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Electrokinetic techniques have attracted considerable attention due to their competitive advantage in enhancing transport phenomena and remediation of low permeability soils. However, many types of low-permeability porous media, such as active clays like bentonite, present a double porosity structure that strongly affects mass transfer processes. In this work, we develop a modeling approach to simulate electrokinetic transport in double porosity media. The proposed model is based on the previously released code M4EKR and explicitly considers the transport due to electromigration as well the effects of the electrical diffuse layer in charged porous media. For this purpose, two modeling levels have been established: one associated with the soil macrostructure (bulk water) and the other with the microstructure (diffuse layer). At the latter level, the effect of the electrostatic interactions imposed by the negative charge of the clay particles is modeled with a Donnan approach. The comparison of the results between synthetic cases in single and double porosity systems shows the fundamental role of the microstructural modeling level. High enrichment of cations and, therefore, high cationic fluxes are produced in such microstructural level. These mechanisms significantly modify the extent of cation transport by electromigration and, thus, directly influence the transport of other species determined by the electrostatic interactions.

The reactive transport framework ORCHESTRA was used to implement a dual porosity reactive transport system that accounts for mechanical processes relevant for confined swelling clays at full saturation. The new implementations are based on water retention data generated by molecular dynamics simulations, and on fundamental mechanical formulations. The code predicts and fully couples porewater chemistry, exchanger population, diffusive transport, mineral reactions, volume fractions of the free and Donnan porosity domains, and swelling pressure. The chemomechanical predictions were compared with experimental measurements of swelling pressure and d-value of the clay in different chemical environments. A simulation of bentonite in contact with a constant concentration reservoir demonstrates the performance of the new model approach. It can be used to model interactions of bentonite with different groundwaters or cement and steel., El marco de transporte reactivo ORCHESTRA se utilizó para implementar un sistema de transporte reactivo de porosidad dual que da cuenta de los procesos mecánicos relevantes para las arcillas expansivas confinadas en plena saturación. Las nuevas implementaciones se basan en datos de retención de agua generados por simulaciones de dinámica molecular y en formulaciones mecánicas fundamentales. El código predice y acopla completamente la química del agua intersticial , la población del intercambiador, el transporte difusivo , las reacciones minerales, las fracciones de volumen .de los dominios de porosidad libre y de Donnan, y la presión de hinchamiento. Las predicciones quimiomecánicas se compararon con mediciones experimentales de la presión de expansión y el valor d de la arcilla en diferentes entornos químicos. Una simulación de bentonita en contacto con un yacimiento de concentración constante demuestra el rendimiento del nuevo enfoque del modelo. Puede usarse para modelar interacciones de bentonita con diferentes aguas subterráneas o cemento y acero.

This work aims to shed light on the scale-up a combined electrokinetic soil flushing process (EKSF) with permeable reactive barriers (PRB) for the treatment of soil spiked with clopyralid. To do this, remediation tests at lab (3.45 L), bench (175 L) and pilot (1400 L) scales have been carried out. The PRB selected was made of soil merged with particles of zero valent iron (ZVI) and granular activated carbon (GAC). Results show that PRB-EKSF involved electrokinetic transport and dehalogenation as the main mechanisms, while adsorption on GAC was not as relevant as initially expected. Clopyralid was not detected in the electrolyte wells and only in the pilot scale, significant amounts of clopyralid remained in the soil after 600 h of operation. Picolinic acid was the main dehalogenated product detected in the soil after treatment and mobilized by electro-osmosis, mostly to the cathodic well. The transport of volatile compounds into the atmosphere was promoted at pilot scale because of the larger soil surface exposed to the atmosphere and the electrical heating caused by ohmic losses and the larger interelectrode gap., Este trabajo tiene como objetivo arrojar luz sobre el escalado de un proceso de lavado de suelo electrocinético combinado (EKSF) con barreras reactivas permeables .(PRB) para el tratamiento de suelos enriquecidos con clopiralid. Para ello, se han realizado pruebas de remediación a escala de laboratorio (3,45 L), banco (175 L) y piloto (1400 L). El PRB seleccionado estaba hecho de suelo fusionado con partículas de hierro cerovalente (ZVI) y carbón activado granular (GAC). Los resultados muestran que PRB-EKSF involucraba el transporte electrocinético y la deshalogenación como los principales mecanismos, mientras que la adsorción en GAC no fue tan relevante como se esperaba inicialmente. No se detectó clopiralida en los pozos de electrolito y solo en la escala piloto, cantidades significativas de clopiralida permanecieron en el suelo después de 600 h de operación. El ácido picolínico fue el principal producto deshalogenado detectado en el suelo después del tratamiento y movilizado por electro-ósmosis, principalmente al pozo catódico.

The temperature effect on the microstructure deformability of compacted bentonites was assessed using a Clausius-Clapeyron type equation. To this end, vapor adsorption data obtained at different temperatures under low water content conditions was used, identifying changes in the microstructural water with changes in the microstructural void volume. The formulation proposed allows for an extension of the 2D-models used in macroscopic double-porosity approaches to a 3D surface in which temperature is explicitly considered. The results obtained were encouraging, fitting the experimental data highly satisfactorily. Therefore, the approach proposed in this study can be a key tool for characterizing the nonisothermal behavior of compacted bentonites., El efecto de la temperatura sobre la deformabilidad de la microestructura de las bentonitas compactadas se evaluó mediante una ecuación tipo Clausius-Clapeyron. Para ello, se utilizaron datos de adsorción de vapor obtenidos a diferentes temperaturas en condiciones de bajo contenido de agua, identificando cambios en el agua microestructural con cambios en el volumen vacío microestructural. La formulación propuesta permite una extensión de los modelos 2D utilizados en los enfoques macroscópicos de doble porosidad a una superficie 3D en la que se considera explícitamente la temperatura. Los resultados obtenidos fueron alentadores, ajustando muy satisfactoriamente los datos experimentales. Por lo tanto, el enfoque propuesto en este estudio puede ser una herramienta clave para caracterizar el comportamiento no isotérmico de las bentonitas compactadas.

Clostridiodes difficile can lead to a range of situations from the absence of symptoms (colonization) to severe diarrhea (infection). Disruption of gut microbiota provides an ideal environment for infection to occur. Comparison of gut microbiota of infected and colonized subjects could provide relevant information on susceptible groups or protectors to the development of infection, since the presence of certain genera could be related to the inhibition of transition from a state of colonization to infection. Through high-throughput sequencing of 16S rDNA gene, we performed alpha and beta diversity and composition studies on 15 infected patients (Group CDI), 15 colonized subjects (Group P), and 15 healthy controls (Group CTLR). A loss of alpha diversity and richness and a different structure have been evidenced in the CDI and P groups with respect to the CTRL group, but without significant differences between the first two. In CDI and P groups, there was a strong decrease in phylum Firmicutes and an expansion of potential pathogens. Likewise, there was a loss of inhibitory genus of C. difficile germination in infected patients that were partially conserved in colonized subjects. Therefore, infected and colonized subjects presented a gut microbiota that was completely different from that of healthy controls, although similar to each other. It is in composition where we found that colonized subjects, especially in minority genera, presented differences with respect to those infected.

[EN] With the current GNSS infrastructure development plans, over 120 GNSS satellites (including European Galileo satellites)will provide, already this decade, continuous data, in several frequencies, without interruption and on a permanent basis.This global and permanent GNSS infrastructure constitutes a major opportunity for GNSS science applications. In themeantime, recent advances in technology have contributed "de-facto" to the deployment of a large GNSS receiver arraybased on Internet of Things (IoT), affordable smart devices easy to find in everybody’s pockets. These devices – evolvingfast at each new generation – feature an increasing number of capabilities and sensors able to collect a variety ofmeasurements, improving GNSS performance. Among these capabilities, Galileo dual band smartphones receivers andAndroid’s support for raw GNSS data recording represent major steps forward for Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT)data processing improvements. Information gathering from these devices, commonly referred as crowdsourcing, opensthe door to new data-intensive analysis techniques in many science domains. At this point, collaboration between variousresearch groups is essential to harness the potential hidden behind the large volumes of data generated by thiscyberinfrastructure. Cloud Computing technologies extend traditional computational boundaries, enabling execution ofprocessing components close to the data. This paradigm shift offers seamless execution of interactive algorithms andanalytics, skipping lengthy downloads and setups. The resulting scenario, defined by a GNSS Big Data repository with colocatedprocessing capabilities, sets an excellent basis for the application of Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (ML)technologies in the context of GNSS. This unique opportunity for science has been recognized by the European SpaceAgency (ESA) with the creation of the Navigation Scientific Office, which leverages on GNSS infrastructure to deliverinnovative solutions across multiple scientific domains., [ES] Con los planes actuales de desarrollo de la infraestructura GNSS, más de 120 satélites GNSS (incluidos los satélites europeos Galileo) proporcionarán, ya en esta década, datos continuos, en varias frecuencias, sin interrupciones y de forma permanente. Esta infraestructura GNSS global y permanente constituye una gran oportunidad para las aplicaciones científicas de GNSS. Mientras tanto, avances recientes han contribuido al despliegue de una red GNSS paralela basada en la Internet de las Cosas (IoT), asequibles dispositivos inteligentes fáciles de encontrar en todos los bolsillos. Estos dispositivos, que evolucionan rápidamente con cada nueva generación, acumulan un número creciente de funcionalidades y sensores capaces de recopilar una gran variedad de mediciones. Entre estas funcionalidades, los receptores de teléfonos inteligentes de banda dual Galileo y el soporte Android para la grabación de datos GNSS sin procesar representan pasos especialmente relevantes. La recopilación de información mediante estos dispositivos, comúnmente conocida como crowdsourcing, abre la puerta a nuevas técnicas de análisis de datos en múltiples dominios científicos. Llegados a este punto, la colaboración entre diversos grupos de investigación resulta esencial para aprovechar el potencial que se esconde en los grandes volúmenes de datos generados por esta ciberinfraestructura. Las tecnologías de Cloud Computing extienden los límites computacionales tradicionales permitiendo la ejecución de componentes de procesamiento cerca de los datos. Este cambio de paradigma ofrece una rápida ejecución de algoritmos y análisis interactivos, omitiendo largas descargas y configuraciones. El escenario resultante, definido por un repositorio GNSS Big Data con capacidades de procesamiento acopladas, establece una base excelente para la aplicación de tecnologías de Inteligencia Artificial / Aprendizaje Automático (ML). Esta oportunidad única para la ciencia ha sido reconocida por la Agencia Espacial Europea (ESA) con la creación de la Oficina Científica de Navegación, que aprovecha la infraestructura GNSS para ofrecer soluciones innovadoras en múltiples dominios científicos., This work was supported by the European Space Agency as part of Research and Development Programmes under Science and Navigation Directorates. The authors would like to thank the GNSS Science Advisory Committee and ESA Navigation Support Office for their support and suggestions. We also thank our Industrial partners, involved in science use cases assessment and implementation. Thanks also to the Science and Operations technical IT Unit at ESAC supporting the deployment of the GSSC Thematic Exploitation Platform. We would like to thank all data collection providers, with special thanks to IGS, ILRS, CDDIS, BKG and IGN for their sustained and remarkable support making possible the creation of the GSSC Repository at the core of this work.

Tutors: Davinia Hernández-Leo, Emily Theophilou, René Lobo Durante los últimos años, los medios sociales han logrado hacerse un hueco en la sociedad hasta tal punto que es inimaginable pensar en la existencia de un mundo sin estas plataformas de comunicación en línea. Si bien es cierto que su objetivo radica en conectar a la gente mediante el intercambio digital de contenido, no podemos pasar por alto los riesgos a los que nos exponemos cuando hacemos uso de ellos. Uno de los riesgos principales es la exposición de nuestra privacidad, y dado que los adolescentes suelen ser los más afectados debido a su falta de conocimientos en este ámbito, me he propuesto crear un minijuego orientado a la web para enseñarles a combatir esta problemática de una forma lúdica. En este trabajo se presentan las distintas fases seguidas para la creación de este minijuego gráfico, partiendo de su diseño hasta su implementación con el framework de VUE JS. Finalmente, para validar si se han logrado los objetivos propuestos, se hará una evaluación con un grupo de voluntarios. Durant els últims anys, els mitjans socials han aconseguit fer-se un forat en la societat fins al punt que és inimaginable pensar en l'existència d'un món sense aquestes plataformes de comunicació en línia. Si bé és cert que el seu objectiu rau en connectar a la gent mitjançant l'intercanvi digital de contingut, no podem passar per alt els riscos a què ens exposem quan fem ús d'ells. Un dels riscos principals és l'exposició de la nostra privacitat, i atès que els adolescents solen ser els més afectats per la seva falta de coneixements en aquest àmbit, m'he proposat crear un mini-joc orientat a la web per ensenyar-lis a combatre aquesta problemàtica d'una forma lúdica. En aquest treball es presenten les diferents fases seguides per a la creació d'aquest mini-joc gràfic, partint del seu disseny fins a la seva implementació amb el framework de VUE JS. Finalment, per validar si s'han assolit els objectius proposats, es farà una avaluació amb un grup de voluntaris. Over the last few years, social media have carved out a niche for themselves in society to such an extent that it is unimaginable to think of a world without these online communication platforms. While it is true that their purpose is to connect people through the digital exchange of content, we cannot overlook the risks we expose ourselves to when we use them. One of the main risks is the exposure of our privacy, and since teenagers are often the most affected due to their lack of knowledge in this area, I have proposed to create a web-oriented mini-game to teach them how to combat this problem in a playful way. This paper presents the different phases followed for the creation of this graphic mini-game, from its design to its implementation with the VUE JS framework. Finally, to validate whether the proposed objectives have been achieved, an evaluation will be carried out with a group of volunteers.

BackgroundIn response to the global antibiotic resistance crisis, efforts have been focused on gaining a better understanding of resistomes (sets of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)) and the dispersion of ARGs in nature. A comprehensive metagenomic characterization of the human body resistome is paramount for laying the foundation to develop a better strategy to address this health concern. Here, we study the resistomes of 771 samples from five major body parts of healthy subjects from the Human Microbiome Project (HMP). In line with the One Health concept (WHO), we also investigated the presence of ARGs from the HMP in 272 pristine environments. ResultsOf all the detected HMP genes/proteins (9.17E+07), 40,816 were ARGs showing high interindividual and inter-body-site abundance variability. Nares had the highest ARG abundance (2.18±2.64 ARGs/Mb; ≈5.5 ARG per bacterial genome), while the gut (0.34±0.34 ARGs/Mb; ≈1.3 ARG per bacterial genome), which also showed the highest richness of different ARG types, had the lowest abundance. Fluroquinolone resistance genes were the most abundant antibiotic resistance gene family, followed by MLS or tetracycline resistance genes, depending on the body site. From all the detected ARGs, we found 366 different ARG types, with parC R (fluoroquinolone resistance) being the most abundant in the oral cavity, mprF (peptide antibiotic resistance) in the skin and nares, and tetQ (tetracycline resistance) in the gut and vagina. Most of the ARGs belonged to common bacterial commensals, and many of them were also multidrug resistance genes and were more abundant in the nares and vagina. The total number of ARGs from the HMP data (n=34) detected in pristine environments (266 samples) was negligible, and most of them (73%) were classified as housekeeping genes in autochthonous bacteria having known mutations conferring antibiotic resistance (natural reservoirs). A significant fraction of ARGs (24%) in pristine environments were actually from exogenous contaminants. The detection of identical HMP ARGs in autochthonous bacteria was extremely infrequent (3%). Conclusions Our results comprehensively reveal the resistomes from all body parts and HMP samples that can serve as a baseline for comparison for long-term survey and monitoring of human resistome variations. Finally, our data provide hope, since the spread of common ARGs from the HMP data to pristine environments thus far remains very unlikely.

This work proposes a formulation to simulate the swelling of compacted bentonites, focusing the analysis on the modelling of the increase of macrostructural void ratio generated by the destructuration of the microstructure under low confinement conditions. First, its formulation is described, highlighting its integration into a generalised constitutive model, which is able to describe the behaviour of compacted bentonites under very different conditions of stress, salinity and water content. After, its scope is assessed, comparing the model predictions with experimental results of free swelling tests performed under different salinity conditions. The results obtained are very satisfactory, especially considering that the proposed swelling model is based on only two material parameters. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd

Understanding the characteristics of the vaginal microbiota of our patients allows us to carry out both a personalized therapeutic approach and a closer follow-up in those with microbiota susceptible to dysbiosis. This trial pursues the analysis of the vaginal microbiota of premenopausal women and its fluctuations within a four-week follow-up period. Vaginal samples of 76 fertile women were taken at a baseline visit and at a final visit (day 28 ± 5). To perform a phylogenetic study, we employed massive sequencing techniques to detect the 16S rRNA gene of the vaginal microbiota. The most prevalent vaginal microbial community was type I (34.87%), dominated by Lactobacillus crispatus. Vaginal microbial community types II (Lactobacillus gasseri) and V (Lactobacillus jensenii) were underrepresented in our population. When repeating the sampling process four weeks later, 75% of our patients maintained their initial bacterial community. In the follicular phase, the most recurrent microbiota was type III (Lactobacillus iners), in the periovulatory phase, types III and IV (microbial diversity), finally, in the luteal phase, the most frequent type was IV. The most prevalent vaginal bacterial community in our population was dominated by L. crispatus. The vaginal microbiota was resistant to changes in its bacterial community in 75% of our patients, even between consecutive menstrual cycles.

This work presents a study of the dissolution-precipitation processes of calcite in soil undergoing electrokinetic remediation processes. For this purpose, a numerical inspection of one of these processes in a calcareous soil (10% calcite content) contaminated with an of the organochlorine acid herbicide (3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid) was carried out. The numerical tool used to perform this analysis was the Multiphysics for EKR (M4EKR), a module programmed by the authors in the COMSOL Multiphysics platform. A detailed analysis of the pH, the distribution of species that have a significant influence on soil buffering capacity (carbonates and calcite), as well as the pollutant, has been performed. In this way, the kinetics of the calcite dissolution-precipitation processes have been analysed in order to determine the pH of the water in the pores and, therefore, how it directly affects the effectiveness of the treatment. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis of the selected EKR process has been carried out at different values of the rate of calcite dissolution due to the uncertainty associated with the reactive surface area parameter.

Este trabajo muestra la incidencia de una intervención docente inclusiva en Educación Física en el autoconcepto del alumnado con discapacidad motriz. Participaron seis docentes de tres centros diferentes y 168 estudiantes de Educación Secundaria (88 chicos y 80 chicas, con una media de edad de 14,04 años), de los que nueve presentaban discapacidad motriz (cinco chicos y cuatro chicas). Se aplica un diseño cuasiexperimental que contempla un modelo A-B (antes-después) y que incluye el desarrollo de una intervención formativa entre ambas fases. Para valorar la incidencia de esta intervención en el autoconcepto, se empleó el cuestionario estandarizado de autoconcepto AF5 (García & Musitu, 2001), que se le administró a todo el alumnado en las dos fases de una investigación que se desarrolló a lo largo de un curso académico. Los resultados muestran que mientras en el alumnado sin discapacidad motriz se aprecia estabilidad en la evolución de la media de puntuaciones directas del autoconcepto, en el alumnado con discapacidad motriz se observa una mejora significativa de todas las dimensiones del mismo y, en mayor medida, en el autoconcepto físico, mostrándose este alumnado sensible a una intervención docente inclusiva que favorezca su participación activa y significativa en las tareas motrices. Abstract. This work shows the incidence of an inclusive teaching intervention in Physical Education on self-concept of students with motor disability. Six teachers from three different schools and 168 students from Secondary Education (88 boys and 80 girls with a mean age of 14,04 years), nine of which had a motor disability (five boys and four girls) participated in the study. A quasi-experimental design contemplating an A-B model (before-after) and including the development of a formative intervention between both phases was implemented. To value the incidence of this intervention on self-concept we employed the AF5 standardized questionnaire of self-concept (García & Musitu, 2001), which was administered to all students in the two phases of an investigation that was developed throughout an academic course. The results show that while in students without motor disabilities stability is observed in the evolution of the self-concept mean scores, a significant improvement of all dimensions of the same is observed in students with motor disability and, to a greater extent, in the physical self-concept. This suggests that those students are sensitive to an inclusive teaching intervention that favors their active and significant participation in motor tasks.

This paper proposes a model to define the water content present in the intra-aggregate space (microstructure) of MX-80 bentonites with different sodium and calcium contents. Data from a broad number of water retention curves was considered, both from sodium-exchanged and calcium-exchanged MX-80 bentonites, as well as from natural samples. Models both for Na-exchanged and Ca-exchanged samples were first fitted. Then, a general model for natural bentonites was proposed based on the sodium and calcium content as exchangeable cations in the bentonite. The model was compared against a number of water retention data, achieving good fits. Given the one-to-one relationship between microstructural water content and void ratio, the model also allows characterising the microstructural deformability of the soil, which is an essential issue when using a double porosity approach to model the MX-80 bentonite behaviour.

The deep geological repository concept for spent nuclear fuel considers many safety elements. Among them, compacted bentonite has been selected as the primary engineering barrier between the encapsulated radioactive waste and the host rock. Thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of this material has been studied in detail from an experimental and numerical point of view. Furthermore, the study of chemical behaviour has become very important, both for the evaluation of the transport of species through the clay matrix and for the evaluation of their coupling to other physico-chemical phenomena.Generally, to conduct these types of studies, infiltration tests through compacted bentonite columns are carried out using an experimental setup composed of common parts: (i) porewater and infiltration water reservoirs, (ii) pumping devices and (iii) a confined sample of bentonite. The infiltration/output solutions are injected/extracted through filters positioned in the top/bottom of the sample. The results obtained in these tests are strongly influenced by the properties of these filters. For this reason, it is very important how the chemical species and the fluid are transported in the filters to correctly interpret the experimental observations. The study presented in this work is framed in this context, in which a numerical sensitivity analysis of the transport properties and size of the filters has been conducted. For this purpose, a reactive transport model for bentonites (assuming this material as a double porosity media) formulated by the authors and fully implemented in the multiphysics platform, COMSOL, has been used to simulate a cation exchange-infiltration test in MX-80 bentonite defined in the “Chemical session” of the Task Force on Engineered Barrier Systems (EBS) organised by SKB AB. The results obtained depend on the tortuosity, porosity and thickness of the filters. These parameters have been estimated for the correct interpretation of the selected test.

[EN] Modern agricultural policies across the globe are committed to a significant reduction in chemical pesticide dependency; however, pest management strategies are still based on the use of synthetic pesticides. There is an urgent need to find new, sustainable and biorational tools for pest management programs. Plants communicate with each other and activate defense mechanisms against pests using herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). The use of such HIPVs could be an ecologically sustainable alternative. However, as of now, there have been no comprehensive studies on HIPVs, from selection to practical use in industry production. Here, we describe the first case of an HIPV successfully implemented for pest control under commercial greenhouse conditions. In this research, tomato plants induced with (Z)-3-hexenyl propanoate [(Z)-3-HP] were less susceptible to the attack of economically important tomato pests. We designed and calibrated polymeric dispensers for the constant release of (Z)-3-HP. These dispensers maintained commercial tomato plant defenses activated for more than two months reducing herbivore pest damage without reducing plant productivity. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of plants induced with (Z)-3-HP confirmed that genes involved in specialized anti-herbivore defense were up-regulated, resulting in an increased production of fatty acid-derived compounds, activation of the lipoxygenase pathway and accumulation of specific defense compounds. Our work demonstrates under commercial greenhouse conditions how the release of HIPVs as elicitors of plant defenses via designed polymeric dispensers can be successfully integrated as a new biorational and sustainable tool for pest control, The research leading to these results was partially funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness MINECO (AGL2014-55616-C3 and RTA2017-00073-00-00), by EU through the project HARNESSTOM (Horizon 2020 program; contract 101000716) and the Conselleria d'Agricultura, Pesca i Alimentacio de la Generalitat Valenciana. The authors thank Dr. Alejandro Tena (IVIA) and Alice Mockford (University of Worcester) for helpful comments on earlier versions of the manuscript and Julio Marco for letting us conduct this research in his greenhouse and for his selfless support throughout project. JLR was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through a "Juan de la Cierva-Formacion" grant (FJCI-2016-28601).

One of the most studied and best-known mutualistic relationships between insects is that between ants and phloem-feeding insects. Ants feed on honeydew excreted by phloem-feeding insects and, in exchange, attack the phloem feeders’ natural enemies, including parasitic wasps. However, parasitic wasps are under selection to exploit information on hazards and avoid them. Here, we tested whether parasitic wasps detect the previous presence of ants attending colonies of phloem feeders. Behavioural assays demonstrate thatwasps left colonies previously attended by ants more frequently than control colonies. This behaviour has a potential cost for the parasitic wasp as females inserted their ovipositor in fewer hosts per colony. In a further bioassay, wasps spent less time on papers impregnated with extracts of the ant cues than on control papers. Gas chromatography coupled withmass spectrometry analyses demonstrated that ants left a blend of cuticular hydrocarbons when they attended colonies of phloem feeders. These cuticular hydrocarbons are deposited passively when ants search for food. Overall, these results suggest, for the first time, that parasitic wasps of honeydew producers detect the previous presence of mutualistic ants through contact infochemicals. We anticipate such interactions to be widespread and to have implications in numerous ecosystems, as phloem feeders are usually tended by ants.

Plant-based bioproduction of insect sex pheromones has been proposed as an innovative strategy to increase the sustainability of pest control in agriculture. Here, we describe the engineering of transgenic plants producing (Z) -11-hexadecenol (Z11-16OH) and (Z) -11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16OAc), two main volatile components in many Lepidoptera sex pheromone blends. We assembled multigene DNA constructs encoding the pheromone biosynthetic pathway and stably transformed them into Nicotiana benthamiana plants. The constructs contained the Amyelois transitella AtrΔ11 desaturase gene, the Helicoverpa armigera fatty acyl reductase HarFAR gene, and the Euonymus alatus diacylglycerol acetyltransferase EaDAct gene in different configurations. All the pheromone-producing plants showed dwarf phenotypes, the severity of which correlated with pheromone levels. All but one of the recovered lines produced high levels of Z11-16OH, but very low levels of Z11-16OAc, probably as a result of recurrent truncations at the level of the EaDAct gene. Only one plant line (SxPv1.2) was recovered that harboured an intact pheromone pathway and which produced moderate levels of Z11-16OAc (11.8 μ g g -1 FW) and high levels of Z11-16OH (111.4 μ g g -1 ). Z11-16OAc production was accompanied in SxPv1.2 by a partial recovery of the dwarf phenotype. SxPv1.2 was used to estimate the rates of volatile pheromone release, which resulted in 8.48 ng g -1 FW per day for Z11-16OH and 9.44 ng g -1 FW per day for Z11-16OAc. Our results suggest that pheromone release acts as a limiting factor in pheromone biodispenser strategies and establish a roadmap for biotechnological improvements.

Thermal load imposed on the ground by the foundations of some singular buildings may produce variations in geochemistry conditions. In soils containing soluble salts, such as gypsum, their dissolution/precipitation rates may be modified, triggering ground settlement as well as angular distortion of building foundations. This paper examines these processes for the case of the Central Storage Facility for high-level radioactive waste planned in Spain. This facility would impose a thermal load over a long period of time due to the disposal of spent nuclear fuel. A numerical model, including the equations for describing the dissolution/precipitation process, as well as the hydrogeological, thermal, chemical, and geomechanical changes in the ground caused by the construction and operation of the facilities, is proposed. The model focuses on the response of the building foundation under different hypothesis of thermal loading underneath the building. Comsol Multiphysics software was used for solving the resulting partial differential equations by the finite element method. This analysis concludes that moderate thermal loading of the ground would develop in the Case Study, with negligible mechanical effect on the foundation., La carga térmica impuesta al suelo por los cimientos de algunos edificios singulares puede producir variaciones en las condiciones geoquímicas . En suelos que contienen sales solubles, como el yeso , sus tasas de disolución/precipitación pueden modificarse, provocando asentamientos del suelo y distorsión angular de los cimientos de los edificios. Este artículo examina estos procesos para el caso de la Instalación Central de Almacenamiento de residuos radiactivos de alta actividad.prevista en España. Esta instalación impondría una carga térmica durante un largo período de tiempo debido a la eliminación del combustible nuclear gastado. Se propone un modelo numérico que incluye las ecuaciones para describir el proceso de disolución/precipitación, así como los cambios hidrogeológicos, térmicos, químicos y geomecánicos en el suelo provocados por la construcción y operación de las instalaciones. El modelo se centra en la respuesta de los cimientos del edificio bajo diferentes hipótesis de carga térmica debajo del edificio. Se utilizó el software Comsol Multiphysics para resolver las ecuaciones diferenciales parciales resultantes mediante el método de elementos finitos. Este análisis concluye que se desarrollaría una carga térmica moderada del suelo en el caso de estudio, con un efecto mecánico insignificante en la cimentación.

In this chapter, the importance of mathematical models to analyze the electrokinetic remediation process is highlighted. Due to the amount of coupled physicochemical, electrochemical, and electrokinetic phenomena that take place in this soil treatment, it is necessary to develop conceptual models and numerical tools that, combined with experimental information, improve the global understanding of these processes.

Soil is a natural porous material with fluids in its voids. The distribution of the space occupied by solid particles, water, and gases is fundamental to understanding soil behavior under the influence of external actions. The mineralogical and geochemical composition of the system and the characteristics of solid–liquid–gas complex under different fluxes of matter and energy also play determining roles in soil behavior. Changes in the boundary conditions of a soil generate these fluxes, some of which may be of interest for the eventual decontamination of a site. In the specific case of electrokinetic soil remediation, the application of a direct electric current generates a flow of water and solutes and, at the same time, induces other thermal, hydraulic, mechanical, and chemical phenomena, which may favor or hinder the remediation process. To better understand and optimize electrokinetic remediation processes, the soil complexity should be analyzed prior to a more in-depth study of the electrokinetic treatment.

In the original publication of the article, the authors have inadvertently presented Figs.1-4 that were prepared from an incorrect data-set and were therefore inaccurate. The corrected figures and related statistical results are published herein. In addition, data supporting the corrected figures are provided as new supplementary online material (Supplementary Table 2 and Supplementary Figs. 3-6). The ecological relevance of certain responses to particular treatments were still discussed when P-values neared 0.05 (Wasserstein et al. 2019). This was the case of the preferences of Tetranychus urticae for (a) conspecific infested plants, where Cleopatra mandarin was preferred to sour orange (P ≤ 0.058), and (b) when having to choose between clean and infested Cleopatra mandarin, where infested plants were mostly preferred (P = 0.058) (Fig. 1; Supplementary Fig. 3). Similarly, the preferences of Euseius stipulatus and Neoseiulus californicus for T. urticae body odors were associated with a P-value of 0.058 (Figs. 2 and 3; Supplementary Figs. 4, 5). Finally, when having to choose between the same plant genotype, either infested or not, a P = 0.058 was obtained for N. californicus and sour orange (Fig. 3; Supplementary Fig. 5) and for Phytoseiulus persimilis and both sour orange and Cleopatra mandarin (Fig. 4; Supplementary Fig. 6). As a consequence, the conclusions discussed in the paper remain valid.

El presente ensayo pretende ser una introducción general al problema filosófico del tiempo desde sus muy diferentes formas y posibilidades de ser abordado. En este sentido, el artículo recorre el problema desde diferentes puntos de vista y da breve cuenta de la pluralidad y diversidad de los tiempos que se encuentran en las diferentes definiciones filosóficas, en los diferentes estratos del saber, en las diferentes épocas y culturas, y también en los diferentes instrumentos que miden el propio tiempo. The present essay is designed to be a general introduction to the philosophical problem of time from its very different forms and ways of approaching. In this sense, the article covers the problem from different perspectives and gives a brief account of the plurality and diversity of the time found in the different philosophical definitions, in the different layers of knowledge, in different periods and cultures and also in the different instruments used to measure time itself.

[EN] The monoculture situation of truffle cultivation is favoring the appearance of pests that would not be economically important in naturally balanced forest ecosystems. The most prominent of them is the European truffle beetle Leiodes cinnamomeus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Leiodidae), for which there are no effective control methods capable of reducing its populations. The potential of the mass trapping technique against this beetle, based on adapted pitfall traps and the semiochemical methyl disulfide as an attractant, is explored in the present work. Two trap densities (40 and 80 traps/ha) were tested in 2-yr field trials carried out in the region of Teruel (Spain) with black truffle cultivation tradition. Kairomone dispensers were placed in the field immediately before adult outbreak and remained active there throughout the season. The efficacy of each treatment was measured according to the reduction in beetle populations and the damaged truffles in the center of the treated areas. The results showed that both trapping densities reduced adult populations (mean 57% catch reduction), but 80 traps/ha were needed to significantly lower damage parameters (>40% reduction), percentage of attacked truffles and number of galleries/g truffle. The cost effectiveness of these treatments and possible improvements are discussed., This work has been supported by the project `A2. Efectos de Leiodes sobre la produccion de trufa negra de Teruel: evaluacion de la incidencia y posibilidades de control' from Gobierno de Aragon (FITE 2016). We would like to thank the owners of the fields (Jose Igual, Hnos Salvador Redon (Eugenio y Eladio) and Daniel and Maria from Trufas Bertolin SL) for allowing us to use their orchards and their trust to manage truffles. Finally, we also want to thank Pablo Lopez for his support in the field work, Helen Warburton for English editing and Prof. Gonzalo Garcia-Donato for the statistical support.

The volume of data produced worldwide is growing rapidly, from 33 zettabytes in 2018 to an expected 175 zettabytes in 2025 Furthermore, the way in which data are stored and processed will change dramatically over the coming 5 years. Today 80% of the processing and analysis of data takes place in centralised computing facilities, and 20% in smart connected objects, such as cars, home appliance, manufacturing robots and computing facilities close to the user (‘edge computing’). By 2025 these proportions are likely to be inverted. In the GNSS space segment, according to current development plans, over 120 GNSS satellites (including European Galileo satellites) will provide, already this decade, continuous data, in several frequencies, without interruptionand on a permanent basis.This unique opportunity for science has been recognised by the European Space Agency (ESA) with the creation of the Navigation Science Office, which leverages on GNSS infrastructure to deliver innovative solutions across Earth Science, Space Science, Metrology and Fundamental Physics domains. At the core of this initiative, the GNSSScience Support Centre (GSSC) combines Big Data and Machine learning (ML) technologies to extract knowledge and discover patterns between GNSS-related inputs and outputs given the sheer volume of data. In this work, we introduce key GNSS Science Use Cases, providing a detailed view of GSSC on-going initiatives regarding troposphere and ionosphere characterisation through ML science pipelines to exploit a unique, publicly available repository of multifaceted GNSS data and products.

Introduction PART I REVIEW OF THE RESEARCH A Historical Review (1965-1997) of Studies on Class, Health, and Quality of Life: A Personal Account Vicente Navarro PART II CAUSES FOR THE GROWTH OF INEQUALITIES AND THEIR IMPACT ON HEALTH AND QUALITY OF LIFE Neoliberalism, "Globalization," Unemployment, Inequalities, and the Welfare State Vicente Navarro Health and Equity in the World in the Era of "Globalization" Vicente Navarro The Political Economy of the Welfare State in Developed Capitalist Countries Vicente Navarro PART III CRITIQUE OF INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES: WHO, PAHO, WORLD BANK, IMF, UNICEF, AND UNDP Ravaging the Poor: The International Monetary Fund Indicted by Its Own Data Gabriel Kolko World Bank Education Policy: Market Liberalism Meets Ideological Conservatism Adriana Puiggros Market Commodities and Poor Relief: The World Bank Proposal for Health Asa Cristina Laurell and Oliva Lopez Arellano Neoliberalism Revised? A Critical Account of World Bank Conceptions of Good Governance and Market Friendly Intervention Ray Kiely In Pursuit of "Growth with Equity": The Limits of Chile's Free-Market Social Reforms Pilar Vergara A Fundamental Shift in the Approach to International Health by WHO, UNICEF, and the World Bank: Instances of the Practice of "Intellectual Fascism" and Totalitarianism in Some Asian Countries Debabar Banerji PART IV NEOLIBERALISM AND SOCIAL AND HEALTH POLICY The Mexican Social Security Counterreform: Pensions for Profit Asa Cristina Laurell Remaking Medicare: The Voucher Myth Jonathan Oberlander A Slippery Slope: Economists and Social Insurance in the United States Richard B. Du Boff PART V DEBATE ON PATHWAYS OF SOCIAL INEQUALITIES AND HEALTH Income Inequality, Social Cohesion, and Class Relations: A Critique of Wilkinson's Neo-Durkheimian Research Program Carles Muntaner and John Lynch Income Inequality, Social Cohesion, and Health: Clarifying the Theory-A Reply to Muntaner and Lynch Richard G. Wilkinson The Social Class Determinants of Income Inequality and Social Cohesion Carles Muntaner, John Lynch, and Gary L. Oates PART VI ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED SOLUTIONS: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE POLITICAL CONTEXT The Political Context of Social Inequalities and Health Vicente Navarro and Leiyu Shi Is There a Third Way? A Response to Giddens's The Third Way Vicente Navarro Toward an Ecosocial View of Health Richard Levins and Cynthia Lopez Development and Quality of Life: A Critique of Amartya Sen's Development As Freedom Vicente Navarro Are Pro-Welfare State and Full-Employment Policies Possible in the Era of Globalization? Vicente Navarro CONTRIBUTORS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INDEX