on peaches.

The wear of steel against steel lubricated with white oil was studied at two contact pressures, 155,000 psi and 70,000 psi, in the rubbing speed range 100–1000 ft/min. The time-dependent wear curves were multistage in character, showing first a sharp rise in the amount of wear, next a levelling-off and then transition to rapid wear again. Some of the curves had a second levelling-off phase. The data were examined also in terms of the distance traversed at the various speeds. No clear cut conclusions about the influence of rubbing speed was achieved by this latter method of treatment. It is shown on theoretical grounds that examination of the data with respect to time-dependence is the more revealing treatment. Contributed to the American Society of Lubrication Engineers.

The resistance of the peach cottony scale ( Pulvinaria amygdali ? ) to common sulfide sprays prompted efforts to determine the susceptibility of the insect to oil sprays. Tests demonstrated the possibility of securing satisfactory commercial control with various oil preparations applied in the spring as the buds were swelling as well as with midsummer applications of “white oil emulsions” directed against “crawlers” and young scales. It is noted that plantings receiving either two or three treatments with “white oil emulsions” for two successive years have so far shown no indications of injury to the health of the trees.

Laboratory experiments with white oil-pyrethrum sprayed on new and old peach twigs showed that newly hatched peach moth larvae ( Laspeyresia molesta ) are killed more easily when they crawl over sprayed new growth than sprayed old growth. The difference appeared to be due to the greater absorptive power of the old growth for the oil. Field spraying tests in which white oil-pyrethrum was used at 0.5 and 1 per cent on a five day schedule against third brood eggs and larvae showed a reduction in invisible fruit infestation of from 60 to 75. Visible fruit infestation, which was comparatively high at the time the spraying operations were begun, was reduced much less by the spray so that the combined visible and invisible injury gave a total reduction in fruit infestation of from 30 to 70 per cent. The effect of parasites on the seasonal activities of the peach moth and their relation to spraying operations are discussed.

Application of a summer or white oil emulsion in early July to nursery grown elms heavily infested by this insect produced highly effective control at 2% concentration of the emulsion. Data relative to influence of time and methods of application, insecticidal action of the oil, and tolerance of the trees to oil injury, are presented.

Summary 1 An apparatus and method for testing the effect of atomized sprays on flies and mosquitoes are described. The apparatus consists of a revolving wire gauze cage placed in a thermostatically controlled chamber, the whole of which may be easily cleaned and freed from toxic residues. The insecticide is sprayed into the chamber by means of an Aerograph MP gun and distributed by means of a slow-moving fan. When the insecticide has been injected and an interval allowed for the initial rapid fall of concentration, the movement of the cage is stopped and the insects are introduced into it by means of a special tube and plunger. The time required for paralysis to take place is recorded. After a given interval the insects are removed from the gauze cage and kept to ascertain the mortality. 2 A technique for sampling the concentration of insecticide in the air space is described. The insecticide carrier is coloured with a dye, Sudan III for petroleum oil bases and methylene blue for water bases. The percentage of atomized material remaining in the atmosphere at any given time is determined by aspirating a known quantity of the atmosphere of the chamber through a sintered glass filter. The dye is retained in the filter, it is washed out with a measured quantity of liquid and compared with known standards. Reasons are given for the assumption that the dye molecules will behave in the same way as the insecticide molecules. This sampling method has been used to study the behaviour of a light oil, a heavy white oil and water at different degrees of atomization. Tables and graphs are given which show that, except with a fine atomization where most of the insecticide remains suspended for a considerable time, there is an initial rapid fall, which varies in amount with the degree of atomization. This initial fall is followed by a much more gradual decrease of concentration. The experiments show clearly that oil bases of different physical properties cannot be compared adequately unless a sampling method is used to ascertain the quantities of material remaining suspended. Where water bases are used it is shown that the time concentration curve varies not only with the degree of atomization, but also with the degree of saturation of the atmosphere before spraying. The concentration remains higher in an unsaturated atmosphere than in a saturated one.

If two metal surfaces slide over each other in the presence of a lubricant and under high load, high pressures and temperatures prevail a t those isolated spots which actually carry the load, leading to wear and possibly to breakdown. The action of wear preventing agents under these conditions has been studied in detail and it has been found that such agents are effective through their chemical polishing action, by which the load becomes distributed over a larger surface and local pressures and temperatures are decreased. Especially effective are compounds containing phosphorus or other elements of group V of the periodic system. These have been found to form a metal phosphide or homolog on the surface which is able to alloy with the metal surface, lowering its melting point markedly, and by this action aiding greatly in maintaining a polish. The wear experiments were carried out with a highly sensitive and accurate method which uses metal-plated steel balls as its sliding elements. Under the experimental conditions additions of 1.5% triphenyl phosphine or triphenyl arsine in white oil gave wear prevention factors of 7.2 and 12.2 respectively (relative to pure white oil). A further addition of 1% of a long chain polar compound is able to double the wear prevention factor obtained with the polishing agents and wear prevention factors as high as 17.6 have been observed. The specifically physical action of the long-chain polar compounds is discussed in the preceding paper.

AN ASPHALT WAS FRACTIONATED INTO ASPHALTENES, RESINS, DARK OILS, AND WHITE OILS. THESE FOUR FRACTIONS WERE LABELED SEPARATELY BY EXCHANGING HYDROGEN FOR TRITIUM, AND THEIR RADIOACTIVITY WAS MEASURED. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS ARE GIVEN FOR THE TRITIATING TECHNIQUE EMPLOYED. BY USE OF THE FOUR COMBINATIONS OF ONE LABELED FRACTION AND THREE UNLABELED FRACTIONS, FOUR ASPHALTS WITH COMPOSITION AND PHOTOOXIDATION ACTIVITY SUBSTANTIALLY THE SAME AS THE ORIGINAL WERE THEN PREPARED. THIN FILMS OF THESE RECONSTITUTED ASPHALTS WERE REPEATEDLY PHOTOOXIDIZED AND EXTRACTED WITH WATER, AND THE TRITIUM CONTENT OF THE WATER-SOLUBLES WAS DETERMINED. RESULTS INDICATED THAT MOST OF THE WATER-SOLUBLE PRODUCTS OF THE PHOTOOXIDATION ORIGINATED FROM THE LOWER MOLECULAR-WEIGHT FRACTIONS OF THE ASPHALT WITH THE LARGER DARK OIL FRACTION BEING MORE PRODUCTIVE THAN THE WHITE OIL FRACTION. THE ASPHALT SAMPLE USED IN THIS INVESTIGATION WAS A 40/50 PENETRATION ROAD ASPHALT OF MIDDLE EAST ORIGIN AND ONE OF SEVERAL BEING STUDIED BY THE ROAD RESEARCH LABORATORY, UNITED KINGDOM. /AUTHOR/

Trials were carried out from 1958 to 1961 at Fassouri Plantation in Cyprus to assess the value of dimethoate (0,0-dimethyl S-methylcarbamoylmethyl phosphorodithioate) against California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.), on orange, lemon and grapefruit trees. This pest has hitherto been controlled in Citrus plantations by annual programmes of sprays containing parathion, malathion or white mineral oil, singly or in combination.Sprays were applied to Citrus trees at high pressure by means of hand-lance or motor-driven equipment in such a way that all parts of the tree were thoroughly wetted. Treatments were replicated in Latin square experimental designs. Results were assessed by counting the numbers of scales on samples of leaves, fruits, twigs and bark taken at various intervals after spraying and also, in some trials, before spraying. The earlier trials were concerned with the numbers of scales killed after single applications and the later trials with the level of control resulting from full seasonal spraying programmes.A preliminary trial in 1958 showed that very high kill of the scale was produced by a spray containing 0·2 per cent, of dimethoate. In 1959 a range of concentrations from 0·01 to 0·15 per cent, was compared with the standard parathion/malathion mixture against the scale on orange and lemon trees. At 0·03 to 0·06 per cent., dimethoate gave a level of control equal to that of the standard spray and at higher concentrations it was superior to the standard. This superiority was confirmed in trials carried out during 1960 using dimethoate concentrations from 0·06 to 0·1 per cent., the observations being extended to include immature stages of the scale. A high kill of all developmental stages was produced by all the concentrations used, and at 0·08 to 0·1 per cent, dimethoate gave higher kills than the standard spraying mixture.The effect of dimethoate against late-season infestations of fruits was next investigated, using mixtures with white mineral oil as well as dimethoate alone. Standard late-season sprays of mineral oil with or without parathion were included for comparison. Dimethoate alone at 0·08 per cent., or at 0·05 per cent, with 1·0 per cent, mineral oil, gave good control of the scale, on fruit. Both these sprays were superior, to the standard oil or parathion/oil mixtures. The results suggest that dimethoate may be especially valuable against scale on full-sized fruits, the control of which has hitherto been difficult.During 1961, full seasonal spraying programmes with the standard compounds were compared with others using dimethoate at concentrations suggested by the earlier trials. The treated plots were large and the spraying methods approximated to normal estate practice. The final results were based on the level of infestation of fruits at harvest, and comparisons between standard and dimethoate programmes were made by means of Ebeling's corrected relative infestation index (C.R.I.). Values of the C.R.I, below 100 indicate that the degree of control achieved by the standard has been exceeded by the test spray. In the first trial, where early-season infestation was not heavy, the standard programme consisted of an initial parathion/malathion spray followed later by an application of white oil, and the test programmes comprised sprays of dimethoate at 0·04 or 0·06 per cent., both followed by white oil, or 0·08 or 0·1 per cent, without a second treatment. The C.R.I, values from these four programmes were 24, 22, 58 and 7, respectively, showing that all were better than the standard. The second trial was carried out in a plantation with a heavy early-season infestation of the scale; the same standard programme was compared with dimethoate sprays at 0·04 and 0·08 per cent., both followed by white oil. The C.R.I. values for these two programmes were 144 and 36, respectively. In the third trial single seasonal applications were compared, using a spray containing 1·5 per cent, white oil as the standard. The four test sprays comprised white oil 1·5 per cent, plus malathioii 0·05 per cent., white oil 1.0 per cent, plus dimethoate 0·04 per cent., dimethoate 0·04 per cent., and dimethoate 0·08 per cent. The respective C.R.I, values of the test sprays were 68, 38, 56 and 29.In trials against other pests of Citrus trees dimethoate gave control of Coccus hesperidum L. at concentrations of 0·04 and 0·08 per cent. It was effective against Aceria sheldoni (Ewing) at concentrations of 0·08, 0·04 and 0·02 per cent., but was found to be ineffective against Phyllocoptruta olcivora (Ashm.).During the trials a number of different formulations were used, including miscible oils and wettable powders. One of the miscible oils caused severe scorch marks on fruits; this was shown to be due to the formulating materials and not to dimethoate. A certain amount of leaf-drop was noticed in some trials, and this requires further investigation. Dimethoate is a comparatively safe compound from the point of view of hazards to operators, and toxic residues in sampled fruit have been found to lie within the limits that have been suggested as safe.The principal conclusion from these trials was that dimethoate is a valuable addition to the limited range of insecticides available for use against Aonidiella aurantii. At fairly high concentrations (0·08%) it gives better control than spray mixtures in current use, and this suggests that it may be possible to devise programmes giving satisfactory control with fewer applications. At lower concentrations (0·04%) it is about as effective as present insecticides. Although dimethoate is both a contact and systemic insecticide, observations suggested that the former function was mainly involved in its action against this scale.

The corrosion reaction of iron wire and the effect of tensile stress on the reaction were investigated in a hydrocarbon oil and hydrocarbon solution containing sulfur compounds using the hot wire method.The corrosion rate followed the parabolic law after an initial stage in white oil and elementary sulfur solutions. The diffusion of reactant through the formed film on the iron wire is considered to be the rate-determining step. Generally the tensile stress applied to iron wire accelerated the corrosion reaction. It seems to be the effect of stress-induced heterogeneity in the formed film.Corrosion observed in the case of benzyl mercaptan solutions was significantly higher than other sulfur compounds, and the corrosion rate followed linear relationships. In this case the effect of tensile stress was not observed clearly because of high corrosion rate.With dibenzyl disulfide the corrosion did not follow any of the known relationships. To understand the mechanism further, similar experiments were conducted in nitrogen atmosphere. Corrosion occured severely on iron surface in nitrogen atmosphere as compared to air.The reaction products on the wire surface were analysed by X-ray diffraction method to deduce the corrosion mechanism.

There is need for a technique whereby a given insecticidal preparation can be compared with a standard containing 0.8% (w/v) pyrethrin 1 in a heavy white oil and pronounced biologically equal or inferior to the standard within known and reasonable limits. A film method was investigated, Tribolium castaneum beetles being used as the test insects. Numerous factors which may influence the kill achieved are discussed. The results of preliminary work, planned to help in the standardization of some of these factors, are summarized. Several materials were tested to ascertain their suitability for reception of the insecticidal film and, as thin greaseproof paper showed promise, its possibilities were explored. Although 0.3 % pyrethrin I could be distinguished from 0.4%, 0.5% could not be distinguished from 0.8%, and the results throughout were very heterogeneous. Woven Nylon proved more satisfactory, since the test just failed to establish a significant difference between 0.6 and 0.8% pyrethrin 1. The origin of a pink coloration of the substrate, when T. castaneum beetles were confined on Nylon sprayed with pyrethrum in oil, was investigated. Whatman filter paper no. 544 proved the best substrate, and a comparative test on it will distinguish 0.65% pyrethrin 1 from the standard 0.8%; the limit could probably be raised to 0.7%. The influence of several factors on the homogeneity of the results was investigated, and the importance was shown of allowing beetles time to recover from the mechanical shock inherent in the method of counting into batches. Directions are given for carrying out the film technique for comparing preparations of relatively high pyrethrin content. The method does not measure the direct spray or fumigant action of the insecticide. The technique described is compared with the Peet-Grady method for evaluating liquid household insecticides of low pyrethrin content. A simplified, but less accurate, design for the test is indicated.

Two formulations of synergized pyrethrins in technical white oil were tested as monthly protective sprays on stacks of fumigated bagged wheat, primarily against Cadra cautella (Wlk.) but also against Sitophilus oryzae (L) and Tribolium castaneum (Hbst.), under warm-temperate storage conditions in up-country Kenya. The formulations were: 0·4% pyrethrins with 2·0% piperonyl butoxide, applied at 50 ml/m 2 , and 0·4% pyrethrins with 0·4% piperonyl butoxide at 20 ml/m 2 . Results were assessed by recording infestation in samples taken from each stack after 18 weeks storage and five spray applications. Both treatments gave reasonably good protection against C. cautella but were not satisfactory against S. oryzae or T. castaneum . There was no evidence of any taint in bread made from the treated grain, but the higher application rate caused excessive staining of the bags. It is concluded that satisfactory control of reinfestation by C. cautella can be expected in practice using 0·4% pyrethrins in oil with only a minimal quantity of added piperonyl butoxide, and that 20 ml/m 2 is a suitable rate for application to bagged produce.

Tests were made of the solubility of a number of copper compounds in mineral and vegetable oils. Phytocidal tests on onion foliage showed that turpentine, pine oil and white spirit were damaging whereas cottonseed oil and white oil were innocuous. Copper salts in white oil, white spirit, turpentine or pine oil showed a higher fungicidal value than in cottonseed oil. In laboratory tests, a solution of copper 3:5-di-isopropyl salicylate was more fungicidal than Bordeaux mixture of the same copper concentration. In a small field trial, copper 3:5-di-iospropyl salicylate dissolved in white oil to give a concentration of 0.01% Cu was atomized three times at monthly intervals on to onion foliage without damage. The same material at 0.1% Cu in white oil was phytocidal. No control of onion downy mildew (Peronospora schleideniana) was obtained in this trial. The method of atomization was convenient and practicable for small-scale operation. It gave perfect wetting of the foliage and was very economical of material.

Friction-speed characteristics of full journal bearings made from Cu6Sn10Pb and Cu6Sn with and without phosphorus were determined, using a straight mineral white oil as lubricant. It was found that the bearings run in smoothly if the bearing-operating temperature remains below Tt, i.e., the transition temperature for effective boundary lubrication. At bearing-operating temperatures above Tt, boundary lubrication fails, and wear and surface deterioration interfere with the formation of a hydrodynamic lubricant film, a consequence being that phosphorus-free alloys behave better than phosphorus-containing alloys. This effect was also found with a crankcase oil of HD SAE 20W type. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASME/ASLE International Lubrication Conference held in New York City, October 9–12, 1972

A method has been developed for studying the presence of micellar aggregates in block and graft copolymers. Specimens for examination in the electron microscope were prepared using a freeze-etching/replication technique. Four well-characterized copolymers were studied: a polystyrene-polyisoprene two-block copolymer, a (polystyrene-polyisoprene-) 4 Si star-block copolymer, and two polystyrene-g-polyisoprene graft copolymers. Technical white oil, which is a very poor solvent for polystyrene, was taken as the solvent for the copolymers. For the purpose of comparison, a study was also made of specimens prepared from polystyrene homopolymer dissolved in a 1:1 mixture by vol of technical white oil and toluene.

Reaction rates were studied for the action of di-tert-octyl disulfide and di-n-cetyl disulfide in white oil on iron powder over the temperature range 165–250 C. The data were fitted to the Arrhenius equation, and the tertiary disulfide was found to be 1500 times as reactive as the normal disulfide. White oil solutions of the two disulfides were subjected to the Falex test and to the four-ball extreme-pressure test, and the tertiary disulfide was found to be the more effective lubricant additive in these tests. Wear studies were carried out with a pin and disk apparatus under conditions which approximated the above bench tests as regards specimen material, rubbing speed and pressure. The complex nature of the course of wear made it difficult to compare the two disulfides quantitatively. It was found that the tertiary disulfide was 2 to 20 times as efficacious as the normal disulfide in reducing the terminal steady-state wear rate. By treating the additive action of the disulfides as a competition between t...

Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of vibration on friction. A rider, consisting of three fixed 1/3-inch diameter balls, slid along a flat steel plate under a dead weight load of 1 kg and a speed of 0.02 cm/second. The plate was vibrated by a speaker at frequencies of 20, 100, 500, and 1000 cycles per second. Acceleration, coefficient of friction, and electrical resistance of a contact were measured. For both lubricated (white oil plus oleic acid) and unlubricated conditions, apparent kinetic friction decreased rapidly after the acceleration of vibration approached and exceeded the acceleration due to gravity. Electrical resistance increased periodically with vibration. The data indicated that the vibration periodically reduced metal-to-metal contact due to reduced load. Thus, an apparent reduction of the coefficient of friction was observed. Microscopic observation of the unlubricated wear tracks on the plate showed absence of galling, brown film formation, and marked plastic deformation ...

In the production of sulfonate additives, an aromatic hydrocarbon is obtained from which a number of white oils and slack waxes. These are used as starting materials for the production of refined petrolatums for various purposes. Samples of petrolatums have been prepared using paraffin and microcrystalline wax and were tested against commercial samples. The petrolatums meet the property standards and also provide savings in various ways as noted.

Vapour-liquid equilibria of the system hydrogen-white oil were measured using a static type apparatus modified to allow measurements at equilibrium temperatures lower than the boiling point of the mixture heavier component. Results are obtained at three temperatures: 522.1, 573.1 and 625.1 K up to 35 MPa.

This article reports on the preparation of an activated natural adsorbent (AGTs-2), based on bentonite from the Askansk deposit, for use in white oil production. Sulfuric acid was used for the bentonite activation. Data is presented on the decolorizing properties and filterability of the activated natural adsorbent in comparison with natural Zikeevo clay. It is determined that the production of a technical white oil with a TsNT color of 1 requires half the amount of AGTs-2 activated adsorbent in comparison with the Zikeevo clay. Both adsorbents have good neutralizing properties and all of the finished oils have a zero acid number. In the production of viscous white oils, the efficiency of contact finishing with the AGTs-2 is higher. The comparative data on the filtration rates of the oil/clay slurry for the different oil samples shows that when AGTs-2 is used, the filtration rate is 3-5 times that with the Zikeevo clay. It is concluded that the AGTs-2 activated natural adsorbent is preferable for white oil production. Includes 2 tables.

A method was described to normalize wear-induced changes in the dynamic friction of surfaces lubricated with an additive in oil solution. Changing dynamic friction data were normalized by comparing them at equivalent degrees of boundary lubrication, determined by measuring the coefficient of friction of the surfaces in neat white oil. Friction tests were made with three different additives to demonstrate the method and its validity. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASME/ASLE Lubrication Conference held in Atlantic City, New Jersey, October 8–10, 1968.

A simplified procedure has been developed to determine the expected shelf life of medicinal white oil. A single oil sample is heated and tested for the presence of hydroperoxides at definite time intervals by a rapid spot test carried out on filter paper. The heating time required for hydroperoxides to form in the oil, as observed visually by the development of a pink color on the filter paper, indicates the stability of the oil.

Experiments were conducted at the Ornamental Horticultural Field Station, Mobile, Alabama, for 4 years beginning in 1953 on control of citrus white fly, Dialeurodes citri (Ashm.), on I-year old liners of Gardenia jasminoides v. radicans and v. mystery . Treatments were replicated four times and randomized. Demeton .50%, methyl demeton 50%. Am. Cyanamid 12008 ( O,O -diethyl S -(isopropylthio)methyl) phosphorodithioate) 48%. Am. Cyanamid 12009 ( O,O -diethyl S -(propylthio) methyl phosphorodithioate) 48%, and Delnav® (2,3- p -dioxanedithiol S,S -bis (O,O diethyl phosphorodithioate) 25%, all at the rate of 1 pint per 100 gallons of water, and white oil emulsion at 2 gallons per 100 gallons of water were highly effective for control of white fly. Schradan, malathion, Parathion, and Isolan®(dimethyI5-(1-isopropyl- 3-methyl-pyrazolyl) carbamate) foliage sprays were less effective against this insect. Soil applications of demeton, Am. Cyanamid 12008, Am. Cyanamid 12009, Thimet®( O,O -diethyl S-(ethylthio)methyl phosphorodithioate), and Di-Syston® ( 0,0 >- diethyl S-2-(ethylthio)-ethyl phosphorodithioate) were also highly effective for white fly control. Two foliage or soil applications were necessary for best control.

1. The fall in the refractive index of mineral oils recovered after injection into the peritoneal cavity of mice is usually accompanied by a fall in the density proportional to the fall in the index.2. With straight distillates from the crude oil the ratio of index fall to density fall is on an average about 0·85 to 1. Wide deviations from these figures were rarely found except when dealing with oils of low toxicity. The ratio tends to be above the mean when the actual index fall is low and consequently below the mean when the index fall is high.3. The refractivity of the original oil, the index fall of the recovered oil and the density fall of the recovered oil give information as to the carcinogenic potency for mice of the original oil of about equal value, but the two lastmentioned tests are far superior to the first for assessing the probable dermatitic potency of the oil.4. Other things being equal, the index and density fall are closely dependent upon the index, density and viscosity of the original oil.5. The index and density fall gradually become larger as the experiment progresses, but within each 24-hour interval the fall gradually becomes less. The ratio of index fall to density fall remains fairly constant for each individual oil during the course of the experiment.6. Titration of mineral oils in vitro with sulphuric acid and alcohol provides residual oils of lower index and density than the original oil, but the ratio of the fall in index to the fall in density is low, especially when the treatments are not severe.7. Oxidation of mineral oils tends to raise the density without affecting the index to an appreciable extent. On the other hand reduction tends to lower the index without affecting the density to anything like the same extent.8. In general terms the animal reacts upon the chemically treated oils in an additive manner, so that if by the chemical treatment we have the ratio of index fall to density fall low, the oil recovered from the animal will have the ratio high, and vice versa. The end product of the severe treatment of a mineral oil with acid and clay is a white oil which for practical purposes may be considered to be fully saturated. The end product of an oil recovered from the animal is probably similar in nature, although the process involved in arriving at this end product is presumably different chemically and physically.9. Synthetic oils recovered from the animal after inj ection showed a marked rise in density but no corresponding rise in index.10. The animal reaction to an injected oil was not materially accelerated by emulsification of the oil.11. Some chemically pure non-carcinogenic compounds were very rapidly changed or eliminated from the peritoneal cavity.12. All alcohol extracts of mineral oils tested showed an increase in index, density and refractivity, but not always in viscosity compared with the original oil, the residues, of course, having characteristics in an opposite direction. The latter were in every instant less toxic for the animal than the original oil, whether applied to the skin or injected.13. A mineral oil recovered from animals 7 days after injection, when reinjected into a second series of animals, was altered as regards its physical characters in a normal manner. Thus whether allowed to remain in the peritoneal cavity of an animal of the first series or recovered and reinjected into an animal of the second series, the ultimate index and density fall in a given time were approximately similar.14. The free oil in the peritoneal cavity becomes, from day to day, less. This is at least partly due to local trapping by the proliferating endothelium. The fall in index of the trapped oil is approximately similar to that of the free oil.15. The alteration of the physical characteristics of mineral oils by the animal is probably brought about by a chemical reaction followed by removal of the changed product.

A method for removing sodium from fuel and blanket subassemblies that have been irradiated in the Enrico Fermi Atomic Power Plant reactor is described. In this method, the subassemblies are flushed with white oil aided by ultrasonic agitation, and the sodium is carried away from the surfaces of the subassemblies by the oil. Data gathered from experimental studies of the method are described; conceptual flow diagrams, materials balance sheets and equipment arrangements applicable to the Fermi plant are discussed; and sodium cleaning methods currently used are summarized. (D.L.C.)

The research aimed at finding an effect of various base oils on the scuffing initiation, scuffing propagation and pitting. The following base oils were tested: mineral oil, synthetic hydrocarbon oil (polyalphaolefins), synthetic non-hydrocarbon oils (polyol ester, polyglycol) and highly refined mineral one known as a white oil. The tests were performed in two different four-ball testers. One was used to investigate scuffing at pure sliding friction. The second instrument was employed to test pitting at rolling movement. To avoid an effect of the oil viscosity, base oils having similar viscosities ν100 (3,8 – 5,5 mm2 s−1 ) were compared. In this group the highest load causing the scuffing initiation is given by the polyglycol, and the lowest one — by polyalphaolefins and white oil. The scuffing propagation is similar for all the oils. The best resistance to pitting is given by the mineral oil, and the worst — by the white oil.Copyright © 2005 by ASME

This article investigates the feasibility of using distillate oil from hydrocracking for white oil production. A process technology has been developed in the USSR for the manufacture of high-quality oils by hydrocracking a heavy distillate feed in high-pressure equipment. The neutral and hydrocracked oil sample and a blend of these stocks were subjected to treatment with oleum, neutralization with 65% ethyl alcohol, and contact finishing to obtain white oils. The physicochemical properties of the white oils are given. It is determined that the hydrocracked oil can be used as the raw material in manufacturing perfume oil meeting the standard GOST 4225-76, and that the blends can be used to obtain pharmaceutical white oil meeting the standard GOST 3164-78.

Some preliminary results on the comparison of scintillation efficiencies of scintillators based on two white oils are described. It is shown that a new solvent, technical white oil, has a better scintillation efficiency than that of medicinal paraffin. A possible reason for this higher efficiency is discussed.

In recent years the red and black scales of citrus trees in California have, in certain districts, been developing increasing immunity to cyanide gas fumigation. One of the outgrowths has been the widespread use of sprays; those having an oil base have been the most successful. The California Fruit Growers Exchange, which handles three-fourths of the State's citrus crop, has been investigating this particular scale problem for several years. The observations of its Pest Control Department during the past season, which have covered the insect problems in all districts, might be summarized for oil sprays in part as follows: 1. The so-called quick breaking emulsions of white oil type, characterized by high viscosity and low volatility, and which leave an oil film on the tree for many weeks, has been the most effective type of spray against both armored and unarmored scales and the red spider where used in sufficient concentration. The concentration which assures dependable results appears to be not less than 1 1/2 per cent actual oil in the case of scale insects. 2. Heavy applications of the white oil type of spray at concentrations approximating 1 1/2 per cent actual oil appeared in many instances to produce certain undesirable effects on the plant itself, the extent of which was modified particularly by the environment of the plant, by the season of year, the variety of fruit and time of its maturity. Some of these effects were retarded coloration of fruit, reduced quality, lessened crop, drop of immature fruit and of tree ripe fruit, increase of aphis and possibly increased difficulty in controlling mealybug through the utilization of beneficial insects. At concentrations much lower than lY:l' per cent actual oil these troubles largely disappeared in most districts. Scale kill, however, at lower concentrations was irregular. 3. In the case of the California red scale these white oil types of sprays give decidedly better scale kill on cutinized surfaces such as fruit and new wood than on the old wood which more readily absorbs the oil. The residual oil prevents the settling of larval scale for a considerable period on fruit and new wood. 4. The application of certain oil sprays to red scale followed within one or two weeks by a furmigation has been the most effective method of controlling the most resistant type of scale. 5. Some brands of oil emulsions are safely used with sulphur compounds under normal weather conditions whereas others are non-compatible with sulphur. The mixture of lime sulphur with certain oil sprays in the presence of calcium caseinate results in a spray which leaves little or no oily coating on the foliage, does not retard frui coloration, nor affect the set. Such combination sprays are among the most effective against immature unarmored scale but are of little value against the armored scales of citrus trees.

Mineral oil spray (white oil), as used on Citrus for the control of insect pests, was found to reduce flowering of sweet orange when applied during flower induction Experiments were earned out with rooted cuttings and on trees In the field However, results with use of the commercial preparation were variable The inhibition was due to the oil component, while the associated emulsifiers enhanced flowering when applied during flower induction.

THE determination of moisture in foods by extraction with alcohol has been limited by the lack of a rapid and accurate method of estimation of the resulting alcohol–water mixtures. Robertson1 has recently shown that both dicyclohexyl and a mixture of seven volumes of 'Elaine' kerosene and one volume of Standard White Oil No. 7 (both products of the Standard Oil Co. of California) possess very critical temperatures of solution with water–alcohol mixtures. The critical temperature of solution is clearly demarcated by loss or appearance of turbidity with the paraffin mixture, but this is preceded by a hazy appearance with dicyclohexyl. As the method can be adjusted to give a range of up to 20° C. for a water content of 1 per cent in water–alcohol mixtures, the method appeared to be sufficiently critical for food analyses.