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RESUMO Este trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer a diversidade vegetal de uma área de Cerrado em Prudente de Morais, MG, bem como suas indicações medicinais. Foram feitas nove excursões à reserva da Fazenda Experimental Santa Rita da Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais (FESR/EPAMIG) (19°26’20”’ S e 44°09’15”’ W). O material vegetal coletado foi herborizado, identificado e incorporado ao acervo do Herbário PAMG/EPAMIG. O sistema de classificação utilizado foi o APG III. Após a identificação, realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica buscando dados sobre a utilização medicinal das espécies. Coletaram-se 108 espécies pertencentes a 47 famílias. As famílias mais representativas foram: Fabaceae, com 16 espécies, Myrtaceae com sete espécies, Asteraceae e Rubiaceae com seis espécies cada, Malpighiaceae e Solanaceae com cinco espécies cada, Erythroxylaceae, Euphorbiaceae e Vochysiaceae, com quatro espécies cada, Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, Lamiaceae e Sapindaceae com três espécies cada, Annonaceae, Arecaceae, Bignoniaceae, Celastraceae e Primulaceae com duas espécies cada. Vinte e nove famílias foram monoespecíficas. Das 108 espécies, 39 são árvores (36%), 43 arbustos (40%), seis subarbustos (5,5%), 14 lianas (13%) e seis são ervas (5,5%). Sessenta e seis (61%) espécies pertencentes a 39 famílias (83%) são utilizadas popularmente, para o tratamento de alguma doença. As famílias com maior número de espécies medicinais foram: Fabaceae com oito espécies; Rubiaceae com cinco espécies e Solanaceae com quatro espécies. As espécies que apresentaram mais finalidades terapêuticas foram: Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul (Moraceae), Caryocar brasiliense Cambess. (Caryocaraceae), Cochlospermum regium (Mart. ex Schrank) Pilg. (Bixaceae), Croton urucurana Bail. (Euphorbiaceae), Gomphrena officinalis Mart. (Amaranthaceae), Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne (Fabaceae), Lithrea molleoides (Vell.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae), Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (Anacardiaceae) e Randia. armata (Sw.) DC. (Rubiaceae). As finalidades terapêuticas que apresentaram maior número de espécies foram: tônico (15 spp., 22,7%), afecções do aparelho respiratório (13 spp., 19,6%), afecções da pele (12 spp., 18%) e febres (12 spp., 18%). O conhecimento tradicional sobre as plantas medicinais do cerrado deve ser mais investigado para que seja preservado, valorizado, e para que medidas conservacionistas sejam tomadas evitando que essas plantas desapareçam antes que sua utilização tradicional seja corroborada pela ciência. ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the plant diversity of a Cerrado area in Prudente de Morais, MG, and its medicinal indications. Nine field trips were made to the reserve of Fazenda Experimental Santa Rita of the Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais (FESR/EPAMIG) (19°26’20” S and 44°09’15” W). The plant material collected was herborized, identified and incorporated into the collection of the Herbarium PAMG/EPAMIG. The classification system used was the APG III. After identification, we carried out a literature search to find data about the medical use of the species. 108 species were collected, belonging to 47 families. The most representative families were Fabaceae, with 16 species, Myrtaceae with seven species, Asteraceae and Rubiaceae with six species each, Malpighiaceae and Solanaceae with five species each, Erythroxylaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Vochysiaceae, with four species each, Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, Lamiaceae and Sapindaceae with three species each, Annonaceae, Arecaceae, Bignoniaceae, Celastraceae and Primulaceae with two species each. Twenty-nine families were monoespecific. From the 108 species, 39 are trees (36%), 43 are shrubs (40%), six are subshrubs (5.5%), 14 are climbing (13%) and six are herbs (5.5%). Sixty-six (61%) species belonging to 39 families (83%) are commonly used for the treatment of diseases. The families with the highest number of medicinal species were the Fabaceae with eight species; the Rubiaceae with five species and the Solanaceae with four species. The species showing more therapeutic purposes were: Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul (Moraceae), Caryocar brasiliense Cambess. (Caryocaraceae), Cochlospermum regium (Mart. Ex Schrank) Pilg. (Bixaceae), Croton urucurana Bail. (Euphorbiaceae), Gomphrena officinalis Mart. (Amaranthaceae), Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne (Fabaceae), Lithrea molleoides (Vell.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae), Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (Anacardiaceae) and Randia. armata (Sw.) DC. (Rubiaceae). The therapeutic purposes indicated by the highest number of species were: tonic (15 spp., 22.7%), diseases of the respiratory system (13 spp., 19.6%), skin affections (12 spp., 18%) and fever (12 spp., 18%). The traditional knowledge of medicinal plants of the Cerrado should be investigated further in order to be preserved and enhanced. In that sense, conservation measures should be taken for these plants do not disappear before their traditional use is supported by science.

O fogo exerce um papel importante como modelador dos ecossistemas de diversas formacoes vegetais, especialmente o Cerrado. Sua acao induz a brotacao em diversas especies, muitas vezes formando folhas mais vigorosas e fisiologicamente mais ativas. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho investigou o desempenho fotossintetico de folhas jovens e maduras de Vochysia cinnamomea Pohl (Vochysiaceae) em resposta a acao do fogo natural sobre uma area de cerrado rupestre da Serra da Canastra, Minas Gerais, comparando-se; (1) folhas jovens de area queimada e nao queimada e (2) folhas jovens e maduras de um mesmo individuo. Foram analisadas folhas maduras de individuos de area nao queimada cuja brotacao ocorreu anterior a queimada, e folhas jovens de individuos de areas queimadas e nao queimadas cuja brotacao ocorreu apos a passagem do fogo. Foram coletados e analisados dados relativos as taxas fotossinteticas, rendimento quântico potencial e efetivo, taxa relativa de transporte de eletrons, assimilacao liquida de CO 2 , condutância estomatica, transpiracao e teores de clorofila. Nao houve diferencas significativas entre as folhas jovens da area queimada e da area nao queimada em relacao aos processos fisiologicos testados. Desta forma nao ha nenhum tipo de resposta rapida em relacao a passagem do fogo. Entretanto, foram encontradas diferencas significativas quando comparadas folhas jovens e maduras. E fato que folhas jovens de V. cinnamomea sao estruturalmente distintas de folhas maduras, sao mais suculentas e pilosas enquanto as folhas maduras sao mais coriaceas, glabras e com cuticula evidente. Estas diferencas estruturais e os estagios fisiologicos de maturacao distintos se refletem nas caracteristicas fisiologicas estudadas nestas folhas que, quando maduras apresentam-se com menor grau de fotoinibicao, maior teor de clorofilas e maior assimilacao liquida de CO 2 .

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:33:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-10-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Background and aims: Acidic soil occupies 30% of the world’s ice-free land, and exchangeable aluminum (Al) availability increases under these conditions, being toxic to many plant species. However, some plants accumulate Al without damage to their metabolism. Vochysia tucanorum is an Al-accumulating species endemic to the cerrado vegetation with acidic soils in South America. Here, we predict that it is a calcifuge species. Methods: We assessed macro and micronutrient concentrations as well as Al accumulation, plant height and root length of potted plants grown on acidic and calcareous soil for 60 days. A LC-MS-based metabolite fingerprinting of plants on both conditions was also performed. Results: Plants grown on acidic soil showed higher biomass and Al concentration in roots and shoots than those grown on calcareous soil. Despite the higher concentration of macronutrients on plants grown on calcareous soil, micronutrients concentration was similar between plants grown on these soils. Plants grown on the calcareous soil showed necrotic leaves. The metabolite fingerprinting indicated significant changes in the metabolism of phenolics and organic acids. Conclusions: Due to the high Al accumulation in plants grown on acidic soil, and their inability to survive in calcareous soil, we conclude that V. tucanorum is an Al-accumulating species with calcifuge behavior. AsterBioChem research team School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto University of São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café s/n, Monte Alegre Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. 24-A, 1515 School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, s/n Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Rua 20, 1600 Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. 24-A, 1515 School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, s/n FAPESP: 2010/51454-3 FAPESP: 2013/21293-6 FAPESP: 2014/26866-7 CNPq: 304905/2015-1

Floral nectaries are linked with animal pollinators and floral specialization, characterizing some plant groups, such as the mostly Neotropical Vochysiaceae. The phylogeny of these plants has been revised based on molecular data, but their conspicuous spurs were mostly neglected. The appendicular or receptacular origin of these spurs has been discussed but without ontogenetic or anatomical study, and the association between spur structure and pollination systems was never assessed. We studied the spurs of species of four genera of Cerrado Vochysiaceae (tribe Vochysieae), documenting their vascularization and comparing their structure to previously described pollination systems. The spur structure was roughly similar among species, and vascularization confirmed their appendicular origin. Subepidermic secretory tissue surrounded the lumen of the spur and nectar was secreted through nectarostomata. Besides differences in size and cuticle striation, no other association between spur structure and pollination system was observed. However, the structure is somewhat distinct in Qualea parviflora, which sports a pluriseriate internal epidermis padding the spur lumen, which may provide protection against damage by the large bees that visit these relatively small flowers. The conservative histology and vasculature somewhat confirmed the monophyly of the tribe Vochysieae and the appendicular origin of the spur in the Cerrado Vochysiaceae.

Spiders are generalist predators and present a high diversity of capturing and foraging, as well as considerable species richness in tropical habitats. Although, generally, not presenting specific relations to the host plant, they can be influenced by its phenology, structure and resource availability. So, this study analyzed temporal variation on the structure and composition of Araneae assemblage in Callisthene fasciculata (Spr.) Mart. (Vochysiaceae) canopies, in an area of monodominant vegetation, in the periods of high water, receding water, dry season and rising water in Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The collection was performed on 24 individuals of C. fasciculata, six in each seasonal period, in 2010 and 2011, making use of canopy fogging with insecticide. For that, ten nylon funnels were distributed under each canopy of C. fasciculata individuals, in a total of 240 m² of sampled canopies. In all, 3,610 spiders were collected and distributed in 24 families and 55 species. Anyphaenidae (43.3%; 6.5 ind./m2), Pisauridae (16.2%; 2.4 ind./m2), Araneidae (12.7%; 1.9 ind./m2) and Salticidae (12.4%; 1.9 ind./m2) were the most representative. Osoriella tahela Brescovit, 1998 was the most abundant species (12.2%). The nocturnal aerial runners of foliage (45.6%; 6.9 ind./m2), nocturnal aerial ambushers of foliage (17.3%; 2.6 ind./m2), aerial orb weavers (13.3%; 2.0 ind./m2) and the diurnal aerial runners of foliage (12.5%; 1.9 ind./m2) spiders represented the most abundant guilds. Significant differences were observed in the composition of families and behavioral guilds, as well as abundance and richness among seasonal periods. The assemblage showed the highest abundance in receding water and highest species richness in high water period, probably related to the hydrologic cycle of the area and its influence on C. fasciculata phenology, indicating the importance of this plant species for spider’s diversity maintenance in the Pantanal. RESUMO Aranhas são predadoras, generalistas e apresentam elevada diversidade de estratégias de captura e forrageamento, bem como considerável riqueza de espécies em habitats tropicais. Apesar de, geralmente, não apresentarem relações específicas com hospedeiros vegetais, suas assembleias podem ser influenciadas pela fenologia, estrutura e disponibilidade de recursos sobre o hospedeiro. Assim, este estudo analisou a variação temporal na estrutura e composição da assembleia de aranhas em copas de Callisthene fasciculata (Spr.) Mart. (Vochysiaceae) em área de vegetação monodominante, ao longo dos períodos de cheia, vazante, seca e enchente na região norte do Pantanal de Mato Grosso, Brasil. As coletas foram realizadas sobre 24 exemplares de C. fasciculata, seis em cada período sazonal, em 2010 e 2011, empregando-se a termonebulização de copas com inseticida. Para a coleta, 10 funis de nylon foram distribuídos debaixo da copa de cada indivíduo de C. fasciculata, totalizando 240 m² de copas amostradas. Ao todo foram coletadas 3.610 aranhas e distribuídas em 24 famílias e 55 espécies. Anyphaenidae (43,3%), Pisauridae (16,2%), Araneidae (12,7%) e Salticidae (12,4%) predominaram. Osoriella tahela Brescovit, 1998 foi a espécie mais abundante (12,2% do total). As aranhas corredoras aéreas noturnas de folhagens (45,6%), emboscadeiras noturnas de folhagens (17,3%), tecelãs orbiculares aéreas (13,3%) e as corredoras aéreas diurnas de folhagens (12,6%) representaram as guildas mais abundantes. Diferenças significativas foram observadas na composição de famílias e agrupamentos em guildas comportamentais, bem como para a abundância e riqueza de aranhas entre os períodos sazonais. A assembleia apresentou maior abundância na vazante e maior riqueza de espécies no período de cheia, provavelmente relacionadas com o ciclo hidrológico da região e sua influência sobre a fenologia de C. fasciculata, indicando a importância desta espécie vegetal para a manutenção da diversidade de aranhas no Pantanal.

Vochysia divergens (Vochysiaceae) is considered an invasive species in the wetlands of the Brazilian Pantanal, which hinders the cultivation of agricultural species. In this study, we evaluated the chemical profile by HPLC-DAD (high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector) of leaves extracts from V. divergens seedlings inoculated with endophytic fungi isolated from V. divergens roots. These fungi were collected on dry (D) and wet (W) seasons in the Pantanal. The presence of tannin hexahydroxydiphenoyl (HHDP)-galloyl-glucose and flavone 3',5'-dimethoxy-luteolin were predominant in the seedlings inoculated with endophytic fungi W experiments at 100 and 80%, respectively. Likewise, flavone 3',5-dimethoxy-luteolin-7-O-β-glucoside showed a similar representation in the two evaluated periods, compared with 5-methoxy-luteolin, which was detected only in seedlings inoculated with W endophytic fungi. This approach is new to V. divergens, which has no scientific data on its in vitro elicitation, in the search for a better understanding of the ecological relationships of this species.

This study aimed to isolate and characterize microsatellite markers for Qualea grandiflora and to test their transferability to congeneric species Qualea multiflora and Qualea parviflora. These three species are widespread in the Cerrado, the largest, richest and probably the most threatened tropical savanna in the world. We characterized ten markers in 40 individuals belonging to two populations of Q. grandiflora and eight markers in 20 individuals belonging to one population of Q. multiflora and Q. parviflora. In Q. grandiflora, considering all 40 analyzed individuals, the number of alleles per locus ranged from eight to 21, and the average was 11.60. The mean number of alleles per locus was 8.8 and 7.3 in each population. The observed and expected heterozygosities (Ho and He) within populations varied from 0.235 to 0.944 and from 0.225 to 0.932, respectively. In Q. multiflora the number of alleles varied from two to 11 with an average of 5.75; the Ho ranged from 0.150 to 0.950, while He ranged from 0.191 to 0.817. In Q. parviflora, considering the seven polymorphic loci, the number of alleles ranged from two to 13, with an average of 7.5, while Ho ranged from 0.211 to 0.944, and He ranged from 0.193 to 0.906. The polymorphism level of the microsatellite markers here described enable them as powerful tools for future population genetic studies in these species, helping to answer ecological and evolutionary questions.

The Gomeira (Vochysia pyramidalis Mart.), belonging to the family Vochysiaceae, is a plant species from the Brazilian cerrado used in folk medicine because of its reputedly anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-bacterial properties. However, scientific data concerning this species are scarce. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to conduct an anatomical and histochemical assessment of this plant species and characterize the chemical composition of its essential oil. For the anatomical evaluation, the leaves, stems and petals were fixed and subjected to common plant anatomy techniques. For the histochemical tests, fresh samples of the stems, leaves and petals were sectioned using a microtome and stained with different dyes to identify the chemical components. The essential oil was obtained from fresh flowers and both dry and fresh leaves using hydrodistillation and was characterized by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The anatomical analysis showed several xeromorphic characteristics, which suggest that the mucilaginous channeland idioblasts are the only secretory structures present in this species. The histochemical tests revealed the presence of secondary metabolites belonging to two different chemical classes: the phenolic compounds and terpenes. The chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and hexadecanol; pentacosane and farnesol were identified as its main components. Key words: Brazilian cerrado in Goias state, secretory structures, farnesol, secondary metabolites, terpenes.

The ability of plants to generate fertile offspring is influenced by morpho-physiological and ecological factors. Hence, reproductive success is directly linked to factors affecting quantity and quality of their progeny. In the Cerrado (savanna) of Brazil, the Vochysiaceae is a widely distributed and ecologically important family. Factors affecting pre-dispersal seed predation and abortion were studied for populations of Callisthene fasciculata, C. major, Qualea multiflora and Q. parviflora. To characterize differences between genera, as well as among species, study areas, and individuals, we quantified pre-dispersal seed predation and abortion. Differences of seed abortion among the species were related to intrinsic reproductive features and not to area or other factors. In contrast, seed predation varied not only among species but also among areas and among individuals. Only C. fasciculata showed no seed predation. In Qualea species, insect predators were found inside the seeds; whereas predators of Callisthene species were outside seeds. In both genera, seed abortion correlated negatively with area size, as did pre-dispersal seed predation, which suggest seed abortion may be a counter-measure to avoid predation. Although seed abortion and predation reduced the progenies of the studied species, seed production did not differ from other Cerrado species.

Host plants may harbor a variable number of galling insect species, with some species being able to harbor a high diversity of these insects, being therefore called superhost plants. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the occurrence of superhost plant species of genus Qualea (Vochysiaceae) affects the structure of plant&ndash, galling insect ecological networks in Brazilian Cerrado. We sampled a total of 1882 plants grouped in 131 species and 43 families, of which 64 species and 31 families of host plants hosted 112 galling insect species. Our results showed that occurrence of superhosts of genus Qualea increased the linkage density of plant species, number of observed interactions, and the size of plant&ndash, galling insect networks and negatively affected the network connectance (but had no effect on the residual connectance). Although the occurrence of Qualea species did not affect the plant species richness, these superhosts increased the species richness and the number of interactions of galling insects. Our study represents a step forward in relation to previous studies that investigated the effects of plant diversity on the plant&ndash, insect networks, showing that few superhost plant species alter the structure of plant&ndash, herbivore networks, even without having a significant effect on plant diversity.

Resumo No Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, localizado a sudoeste do estado de Minas Gerais, foram encontradas 11 especies de quatro generos da familia Vochysiaceae: Vochysia, com cinco especies ( V. cinnamomea Pohl, V. elliptica Mart., V. sessilifolia Warm., V. thyrsoidea Pohl e V. tucanorum Mart.), Qualea com quatro especies ( Q. cordata Spreng., Q. grandiflora Mart., Q. multiflora Mart. e Q. parviflora Mart.) e Callisthene e Salvertia com uma especie cada, C. major Mart. e S. convallariodora A.St.-Hil. O presente artigo fornece chave de identificacao e descricoes das especies, dados de distribuicao geografica, comentarios taxonomicos e ilustracoes dos caracteres diagnosticos. Vochysiaceae from Serra da Canastra National Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil Abstract In Serra da Canastra National Park, located in southwestern Minas Gerais state, we found 11 species belonging to four Vochysiaceae genera: Vochysia with five species ( V. cinnamomea Pohl, V. elliptica Mart., V. sessilifolia Warm., V. thyrsoidea Pohl and V. tucanorum Mart.), Qualea with four species ( Q. cordata Spreng., Q. grandiflora Mart., Q. multiflora Mart. and Q. parviflora Mart.), and Callisthene and Salvertia with one species each, C. major Mart. and S. convallariodora A.St.-Hil. This article provides a species identification key, species descriptions with geographic data, taxonomic remarks and illustration of diagnostic characters.

The Pantanal is the largest wetland in the world with extremely high plant and animal diversity, but large areas have been invaded by Vochysia divergens Pohl (Vochysiaceae), a tree that is native to the Amazon Basin, and Curatella americana L. (Dilleniaceae), a tree that is native to the Brazilian savanna (cerrado). V. divergens is reportedly floodadapted, thus its ability to invade the Pantanal may not be surprising, but the invasion of C. americana is counterintuitive, because this species is adapted to the well-drained soils of the cerrado. Thus, we were interested in comparing the photosynthetic capacity, in terms of CO2 conductance, carboxylation, and electron transport of these species over a seasonal flooding cycle. Given that V. divergens is reportedly flood-adapted, we predicted that this species would have a higher photosynthetic capacity than C. americana, especially under flooding. To test this hypothesis we measured the photosynthetic CO2 response (PN/Cc) of V. divergens and C. americana within 1 year to determine, if photosynthetic capacity varied systematically over time and between species. Contrary to our hypothesis, V. divergens did not always have a higher photosynthetic capacity than C. americana. Rather, species differences were influenced by temporal variations in flooding and the leaf age. Leaf CO2 assimilation and photosynthetic capacity of both species were lower during the flood period, but the differences were not statistically significant. The physiological performance of both species was strongly related to leaf N and P concentrations, but P limitation appeared to be more important than N limitation for these species and ecosystem. Photosynthetic capacity was higher and more stable for V. divergens, but such an advantage did not result in a statistically significant increase in PN. Our results suggest that both species are tolerant to flooding even though they are adapted to very different hydrological conditions. Such physiological plasticity, especially for C. americana, might be a key feature for the ability to survive and persist in the seasonally flooded Pantanal.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050988437O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a florística e calcular os parâmetros fitossociológicos das espécies presentes nas áreas de campo sujo e cerrado sensu stricto na Estação Ecológica de Pirapitinga – MG (ESEC). O estudo foi realizado na ESEC de Pirapitinga no município de Morada Nova de Minas, Estado de Minas Gerais. Para o levantamento da florística e da fitossociologia, foi alocado um total de 190 subparcelas com 100 m2 cada, amostrando-se todos os indivíduos com circunferência à altura do solo (CAS) ≥ 16 cm, em áreas de campo sujo e cerrado sensu stricto. Foram calculados os parâmetros de frequência, densidade, dominância, os valores de importância e os índices de diversidade de Shannon e equabilidade de Pielou. A similaridade florística entre as áreas foi determinada por meio do índice de Sorensen. Nas duas áreas de estudo, foram amostrados um total de 3.224 indivíduos distribuídos em 81 espécies, 70 gêneros e 40 famílias. As famílias mais ricas foram Fabaceae e Vochysiaceae. O cerrado sensu stricto foi a formação vegetal com maior riqueza de espécies (81) e maior densidade (2.257 ind ha-1). Ambas as áreas estudadas apresentam-se com alta diversidade e baixa dominância ecológica e possuem distribuição diamétrica em forma de J-invertido, indicando o predomínio de indivíduos jovens.

Ants act in different trophic levels and are important due to their abundance, distribution and diversity in a variety of habitats, exercising influence on many different organisms and ecosystems. Thus, this study compared temporal variation on the structure and composition of the Formicidae community in canopies of Callisthene fasciculata (Spr.) Mart. (Vochysiaceae) during high water and dry periods, in the Pantanal of Pocone, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Ant sampling was performed on 12 specimens of C. fasciculata , in 2010 and 2011, using canopy fogging with insecticide, in a total of 120m² of sampled canopy. Altogether, 2,958 ants were collected. The 2,943 adults were distributed in four subfamilies, 12 genus and 26 species. Myrmicinae (18.7 ind./m 2 ) was the most representative taxon, followed by Formicinae (3.2 ind./m 2 ), Dolichoderinae (2.2 ind./m 2 ) and Pseudomyrmecinae (0.3 ind./m 2 ). The community is made up of six trophic groups, in which omnivorous (23.5 ind./m 2 ) were the most prevalent, followed by minimum hypogeical generalists (0.5 ind./m 2 ) and arboreal generalist predators (0.3 ind./m 2 ). Although the results showed that Formicidae community richness, associated to C. fasciculata canopies, does not represent a significant difference among the seasonal periods, there are differences as to species distribution and grouping in trophic guilds on the host plant over the seasonal periods, indicating the influence of temporal variation, and therefore, habitat conditions on this community.

Leaves have a variety of morphological and anatomical characters mainly influenced by climatic, edaphic and biotic factors. The aim of this study was to describe the anatomical leaf traits of Qualea parviflora from three phytophysiognomies. The studied phytophysiognomies were Amazon Savannah on rocky outcrops (ASR), Transition Rupestrian Cerrado (TRC), and Cerradão (CDA). Freehand sections of the leaf blade were made and stained with 0.5% astra blue and with basic fuchsin. From the adaxial and abaxial leaf surface, freehand paradermal sections were made for epidermis analysis. The Jeffrey´s method, with modifications, was used in the epidermis dissociation process. The samples from the TRC phytophysiognomy had relatively smaller ordinary epidermal cells, higher abundance of trichomes, and mesophyll with few intercellular spaces, in comparison to the other phytophysiognomies. The leaves from the ASR phytophysiognomy had higher stomatal index (SI = 21.02), and five to six layers of sclerenchyma surrounding the midrib vascular bundle. The secondary vascular bundles had thicker cell walls and the bundle sheath extended up to the epidermal tissue of both leaf sides. Leaves from the CDA phytophysiognomy had mesomorphic environmental traits, such as a thinner cuticle. It is concluded that trees from ASR and TRC phytophysiognomies have xeromorphic traits following the environmental conditions where they occur.

Entre as savanas tropicais, o Cerrado apresenta maior diversidade de plantas com cerca de 12.000 especies descritas. Considerado um dos hotspots mundiais de biodiversidade, o Cerrado vem sofrendo forte ameaca e o conhecimento dos padroes de distribuicao vegetal em areas com grande diversidade se torna imprescindivel para a criacao estrategias de conservacao. O Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Guimaraes (PNCG), localizado na area central do Cerrado, possui uma grande diversidade de ambientes devido as variacoes de altitude, sendo a tipologia mais representativa, a de Cerrado sensu stricto. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a riqueza, diversidade e estrutura horizontal da comunidade arborea desta tipologia. Para isto, foram alocadas 6 parcelas de 20 x 250 m (5000 m2), em isolinhas, e amostrados todos os individuos com diâmetro a altura da base (DAB) ≥ 5 cm. Para verificacao da suficiencia amostral, utilizou-se o estimador nao parametrico de Jackknife, a diversidade foi estimada pelo indice de Shannon e de Simpson. Foram amostradas 100 especies arboreas distribuidas em 64 generos e 36 familias botânicas. As familias que mais contribuiram para a riqueza foram Fabaceae com 18 especies, Myrtaceae com 7 especies, Vochysiaceae e Apocynaceae com 6 especies e Bignoniaceae com 5 especies. A comunidade arborea de Cerrado sensu stricto do PNCG possui densidade de 1.861,33 (± 719.93) individuos por hectare, e a area basal de 15,14 (±7,01) m2 ha-1. Um grupo de 20 especies representa 82,75 % do total dos individuos e 80,79 % da area basal por hectare. A diversidade da vegetacao arborea e de 3,24 nats/individuo pelo indice de Shannon, e 0,70 pelo indice de Simpson o que indica alta diversidade floristica para a comunidade arborea estudada. Palavras-chave: savana, estrutura horizontal, indices de diversidade. PHYTOSOCIOLOGY OF THE CERRADO Stricto Sensu COMMUNITY IN THE “PARQUE NACIONAL DA CHAPADA DOS GUIMARAES” ABSTRACT Among the tropical savannas, Cerrado presentes greater diversity of plants with about 12.000 described species. The Cerrado biomeis considered one of the world’s biodiversity hots pots and has come under strong threat, so the knowledge of plant distribution patterns in areas with high diversity is indispensable to create conservation strategies. The Chapada dos Guimaraes National Park (CGNP), located in the central area of the Cerrado, has a large variety of environments due to variations in altitude, being the most representative type, the Cerrado sensu stricto. The objective of this study was to analyze the richness, diversity and horizontal structure of the arboreal community of this typology. To this, were allocated 6 plots of 20 x 250 m (5000 m2), in isolines, and sampled all individual with diameter of the base height (DAB) ≥ 5 cm. In order to verify the sample sufficiency, we used the nonparametric estimator of Jackknife, diversity was estimated by Shannon and Simpson index. One hundred tree species distributed in 64 genera and 36 botanical families were sampled. The families who most contributed to the richness were Fabaceae with 18 species, Myrtaceae with 7 species, Vochysiaceae and Apocynaceae with 6 species and Bignoniaceae with 5 species. The arboreal community of Cerrado sensu stricto of the CGNP has density of 1.861,33 (± 719.93) individuals per hectare, and basal area of 15,14 (±7,01) m2 ha-1. A group of 20 species represents 82.75% of all individuals and 80.79% of the basal area per hectare. The diversity of arboreal vegetation is 3,24 nats/individual by Shannon index, and 0,70 by Simpson index which indicates high floristic diversity for the arboreal community studied. Keywords: savanna, horizontal structure, diversity index. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14583/2318-7670.v04n02a05

Orientador: André Olmos Simões Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia Resumo: O presente trabalho apresenta contribuições à sistemática de Vochysiaceae, na forma dos seguintes capítulos: (1) estudo filogenético molecular de Vochysiaceae, acompanhado por investigação de possíveis sinapomorfias morfológicas; (2) tipificações e sinonimizações em Vochysia; (3) nomenclator para as espécies de Vochysia ocorrentes no Brasil; (4) correta atribuição do lectótipo de Vochysia guianensis Aubl. e (5) descrição de uma nova espécie de Qualea. No estudo filogenético foram recuperados três principais clados: Erismeae (Erisma e Erismadelphus), QRC (Qualea, Ruizterania e Callisthene) e VS (Vochysia e Salvertia), mas sem muita resolução sobre a relação entre eles. Erisma surgiu como grupo-irmão de Erismadelphus, a maioria das espécies de Callisthene foi agrupada em um clado, as linhagens de Qualea e Ruizterania formaram uma politomia, e Salvertia surgiu como grupo-irmão de Vochysia. Apesar da formação de um clado, sua relação com C. fasciculata Mart. é incerta, pois não foi encontrada resolução. Ruizterania, por sua vez, foi incorporado a Qualea. Algumas das categorias infragenéricas, previamente baseadas exclusivamente em atributos morfológicos, foram corroboradas como monofiléticas pelos dados moleculares. Entre os caracteres morfológicos mapeados, quatro tiveram estados representados como potenciais sinapomorfias para a família: ausência de glândulas translúcidas nas folhas, presença de cálcar ou proeminência bursiforme na quarta sépala, estame ereto no botão floral e presença de um único estame fértil. Outros nove estados de caráter também foram tidos como potenciais sinapomorfias para alguns clados principais. Em relação aos estudos nomenclaturais de espécies de Vochysia no Brasil, 26 lectotipificações foram propostas, sendo 21 de segundo passo e uma outra associada a um epítipo. Quatro novos sinônimos foram também propostos. O nomenclator apresenta uma compilação e análise de informações dos 86 nomes de espécies de Vochysia ocorrentes no Brasil, além de alguns de variedades. São apresentados publicação original, dados sobre os tipos, sinonímia, posicionamento infragenérico e distribuição geográfica atualizada para as espécies aceitas. A correta atribuição do lectótipo de V. guianensis, espécie-tipo do gênero, foi esclarecida também. O espécime do herbário P (Museu Nacional de História Natural de Paris) havia sido designado antes do espécime do herbário BM (Museu de História Natural de Londres), erroneamente tratado como lectótipo na revisão mais recente de Vochysia. A nova espécie de Qualea do Piauí pertence a Qualea sect. Costatifolium Stafleu e é endêmica da área de Serra das Confusões. Também é fornecida uma comparação com Q. grandiflora Mart. e Q. parviflora Mart., as outras espécies do gênero que ocorrem na Caatinga Abstract: The present work explores the systematics of Vochysiaceae, through the following chapters: (1) molecular phylogenetic study of Vochysiaceae, along with investigation on possible morphological synapomorphies; (2) typifications and synonymizations in Vochysia; (3) nomenclator for the species of Vochysia occurring in Brazil; (4) the correct assignment of the lectotype of Vochysia guianensis Aubl. and (5) description of a new species of Qualea. In the phylogenetic study three main clades were recovered: Erismeae (Erisma and Erismadelphus), QRC (Qualea, Ruizterania and Callisthene) and VS (Vochysia and Salvertia), but there is no strong resolution in their relationships. Erisma emerged as sister group to Erismadelphus, most species of Callisthene was grouped in a clade, Qualea and Ruizterania lineages formed a polytomy, and Salvertia is the sister group to Vochysia. Although the formation of a clade, its relationship with C. fasciculata Mart. is uncertain, because there was no resolution found. Ruizterania, in turn, was incorporated into Qualea. Several of the infrageneric categories, previously based exclusively on morphological traits, were corroborated as monophyletic by the molecular data. Among the morphological traits mapped, four have states represented as potential synapomorphies for the family: absence of translucid glands in the leaves, presence of a spur or bursiform prominence in the fourth sepal, the erect stamen in the flower bud and only one fertile stamen. Other nine character states are also potential synapomorphies for major clades. Regarding the nomenclatural studies of species of Vochysia in Brazil, 26 lectotypifications were proposed, being 21 of second-step and another one associated to an epitype. Four new synonyms were also proposed. The nomenclator presents a compilation and analysis of information for the 86 names of species of Vochysia occurring in Brazil, as well as for some varieties. Original publication, data on types, synonymy, infrageneric placement and updated geographic distribution for the accepted species are given. The correct assignment of the lectotype of V. guianensis, type species of the genus, was also clarified. The specimen from herbarium P (National Museum of Natural History of Paris) was designated before the specimen from herbarium BM (Natural History Museum of London), erroneously treated as lectotype in the most recent revision of Vochysia. The new species of Qualea from Piauí belongs to Qualea sect. Costatifolium Stafleu and is endemic to the Serra das Confusões area. A comparison with Q. grandiflora Mart. and Q. parviflora Mart., the other species of the genus occurring in the Caatinga, is also provided Doutorado Biologia Vegetal Doutor em Biologia Vegetal CAPES CNPQ 148174/2012-4

This study describes the composition and temporal variation of the spider assemblage (Arachnida: Araneae) associated with canopies of Vochysia divergens Pohl. (Vochysiaceae) in the northern region of the Brazilian Pantanal. Three V. divergens plants were sampled in 2004, at each seasonal period of the northern Pantanal (high water, receding water, dry season and rising water), using thermonebulization of the canopies with insecticide, totaling 396 m2 of sampled canopies. Analysis of abundance and richness of spider families were based on Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) and Variance Analysis (ANOVA and MANOVA). A total of 7,193 spiders were collected (6,330 immatures; 88.0%; 863 adults, 12.0%) distributed in 30 families. Araneidae (1,676 individuals), Anyphaenidae (1,631 individuals), Salticidae (1,542 individuals) and Pisauridae (906 individuals), were predominant, representing 80.0% of the sample. Ten different guilds were registered: aerial hunters, orb-weavers, nocturnal aerial runners and diurnal space web weavers dominated, sharing most ecological niches. The spider assemblage is affected by changes in the habitat structure, especially by the seasonal hydrological regime and variations in the phenology of V. divergens . The assemblage is composed of different groups of spiders. The dominant taxa and behavioral guilds differ in the different seasonal periods. Spiders were more abundant during the dry and rising water seasons, most likely reflecting a greater supply of potential prey, associated with new foliage and flowering at the canopy. The displacement of soil dwelling spiders to the trunks and canopies before and during the seasonal floods can change the structure and composition of the canopy assemblages. Oonopidae, Gnaphosidae and Caponiidae, were more frequent during the rising and high water seasons, which indicates that these taxa use the canopies of V. divergens as a refuge during the seasonal flooding in the Pantanal.

Se describe Vochysia sofiae recolectada en la región de st. georges, guayana Francesa. constituye la novena especie de la sección Pachyantha Stafleu (Vochysiaceae). Vochysia sofiae es bastante parecida a V. pinkusii, pero se pueden diferenciar por el tamaño de las hojas, el número de venas laterales primarias, las vénulas por el envés, el ápice de las yemas florales adultas, la pubescencia del estambre y de los estaminodios. Vochysia sofiae, collected in st. georges region, French guiana, is described and illustrated. it is the ninth species of section Pachyantha Stafleu (Vochysiaceae). Vochysia sofiae is quite similar to V. pinkusii a. c. sm., but they can be distinguished by the size of the leaves, the number of main lateral veins, the veinlets on the lower side, the apex of adult flower buds and the pubescence of the stamen and staminodes. 174 - 180 lmarcanoberti@gmail.com poncy@mnhn.fr Anual

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:27:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-01-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Phytotoxic secondary metabolites produced by plants have been studied as possible sources of bioher-bicides. However, several environmental factors can change the secondary metabolism of plants, and thus, the production of these compounds. Among these factors, seasonality can be a source of variation in the content of all classes of secondary metabolites. In this study, we evaluated the phytotoxic effect of aqueous extracts of leaves from Byrsonima intermedia A. Juss. (Malpighiaceae), Gochnatia polymorpha (Less.) Cabrera (Asteraceae), Luehea candicans Mart. (Tiliaceae), Miconia chamissois Naudin (Melastomataceae), and Qualea cordata Spreng (Vochysiaceae) (species of the Brazilian savanna), collected both during the dry and the rainy season, on germination and seedling growth of maize and cucumber. The analysed parameters were affected by all leaf extracts collected during both seasons. However, a greater phytotoxic effect was observed when leaves were collected during the dry or during the rainy season, depending on the savanna species studied, on the target species, and on the parameters evaluated. The phytochemical screening of all extracts was also evaluated and allowed the identification of anthraquinones, triterpenoids, saponins, and tannins. The composition of extracts differed between the seasons for all species. This study highlights the importance of considering savanna seasonality when studying the phytotoxicity of the species of this biome. Department of Biological Sciences Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, 2100 Avenida Dom Antônio Department of Biological Sciences Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, 2100 Avenida Dom Antônio FAPESP: 2013/14413–5

Background: Qualea parviflora and Qualea grandiflora (Vochysiaceae), commonly known in Brazil as "pau-terra" and "pau-terrinha," respectively, have been widely used in the treatment of ulcer and gastritis. These therapeutic effects are attributed to various compounds present in the plants, including phenolic compounds such as gallic acid, due to their important antioxidant activity. Objective: The aim of the present study was to validate a high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) method for the quantitative determination of gallic acid in the stem bark of Q. parviflora and Q. grandiflora hydroalcoholic extracts. Materials and Methods: The chromatography analysis was successfully achieved on a Dionex column, Acclaim ® 120 (250 mm × 4.60 mm, 5 µm) with a gradient elution of water and methanol at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min and ultraviolet detection at 280 nm. Results: The validation data, including linearity, precision, specificity, accuracy and robustness of this method demonstrated good reliability and sensitivity. Conclusion : The method is able to quantify gallic acid in the stem bark of both species. What is more, the chromatographic peaks showed good resolution and there are also the advantages of easy sample preparation and a short time between each injection.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:26:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-12-01 Leaf area (LA) is commonly used to evaluate plant traits such as leaf development and plant growth, which depend on sunlight interception. However, methods for obtaining LA are destructive and require many leaf samples that might not be available. The use of linear equations to estimate LA without destructive procedures has been successfully used in crops and weeds studied in the field and in potted-plant experiments. In the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado), many studies still depend on destructive leaf sampling because equations would be specific for each species. We developed a non-destructive model to estimate LA of five Vochysiaceae species from the cerrado, as this family exclusively comprised Al-accumulating species. In this study, LA versus leaf length (L) and leaf width (W) was regressed, and the best-fitted model (LA = −2.133 + 0.719 LW, R2 = 0.99) was validated to estimate LA in Qualea cordata Spreng., Qualea grandiflora Mart., Salvertia convallariodora A. St.-Hil., Vochysia cinnamomea Pohl., and Vochysia tucanorum Mart. with precise accuracy. This model may help scientists with distinct interests in plants from this family. Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café s/n Departamento de Biologia Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av. 24-A 1515 Departamento de Biologia Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av. 24-A 1515

RESUMO Neste trabalho foi caracterizada a florística e a estrutura de um Cerradosensu stricto localizado no município de Jaborandi, oeste baiano. Para tanto, foram amostrados todos os indivíduos com diâmetro à 30cm da altura da base (D30cm ≥ 5cm) presentes em área amostral de dois hectares composta por 20 parcelas de 1000 m2 (20m x 50m). Foram encontrados 2054 indivíduos (1027 ind.ha-1), com área basal de 8,24 m2.ha-1, distribuídos em 58 espécies pertencentes a 42 gêneros e 24 famílias. A família Fabaceae apresentou maior número de espécies (12), seguida de Myrtaceae (8) e Vochysiaceae (5). Os descritores fitossociológicos avaliados revelaram uma comunidade caracterizada pela presença de poucas espécies dominantes, onde a maioria pode ser considerada como pouco comuns e raras. As estruturas diamétrica e da altura evidenciaram uma vegetação equilibrada e composta predominantemente por indivíduos de pequeno porte, onde a riqueza é relevante, assim como a diversidade local, que foi estimada em 2,95 nats.ind-1 pelo índice de Shannon-Wiener. ABSTRACT In this study it was characterized the structure and floristic of the cerradosensu stricto located in Jaborandi, a city of western Bahia State. All individuals were sampled based on diameter height (D30cm ≥ 5cm) present in a sample area of two hectares comprising 20 plots of 1000 m2 (20m x 50m). Individuals were found in total of 2054 (1027 ind.ha-1), on a basal area of 8.24 m2.ha-1and 58 species belonging to 42 genera and 24 families. Fabaceae had the largest number of species (12), followed by Myrtaceae (8) and Vochysiaceae (5). The phytosociological descriptors evaluated, have shown a community characterized by the presence of a few dominant species, where most can be regarded as unusual and rare. The diametrical structure and height presented a balanced vegetation, predominantly composed by small individuals. Here, richness is relevant, as well as local diversity, which was estimated at 2.95 nats.ind-1 by the Shannon-Wiener index.

Ethnopharmacological relevance The species Qualea grandiflora and Qualea multiflora , which belong to the Vochysiaceae family, are common in the Brazilian savannah (Cerrado biome), and the local inhabitants use these species to treat external ulcers and gastric diseases and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Studies have demonstrated that these plants contain compounds that exhibit pharmacological activities; however, the risks associated with their consumption are not known. Material and methods In the present study, the mutagenicity of polar and apolar extracts from Qualea grandiflora and Qualea multiflora were assessed by employing the Ames assay with and without metabolic activation. Additionally, phytochemical analyses (HPLC–ESI-IT-MS, HPLC–UV-PDA and GC–IT-MS) were performed to identify the chemical constituents present in these species, including the evaluation of physico-chemical properties, such as polarity or apolarity of the organic compounds, which are related to each fraction obtained. These studies provide important information regarding the biochemical behaviour of these compounds. Results All extracts exhibited mutagenicity, inducing frameshift mutations and base substitutions in DNA. Phytochemical analysis identified terpenes, ellagic acid derivatives and phytosteroids. Conclusions The mutagenicity observed might be due to the presence of pentacyclic triterpenes and polyphenols, which are able to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and result in the potential to cause DNA damage. The genetic risk identified in this present work shows that special attention should be considered for the use of compounds obtained from these plant species in medicinal treatments. Further studies must be conducted to identify safe therapeutic doses.

Many Vochysiaceae species, in special Qualea and Vochysia genera, are widely used in folk medicine to treat several diseases. This review describes some aspects of their ethnopharmacology potential, biological activity and the secondary metabolites reported so far for Vochysiaceae. The chemical constituents of this family include triterpenoids, steroids and polyphenols like flavonoids and ellagic acid derivatives.

(Test of hypotheses about herbivory and chemical defences of Qualea parviflora (Vochysiaceae) in Brazilian Cerrado). Qualea parviflora Mart. (Vochysiaceae), a widely distributed tree found in different habitats in Brazilian Cerrado (savanna), provides resources for a great variety of insects. In this study, we tested two hypotheses about plant investment in anti-herbivore defences along a fertility gradient in Cerrado: the carbon/nitrogen balance (CNBH) and resource availability (RAH). We also investigated how the pattern of herbivory varies through the year and among three types of vegetation in Brazilian Cerrado - campo sujo, cerrado sensu strictu and cerradao. Sampling was conducted in three types of vegetation and in rainy (January and November) and dry months (April and July). Damage on 20 completely expanded leaves, leaf nutrients, sclerophlylly, total phenols and tannins were recorded for each plant (n = 30). When leaves were young, less sclerophyllous, and with higher concentration of nutrients and tannins, damage by herbivores was about 7% in cerrado sensu stricto and 3% in campo sujo. Mature leaves did not show any significant difference on herbivory among habitats, that varied from 6 to 9%. Nutrient availability to plants is an important factor determining production of secondary metabolites in Q. parviflora, corroborating the CNBH. The absence of correlation between damaged leaf area and tannin concentration did not corroborate the RAH, suggesting that tannin production is not strongly influenced by herbivores on Q. parviflora.

We investigated the pattern of aluminum (Al) accumulation in leaf tissues of native hyperaccumulator Vochysiaceae species Qualea grandiflora, Callisthene major, and Vochysia pyramidalis, from the Brazilian Cerrado. Non-accumulator Sclerolobium paniculatum was used as a control species. We expected a strong compartmentalization of Al in non-active leaf cell compartments such as cell walls and vacuoles in Al-accumulating species and the absence of Al in critical metabolic sites such as the chloroplasts. Plant leaves were harvested in the field and cut in small segments for histological analysis; hematoxylin dye was used for Al localization in tissues. Results of soil analysis of the three sites and the concentration of Al in leaves indicated that there is no direct relationship between Al availability in soils and Al hyperaccumulation among the Vochysiaceae species evaluated. The cross-sections of leaf tissues showed hematoxylin color in the palisade and spongy parenchyma cells (chloroplast) of Q. grandiflora and C. major. The vascular system of Q grandiflora was not colored, but some cells from the xylem region of C. major were stained. In contrast, the adaxial and abaxial epidermal cells of V. pyramidalis were colored by hematoxylin, as were some cells from the vascular bundle, but color formation was not observed in the cells of palisade parenchyma. Al was not detected in leaves of S. paniculatum. We concluded that, although hyperaccumulation of Al is a common trait in the Vochysiaceae family, the processes of storage and detoxification in leaf tissues differ among the species. Two of the three hyperaccumulator species use chloroplasts as a sink for Al, with no apparent signs of toxicity. Therefore, the physiological role of Al in plant tissues remains to be elucidated. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Distribution of parasitic plants is directly linked with the distribution of host species and behavioral patterns of seed dispersers. Psittacanthus robustus (Loranthaceae) is a neotropical hemiparasite that mainly colonizes species of the family Vochysiaceae. Vochysia thyrsoidea is the main host of P. robustus and is commonly found in areas of cerrado rupestre (rocky savanna), an abundant vegetation in our study site. We conducted the study in the ecological park Parque Ecologico Quedas do Rio Bonito (PEQRB), over an area of 2.82 ha of cerrado rupestre . The objective of this work was to investigate population structure, parasitic behavior (mistletoe grip height and circumference of host branch), and spatial distribution of Psittacanthus robustus on a population of Vochysia thyrsoidea . We sampled 267 V. thyrsoidea individuals and found that the population had a random distribution pattern. Seventy-nine individuals (29.6% of the sample population) hosted the hemiparasite, to a total of 193 P. robustus individuals. The number of mistletoe individuals per host plant ranged between 1 and 12. The V. thyrsoidea individuals most infested with mistletoes were those reaching greater heights. The correlation between height of host plant and preferred grip height was highly significant, with the preferred grip height being the uppermost portions of host plants. The crown size of P. robustus individuals ranged between 10 and 230 cm. The main disperser of P. robustus fruit was found to be swallow-tanager Tersina viridis viridis . Its activities led to a clumped pattern of spatial distribution of the hemiparasite along with higher infestation in larger trees.

The knowledge of the natural resources of indigenous reservations is important to evaluate the national biodiversity and to contribute for the management of these resources in the communities. In this work, we aimed at studying the shrub and tree species of the Cerrado from Terra Indigena Utiariti, in the municipalities of Campo Novo dos Parecis and Sapezal, in the state of Mato Grosso, evaluating its species richness and comparing with other studies conducted in different areas of Cerrado sensu stricto. We found 138 species belonging to 95 genera and 47 families in a sampling area of 2 ha. The most representative families were Leguminosae (22 species), Annonaceae and Vochysiaceae (seven species), Euphorbiaceae and Melastomataceae (six species), Arecaceae, Bignoniaceae, Myrtaceae, and Rubiaceae (five species). This area of Cerrado was characterized by the high richness and expressiveness of the Euphorbiaceae family. The literature indicates that 32.6% of the species sampled present economic potential.

O Cerrado Brasileiro é composto por diferentes fitofisionomias, onde observa-se vegetação campestre, savânica e florestal. Assim, objetivou-se realizar um levantamento fitossociológico para avaliar a estrutura diamétrica de um fragmento de Cerrado sensu stricto, Formoso do Araguaia – TO. Foram instaladas, aleatoriamente, seis parcelas retangulares de 500 m² cada (10x50 m), totalizando 0,3 ha de área amostral. Nas parcelas amostrou-se todos os indivíduos arbustivos-arbóreos vivos e mortos em pé com Circunferência à Altura do Peito (CAP) ≥ 10 cm. Foram 508 indivíduos arbustivos-arbóreos amostrados, sendo 480 vivos e 28 mortos em pé, distribuídos em 49 espécies e 27 famílias. As principais famílias foram Vochysiaceae, Fabaceae, Malpighiaceae, Sapotaceae e Melastomataceae. A Qualea parviflora Mart., Qualea grandiflora Mart., Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Radlk., Byrsonima coccolobifolia Kunth e Sclerolobium paniculatum Vogel apresentaram os maiores Valores de Importância. O diâmetro médio dos indivíduos foi de 9,38 cm, a área basal de 4,71 m² ha-1 e densidade de 1.693,33 indivíduos ha-1. O índice de diversidade de Shannon Wiener (H’) foi de 3,21 e a equabilidade de Pielou (J) de 0,83. Com base nos resultados obtidos observou-se que o fragmento tem elevada diversidade com baixa dominância ecológica e o padrão de distribuição diamétrica “J” invertido foi observado na comunidade evidenciando-se populações estáveis e auto regenerativas.

Vochysia condorensis is described and illustrated as a new species from the Cordillera del Cóndor region of southeastern Ecuador, where it occurs exclusively on plateaus of quartzitic sandstone of the Hollín Formation and adjacent slopes. The species is placed in Vochysia section Ciliantha subsection Megalanthae and is compared with its most closely related congeners within the subsection: V. duquei and V. gigantea.

The study of pollen morphology has historically allowed evolutionary biologists to assess phylogenetic relationships among Angiosperms, as well as to better understand the fossil record. During this process, pollen has mainly been studied by discretizing some of its main characteristics such as size, shape, and exine ornamentation. One large plant clade in which pollen has been used this way for phylogenetic inference and character mapping is the order Myrtales, composed by the small families Alzateaceae, Crypteroniaceae, and Penaeaceae (collectively the "CAP clade"), as well as the large families Combretaceae, Lythraceae, Melastomataceae, Myrtaceae, Onagraceae and Vochysiaceae. In this study, we present a novel way to study pollen evolution by using quantitative size and shape variables. We use morphometric and morphospace methods to evaluate pollen change in the order Myrtales using a time-calibrated, supermatrix phylogeny. We then test for conservatism, divergence, and morphological convergence of pollen and for correlation between the latitudinal gradient and pollen size and shape. To obtain an estimate of shape, Myrtales pollen images were extracted from the literature, and their outlines analyzed using elliptic Fourier methods. Shape and size variables were then analyzed in a phylogenetic framework under an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process to test for shifts in size and shape during the evolutionary history of Myrtales. Few shifts in Myrtales pollen morphology were found which indicates morphological conservatism. Heterocolpate, small pollen is ancestral with largest pollen in Onagraceae. Convergent shifts in shape but not size occurred in Myrtaceae and Onagraceae and are correlated to shifts in latitude and biogeography. A quantitative approach was applied for the first time to examine pollen evolution across a large time scale. Using phylogenetic based morphometrics and an OU process, hypotheses of pollen size and shape were tested across Myrtales. Convergent pollen shifts and position in the latitudinal gradient support the selective role of harmomegathy, the mechanism by which pollen grains accommodate their volume in response to water loss.

We developed allometric equations to predict whole-tree leaf area (A(l)), leaf biomass (M(l)) and leaf area to sapwood area ratio (A(l):A(s)) in five rain forest tree species of Costa Rica: Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze (Fabaceae/Mim), Carapa guianensis Aubl. (Meliaceae), Vochysia ferru-gi-nea Mart. (Vochysiaceae), Virola koshnii Warb. (Myristicaceae) and Tetragastris panamensis (Engl.) Kuntze (Burseraceae). By destructive analyses (n = 11-14 trees per species), we observed strong nonlinear allometric relationships (r(2)or = 0.9) for predicting A(l) or M(l) from stem diameters or A(s) measured at breast height. Linear relationships were less accurate. In general, A(l):A(s) at breast height increased linearly with tree height except for Penta-clethra, which showed a negative trend. All species, however, showed increased total A(l) with height. The observation that four of the five species increased in A(l):A(s) with height is consistent with hypotheses about trade--offs between morphological and anatomical adaptations that favor efficient water flow through variation in the amount of leaf area supported by sapwood and those imposed by the need to respond quickly to light gaps in the canopy.

The polysaccharide (VTh) extracted with water from the gum exudate of the trunk Vochysia thyrsoidea gave a solution of high viscosity and was homogeneous, with M w 92.5 × 10 3 and d n /d c = 0.212. Partial hydrolysis gave a main chain of →4)-β- d -Glc p A-(1 → 2)-α- d -Man p -(1→ repeating groups. Since VTh contained 24% GlcA, neither its monosaccharide ratio (GC–MS of alditol acetates) nor methylation results were accurate. It was therefore carbodiimide-reduced to CR 3 VTh, which contained Ara, Xyl, Man, Gal, and Glc in a molar ratio of 28:4:29:19:25: methylation analysis showed mainly nonreducing end-units of Ara f (25%), Ara p (8%), and Gal p (8%) and side-chain units of 3- O - (6%) and 3,4-di- O -subst. Gal p (12%). Main-chain units of Man p were 2,3-di- O -substituted (17%), showing that they were substituted at O-3 by side chains, but there was less side-chain substitution of Glc p units, which were mainly 4- O -substituted (12%). Most Ara f units in VTh and CR 3 VTh were single nonreducing end-units, and were present in groups of α- l -Ara f -(1 → 3)- d -Man p and α- l -Ara f -(1 → 3)-[α- l -Ara f -(1 → 4)]-β- d -Gal p -(1 → 3)-α- d -Man p . Other degradation products derived from VTh agreed with this structure. The degree of side-chain substitution of the same main chain was greatest with the gum exudate polysaccharide of V. tucanorum , and progressively less with those of V. thyrsoidea , and V. lehmannii . High-viscosity aqueous solutions were formed by the gum of V. thyrsoidea , in contrast with those of V. lehmannii and V. tucanorum .

A guaricica (Vochysia bifalcata) é uma espécie nativa da região litorânea do Estado do Paraná, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais, com grande importância ecológica, devido à sua capacidade para regenerar áreas degradadas. No entanto, existem poucas informações sobre a sua propagação, seja sexuada ou assexuada. Uma das causas do baixo enraizamento adventício de estacas caulinares é a maturação dos tecidos coletados para tal fim. Desta forma, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar diferentes origens de brotações epicórmicas associadas à aplicação de ácido indolilbutírico (AIB) na propagação vegetativa de estacas semilenhosas de Vochysia bifalcata. Foram utilizados dois tipos de estacas (provenientes de brotação de decepa e envergadura de caule) nas quais foram aplicadas duas concentrações de AIB (0 e 1000 mg L-1). Após o plantio em tubetes com vermiculita de granulometria média e casca de arroz carbonizada, as estacas foram mantidas em casa de vegetação climatizada por 60 dias. Análises anatômicas da base de cada tipo de estaca demonstraram que a presença de fibras na região cortical do caule de estacas de decepa não constituiu uma barreira anatômica para a emissão radicial, pois estas apresentaram maior capacidade de enraizamento (81%), maior número de raízes por estaca (8,0) e maior comprimento das raízes (2,0 cm) em relação àquelas de envergadura de caule, que apresentaram resultados inferiores como porcentagem de enraizamento (31%), número de raízes por estaca (3,3) e comprimento das raízes (0,7 cm). Conclui-se, assim, que o uso de brotações epicórmicas induzidas por decepa de caule proporciona melhor enraizamento adventício do que de envergadura de caule, não necessitando da aplicação de AIB como indutor do enraizamento neste tipo de material. Guaricica (Vochysia bifalcata) is a native species of the coastal region of Paraná, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais states, with great ecological importance due its ability to regenerate degraded areas. However, little information exists about its ability to sexual or asexual propagation. One of the causes of cuttings low rooting is the maturation of collected tissues. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate different epicormic sprout sources (from stump and from bend of stem) and the application of indolebutyric acid (IBA) in rooting cuttings of Vochysia bifalcata. Two types of cuttings were used (of stump and of bend of stem) and were treated with two concentrations of IBA (0 and 1000 mg L-1), and later, the cuttings were kept in a greenhouse for 60 days. Anatomical analysis of the base on each type of cuttings demonstrated that the presence of fibers in the cortical region of the stem cuttings of stump did not constitute an anatomical barrier to issue adventitious roots, because they had higher rooting capacity (81%), a higher number of roots per cuttings (8,0) and increased root length (2,0 cm) compared to those of bend of stem, that showed poorer results as lower rooting percentage (31%), lower number of roots per cutting (3,3) and lower root length (0,7 cm). It is concluded that the use of basal shoots obtained by regrowth of stump provides better rooting than the bend of stem, not requiring the application of IBA as rooting induction treatment for this type of material.

Callisthene fasciculata Mart. is a tree belonging to the Vochysiaceae family. Its wood is moderately heavy and resistant and used to make poles, beams, and other structures. The aim of this work was to evaluate seed germination and the initial growth of seedlings of C. fasciculata at different temperatures and in different substrates. Seeds were collected from fruits in the Pantanal de Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. In one experiment, the seeds were subjected to constant temperatures of 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C and to alternating temperatures of 20-30 and 25-35 °C (on paper substrate). In another experiment, the seeds were subjected to temperatures of 20 and 25 °C on three substrates (sand, vermiculite and between paper) in a germinator. The experiment had a randomized design, with four replicates of 25 seeds per treatment. The F-values obtained for germination indicated no significant effect of substrate or temperature on the final germination percentage. The analyses revealed no effect of a treatment interaction (temperature x substrate) on either germination or average germination time; however, a treatment interaction effect was observed on the germination speed index. The treatment combinations yielding the best performance were between paper substrate at 20 °C and sand substrate at 25 °C. There was a significant effect of the interaction between temperature and substrate on seedling growth, with increased root growth observed in the between paper substrate at 25 °C and increased aerial component growth in both sand at 20 °C and vermiculite at 25 °C. The between paper treatment at 25 °C yielded the greatest final seedling size. Between paper is the most recommended substrate for the production of seedlings due to its ease of handling and lower probability of contamination. RESUMOCallisthene fasciculata Mart. é uma árvore da família Vochysiaceae com madeira moderadamente pesada e resistente, utilizada na fabricação de postes, vigas, entre outros usos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a germinação das sementes e crescimento de plântulas em diferentes temperaturas e substratos, a partir de frutos coletados no Pantanal de Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul. As sementes foram submetidas as temperaturas constantes de 20, 25, 30 e 35 °C e alternadas de 20-30 e 25-35 °C (substrato sobre papel) e posteriormente, temperaturas de 20 e 25 °C em três substratos (areia, vermiculita e entre papel), com quatro repetições de 25 sementes por tratamento em germinador. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado. A análise conjunta dos dados indica que não ocorreu interação entre os tratamentos (substratos x temperatura) para as variáveis germinação e tempo médio de germinação; somente o índice de velocidade de germinação apresentou interação, sendo melhores os tratamentos entre papel (20 °C) e areia (25 °C). Em relação ao crescimento das plântulas, ocorreu efeito significativo nas interações entre tratamentos, com melhor crescimento do sistema radicular no substrato entre papel (25 °C), parte aérea, substrato areia (20°C) e substrato vermiculita (25 °C). Levando-se em consideração o tamanho final das plântulas, o tratamento entre papel a 25 °C foi o que proporcionou melhor desenvolvimento. O substrato entre papel, devido a facilidade de manuseio e menor probabilidade de contaminação, é o mais recomendado para a produção de mudas.

A new species of Qualeoxylon Suguio & Mussa is described from the Late Pleistocene Arroyo Feliciano Formation of the Gualeguay Basin on eastern Argentina. It is the second record of this genus in South America and was previously only known from Late Eocene to Early Miocene (late Pleistocene for some authors) on the Itaquaquecetuba Formation, São Paulo, Brazil. This new fossil species was recovered in the Consorcio Paso Sociedad fossil locality (Federal, Entre Ríos, Argentina). Wood anatomical features suggest a close relationship with Vochysiaceae and is an affi nity with the extant genus Qualea. This fossil wood is consistent with the warm and humid climate inferred for this region during the upper Pleistocene. The discovery of Qualeoxylon in Arroyo Feliciano Formation supports the hypothesis that the Vochysiaceae was more widespread in the past than today. Uma nova espécie de Qualeoxylon Suguio & Mussa é descrita para a Formação Arroyo Feliciano Bacia Gualeguay, Pleistoceno fi nal no leste da Argentina. É o segundo registro desse gênero na América do Sul, até agora só conhecido para o Eoceno Superior a Mioceno Inferior (Pleistoceno Superior para alguns autores) da Formação Itaquaquecetuba, São Paulo, Brasil. O espécime aqui estudado foi coletado na localidade fossilífera Consorcio Paso Sociedad (Federal, Entre Ríos, Argentina). As características anatômicas da madeira sugerem uma relação com a família Vochysiaceae e uma afi nidade com o atual gênero Qualea. Esta madeira fóssil condiz com o clima quente e úmido inferido para esta região durante o Pleistoceno fi nal. A descoberta de Qualeoxylon na Formação Arroyo Feliciano apoia a ideia de que a família Vochysiaceae foi mais amplamente distribuída no passado que nos dias atuais. Fil: Moya, Eliana Vanesa. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción; Argentina Fil: Brea, Mariana. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción; Argentina

Neste trabalho foram estudados aspectos fisiológicos, anatômicos e fenológicos da interação entre a hemiparasita de partes aéreas Psittacanthus robustus (Loranthaceae) e a hospedeira Qualea cordata (Vochysiaceae) em uma área de cerrado no Parque Nacional da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais. Foram avaliadas as relações hídricas, balanço fotossintético e a anatomia foliar e do lenho no ponto de contato entre as duas espécies. Através da análise fenológica as fases reprodutivas e vegetativas foram registradas. Verificou-se que o parasitismo tem efeito significativo na fisiologia da hospedeira ao longo da estação chuvosa, interferindo nos valores de potencial hídrico e Fv/Fm, embora não tenha havido interferência no teor de pigmentos fotossintéticos, esta interação não foi observada na estação seca. Não foi observada qualquer alteração na anatomia foliar de plantas parasitadas e não parasitada. O parasitismo afetou a fenologia reprodutiva da hospedeira, e apesar de não ter sido registrada diferença estatística na fenologia vegetativa foi observada uma maior duração do período de senescência e emissão tardia de novas folhas em plantas parasitadas. A ecofisiologia da hemiparasita apresentou resultados pouco comuns quanto às relações hídricas, com valores de potencial hídrico e osmótico maiores na hemiparasita e menores valores de condutância estomática. Muitas destas características são devidas à capacidade de P. robustus de armazenar água em suas folhas suculentas, não sofrendo com a dessecação característica do cerrado, nem mesmo durante a estação seca. Os valores de Fv/Fm demonstram um comportamento típico de uma planta adaptada a sombra, sofrendo fotoinibição durante a estação seca. O presente trabalho possibilitou uma maior compreensão sobre o parasitismo entre estas duas espécies e reforça a necessidade de expandirmos nosso conhecimento sobre plantas parasitas no referido bioma, dados os resultados discrepantes com os conhecidos na literatura. The physiological, anatomical and phenological aspects of the interaction between Psittacanthus robustus (Loranthaceae), a hemiparasite of aerial parts, and Qualea cordata (Vochysiaceae) were accessed in a cerrado area in the National Park of Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The physiological parameters analyzed were related to the hydric relations and photossinthetic balance. The leaf and stem anatomy and the interface between the hemiparasite and the host plant were analyzed. The vegetative and reproductive phenology was also presented. The parasitism had significantly effected the physiology of the host plant during the rainy season, interfering in the hydric potential and in the Fv/Fm, although there was no difference in the concentration of photossinthetic pigments. No influence was observed in the dry season. There was no significant difference in the leaf anatomy between the parasited and the non-parasited plants of Q. cordata. The parasitism affected the reproductive phenology of the parasited plants, but there was no statistical difference in the vegetative phenology. The senescence period was longer and a delay in the emission of new leaves was observed in parasited plants. The hemiparasite had unusual hydric relations, demonstrated by greater values of hydric and osmotic potential and lower values of stomatal conductance, which differed from data in the literature for parasitic plants. These features can be explained by the ability of storing water in its succulent leaves, without suffering with low water availability of the cerrado, even during the dry season. The Fv/Fm values demonstrated a tipical behavior of plants adapted to lower irradiance levels, suffering photoinibition during the dry season. Current data evidenced novelties about the parasitism between these two species, which revealed unusual strategies by the hemiparasite for water acquisition, and reinforced the need of expanding our knowledge about parasitic plants of cerrado.

Background: Vochysia divergens is native to the Amazon Basin and considered an invasive species in the Brazilian Pantanal. In this work, the ethanolic extract of V. divergens leaves was chemically investigated and evaluated in vitro against Schistosoma mansoni adult worms together with the isolated compounds. Methods: The samples were available at concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 μM. The parasites were kept for 4 days and monitored every 24 h to evaluate their viability and motor activity comparing with the positive control praziquantel. The cell viability of isolated flavones as determined by XTT assays in V79 cells. Results: The flavones 3′,5-dimethoxy luteolin-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, 5-methoxy luteolin and 3′,5-dimethoxy luteolin were isolated from V. divergens. Flavone 5-methoxy luteolin caused the death of 25% of male and female adult S. mansoni worms in 24 h at 100 μM and also reduced their motor activity. Flavones 3′,5-dimethoxy luteolin-7-O-β-glucopyranoside and 3′,5-dimethoxy luteolin were able to slightly reduce the motor activity to 25% within 24 h at 25 μg/mL and 12.5 μg/mL, respectively, but only in male worms. The results were compared with the flavone luteolin. For XTT assay in V79 cells the IC50 values were 1468.4 ± 10.5 μM, 5946.6 ± 25,1 μM, > 7960.8 μM and 270.6 ±9.3 μM for compounds 3′,5-dimethoxy luteolin-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, 5-methoxy luteolin, 3′,5-dimethoxy luteolin and luteolin, respectively. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, flavones 5-methoxy luteolin and 3′,5-dimethoxy luteolin are reported for the first time as constituents of V. divergens and the Vochysiaceae family.

A guaricica (Vochysia bifalcata) é uma espécie nativa da região litorânea do Estado do Paraná, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais, com grande importância ecológica, devido à sua capacidade para regenerar áreas degradadas. No entanto, existem poucas informações sobre a sua propagação, seja sexuada ou assexuada. Uma das causas do baixo enraizamento adventício de estacas caulinares é a maturação dos tecidos coletados para tal fim. Desta forma, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar diferentes origens de brotações epicórmicas associadas à aplicação de ácido indolilbutírico (AIB) na propagação vegetativa de estacas semilenhosas de Vochysia bifalcata. Foram utilizados dois tipos de estacas (provenientes de brotação de decepa e envergadura de caule) nas quais foram aplicadas duas concentrações de AIB (0 e 1000 mg L-1). Após o plantio em tubetes com vermiculita de granulometria média e casca de arroz carbonizada, as estacas foram mantidas em casa de vegetação climatizada por 60 dias. Análises anatômicas da base de cada tipo de estaca demonstraram que a presença de fibras na região cortical do caule de estacas de decepa não constituiu uma barreira anatômica para a emissão radicial, pois estas apresentaram maior capacidade de enraizamento (81%), maior número de raízes por estaca (8,0) e maior comprimento das raízes (2,0 cm) em relação àquelas de envergadura de caule, que apresentaram resultados inferiores como porcentagem de enraizamento (31%), número de raízes por estaca (3,3) e comprimento das raízes (0,7 cm). Conclui-se, assim, que o uso de brotações epicórmicas induzidas por decepa de caule proporciona melhor enraizamento adventício do que de envergadura de caule, não necessitando da aplicação de AIB como indutor do enraizamento neste tipo de material.

As florestas ombrófilas montanas de Pernambuco são pouco estudadas quanto a fisionomia, florística, estrutura e semelhanças com as florestas de terras baixas. Visando este entendimento, foi realizada a caracterização fisionômica-estrutural do maior remanescente (São Vicente Férrer, 600 ha) dessa floresta no Estado e sua comparação com outras florestas ombrófilas nordestinas de terras baixas e montanas. A área estudada localiza-se na encosta oriental do planalto da Borborema (07º38' S e 35º30' W), em altitudes entre 600 e 640 m, e tem precipitação média anual de 1.103 mm. Foram alocadas 50 parcelas de 10×20 m e incluídos os indivíduos com DAP > 5 cm. Os 1.521 indivíduos amostrados pertenceram a 58 famílias, 96 gêneros e 152 espécies. Cerca de 50% deles tiveram altura entre 6,1 e 12,0 m e diâmetro entre 5 e 10 cm, sendo representados, predominantemente, por Clusiaceae, Quiinaceae, Myrtaceae e Sapindaceae. As famílias de maior valor de importância (Myrtaceae, Clusiaceae, Moraceae, Mimosaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Vochysiaceae, Myristicaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Lecythidaceae e Anacardiaceae) foram dominantes em diferentes classes de altura, tiveram número de espécies variado (1 a 10) e, geralmente, as maiores densidades. A floresta estudada foi melhor relacionada em composição de espécies e famílias com as florestas de terras baixas, embora tenha se destacado pela elevada riqueza de taxa, maior altura e principalmente pela abundância de famílias e espécies pouco comuns às florestas ombrófilas de terras baixas de Pernambuco. The montane forests of Pernambuco, Brazil, are poorly understood in relation to their flora, physiognomy, structure, and similarity to lowland forests. The physiognomy and structure of the largest ombrophilous forest fragment in the state of Pernambuco (São Vicente Ferrer, 600 ha) were described and compared with other montane and lowland forests in northeastern Brazil. The study site is located on the eastern slope of the Borborema plateau (07º38' S, 35º30' W), at 600-640 m altitude. Mean annual rainfall is 1103 mm. Fifty 10×20 m plots were set up and all plants with diameter at breast height (dbh) > 5 cm were identified and measured. The 1,521 plants recorded belonged to 58 families, 96 genera and 152 species. About 50% had heights ranging from 6.1 to 12 m and dbh between 5 and 10 cm. Most belonged to the families Clusiaceae, Quiinaceae, Myrtaceae, and Sapindaceae. Families with greatest importance indexes (Myrtaceae, Clusiaceae, Moraceae, Mimosaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Vochysiaceae, Myristicaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Lecythidaceae, and Anacardiaceae) were dominant in different height classes, had different species numbers (1 to 10), and, in general, the highest densities. São Vicente Férrer's montane forest showed a close relationship in composition to lowland forests, in spite of the taller trees, greater richness, and mainly greater abundance of families and species which are not common in lowland forests of Pernambuco.

O cerrado constitui o segundo maior e mais diverso bioma brasileiro, configurando um heterogêneo mosaico fisionômico e florístico. Mais de seis mil espécies de fanerógamas são reportadas para o cerrado do Brasil Central. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de descrever e analisar a flora e a estrutura de quatro comunidades de árvores dos cerrados sensu latu do município de Vilhena, Rondônia, Brasil. As áreas estudadas foram: cerradão (Área 1), campo sujo (Área 2) e duas comunidades do cerrado sensu stricto (Áreas 3 e 4). Em cada área foi posicionado aleatoriamente um transecto de 10 x 1000 m (1 ha), dividido em 100 parcelas de 10 X 10 m. Todas as plantas vivas e mortas com circunferência do tronco e" 10 cm ao nível do solo foram registradas. O cerradão apresentou a maior riqueza específica, estrutura de tamanho e área basal. As percentagens de árvores mortas foram mais altas nas áreas de cerradão e campo sujo, com ocorrência de fogo recente. As famílias mais importantes foram Vochysiaceae, Ochnaceae, Clusiaceae, Malpighiaceae e Melastomataceae. As espécies mais importantes foram Qualea multiflora, Byrsonima crassifolia (área 1), Eugenia sp., Miconia sp.1 (área 2), Ouratea hexasperma, Caraipa savannarum (área 3), Ouratea hexasperma, Pouteria sp.3 (área 4). A maioria das espécies ocorre somente em uma área, sugerindo que a priorização de áreas para conservação deve envolver todo o mosaico de cerrados existentes. A mortalidade associada ao fogo é diferenciada entre as áreas, talvez induzida pelo grau de flamabilidade, recorrência do fogo e de fatores históricos do uso da terra. The Neotropical savannas, locally called "cerrado", are Brazil's second largest and diverse biome, constituting a heterogeneous physiognomic and floristic mosaic from which more than 6,000 species have been reported to date. This study describes and analyzes the floras and structures of four tree communities from dry savannas in the municipality of Vilhena, Rondônia, Brazil. The study areas were: savanna with trees "cerradão" (Area 1), savannas wich bushes or "campo sujo" (Area 2), and two savanna woodlands or "cerrado" sensu stricto (Areas 3 and 4). In each area an transect measuring 10 x 1,000 m (1 ha) was placed at random and divided into 100 quadrats of 10 x 10 m. All living and dead woody plants with circumference ³ 10 cm at ground level were included in the survey. "cerradão" was the richest in species, had the greatest plant diversity, and showed the largest basal area. The percentages of dead trees were highest in areas that had been recently burned. The most species-rich and abundant plant families were Vochysiaceae, Ochnaceae, Guttiferae, Malpighiaceae and Melastomataceae. The most important species were Qualea multiflora and Byrsonima crassifolia (area 1), Eugenia sp. and Miconia sp.1. (area 2), Ouratea hexasperma and Caraipa savannarum (area 3) Ouratea hexasperma and Pouteria sp3. (area 4). Most species (53%; N=92 spp.) were found in only one of the four areas, indicating that the selection of priority areas for biological conservation should take into account the whole of the savanna mosaic. Tree mortality caused by fire was different among the four study areas, probably as a function of burning recurrency, the degree of flammability, and historical factors involving land use.

The methanolic extract of the bark of the medicinal plant Qualea parviflora (Vochysiaceae) contains new nor-seco-triterpene and pentacyclic triterpenoids. They were separated in a preparative scale using droplet counter-current chromatography. The optimum solvent used was composed of a mixture of CHCl3/MeOH/H2O (43:37:20, v/v) in the descending mode and led to a successful separation of the new compound 28-nor-17, 22-seco-2α, 3β, 19, 22, 23-pentahydroxy-Δ12-oleanane, besides the known triterpenoids bellericagenin B, bellericaside B and arjunglucoside I . Identification was performed by ESI-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR analyses.

O presente trabalho foi realizado na FLONA de Paraopeba, MG, e teve como objetivo o levantamento florístico das fanerófitas, ao longo de um gradiente de cerradão e cerrado sensu stricto, em uma área de 2.600 m^2. Foram encontradas 91 espécies, pertencentes a 71 gêneros de 41 famílias. As famílias mais representativas foram Leguminosae, Myrtaceae, Malpighiaceae, Vochysiaceae, Rubiaceae e Melastomataceae. Os gêneros Miconia, Myrcia, Erythroxylum e Qualea foram os mais ricos. Magonia pubescens destacou-se em número de indivíduos. A similaridade florística mostrou a separação das parcelas em dois grupos, em que o primeiro apresentou um nível de similaridade de cerca de 45%, e o segundo foi dividido em dois grandes subgrupos, sendo que o primeiro mostrou nível de similaridade de cerca de 38%, enquanto as demais parcelas não formaram grupos definidos. A ordenação das espécies pela análise de correspondência canônica sugeriu que Magonia pubescens, Bauhina holophylla e Terminalia brasiliensis tenderam a ser mais abundantes nas áreas com valores mais altos de pH, Ca, Mg e H+Al. A variação não explicada das demais espécies pode estar associada a outras variáveis não analisadas, além de um complexo conjunto de fatores que estão envolvidos na determinação da composição da vegetação. The objective of this work was to carry out the floristic survey of phanerophytes along a gradient of "cerrado sensu stricto " and "cerradão" in an area of 2,600m^2 in the FLONA (Floesta Nacional – National Forest) of Paraopeba, MG, Brazil. A total of 91 species pertaining to 71 genera and 41 families were found. The most representative families were Leguminosae, Myrtaceae, Malpighiaceae, Vochysiaceae, Rubiaceae and Melastomataceae. Miconia, Myrcia, Erythroxylum and Qualea were the richest genera. Magonia pubescens was outstanding in number of individuals. The floristic similarity showed the separation of the plots in two groups, the first one showed a similarity level around 45%, and the second group was divided into two large groups, the first one showed a similarity level around 38% and the remaining plots did not form definite groups. The species ordination by canonical correspondence analysis suggests that Magonia pubescens, Bauhinia holophylla and Terminalia brasiliensis tended to be most abundant species in areas with higher values of pH, Mg, H+Al. The non-explained variation for the other species could be associated to other non-analyzed variables as well as to a complex set of factors that are involved in the vegetation composition determination.

Terrestrial arthropods from tree canopies in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil. This study represents a contribution to the knowledge of the diversity of arthropods associated to the canopy of Vochysia divergens Pohl (Vochysiaceae). Three trees individuals were sampled during two seasonal periods in this region: a) by spraying one tree canopy during high water (February); b) by fogging two tree canopies during low water (September/October). The 15,744 arthropods (183.2±38.9 individuals/m²) obtained from all three trees (86 m²) represented 20 taxonomic orders, 87.1% were Insecta, and 12.9% Arachnida. The dominant groups were Hymenoptera (48.5%; 88.9 individuals/m²), mostly Formicidae (44.5%; 81.4 individuals/m²), followed by Coleoptera (14.0%; 25.5 individuals/m²) and Araneae (10.2%; 19.5 individuals/m²), together representing 62.5% of the total catch. Fourteen (70%) of all orders occurred on three trees. Dermaptera, Isoptera, Neuroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera and Trichoptera were collected from only one tree. Of the total, 2,197 adult Coleoptera collected (25.5±11.3 individuals/m²), 99% were assigned to 32 families and 256 morphospecies. Nitidulidae (17.9% of the total catch; 4.6 individuals/m²), Anobiidae (16.7%; 4.3 individuals/m²), Curculionidae (13.2%; 3.4 individuals/m²) and Meloidae (11.4%; 2.9 individuals/m²) dominated. The communitiy of adult Coleoptera on V. divergens indicated a dominance of herbivores (37.8% of the total catch, 127 spp.) and predators (35.2%, 82 spp.), followed by saprophages (16.2%, 32 spp.) and fungivores (10.8%, 15 spp.). The influence of the flood pulse on the community of arboreal arthropods in V. divergens is indicated by the seasonal variation in evaluated groups, causing changes in their structure and composition.Artrópodes terrestres associados a copas de árvores no Pantanal de Mato Grosso, Brasil. Este estudo representa uma contribuição ao conhecimento da diversidade de artrópodes associados à copa de Vochysia divergens Pohl (Vochysiaceae). Três indivíduos foram amostrados durante dois períodos sazonais, um durante a cheia (árvore A: fevereiro) utilizando-se o método de pulverização com inseticida e dois durante a seca (árvore B: setembro, C: outubro), empregando-se a termonebulização. Um total de 15744 artrópodes (183,2±38,9 individuos/m²) foram obtidos em 86m² de área representando 20 ordens taxonômicas, 87,1% Insecta e 12,9% Arachnida. O grupo dominante foi Hymenoptera (48,5%; 88,9 individuos/m²), a maioria Formicidae (44,5%; 81,4 individuos/m²), seguido por Coleoptera (14,0%; 25,5 individuos/m²) e Araneae (10,2%; 19,5 individuos/m²), que representaram 62,5% do total coletado. Com relação a freqüência, 14 de todas as ordens (70%) ocorreram nas tres árvores. Dermaptera, Isoptera, Neuroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera e Trichoptera foram coletadas em uma única árvore. Foram obtidos 2197 Coleoptera adultos (25,5±11,3 indivíduos/m²), sendo 99% assinalados para 32 famílias e 256 morfoespécies. Nitidulidae (17,9%; 4,6 indivíduos/m²), Anobiidae (16,7%; 4,3 indivíduos/m²), Curculionidae (13,2%; 3,4 indivíduos/m²) e Meloidae (11,4%; 2,9 indivíduos/m²) foram dominantes. Os Coleoptera adultos associados à copa de V. divergens indicam dominancia de herbívoros (37,8% do total coletado, 127 spp.) e predadores (35,2%, 82 spp.), seguidos por saprófagos (16,2%, 32 spp.) e fungívoros (10,8%, 15 spp.). A influência do pulso de inundação sobre a comunidade de artrópodes arbóreos associados à V. divergens é indicada pela variação sazonal nos grupos avaliados, gerando mudanças em sua estrutura e composição ao longo dos períodos sazonais.

Qualea parviflora Mart. (Vochysiaceae) is a deciduous tree, commonly observed in campo sujo, cerrado sensu stricto and cerradao vegetation types in Brazilian cerrado (savannas). In this study we investigated herbivory, nutritional, and water status effects on leaf sclerophylly of Q. parviflora. Twenty fully expanded leaves were taken from 10 plants in each vegetation type four times a year. Mean leaf concentration of N, P, K, Ca, C, Al, Si, and percentage of total phenols, herbivory and tannins were measured on a plant basis. Leaf specific mass (LSM) (g m 2 ), a sclerophylly index, and pre-dawn leaf water potential (MPa) were also recorded. Soil samples below each tree were collected to quantify N-NO3, N-NH4, P, K, Mn, soil moisture, organic matter, Si, and Al. Qualea parviflora showed a LSM from 69 to 202 g m 2 and leaves were younger and less sclerophyllous in November (beginning of rainy season). Q. parviflora inhabiting the cerradao had leaves with higher concentration of nutrients and lower sclerophylly while trees in campo sujo and cerrado sensu stricto did not show significant differences in leaf sclerophylly. The concentrations of N, P, K and tannins had an inverse relationship with leaf age. Concentration of phenols, Al, C, Ca, Si, C/N and Ca/K increased with leaf age. The concentrations of P and Ca/K ratio in leaves explained 60% of variation observed in leaf sclerophylly. We did not find any significant relationship between the level of sclerophylly and water potential or herbivory. Our results corroborate the hypothesis that predicts lower concentrations of essential macronutrients would be the main factors influencing higher sclerophylly in leaves of Q. parviflora plants in Cerrado.

Foi conduzido um estudo fitossociológico no Cerrado sentido restrito da Floresta Nacional de Paraopeba, comparando-se os resultados (qualitativos) com os de outras amostras. Foram estabelecidas 10 parcelas de 0,1 ha (20 x 50 m), sendo incluídas no estudo todas as árvores (C30 > 15,7 cm). Foram registrados 1.990 indivíduos/ha (densidade total) e 18,13 m2/ha (área basal total). Os valores de riqueza (73 espécies/38 famílias), de diversidade Shannon (3,57) e de uniformidade (0,83) indicaram grande heterogeneidade e baixa dominânica ecológica. Leguminosae e Vochysiaceae foram as famílias mais ricas em espécies. O grupo das árvores mortas alcançou o maior valor de importância, seguido por Qualea parviflora, Pera glabrata, Erythroxylum suberosum e Qualea grandiflora. A análise comparativa de composições florísticas de 11 cerrados indicou uma forte influência da flora de Floresta Atlântica em Cerrado marginal do interior de São Paulo. Houve influência da localização geográfica na similaridade do Cerrado de Palmas, TO, com as outras áreas. A phytosociological study in the Cerrado "sensu strictu" of The Paraopeba Nacional Forest-MG was carried out, comparing the qualitative results with other samples. The Paraopeba National Forest suffered intense clearing in 1952, which motivated the phytosociological study of 1 hectare of woody vegetation and floristic comparison with others samples. Ten plots of 0.1ha (20x50m) were established and included in the study all trees with C30 > 15.7cm. A total of 1990 individuals/ha (total density) and 18.13m2/ha (total basal area) were recorded. The values of richness (73 species/38 families), of Shannon diversity (3.57) and the evenness (0.83) suggested great heterogeneity and low ecological dominance. Leguminosae and Vochysiaceae were the richest families in species. The group of dead trees reached the greater value of importance followed by Qualea parviflora, Pera glabrata, Erythroxylum suberosum and Qualea grandiflora. The floristic comparative analysis showed that the Atlantic Forest influenced the similarity values between Santa Bárbara´s Cerrado and the others. It was different for the Cerrado of Palmas, in which geographic distance was shown to be the most important factor influencing the floristic composition.

Some of the most interesting but still most contentious disjunct biogeographical distributions involve Southern Hemisphere tropical and warm temperate families. The PHMV clade of Myrtales includes four families (Psiloxylaceae, Heteropyxidaceae, Myrtaceae, and Vochysiaceae) that exhibit a number of these biogeographical patterns. The related Psiloxylaceae and Heteropyxidaceae are small families restricted in distribution to the recent volcanic Mascarene Islands to the east of Madagascar and to southeast Africa, respectively. Myrtaceae are found on three major Gondwanan regions (South America, Australasia, and Africa). Because the New World taxa are almost exclusively fleshy fruited, it is unclear whether the family distribution is a classic Gondwanan vicariance pattern or results from one or more long‐distance dispersal events over ocean barriers. The Vochysiaceae represent one of a handful of families with amphi‐Atlantic distributions vigorously argued to support both long‐distance dispersal over the Atla...

Cerambycidae coletados em Surumoni, Amazonas, Venezuela, com o auxílio de uma grua, por armadilha de interceptação de vôo e armadilha luminosa nas copas de Matayba guianensis Aubl e Vochysia sp. resultaram em novos registros para 14 espécies e descrição de quatro novas: Erythropterus urucuri sp. nov. (Heteropsini), Eriphus ruBELLus sp. nov. (Trachyderini), Lissonotus kuaiuba sp. nov. (Lissonotini) e Acyphoderes itaiuba sp. nov. (Rhinotragini).Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) collected in Venezuela at the canopy of Matayba (Sapindaceae) and Vochysia (Vochysiaceae). Cerambycidae collected in Surumoni, Amazonas, Venezuela, with help of a crane, made with interception and light traps in the canopy of Matayba guianensis Aubl and Vochysia sp. resulted in new records for 14 species and descriptions of four new species: Erythropterus urucuri sp. nov. (Heteropsini), Eriphus ruBELLus sp. nov. (Trachyderini), Lissonotus kuaiuba sp. nov. (Lissonotini) and Acyphoderes itaiuba sp. nov. (Rhinotragini).