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International audience; Iron speciation is linked to oxygen fugacity; hence the Fe 3+ /ΣFe ratio of glasses can reveal the oxygen fugacity of the system where they last equilibrated. Previous studies using X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) spectroscopy in silicate glasses and olivine-hosted melt inclusions have shown that arc basalts are more oxidized than mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) and oceanic island basalts (OIB). However, Cottrell et al. (2018) recently demonstrated that hydrous glasses can experience beam-induced oxidation during XANES analysis, leading to an overestimation of their Fe 3+ /ΣFe ratios. Here, we determined Fe 3+ /ΣFe ratios in olivine-hosted melt inclusions from various arc, MORB and OIB localities by Mössbauer and XANES spectroscopy. We carried out a careful evaluation of beam damage during XANES measurements that included detailed analysis of consecutive XANES spectra and collection of time series on hydrous basaltic and basanitic glasses using different radiation doses. Fe 3+ /ΣFe ratios obtained using both spectroscopy methods on the same sample set allowed us to confirm the oxidation state of those magmas and the reliability of our approach to avoid the effect of beam-induced oxidation during XANES analysis. Our results show that melt inclusions from MORBs, OIBs and arc basalts display mean Fe 3+ /ΣFe ratios of 0.10 ± 0.05 (2σ; n = 5), 0.13 ± 0.05 (2σ; n = 2) and 0.25 ± 0.15 (2σ; n = 19), respectively , while Mount Etna melt inclusions display a mean Fe 3+ /ΣFe ratio of 0.26 ± 0.05 (2σ; n = 7). These results confirm that arc magmas are more oxidized than those from hot spots and mid-ocean ridges.

Highlights • 88.1% of 8454 children screened had protective antibodies to poliovirus serotype 3. • The number of tOPV doses received was the main determinant of seroprevalence. • Age, gender, residence and number of tOPV doses are associated with seroprevalence., Background Among the three poliovirus serotypes, the lowest responses after vaccination with trivalent oral polio vaccine (tOPV) are to serotype 3. Although improvements in routine immunisation and supplementary immunisation activities have greatly increased vaccine coverage, there are limited data on antibody prevalence in Indian infants. Methods Children aged 5–11 months with a history of not having received inactivated polio vaccine were screened for serum antibodies to poliovirus serotype 3 (PV3) by a micro-neutralisation assay according to a modified World Health Organization (WHO) protocol. Limited demographic information was collected to assess risk-factors for a lack of protective antibodies. Student’s t-test, logistic regression and multilevel logistic regression (MLR) model were used to estimate model parameters. Results Of 8454 children screened at a mean age of 8.3 (standard deviation [SD]-1.8) months, 88.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 87.4–88.8) had protective antibodies to PV3. The number of tOPV doses received was the main determinant of seroprevalence; the maximum likelihood estimate yields a 37.7% (95% CI: 36.2–38.3) increase in seroprevalence per dose of tOPV. In multivariable logistic regression analysis increasing age, male sex, and urban residence were also independently associated with seropositivity (Odds Ratios (OR): 1.17 (95% CI: 1.12–1.23) per month of age, 1.27 (1.11–1.46) and 1.24 (1.05–1.45) respectively). Conclusion Seroprevalence of antibodies to PV3 is associated with age, gender and place of residence, in addition to the number of tOPV doses received. Ensuring high coverage and monitoring of response are essential as long as oral vaccines are used in polio eradication.

Background\ud Multimodal enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) regimens have improved outcomes from colorectal surgery.\ud \ud Objective\ud We report the application of ERAS to patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC).\ud \ud Design, setting, and participants\ud Prospective collection of outcomes from consecutive patients undergoing RC at a single institution.\ud \ud Intervention\ud Twenty-six components including prehabilitation exercise, same day admission, carbohydrate fluid loading, targeted intraoperative fluid resuscitation, regional local anaesthesia, cessation of nasogastric tubes, omitting oral bowel preparation, avoiding drain use, early mobilisation, chewing gum use, and audit.\ud \ud Outcome measurements and statistical analysis\ud Primary outcomes were length of stay and readmission rate. Secondary outcomes included intraoperative blood loss, transfusion rates, survival, and histopathological findings.\ud \ud Results and limitations\ud Four hundred and fifty-three consecutive patients underwent RC, including 393 (87%) with ERAS. Length of stay was shorter with ERAS (median [interquartile range]: 8 [6–13] d) than without (18 [13–25], p < 0.001). Patients with ERAS had lower blood loss (ERAS: 600 [383–969] ml vs 1050 [900–1575] ml for non-ERAS, p < 0.001), lower transfusion rates (ERAS: 8.1% vs 25%, chi-square test, p < 0.001), and fewer readmissions (ERAS: 15% vs 25%, chi-square test, p = 0.04) than those without. Histopathological parameters (eg, tumour stage, node count, and margin state) and survival outcomes did not differ with ERAS use (all p > 0.1). Multivariable analysis revealed ERAS use was (p = 0.002) independently associated with length of stay.\ud \ud Conclusions\ud The use of ERAS pathways was associated with lower intraoperative blood loss and faster discharge for patients undergoing RC. These changes did not increase readmission rates or alter oncological outcomes.\ud \ud Patient summary\ud Recovery after major bladder surgery can be improved by using enhanced recovery pathways. Patients managed by these pathways have shorter length of stays, lower blood loss, and lower transfusion rates. Their adoption should be encouraged.