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A precision-scaling kinematic model with the effects of physical error is investigated in the miniaturization of four-bar polymer machines with compliant joints. A pseudolinkages model (PLM) for the multiple-links compliant machine is formulated. A scaling formulation of the multiple-links compliant machine and its associated PLM is developed. A method for scaled-up test and scaled-down analysis of the compliant mechanism with the considerations of physical errors of fabrication processes, material properties, and experimental tests is proposed. By defining an index of signal-to-noise ratio, the performance of the miniature realization under physical errors is evaluated. The applications of the scaling PLM for the miniature realization of a compliant machine are illustrated by performing both numerical analysis and experimental testing on four-bar compliant polyethylene machines. [DOI: 10.1115/1.2738512] Keywords: miniaturization, S/N ratio, scaling analysis, PLM model four-bar compliant machine

A 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments was used to determine the effects of olaquindox and cyadox on the intestinal mucosal immune response and on fecal shedding of Escherichia coli in Landrace x Large White barrows that had been orally given [10.sup.10] cfu of E. coli ([O.sub.139]:[K.sub.88]). Factors included 1) E. coli inoculation or no inoculation, and 2) no antimicrobial, 100 mg of olaquindox/kg, and 100 mg of cyadox/kg in the basal diet, respectively. The effects of cyadox and olaquindox were assessed in terms of fecal shedding of E. coli, the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), immunoglobulin A-positive cells (APC) in the intestinal lamina propria, and ADG. There was no difference in the fecal shedding of total E. coli or the inoculated E. coli between olaquindox-supplemented pigs and cyadox-supplemented pigs during the experiment. However, fecal shedding of the inoculated E. coli in olaquindox- or cyadox-supplemented pigs was less (P < 0.05) than that in nonsupplemented pigs. Escherichia coli inoculation increased IEL and APC in the jejunum and ileum, but olaquindox or cyadox decreased IEL and APC (P < 0.05). Jejunal APC in cyadox-supplemented pigs was less (P < 0.05) than that in olaquindox-supplemented pigs. Escherichia coli inoculation reduced (P < 0.05) ADG, whereas the supplementations improved ADG (P < 0.01) during the experiment. Average daily gain in cyadox-supplemented pigs was greater (P < 0.05) than that in olaquindox-supplemented pigs. The data indicated that olaquindox and cyadox reduced the number of intestinal E. coli and suppressed E. coli-induced immune activation, which might be responsible for the enhanced growth that was observed. Key words: Escherichia coli, immunoglobulin A-positive cell, intraepithelial lymphocyte, pig, quinoxaline

Molecular dynamics of polycrystalline alpha-L-fucopyranose and methyl alpha-L-fucopyranoside are investigated using (super 13) C and (super 1) H spin relaxation times over a range of temperature (90-400 K). The proton second moment showed a reduction to a lower value at about 150 K due to the rotation of methyl groups.