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Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) is adopted to improve the efficiency of overall supply chain. Research shows that asymmetric information might cause supply chain inefficiency. This study looks at how VMI supply chain coordination can be achieved in an asymmetric information environment. We propose a commitment penalty contract to improve the performance of a VMI supply chain where the manufacturer holds private production cost information and the retailer holds private demand information. The replenishment quantity and contract under symmetric information and bilateral asymmetric information are solved respectively. We find that the commitment penalty contract may reveal the private information of the manufacturer and the retailer can coordinate the supply chain under the asymmetric information of bilateral information. We present numerical examples to illustrate the effectiveness of the contract and develop managerial guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employing a time‐varying difference‐in‐differences model and a data set collected from 2,735 counties in China from 2003 to 2017, this study examines the causal relationship between Chinese government transfer payments to resource‐exhausted cities (TPREC) and carbon emissions for the first time. Our results show that TPREC could significantly reduce carbon emissions of resource‐exhausted cities in China. A variety of robustness tests supports our findings. Our further mechanism analysis shows that TPREC mainly affects carbon emissions through the following three channels: (a) promoting technological progress and industrial upgrades; (b) increasing vegetation carbon sequestration; (c) strengthening government environmental regulations. Finally, this paper analyzes the spatial heterogeneity of the carbon emission reduction effect of TPREC and finds that the most significant reduction effect of TPREC is in the western region and coal‐exhausted cities. This paper provides new empirical evidence for the role of transfer payments in promoting low‐carbon development using a unique set of data. Our findings provide new insights for decision‐makers to facilitate the low‐carbon development of resource‐exhausted cities. Plain Language Summary: By employing a time‐varying difference‐in‐differences model, we examine the causal relationship between central government transfer payments to resource‐exhausted cities and carbon emissions for the first time. We find China's TPREC can significantly reduce carbon emissions by promoting technological progress and industrial upgrades, increasing vegetation carbon sequestration, and strengthening government environmental regulations. Key Points: China's transfer payments to resource‐exhausted cities (TPREC) could significantly reduce carbon emissions, and this conclusion has also been supported by multiple robustness testsThe TPREC could achieve carbon emission reduction by promoting technological progress, industrial upgrading, and economic efficiencyThe most significant carbon emission reduction effect of TPREC is in the western region and coal‐exhausted cities [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the economy enters the new normal in China, more and more intellectuals are concerned about the energy consumption in the economic green transformation and development process; this article computes the energy consumption embodied in various final demand types by the utilization of the environmentally extended input-output (EEIO) model during 2000–2014. Then, the structural decomposition analysis is adopted for exploring energy consumption changes' driving factors considering various final demand categories. Furthermore, the decoupling between economic growth and energy consumption embodied in various final demand categories is revealed by the application of the Tapio model in China. The results indicate as below: (1) the energy consumption embodied in various final demand categories increased significantly during the study period; (2) the gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) was most conducive to the growth of energy consumption, while the construction department emerged as the greatest energy user in GFCF; (3) coal and oil were two main energy sources consumed regardless of any final demand categories; (4) in the three drivers, the scale effect had a primary contribution to increasing energy consumption. The intensity effect made a crucial contribution to mitigating energy consumption. The structural effect had a mild contribution to the energy consumption changes; (5) the five final demand categories were roughly characterized by the weak decoupling over the period 2000–2014. GFCF determined the decoupling index between economy growth and energy consumption largely. Finally, this article put forward implied policies concerning the reduction of energy utilization in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Heterosis refers to superior traits exhibiting in a hybrid when compared with both parents. Generally, the hybridization between parents can change the expression pattern of some proteins such as non-additive proteins (NAPs) which might lead to heterosis. 'Zhongdan808' (ZD808) and 'Zhongdan909' (ZD909) are excellent maize hybrids in China, however, the heterosis mechanism of them are not clear. Proteomics has been wildly used in many filed, and comparative proteomic analysis of hybrid and its parents is helpful for understanding the mechanism of heterosis in the two maize hybrids. Results: Over 2000 protein groups were quantitatively identified from second seedling leaves of two hybrids and their parents by label-free quantification. Statistical analysis of total identified proteins, differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) and NAPs of the two hybrids revealed that both of them were more similar to their female parents. In addition, most of DAPs were up-regulated and most of NAPs were high parent abundance or above-high parent abundance in ZD808, while in ZD909, most of DAPs were down-regulated and most of NAPs were low parent abundance or below-low parent abundance. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that more of stress response-related NAPs in ZD808 were high parent abundance or above-high parent abundance, and most of PS related NAPs in ZD909 were high parent abundance or above-high parent abundance. Finally, four stress response-related proteins and eight proteins related to PS were verified by PRM, ten of them had significant differences between hybrid and midparent value. Conclusions: Even though every one of the two hybrids were more similar to its female parent at proteome level, the biological basis of heterosis is different in the two maize hybrids. In comparison with their parents, the excellent agronomic traits of hybrid ZD808 is mainly correlated with the high expression levels of some proteins related to stress responses and metabolic functions, while traits of ZD909 is mainly correlated with high expressed proteins related to photosynthesis. Our proteomics results support previous physiological and morphological research and have provided useful information in understanding the reason of valuable agronomic traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores a new theoretical model of employee creativity by investigating the impact of ethical leadership on creativity mediated by creative self‐efficacy and psychological safety. Data collected from 200 supervisor–subordinate dyads in Pakistan reveal that ethical leadership is positively related to creativity. Further, psychological safety partially mediates the relationship between ethical leadership and creativity. However, creative self‐efficacy is found insignificant in the relationship between ethical leadership and creativity. The study discusses research and practical implications of the proposed new theoretical framework with regard to employee creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information communication technology (ICT) is driving modern employment creation with networking sites enabling people to interact through innovation. However, ICT uptake and implementation differ due to moderating factors such as entrepreneur innovativeness, which enhances how technology innovation impacts organizational performance. This study examines the association between technology innovation and firm performance in Kenya by considering the impact of entrepreneur innovativeness on this association. A sample of 240 enterprises and structural equation modeling were used in the analysis. The findings indicate that technology innovation influences firm performance positively. The study recommends that entrepreneurs should develop innovative strategies to actualize firm performance. Government policy should aim at improving ICT infrastructure; promoting small and medium-sized enterprises' (SMEs') technological externalities within the industry, and establishing ICT resource centers to support SME performance. The study's findings enrich existing theories and contribute to business management practices in both developed and developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how technology transfer can influence the performance of small businesses in developing countries like Kenya. The theoretical basis of the study is the technology transfer model, which integrates a consideration of the transfer provider with that of the recipient's capacity. The study's sample comprises 104 enterprises. Correlation and a regression model are used for content analysis. The results show that technology transfers improve small businesses' performance and help drive rural development. The effectiveness of transferred technology has a major impact on small businesses' competitiveness and access to international markets. These findings imply that governments must develop technology transfer strategies for small businesses in order to enhance both their performance and food security. Government policies for technology transfer should incorporate incentives for agricultural technology transfer to boost food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic review of numerous writings addressing quality performance-geared contracting (PC) and self-stated performance. Design/methodology/approach: The study systematically reviewed 134 refereed papers across various fields published between from 2000 to 2018. A categorization framework of PC is suggested addressing fundamental dimensions of its plan and management. Findings: The relative analysis of pertinent articles advancing interdisciplinary perspective encourages learning and provides knowledge about quality management in organizations especially at individual and organizational levels. Research limitations/implications: The outcomes indicate that much of the present-day wide-ranging performance contracting studies do not have robust theoretical grounds. Studies are also inclined to certain theories for instance agency theory and play down other theories with the likelihood of contributing to quality management. Practical implications: Performance contracting between citizens and public entities is important in that the written contract limits what the public entities, for instance, the government can and cannot do and informs on the rights and privileges of citizens, thus contracts to form the core of a free society. Originality/value: This review demonstrates that performance contracting is useful in performance improvement if proper job design and contract management exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]