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Objective: To develop a valid and reliable scale for measuring psychosocial issues of hearing-impaired school children. Method: The cross-sectional study with four stage model of scale development was conducted at Multan, Muzafargarh, and Dera Ghazi Khan Pakistan from August 2018 to January 2019. The four stages were item generation, expert validation, conversion of scale into sign language and psychometric study. The sample comprised hearing-impaired school children aged 18-23 years who were studying Special Education schools in Multan, Pakistan. Results: Of the 230 subjects, there were 110(47.8%) boys and 120(52.2%) girls. The overall mean age was 19.90+/-2.46 years.Exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation revealed 26 items in ‘Depressive Affect’, ‘Social Isolation’ and ‘Feeling of Anger’ sub-scales with high internal consistency (r=0.85) and validity (r=-0.32). Conclusion: The internalised nature of psychosocial issues of children with hearing impairment needs timely identification and intervention so that silent suffering can be prevented to improve psychosocial functioning of such children. Key Words: Hearing impairment, Psychosocial issues, Gender, Age, Reliability, Validity. Continuous...

Every country is interested in entrepreneurship development as entrepreneurs form the basis for economic development, so academic researchers are looking for supportive and restrictive factors in business development. In Latvia, the majority of companies are micro and small enterprises. The aim of the paper is to investigate the restrictive factors related to the successful development of the company in Latvia, depending on the number of employees. Tasks of the research - evaluate the limiting factors influencing the development of micro-companies; find the most important factors that limit the involvement of employees and experienced managers in companies in the country, regions; compare the impact on companies by number of employees. Applied research methods: scientific publications and previous research analysis; survey of companies related of different aspects of business development; deeper analysis on factors limiting entrepreneurship development. The general population consists of all active companies registered in the Register of Enterprises of the Republic of Latvia in strategically important sectors. A questionnaire of our survey was developed for companies selected at random and the replies of 2511 companies, of which 1879 were micro-enterprises, were considered valid. The technical fieldwork of the survey was conducted by the Marketing and Public Opinion Research Center (SKDS) (interviewers conducted as CAWI - computerized web interviews). Data analysis was performed by SPSS, the main indicators of descriptive statistics were used for the analysis of survey data: indicators of central tendency or location - arithmetic mean, mode, median; indicators of variability - standard deviation, standard error of mean, range; cross-tabulations by regions and by number of employees, analysis of variance - ANOVA and factor analysis with varimax rotation. The results point to the main restrictions on business growth: increase of expenses on labour or production and unavailability of qualified employees or experienced managers.

The purpose of this study was to describe the specific demands and structure of interrelationships of external load variables in order to generate a position-related time motion profile in elite basketball. Seventeen professional players from three different playing positions (6 guards, 4 forwards, and 7 centers) were analyzed in five friendly games. Player load per minute (PLmin) was used as an indicator of intensity to compare positions. Furthermore, high and total external variables of jumping (hJUMP and tJUMP), acceleration (hACC and tACC), deceleration (hDEC and tDEC) and change of direction (hCOD and tCOD), respectively, were used for the principal component analysis (PCA). The Kaiser criterion (eigenvalue > 1) was applied, and the Varimax rotation mode was used to extract multiple principal components. PCA showed that all positions had three or four principal components, but the configuration of each factor was different: tCOD, hCOD, hDEC and hJUMP for guards, hCOD, tCOD, tACC and hDEC for forwards, and tJUMP, hJUMP, hDEC and tACC for centers were specifically demanded in match-play. For guards and forwards, a significant correlation was found between COD variables, while for centers tCOD and PLmin had the strongest correlation. When monitoring the external load via tri-axial accelerometers in basketball match-play, each playing position showed specific physical demands. Therefore, these variables must be prioritized in load monitoring programs.

The main aim of this study was to generate an adequate sub-phenotypic clustering model of class III skeletal malocclusion in an adult population of southern European origin. The study design was conducted in two phases, a preliminary cross-sectional study and a subsequent discriminatory evaluation by main component and cluster analysis to identify diferentiated skeletal sub-groups with diferentiated phenotypic characteristics. Radiometric data from 699 adult patients of southern European origin were analyzed in 212 selected subjects afected by class III skeletal malocclusion. The varimax rotation was used with Kaiser normalization, to prevent variables with more explanatory capacity from afecting the rotation. A total of 21,624 radiographic measurements were obtained as part of the cluster model generation, using a total set of 55 skeletal variables for the subsequent analysis of the major component and cluster analyses. Ten main axes were generated representing 92.7% of the total variation. Three main components represented 58.5%, with particular sagittal and vertical variables acting as major descriptors. Post hoc phenotypic clustering retrieved six clusters: C1:9.9%, C2:18.9%, C3:33%, C4:3.77%, C5:16%, and C6:16%. In conclusion, phenotypic variation was found in the southern European skeletal class III population, demonstrating the existence of phenotypic variations between identifed clusters in diferent ethnic groups.

Research aimed at increasing the social adaptation and productivity of retirees is of theoretical and practical significance due to the growing share of elderly people in Russia’s total population. The relevance of this study is due to the contradiction between the theoretical and practical significance of the problem of coping behavior in elderly people and its insufficient development in gerontopsychology. The goal of this paper is a theoretical substantiation, identification, and discussion of the results of factor analysis of the structure of coping behavior in subjects of geronto-educational programs. Theoretical and empirical methods and psychodiagnostic techniques, such as Heim’s Coping Technique, Lazarus and Folkman’s Coping Questionnaire (adapted by T. Kryukova and E. Kuftyak), Maddi’s Hardiness Survey (adapted by D. Leontyev), and Vodopyanova and Stein’s Scale of Optimism and Activity, were used. The following methods of mathematical and statistical analysis were applied: descriptive statistics, Pearson’s chi-square test, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and principal component analysis with Varimax rotation with Kaiser normalization; the statistical software package StatSoft Statistica for Windows 10.0 and IBM SPSS Statistics 23 was also used. The empirical research was carried out at the University for Elderly, the regional branch of the National Nongovernmental Organization Znanie in Chelyabinsk, Russia. The sample comprised 101 individuals with an average age of 68.2 years. The factor analysis detected and verified a latent structure of coping behavior in the elderly consisting of seven key components classified by the degree of preference. The factor structure of coping behavior in the subjects is dominated by adaptive and relatively adaptive behavioral and cognitive coping styles (based on three of the seven factors) that are both problem- and self-preservation-oriented.

Summary Purpose The aims of this study were to develop a new instrument for measuring self-management with a hierarchical structure [the Diabetes Self-Management Scale (DSMS)] in patients with type 2 diabetes, and evaluate its psychometric properties. Method The DSMS instrument was developed in three phases: (1) conceptualization and item generation; (2) content validity and pilot testing; and (3) field testing of its psychometric properties. A convenience sample of 473 participants was recruited in three university hospitals and one regional health center, South Korea. Results Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses yielded two second-order component models explaining the common variance among six first-order factors. Principal axis factoring with a varimax rotation accounted for 60.88% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis of the hierarchical structure revealed the following fit indices: χ2/df = 1.373, standardized root-mean-square residual = .050, goodness-of-fit index = .935, incremental fit index = .975, comparative fit index = .974, and root-mean-square error of approximation = .039. All Cronbach' α values for internal consistency exceeded the criterion of .70. All of the intraclass correlation coefficients for test–retest reliability exceeded .70 except that for the taking-medication subscale. The components of the DSMS were moderately correlated with the comparator measures of self-efficacy and health literacy administered for convergent validity. Conclusion The DSMS is a new instrument for measuring the complex nature of self-management in patients with type 2 diabetes, comprising 17 items scored on a five-point Likert scale. The DSMS exhibits satisfactory psychometric properties for five reliability and validity metrics, and so is a suitable instrument to apply in both research and clinical practices.

Morphometric analyses on the immature stages of Anisops breddini Kirkaldy (Hemiptera: Notonectidae) was done by collecting insects from the field. Measurements of 36 characters of nymphal instars I-­V were taken based on ten individuals of each developmental stage. Morphometric measurements of vertex (V), synthlipsis (S) and head length (HL) in instars I-V revealed a uniform pattern of development. Twenty nine morphometric ratios were analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal component analysis (PCA) and varimax rotation to identify the important morphometric ratios for characterization of instars I-V. The variations in each morphometric ratio among the developmental stages were found statistically significant. ANOVA and PCA have revealed that ratios of synthlipsis to vertex (S/V), synthlipsis to head width (S/HW) and length of rostrum segment four to rostrum length (R4L/RL) are useful morphometric ratios for description and separation of instars I-V. However, instar I can be easily distinguished from rest by the absence of wing pad.

The purpose of this study was to validate instruments regarding digital technology access among Indonesian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) faculty members during the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). An EFL Faculty member’s Access to Digital Technology (EFL-FADT) scale was adopted from previous relevant studies consisting of Motivation, Skills, and Use. A total of 235 EFL faculty members from three public and three private universities in Indonesia participated in this study, selected through cluster random sampling. A survey design was applied to examine the factor structure of the EFL-FADT. The survey data were computed through the steps of Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with IBM SPSS 23 and SPSS AMOS 23. Through the EFA with Varimax rotation, two factors emerged from Motivation, three from Skills, and two from Use. The result successfully mapped the proposed model. The CFA approach verified the instrument which was satisfactory for Indonesian EFL faculty members. The findings informed 25 valid and reliable indicators. The measured scale achieves psychometric properties. It can provide future studies with a tool to capture EFL faculties’ access to digital technology.

Background The study aimed to translate the foot function index (FFI) questionnaire to Thai and to determine psychometric properties of the questionnaire among individuals with plantar foot complaints. Methods The Thai version of the FFI (FFI-Th) was adapted according to a forward and backward translation protocol by two independent translators and analyzed by a linguist and a committee. The FFI-Th was administered among 49 individuals with plantar foot complaints to determine internal consistency, reliability, and validity. Cronbach’s alpha and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC3,1) were used to test the internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The Principal Component Analysis with varimax rotation method was used to test the factor structure and construct validity. Furthermore, the criterion validity was tested using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (rp) between the FFI-Th and the visual analogue pain scale (pain-VAS) as well as the EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L). Results The FFI-Th showed good to excellent internal consistency and test-retest reliability in the total score, pain, disability, and activity limitation subscales. The Principal Component Analysis produced 4 principal factors from the FFI-Th items. Criterion validity of the FFI-Th total score showed moderate to strong correlations with pain-VAS and EQ-5D-5L, and EQ-VAS scores. Conclusion The FFI-Th was a reliable and valid questionnaire to assess the foot function in a Thai population. Trial registration NCT03161314 (08/05/2017).

Aims To culturally adapt and translate the Evidence‐Based Practice Belief Scale (EBP‐B) and the Evidence‐Based Practice Implementation Scale (EBP‐I), explore the psychometric properties of their validated German versions and compare results with those of the original scales. Design Cross‐sectional descriptive study. Method The study was conducted on a sample of 131 Registered Nurses in a Swiss German hospital. Internal consistency was rated using Cronbach's alpha. Principal component analysis using varimax rotation was used to determine construct validity. The study was undertaken in accordance with the STROBE‐checklist in Appendix S1. Results German versions of the EBP‐B and EBP‐I showed good reliability. Their Cronbach alphas showed lower values than those of the original scales. Principal component analysis showed medium‐to‐high factor loading. Principal component analyses using varimax rotations of the EBP‐B's 16 items and the EBP‐I's 17 items resulted in four‐factor and five‐factor solutions, respectively.

Quality of life is defined as the subjective perception of one's own well-being within a sociocultural context. SF-36 is commonly used to check the health status of the general population in many countries.To validate the Persian (Dari) version of the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) in Herat.The Persian (Dari) version of SF-36 was culturally adapted. A total of 1259 healthy individuals aged ≥ 18 years participated in the study between November 2016 and April 2017. Construct validity of SF-36 was evaluated through exploratory factor analysis. The extraction was performed by principal component analysis from the polychoric correlation matrix estimated by a 2-step method with varimax rotation. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were assessed by Cronbach's α SPSS version 23.0 and R version 3.1.3 were used in the analysis.The last version of SF-36 including 27 items in 8 factors explained 86.48% of the variance. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was 0.391 and Bartlett's test showed statistical significance (P0.001). Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the final model demonstrated good fit statistics (P0.001), root mean square error of approximation=0.056, goodness-of-fit index=0.963, and adjusted goodness-of-fit index=0.953). Cronbach's α for the 8 subscales was 0.753-0.933. All subscales of SF-36 had good internal consistency reliability and good test-retest reliability.We showed that our Dari version of SF-36 is suitable to evaluate quality of life in adults in Herat City. This scale will be useful for health researchers in the future.المسح الصحي القصير المُكوَّن من 36 بنداً: دراسة حول ترجمة المسح والتحقق من دقة النسخة المُترجَة في أفغانستان.نثار احمد شایان، أوموت آرسلان، عبدالملک هوشمند، محمد زبیر ارشد، هلال اوزجیبی.إن قياس جودة الحياة مهم لتق ييم احتياجات الرعاية الصحية وتأثير الخدمات الصحية. هناك حاجة لقياس جودة الحياة في أفغانستان.هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التحقق من دقة النسخة الفارسية (لغة الداري) من المسح الصحي القصير المُكوَّن من 36 بنداً في مدينة هيرات.كُيِّفَت النسخة الفارسية (لغة الداري) من المسح الصحي القصير المُكوَّن من 36 بنداً من الناحية الثقافية. وبلغ مجموع الأصحاء الذين شاركوا في الدراسة 1259 فرداً وكانت أعمارهم 18 عاماً فما فوق، وذلك في الفترة بين نوفمبر/ تشرين الثاني 2016 وأبريل/ نيسان 2017. وقُيمت صلاحية الإنشاء في النسخة الفارسية من المسح الصحي القصير المُكوَّن من 36 بنداً من خلال التحليل العاملي الاستكشافي. وتمت عملية الاستخراج بتحليل المكونات الرئيسية من مصفوفة الترابط المتعددة التي قُدِّرت باستخدام طريقة تدوير فاريماكس المكوَّنة من خطوتين. كما قُيم الاتساق الداخلي وموثوقية طريقة الاختبار وإعادة الاختبار باستخدام معامل كرونباخ ألفا. واستُخدم في هذا التحليل الإصدار 23.0 من برنامج SPSS، والإصدار 3.1.3 من برنامج R.بلغ إجمالي نسبة الأميين من المشاركين 46٪ من الذكور، و39.6٪ من الإناث. وأوضحت النسخة الأخيرة من المسح الصحي القصير المُكوَّن من 36 بنداً، ومنها 27 بنداً في 8 عوامل، نسبة التباين التي بلغت 86.48٪. وبلغت قيمة اختبار كايزر-ماير-أولكن 0.391، وأظهر اختبار بارتليت الأهمية الإحصائية (0.001P). وبيّ التحليل العاملي التوكيدي أن النموذج الأخير كان يمثل إحصاءات موائمة جيدة (0.001P)، وكان متوسط الجذر التربيعي للخطأ بالتقريب = 0.056، وبلغ مؤشر جودة الملاءمة = 0.963، ومؤشر جودة الملاءمة المُصحَح = 0.953.وبلغ معامل كرونباخ ألفا للأبعاد الفرعية الثمانية 0.753−0.933. وأظهرت جميع المقا ييس الفرعية للمسح الصحي القصير المُكوَّن من 36 بنداً موثوقية الاتساق الداخلي الجيد وموثوقية طريقة الاختبار وإعادة الاختبار الجيدة.لقد بيَّنّا أن نسخة لغة الداري من المسح الصحي القصير المُكوَّن من 36 بنداً ملائمة لتق ييم جودة الحياة في مدينة هرات. وسيكون المقياس مفيداً للباحثين في مجال الصحة في المستقبل.Enquête de santé abrégée (SF-36) : traduction et étude de validation en Afghanistan.La qualité de vie est définie comme la perception subjective du propre bien-être d’une personne dans un contexte socioculturel. Le questionnaire SF-36 (Enquête de santé abrégée) est couramment utilisé pour vérifier l'état de santé de la population générale dans de nombreux pays.Valider la version en langue persane (dari) du SF-36 à Herat.La version en langue persane (dari) du SF-36 a été adaptée en tenant compte de la culture. Au total, 1259 personnes en bonne santé âgées de 18 ans ou plus ont participé à l’étude entre novembre 2016 et avril 2017. La validité structurelle du SF-36 a été évaluée à l’aide de l’analyse factorielle exploratoire. L’extraction a été effectuée par analyse en composantes principales à partir de la matrice de corrélation polychorique estimée par une méthode en deux étapes avec rotation varimax. La cohérence interne et la fidélité test-retest ont été évaluées par la méthode de l’alpha de Cronbach. Les logiciels SPSS (version 23.0) et R (version 3.1.3) ont été utilisés pour l’analyse.La dernière version du SF-36 comprenant 27 items assortis à huit facteurs expliquait 86,48 % des variations. La valeur de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin était de 0,391 et le test de Bartlett a montré une signification statistique (p0,001). L’analyse factorielle confirmatoire a révélé que le modèle final présentait de bonnes statistiques d’ajustement (p0,001), une erreur quadratique moyenne d’approximation de 0,056, un indice de qualité de l’ajustement de 0,963 et un indice ajusté de la qualité de l’ajustement de 0,953. Le coefficient alpha de Cronbach pour les huit sous-échelles était de 0,753- 0,933. Toutes les sous-échelles du SF-36 présentaient une bonne fidélité de cohérence interne et une bonne fidélité testretest.Nous avons démontré que notre version en langue dari du SF-36 est adaptée pour évaluer la qualité de vie des adultes dans la ville de Herat. Cette échelle sera utile aux chercheurs en santé à l’avenir.

AIMS The aim of this paper was to validate the Romanian version of an ageism scale for dental students. MATERIALS AND METHODS The initial 27-item ageism scale was translated into Romanian and administered to 210 dental students in Craiova. The data were analysed using principal components analysis (PCA) with an orthogonal, Varimax rotation. The answers were then compared across several demographic variables using a combination of independent samples t tests and one-way between-subjects analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS Adequate factorability was confirmed with a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) of 0.676 and a Bartlett's Test of Sphericity yielding P

Aim To determine the construct validity and test-retest reliability of the Patient Satisfaction Survey Questionnaire (PSSQ). Background Advanced practice nurses (APNs) co-manage patients with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) with public primary care physicians in Singapore. The original Nurse Practitioner Satisfaction Survey (NPSS) instrument was adapted (renamed as PSSQ) to assess satisfaction with APN service. Method A total of 209 patients self-administered the PSSQ at first visit and repeated it in a retest through phone within the next 2 weeks in 2018. Cronbach's alpha and intra-class correlation (ICC) coefficients were performed to evaluate the internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Construct validity was determined by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results The overall Cronbach's alpha (>0.7) and ICC scores (0.697-0.729) indicated excellent test-retest reliability and good internal consistency, respectively. The CFA results of three-factor model showed poor fit. Additional exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and principal component analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation revealed that adding another factor (communication with physician) resulted in a better model (eigenvalue > 1). The ICC for the four-factor model ranged from 0.664 to 0.825, indicating fair to excellent reliability. Conclusion The PSSQ shows good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The four-factor model is a better instrument to assess APN service in local populations. Implications for nursing management The validated PSSQ can be used as instrument to assess the quality of services provided by various categories of nurses, including registered nurses, nurse clinicians and APNs.

From the perspective of activity theory, it can be argued that the major challenge in relation to implementing interprofessional education (IPE) could be embraced as contradictions that may lead to change. Patients have complex health needs and typically require insight from more than one discipline to address issues regarding their health status (Lumague et al. 2006). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that institutions engaged in health professional education and training consider implementing IPE in both undergraduate and postgraduate programs (WHO, 2010). The purpose of this study was to identify the needs of IPECP for health care professionals, faculty members, and students. Methods: The survey instrument contained four scales to evaluate faculty attitudes toward IPE and teamwork, adapted from the methods of Curran et al. (2007). Each scale asked respondents to rate their attitudes toward statements on a 5-point Likert scale (1=strongly disagree; 2=disagree; 3=neutral; 4=agree; 5=strongly agree). The initial factor extractions were performed by means of principal components analysis. To define the model structure more clearly, an exploratory factor analysis using varimax rotation was conducted. The level of significance was p

Purpose To assess the validity and reliability of the Persian Outpatient Clinical Teaching Evaluation (OCTE) questionnaire, in order to evaluate clinical teaching for undergraduate medical students. Methods This was a methodological study conducted in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2018. To assess the validity of the questionnaire, ten academic staff who had received master's degrees in medical education were chosen by convenience sampling. The first draft of the Persian questionnaire was derived from the Ministry of Health's clinical teaching standards booklet. The questionnaire consisted of just 15 obligatory items in the first draft of the questionnaire. Subsequently, the questionnaire was modified to be used in teaching outpatient clinics. Content validity indices were calculated. Subsequently, the modified questionnaires were given to 92 academic staff in Imam-Reza Hospital's outpatient clinics. We applied principle component analysis (PCA) and Varimax rotation for exploratory factor analysis (EFA). In order to confirm the EFA, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used. Cronbach's alpha method, the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and test-retest reliability were used to assess the reliability. Results The overall content validity ratio (CVR), content validity index (CVI), and impact score (IS) were 0.78, 0.79, and 3.26, respectively. Out of 92 academic staff, 85 participated. The Keizer-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy for data was 0.726 (p-value=0.0001). After the EFA, the 10-item questionnaire loaded on three factors. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was established by Cronbach's alpha of 0.89 and the ICC was 0.94. Furthermore, there was a strong correlation with a 2-week retest interval. Conclusion The study demonstrated that the Persian clinical teaching questionnaire had optimal psychometric properties. Thus, application of this questionnaire at outpatient settings can be helpful.

The purpose of this study was to determine key concepts of self-efficacy for sleep hygiene among young adults/college students and sleep experts, and to refine the Self-Efficacy for Sleep Hygiene Inventory. The Self-Efficacy for Sleep Hygiene Inventory was revised using input from young adult focus groups and experts. Information from focus groups informed instrument revision. The revised instrument was distributed using an electronic survey to young adults age 18–26 years for a total sample of 296. A principal component analysis with Varimax Orthogonal Rotation was conducted resulting in a three-factor solution. Cronbach’s alphas were: .85 for Behaviors to Adopt (nine items), .79 for Manage Mindset and Environment (eight items), .70 for Behaviors to Avoid (eight items), and .88 for the inventory (twenty-five items). Initial psychometric testing of the Self-Efficacy for Sleep Hygiene Inventory-Revised indicates that it is a reliable measure of self-efficacy for sleep hygiene in young adults age 18–26 years.

This paper gives an account of the consequences of the procedure of EFA (exploratory factor analysis) invoking online risks as well as harm information acquired by an overview of 443 adolescents in Bangladesh. The information was gathered utilizing a 42-item, adjusted Likert survey investigating the critical variables. PCA (Principal Component Analysis) with Varimax rotation was chosen by the researcher to accomplish it. Based on data, the procedure took out the crucial factors social, religiosity, psychological, online risks as well as harm. 65.594% of the variance was clarified by these nine dimensions together. The procedure of reliability analysis generated internal consistency estimates which may be considered acceptable. The range was found from 0.625 which belongs to Emotional Problems to 0.930 which belongs to Online Risks. These discoveries give comprehensive justification to build the legitimacy for the items. The presence of the components influencing altogether the young people online in Bangladesh has been identified as well.

Interest has been increasing in interprofessional education and collaboration (IPEC) within health professional schools over the last two decades. Although a growing body of literature addresses the effects of IPEC on healthcare outcomes, psychometrically sound attitudinal instruments that measure concepts surrounding IPEC are still needed. The primary objective of this study was to develop a scale to measure the attitudes of attending physicians and residents toward IPEC. Based on a literature review, a set of questionnaire items was drafted to address all six domains outlined in a World Health Organization report for interprofessional learning outcomes. These domains are teamwork and collaboration, roles and responsibilities, communication, reflection and learning, the patient, and ethics and attitudes. A total of 379 physicians and trainees completed the questionnaire. A principal axis factoring with orthogonal varimax rotation of 20 items produced a 5-factor solution explaining 60% of the variance. Examination of the items in each factor led to the following labels: 'teamwork and communication,' 'ethics and attitudes,' 'roles and responsibilities,' 'reflective practice,' and 'patient-centered care.' A Generalized Linear Model provided initial evidence that the new scale might detect shifts in attitudes related to some of the emergent factors.

Aim Death distress can increase mental health problems. The aim of the present study was to develop a measure of death distress and evaluate the reliability of this Death Distress Scale-Farsi (DDS-F) among nurses. The hypotheses were that death distress has three components and that the DDS-F would have desirable psychometric properties. Design A descriptive cross-sectional study. Methods A convenience sample of 106 Iranian nurses from two hospitals at Tehran city, Iran was recruited. They completed the Death Anxiety Scale (DAS), the Death Depression Scale (DDS) and the Death Obsession Scale (DOS). Results Cronbach's α for the DDS-F was 0.71. As expected, the DDS-F had three independent components: death obsession, death depression and death anxiety. A principle component analysis with a varimax rotation of the DDS-F items identified three factors accounting for 66.13% of the variance. Factor 1 was labelled "Death Obsession" (31.3% of the variance), Factor 2 was labelled "Death Depression" (21.9% of the variance), and Factor 3 was labelled "Death Anxiety" (12.8% of the variance). Discussion Death distress has three components: death obsession, death depression and death anxiety. The DDS-F which measures these has good psychometric properties, and it can be used in hospital settings to assess death distress among Iranian nurses.

BackgroundBurden of stroke is rising due to the demographic and epidemiological transitions in Sri Lanka. Assessment of success of stroke-management requires tools to assess the quality of life (QOL) of stroke survivors. Most of currently used QOL tools are developed in high-income countries and may not reflect characteristics relevant to resource-constrained countries. The aim was to develop and validate a new QOL tool for stroke survivors in Sri Lanka.MethodsThe COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist was referred. A conceptual framework was prepared. Item generation was done reviewing the existing QOL tools, inputs from experts and from stroke survivors. Non-statistical item reduction was done for the 36 generated items with modified-Delphi technique. Retained 21 items were included in the draft tool. A cross sectional study was done with 180 stroke survivors. Exploratory Factor Analysis was done and identified factors were subjected to varimax rotation. Further construct validity was tested with 6 a-priori hypothesis using already validated tools (SF-36, EQ-5D-3 L) and a formed construct. Internal consistency reliability was assessed with Cronbach alpha.ResultsFour factors identified with principal-component-analysis explained 72.02% of the total variance. All 21 items loaded with a level > 0.4. The developed tool was named as the Post-stroke QOL Index (PQOLI). Four domains were named as “physical and social function”, “environment”, “financial-independence” and “pain and emotional-wellbeing”. Four domain scores of PQOLI correlated as expected with the SF-36, EQ-5D Index and EQ-5D-VAS scores. Higher domain scores were obtained for ambulatory-group than the hospitalized-group. Higher scores for financial-independence domain were obtained for the group without financial-instability. Five a-priori hypothesis were completely proven to be true. Cronbach-alpha level ranged from 0.682 to 0.906 for the four domains.ConclusionsThere is first evidence for sufficient construct validity of the PQOLI as a valid QOL tool for measuring the QOL of stroke survivors with satisfactory internal consistency reliability.

Aim/objectives: To examine the impact small and medium enterprises have on employment generation in Kaduna state, Nigeria and devise new ways in boosting employment generation by enterprises. Methods/Statistical analysis: Primary data is utilised with the help of a questionnaire; a survey is carried out from 5 selected SMEs having a sample size of 1,000 respondents with 200 respondents in each of the 5 selected SMEs. The variables in concerned were analysed using the Kaiser Varimax Rotation for factor analysis to show the correlation and level of significance exhibited. The SPSS software version 20 was used for this purpose. Findings: Findings in the study showed that there are disparities in the employment generation trends among the selected SMEs which are as a result of inequity in finance, policy discontinuity, insecurity, lack of awareness, ineffective market linkages, among others. The correlation matrix shows that the variables are seen to correlate at the minimum significance level thus proving our hypothesis of how significant the impact SMEs have on employment generation. Also the extraction values of all the variables are quite high indicating that they are good extraction values and as the acceptable cumulative % value is 60%, our eight variables used have been reduced to four factors which explain our total variance at a cumulative % of 69%; this clearly shown that 69% of the variance is explained by four (4) distinct factors. The result however showed that all the variables exhibit good relationship among each other which also implies that they have great impact on employment generation as their factor loading is very high. Novelty/Applications: Findings in the study will fill the gap in the literature of employment generation by small and medium enterprises and its outcome will pave way in facilitating new models in bolstering employment generation. Keywords: Employment generation; Kaduna; Nigeria; small and medium enterprises

The main objective of the present study was to investigate the attitudes among a sample of educated Greek consumers toward the use of dietary supplements (DS) and functional foods (FF) given that attitudes and behaviors as regards DS/FF have not been sufficiently evaluated in Southern Europe, where their penetration is lower as compared to northern countries. An online questionnaire was completed by 358 individuals (n = 358, 55.6% females, 44.4% males, and 82% of the total with higher education). Questionnaire reliability was assessed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient while independence among qualitative variables was assayed by Pearson’s chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test. The different groups of questions were analyzed by factor analysis, with principal component analysis and Varimax rotation, applied after a factor analysis and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy test. Finally, a hierarchical cluster analysis based on Ward’s method, using the squared Euclidean distance as a measure, was performed in order to identify and classify cases. Our results revealed that the majority of responders were aware of the principles of healthy eating, considering DS/FF as valid additives conferring beneficial effects. A surprising finding is that consumers, independently of the use of DS/FF, tend to prepare food at home and to adhere strongly to the Mediterranean diet and its principles. In addition, they express a certain degree of wariness as to product labeling and health claims, following instead the recommendations of health professionals and scientific evidence. Finally, they prefer to purchase DS/FF from pharmacies. Our findings provide valuable data concerning active Greek consumers’ attitudes toward these relative new products, which could be extended to other Mediterranean and South European populations.

Objective Menopause-related symptoms can strongly affect health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in most peri-menopausal women. The aim of the present study was to explore the psychometric properties of a culturally adapted and translated Persian version of the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS). Study design The study was conducted on a random sample of 270 middle-aged women (age range 40-60 yrs) selected from 25 urban health service centers across Tabriz, Iran. Content validity was evaluated by a panel of 11 experts. Construct validity was assessed by exploratory factor analyses with Varimax rotation and principal axis factoring extraction method and by confirmatory factor analyses. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were assessed with Cronbach's alpha and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively. In addition, the feasibility of the measure was judged based on ceiling and floor effects. Results Content validity of the measure was good with a mean content validity index (CVI) and mean content validity ratio (CVR) of 0.88 and 0.94, respectively. Exploratory factor analyses identified three factors accounting for 47.69% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analyses found the original three-factor model to have the best fit to the data. Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.85) and the test-retest reliability score (0.91) indicated good internal consistency. Conclusion The Persian version of the MRS demonstrated excellent reliability and validity. It can therefore be used in both clinical and research settings to assess menopause-related symptoms and associated quality of life.

To assess spatial heterogeneity in geographic data, geographically weighted regression (GWR) has been widely used. This study used an advanced version of GWR, multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR), which provides a unique extension that allows each predictor to be associated with a distinct bandwidth in predicting traffic fatalities in Texas. Traffic data from fatality analysis reporting system (FARS) between 2010 and 2015, aggregated at the census tract level (N = 5265), were used to examine different scales at which selected economic variables explain the traffic road fatality rate per 100,000 population. Twelve economic variables were initially selected and reduced to four factors (ride-sharing to work, driving alone, mean travel time to work, and work commuting) using the varimax rotation technique. The spatial pattern of the four factors in the GWR model differs significantly from MGWR in spatial patterns, signs, and values relative to the traffic fatality rate. The diagnostic results showed that traditional GWR over fitted the predictors compared to MGWR (max. condition number in GWR = 28.3 versus MGWR = 9.6; adjusted R2 GWR = 61.8% versus MGWR = 44.5%). The application of the MGWR technique is a robust technique in ensuring the correct process scale or bandwidth in modeling spatial data such as road traffic fatality for place and scale-specific intervention purposes. We discussed the three levels of scale identified in the MGWR model for traffic planning intervention and policymaking. Lastly, we concluded with how MGWR mitigates the common problem of aggregated data such as MAUP.

Spatiotemporal variation analysis of water quality in the river is very vital for water resources protection and sustainable consumption. In this study, Multivariate statistical methods, i.e., Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) and Multi Recreation Analysis (MRA) were used to interpret of data matrix in water quality over a period of five years (2015–2019) in the Lower Zab River. The results from PCA matrix showed high positive correlation between total hardness and sulphate (SO4) at 95% confidence level (0.934) indicating that non-carbonate hardness is a measure in the river. By using Varimax rotation and by extracting the eigenvalues greater than 1 from the correlation matrix, number of significant principal components (PCs) were extracted. Five and four latent factors respectively in Lower Zab station 3 (LZ3) and Lower Zab station 2 (LZ2) were identified as responsible for the data structure, explaining 86.8% of total variance in winter season in LZ3 station and it is strong positive related to the SO4, nitrate (NO3), chloride (CL) and pH. All these variables are related to the weathering of minerals component of the river. 87.5% of total variance for winter season in LZ2 station, which is strongly positive, related to the NO3, pH, sodium (NA) and magnesium (MG) related to the weathering of minerals component. The strong correlations between PC3 and five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) as a result of CCA in LZ3 station during summer season, indicates that the high concentration of calcium (CA) and dissolved oxygen (DO) in water cause the low concentration of BOD5. Among 72 multiple regression model run, only eight dependent variables had statistically significant relationships with independent variables. These results provide may useful information for water quality in the Lower Zab River, which can mainly affected by weathering of minerals component of the river, soil structure and run-off.

El objetivo del trabajo fue desarrollar un cuestionario en formato de autorreporte para medir problemas internalizados, externalizados y comportamiento adaptativo. Participaron 366 niños de 8 a 12 años de escuelas primarias. Se realizaron tres fases: un estudio exploratorio, un estudio piloto y la validación del Cuestionario de Problemas Internalizados y Externalizados para Niños (CPIEN). Se efectuaron análisis de frecuencias, análisis de reactivos, análisis factorial de componentes principales (método Varimax), análisis de confiabilidad y análisis factorial de segundo orden. Se obtuvo una versión del CPIEN de 60 reactivos, con seis factores. El análisis factorial de segundo orden agrupó los factores de problemas en dos dimensiones: problemas internalizados (DPI) y problemas externalizados (DPE). Se tiene una primera versión del CPIEN con indicadores apropiados de confiabilidad y validez. Se discuten las fortalezas y las limitaciones del enfoque dimensional en el ámbito clínico infantil, así como considerar la autoagresión como un problema propiamente externalizante.

La apreciación cognitiva es el proceso por el que un individuo evalúa o juzga un evento potencialmente estresante de acuerdo con la amenaza que éste le pueda representar a su bienestar. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron traducir al español y evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Apreciación Cognitiva del VIH/SIDA (EAC-VIH) en población mexicana. La validez de contenido y traducción al español fue validada por jueceo. La validez de constructo fue evaluada por medio del análisis factorial con rotación varimax y consistencia interna mediante alfa de Cronbach. La muestra fue de 180 pacientes con infección por VIH, del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. La versión en español de la EAC-VIH mantuvo 11 reactivos y una solución de tres factores (amenaza, desafío y control) que explica un 71.30% de la varianza. Los índices α Cronbach fueron para amenaza .89, desafío .84 y control .51. Asimismo, se comparó de forma concurrente con una escala de adhesión y de afectividad y resultó una escala confiable que puede considerarse un instrumento de utilidad tanto en la práctica clínica como en la investigación de la adaptación psicológica al VIH.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to depict the effects and relative importance of technological, organizational, environmental and managerial factors on the organizational performance of start-up businesses. Design/methodology/approach This research’s primary data was collected from 389 start-up companies in Malaysia. Principle component analysis and the orthogonal model with Varimax rotation method are used to perform exploratory factor analysis test. Structural equation modelling is also used in confirmatory factor analysis to explore the relationships between independent and dependent variables. Findings The findings suggest positive effects of technological and environmental characteristics on the organizational performance of start-up businesses. The managerial characteristics do not have any positive effect on the organizational performance of start-up businesses. The organizational characteristics split into two parts: the availability of internal financial resources, which positively affects the organizational performance of start-up businesses; and the availability of business incubation, which does not have any important effect. Moreover, start-up companies should choose the one with the highest perceived advantage as it would have the most significant positive effect on their organizational performance. In addition, it was detected that venture capitalists’ (VCs) support has the most positive influence on organizational performance and social customer relationship management adoption even more than governmental supports in the context of Malaysia. Originality/value The proposed framework of this research can be used not only as a research tool for examining determinant factors affecting organizational performance of start-up businesses but also by governments, VCs and other investors to detect best-performing start-up businesses.

Background The self-evaluation of negative symptoms scale (SNS) is a new easy-to-use self-administered questionnaire allowing clinicians to understand the clinical and genetic factors affecting the negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. There was a need to translate and validate this scale in Arabic so that Arab-speaking patients benefit from it. Therefore, the aim of our study was to validate the Arabic version of the SNS in a sample of Lebanese patients with schizophrenia. Methods The Arabic SNS was used to quantify the disability associated with negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia (n = 206). Six weeks after completing the SNS, the participants were interviewed again to assess test-retest reproducibility. The validity was confirmed by factor analyses using the principal component analysis technique with a varimax rotation. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was also assessed. Results None of the items of the SNS scale were removed; all items converged over a solution of five factors that had an eigenvalue > 1, explaining a total of 66.01% of the variance (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.879; test part). The mean total SNS score was 17.33 ± 8.43 for the “test”, and 16.35 ± 7.50 for the “retest”. The correlation coefficients between the SNS total score and the PANSS scale and subscales were as follows: total PANSS (r = 0.044; p = 0.530), positive PANSS score (r = − 0.106; p = 0.131), negative PANSS score (r = 0.204; p = 0.003), and general psychopathological PANSS score (r = 0.03; p = 0.530). Conclusion This study is the first to validate the Arabic version of the SNS in patients with schizophrenia. Using this scale would help improve treatment by correctly assessing negative symptoms, thus optimizing treatment options.

In recent decades, it has been frequent to apply instruments and built ad hoc in studies oriented to the diagnostic evaluation of the inclusion of the gender perspective in the teaching of history and the degree of acquisition of gender competence in the initial teaching training. However, less usual has been the work dedicated to the analysis and validation of the metric properties of these instruments, with the specific purpose of guaranteeing the validity of the conclusions reached from the data obtained. In order to respond to this absence, the present study describes the initial validation of the scales Epistemology, methodology and gender in taught history (EMG) and Women in history (WH) in a sample of primary and secondary school trainee teachers from four Spanish public universities. With this aim, the reliability of each scale, the validity of its content and the construct validity are studied by means of an exploratory factorial analysis of principal components and varimax rotation. The results obtained inform about the general viability of both scales to be applied for the evaluation of the gender competence of trainee teachers, and the analysis of their social representations on the place of women in the taught history. The study shows the functional interdependence between scales and robustness for its joint application in the general assessment of gender as a category of analysis in social science teaching., research project EDU2016‐80145‐P (Ministry of Economy and Business of Spain), and by the Research Group of the University of Burgos of Didactics of History and Social Sciences (DHISO)

BackgroundA major part of midwifery care involves the empowerment of women and their families for the control of factors affecting their health. To this end, midwives should experience their own empowerment first. The present study was conducted to translate and determine the psychometric properties of the Perception of Empowerment in Midwifery Scale among Iranian midwives.MethodsA total of 380 people participated in this cross-sectional study. A demographic questionnaire and the 22-item Perception of Empowerment in Midwifery Scale were sent to the participants online. The validity of the scale and the analysis of its main components were carried out through exploratory factor analysis with Varimax rotation and confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the scale was assessed using the internal consistency method with Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, average inter-item correlation (AIC) and McDonald’s omega.ResultsSeventeen scale items were retained after the exploratory factor analysis, and five factors were extracted, including “effective management”, “professional practice”, “authority”, “advocacy”, and “professional informant”, with factor loadings ranging from 0.489 to 0.899. The five latent factors explained 53.07% of the overall variance of the scale. The confirmatory factor analysis showed an acceptable goodness of fit. The internal consistency of the scale was confirmed with a Cronbach’s alpha above 0.7.ConclusionThe Persian version of the Perception of Empowerment in Midwifery Scale with 17 items has adequate reliability for midwives working in Iran. Given its appropriate psychometric properties, this scale is fit to be used among midwives in future studies.

Medical errors can have an adverse effect on patients, health care providers and health care organizations. Determining the likelihood of such errors is important to implement appropriate and effective solutions to minimize errors.The aim of this study was to develop a valid and reliable scale to evaluate the likelihood of medical errors by Turkish nurses.The draft scale (with 94 items) was developed based on primary references and the opinions of nursing experts. Content validity was assessed using 15 nursing experts. Construct validity of the scale was assessed with exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses using 298 nurses at a university hospital in Trabzon, Turkey. To assess test-retest reliability of the scale, another group of 50 nurses were included.The content validity index of the scale was 0.82, Cronbach alpha was 0.89, and item-total correlation values ranged from 0.31 to 0.54. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin was 0.81, Bartlett test was 5909.75, P0.0001, and the anti-image correlations ranged between 0.63 and 0.90. In the four rotations done with varimax rotation, 42 items were excluded because their factor loadings were less than 0.45. The final scale had 43 items and six subscales: falls, blood and blood products transfusion, medication practices, care practices, communication, and other controlled practices. The six-subscale structure was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis, and the fit between the scale and its subscales was good.The scale is a valid and reliable tool to collect consistent data on medical errors in the patient-related practices of nurses.وضع مقياس للخطأ الطبي لطواقم التمريض في تركيا.حوى أوزترك، ايلك نور قهرمان.قد يترتب على الأخطاء الطبية أثر ضار بالمرضى، ومقدمي الرعاية الصحية، وبالمنظمات العاملة في مجال الرعاية الصحية. ومن المهم تحديد إمكانية حدوث تلك الأخطاء حتى يتسنى تنفيذ الحلول الملائمة والفعالة من أجل الحد من تلك الأخطاء.هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى إعداد مقياس فعّال وموثوق لتقييم احتمالية حدوث الأخطاء الطبية من جانب طواقم التمريض في تركيا.أُعدَّ مشروع المقياس (الذي تضمن 94 بندا) استنادا إلى المرجعيات والآراء الأولية الصادرة عن خبراء التمريض. وجرى تقييم صلاحية المضمون من خلال الاستعانة بخمسة عشر خبيرا في مجال التمريض. كما تم تقييم صلاحية تركيب المقياس باستخدام تحليلات العوامل الاستطلاعية والتوكيدية وتطبيقها على 298 ممرضا وممرضة في إحدى المستشفيات الجامعية في ترابزون، بتركيا. ومن أجل تقييم موثوقية الاختبار وإعادة الاختبار، أُضيفت مجموعة أخرى قوامها 50 ممرضا وممرضة.حقق مؤشر صلاحية مضمون المقياس 0.82، بينما كانت قيمة ألفا كرونباخ 0.89، وتراوحت قيم الارتباط الكامل بين البنود بين 0.31 و0.54. وحقق اختبار قيصر-مييير-أولكين 0.81، بينما حقق اختبار بارتليت 5909.75، (0.0001p)، وتراوحت قيم ارتباط الصورة العكسية بين 0.63 و 0.90. وفي التدويرات الأربعة التي تمت باستخدام تدوير فاريماكس، تم استثناء 42 بندا لأنها أظهرت قيمة لتحميل العوامل أقل من 0.45. تضمن المقياس النهائي 43 بندا وستة مقاييس فرعية: مرات السقوط، نقل الدم ومنتجات الدم، ممارسات الأدوية، ممارسات الرعاية، التواصل، وغير ذلك من ممارسات مضبوطة. وتم توكيد تركيب المقاييس الستة الفرعية باستخدام التحليل العاملي التوكيدي، وكان التوافق بين المقياس ومقاييسه الفرعية جيدا.يعدُّ المقياس أداة صالحة وموثوقة لجمع البيانات المتسقة حول الأخطاء الطبية التي تحدث في ممارسات طواقم التمريض.Mise au point d'une échelle d'erreur médicale pour le personnel infirmier en Turquie.Les erreurs médicales peuvent avoir un impact indésirable sur les patients, les prestataires de soins de santé et les organisations oeuvrant dans ce domaine. Il est important de déterminer la probabilité de ce type d'erreur afin de fournir des solutions appropriées et efficaces pour limiter les erreurs.La présente étude avait pour objectif de mettre au point une échelle valide et fiable pour évaluer la probabilité d'erreurs médicales commises par le personnel infirmier en Turquie.Un projet d'échelle (comptant 94 items) a été mis au point à partir des références primaires et de l'opinion d'experts en soins infirmiers. La validité du contenu a été évaluée par 15 experts en soins infirmiers. La validité du construit de l'échelle a été évaluée à l'aide d'analyses factorielles exploratoires et confirmatoires, menées auprès de 298 membres du personnel infirmier d'un hôpital universitaire de Trabzon (Turquie). Pour évaluer la fiabilité de test-retest de l'échelle, un autre groupe de 50 infirmiers a été inclus.L'indice de validité du contenu de l'échelle était de 0,82, l'alpha de Cronbach était de 0,89 et les valeurs de corrélation item-total variaient entre 0,31 et 0,54. La mesure Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin était de 0,81, le test de Bartlett donnait une valeur de 5 909,75, p0,0001, et les corrélations anti-image se situaient entre 0,63 et 0,90. Dans les quatre rotations effectuées selon la méthode varimax, 42 items ont été exclus, car leur saturation factorielle était inférieure à 0,45. L'échelle finale comptait 43 items et six sous-échelles : chutes, transfusion de sang et de produits sanguins, pratiques médicamenteuses, pratiques de soins, communication et autres pratiques contrôlées. La structure à six sous-échelles a été confirmée par l'analyse factorielle confirmatoire, et l'adéquation entre l'échelle et ses sous-échelles était satisfaisante.L'échelle est un outil valide et fiable permettant de collecter des données cohérentes sur les erreurs médicales en matière de pratiques des personnels infirmiers auprès des patients.

Objectives To assess psychometric properties of team-based learning student assessment instrument (TBL-SAI) and TBL acceptance by student academic year. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted at College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia, between February and May 2018. Students (n=109) from second- to fourth-year were scored on TBL-SAI scale (33-items). Principal axis factoring with varimax rotation was conducted on the scale to identify the emerged factors. Cronbach's alpha, item-total correlation were used to check the reliability and validity of the instrument. Results Cronbach's alpha for the total scale was 0.798. The means scores of TBL-SAI scale and each subscale was favorable. On factoring analysis, 27-items of revised TBL-SAI scale were retained and 7 factors emerged. Factor 1 stands for TBL satisfaction; factors 2, 4, 5, 6 stand for TBL versus lecture preference, factors 3 and 7 stand for TBL accountability. The scale was positively correlated with each TBL favor subscale, ranged between 0.328 and 0.756. Year-4 students scored higher (p less than 0.001) on TBL-SAI compared to year-2 or year-3 students. Conclusions The revised TBL-SAI is valid and reliable tool to measure the favor of TBL. Longitudinal studies across all academic levels are recommended to provide a clearer picture of the students' acceptance rate of TBL.

The organized leisure is an integral part of the moral and psychological support for the preparation and use of the Armed Forces. The purpose of this work was to streamline the program promoting cadets’ leisure and leisure activities, by taking into account their psychological characteristics. Special attention was paid to cadets’ recreational activities, namely their developmental exercises during free time. The study object: training of future officers. The study theme: psychological features of the organized leisure, and used philosophical and psychological methods for it. The study sample: cadets of the Military Academy (Odessa), aged of 17-25 years. The total number was 120 people. Used methods: Rokeach Value Survey, observation, expert evaluation, Kelly’s Original Role Construct Repertory Test, Cattell’s Personality Factor Questionnaire. The method of factor analysis: principal component with varimax rotation and Kaiser normalization. The obtained data were interpreted and five factors were identified. The first factor was the most pronounced; it was called “mind and conscience when using free time”. The criteria were given for different levels of leisure based on the following indicators: initiative, focus on creativity and self-improvement, support of others, volitional component and satisfaction. The differences in cadets’ semantic constructs depending on the organization levels of their free time were examined. Cadets’ free time must be used to built-up resources necessary for resistance to crisis phenomena and stress factors. The obtained data proved effectiveness of the proposed program. Conclusion: The free time and leisure activities should be organised on the basis of a special program that takes account an individual’s basic professional orientation and his/her personal beliefs.

Medical Geography today draws on the concepts and techniques of geography, and epitomes the interdisciplinary nature of urban health discipline. Chikungunya is one of the Vector-borne diseases and today it continues to remain an important public health problem in Madurai city. It is a mosquito-borne viral infection caused by the Chikungunya Virus (CHKV). The sudden onset of very high fever along with a rash and severe arthralgia especially in the small joints of hands and toes are the characteristics of the disease. The study area, Madurai is the oldest and second-largest city in Tamil Nadu situated on the banks of river Vaigai in the south-central part of Tamil Nadu, India. The main objectives were to identify the major disease zones concerning Chikungunya cases and to observe the related urban ecological and environmental conditions. The study also aimed to derive a conceptual framework towards strengthening, control and sustainable development of the urban landscape. The data collected were taken by using the method of stratified Random sampling and a total of 600 samples were collected. Standard score (Z-score) technique was used to describe the relationship between the sets of variables and total conditions of selected urban environmental variables. It includes mapping of the disease using GIS software of Arc GIS. Apart from this, the multi-variant statistical technique, factor analysis is used to find the major associations and interrelationship between Chikungunya and people. The twelve factors rotated by explaining the varimax procedure registered more than 89.83 percent of the total variance. Among these, the first factor alone accounted for 33.52 percent of the total variance and eigenvalue of 21.45 was qualified as the primary factor. Our study concludes that in Madurai city’s built-up area, a landscape environment of transmission of Chikungunya epidemics with a high prevalence is noted since it is associated with urban environmental factors.

Evaluation of growth performances in Malabari goats was done with body weight and major morphometric traits, viz. body height, body length and chest girth at 6, 9 and 12 months, respectively. Data pertaining on 1082 Malabari goats spread over a period of 5 years (from 2014 to 2018) were used in the study. Least squares analysis of traits was done to adjust the effect of major significant non-genetic factors. Traits were analysed by using Varimax rotated principal component analysis (PCA) with Kaiser normalization to explain growth performances. Out of twelve principal components, PCA revealed four components explained about 67.78% of total variation. The first component (PC1) explained 28.02% of total variation. It was represented by significantly positive high loading of BH9, BH12 and BH6. The second component explained 15.090% of total variance with high loading of distance between BL9, BL6 and BL12. The third component explained 12.643% of variance and showed high component loadings for CG9, CG6 and CG12. The fourth factor accounted for 12.020% of total variability with comparatively higher loading WT12, WT9 and WT6. The communality ranged from 0.562 for BL12 to 0.848 for BH9. The body weight of adult Malabari goats was predicted using stepwise multiple regression of different interdependent morphometric traits and principal components. The multiple regression model with PC1 and PC2 was most precise with coefficient of determination (R2) value 74%. Therefore, the study revealed that extracted components revealed maximum variability of growth performances in Malabari goats which could be effectively used for selection and breeding programmes.

Purpose of the study: This research intended to develop a valid and reliable survey instrument to measure Situational Leadership Model II (SLM II) through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), including the four quadrants, evidently describe the Situational Leadership aspects style which is; directing, coaching, supporting, and delegating. Methodology: A survey with an interval scale between 1 and 10. Using the extraction method of Principal Component with Varimax Rotation, the researcher performed the EFA procedure on construct elements using Amos 24.0. Bartletts’ Test of Sphericity and the sampling adequacy by (KMO) was performed also. Cronbach’s Alpha was applied to test the reliability of the retained items. Main Findings: The Bartletts’ Test of Sphericity is highly significant (sig. 000). Furthermore, the sampling adequacy by (KMO=0.889) is excellent. The four components have Cronbach’s alpha values with more than 0.7. Furthermore, Cronbach’s Alpha value for all 24 items also exceeded the threshold value of 0.7. The development scale and validation confirmed that the instrument is consistent and stable across samples. Applications of this study: This study was applied to the leading telecommunications companies in Jordan that are exclusively providing mobile phones and internet service. It Includes Orange, Zain, and Umniah. The study targeted all permanent middle managers of (JTS) who hold supervisory positions, heads of departments, directors of divisions, or directors who are supervising three or more subordinates. Novelty/Originality of this study: It adds a remarkable contribution to the measurement of the SLM II, mainly in the JTS context. The EFA outcomes formed a configuration that extracts four components of SLM II, which can be measured by 24 items established in this research, which reveals that the elements are applicable in this study.

Aim. Health-related quality of life in patients with arterial hypertension (HTN) is still determined by only generic patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), although disease-specific ones are more reliable and highly valid. Previously, we reported the results of development and item-selection process of the new Russian HTN-specific PROM. The purpose of this last stage was to confirm validity, reliability, responsiveness and sensitivity of the scale and to present its final version.Material and methods. Analysis was done using data from a mass survey of patients with Grades 1-3 HTN (n=359, aged 25 to 91 y. o.) and healthy volunteers (n=48, aged 23 to 65 y.o), 407 returned questionnaires. We conducted two exploratory factor analyses (EFA) with the intermediate version of the PROM (80 questions, 20 of them HTN-specific). The Cattel’s scree test was used to select the optimal number of factors. After removing the items with a low factor loadings, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to assess the model’s fitindexes adequacy. The core indexes to be measured were SRMR, RMSEA, CFI. Finally, the PROM’s reliability (Cronbach’s α and McDonald’s ω) and criterion validity (responsiveness) were evaluated.Results. Both EFA with oblique and varimax rotation showed 35 questions have factor loadings ≥0,5 and assigned to one of 5 factors. The basic structure of the PROM was retained for further CFA. Most of indices of fit measured met the requirements: SRMR was 0,08, RMSEA was 0,07 (90% CI (0,07-0,08)) and CFI was 0,08, which confirms the construct validity. Both Cronbach’s α and MacDonald’s ω of each of the domains were ≥0,80 and the whole scale was 0,89 confirming satisfactory reliability. Scores of the questionnaire were positively correlated with the severity of HTN (pConclusion. Sequentially addressing of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and assessment of reliability and responsiveness allowed to form the final version of the patient-reported outcome measure for arterial hypertension. The new Russian-language questionnaire is a useful and feasible tool for routine practice and clinical trials.

Sub-surface water contamination has become a topic of main concern due to anthropogenic activities. MSTs were performed to appraise the seasonal and spatial variations in quality of sub-surface water and to trace the sources in NE Haryana. WQI was computed to analyse the quality of overall groundwater for domestic purposes during pre-and post-monsoon periods. The post-monsoon season water samples were found to be good for human consumption compared to pre-monsoon season. HCA, DA and PCA were performed to the quality of sub-surface water data computed on 14 elements from 30 locations geographically well-distributed across the area. Thirty sampling sites were classified into 02 clusters using HCA, group two having higher contamination than group one. The most significant elements accounting for spatial and seasonal variations in quality of sub-surface water of the study region was obtained by using DA. For the combined dataset of the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of 2017 the temporal and spatial DA identified pH, Na, Cl, TDS, Mg and F as the six most significant element, which distinguishes between water pre-eminence in the two seasons and accounts for 88.34% spatial and 100% seasonal assignation of cases. PCA was used to the data observed from the 02 groups, which obtained four varimax-factors in each group, accounting 77.54 and 84.77% of the total variance, respectively. Varimax factors evolved from PCA represented that quality of sub-surface water variation is possibly attributed by multiple geogenic, anthropogenic factors, ion exchange processes and rock-water interactions in groundwater.

An individual's development ensures continuous changes that introduce challenges and conflicts that may hassle him. Transition to the university may expose them to a wide array of threats that they may not be able to cope with successfully. These may thus influence individuals' psychological and behavioral functioning and physical wellbeing. It may be the institution's responsibility to provide help to these individuals; however, for this purpose, these problems need to be identified and evaluated foremost. Henceforth, this research is concerned with the development and standardization of the Student Problem Identification Scale (SPIS) on a sample of 415 undergraduates. Through a semi-structured interview, a list of problems was generated. Those that were recurring were subsequently removed. The obtained list was reviewed by four experts who provided feedback on the relevance of each item. The list was then put through statistical analysis, and its psychometric properties were evaluated. Principal Component Analysis with Varimax rotation and Kaisar normalization generated four factors that were labeled as Personal Pressures, Poor Adjustment, Low Academic Achievement, and Unhealthiness. Convergent validity was determined with the help of the Student Problem Checklist (Mahmood & Saleem, 2011). Cronbach Alpha revealed excellent internal consistency of the scale. Implications for further research are also discussed.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, KUT bağlılık ölçeğini Türkçeye çevirmek, akademisyenlerin katılımıyla geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizlerini yapmaktır. Türkiye’deki bir üniversitede çalışan 340 akademik personel araştırmanın katılımcı grubunu oluşturmaktadır. Veriler, KUT bağlılık ölçeği, örgütsel özdeşleşme, İşten Ayrılma Eğilimi ve Örgütsel Değerlendirme Ölçeğinin İş Tatmini alt ölçeği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. KUT bağlılık ölçeği, çevirigeri çeviri tekniğiyle Türkçeye çevrilmiştir. Faktör analizi yapılmadan önce KMO ve Bartlett küresellik testi değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin değeri 0,846 bulunurken, Bartlett küresellik testi istatistiksel olarak anlamlı çıkmıştır (p

PurposeMega-events have been the topic of unprecedented consideration within recent research. Research on the residents' perspectives, however, is still in the infancy stage, yet a key contributor to the overall legacy planning considerations and process. This research investigates resident perceptions toward a mega-event to assist with planning/execution of such events in addition to advancing knowledge within this area.Design/methodology/approachFor this research, an online survey was utilized to reach out to residents in the host city during the mega-event, Solar Eclipse Weekend. Factor analysis and cluster analysis were used to analyze the results.FindingsUsing exploratory factor analysis, 305 online surveys were analyzed. Using varimax rotation, factor analysis determined four significant factors: environment, local engagement, tourism support, and infrastructure. Cluster analysis was then conducted identifying three clusters of residents labeled neutralists, supporters and enthusiasts.Practical implicationsThe practical implications should be of assistance to professional event planners, city governments and destination marketing organizations. Through utilization of the information provided, community participation should be sought after throughout the planning phase and into the management and execution of large events to best gain resident support.Originality/valueThis research further explored residents' perspectives of a mega-event. While this area of research has been noted in strategic approaches to planning, managing and executing mega-events, the research on stakeholders (such as residents') perspectives is still in the infancy stage. This research contributes to advancing industry planning approaches and strategic execution, in addition to advancing academic knowledge within this area.

OBJECTIVE: There is growing recognition that surgeons’ non-technical skills are crucial in guaranteeing optimal quality and safety of patient care. However, insight in relevant attitudes underlying these behavioral skills is lacking. Hazardous attitudes potentially cause risky behavior, which can result in medical errors and adverse events. A questionnaire offering surgeons insight in their attitudinal profile is still missing and would be instrumental in risk reduction. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a prototype of a reliable and valid instrument to measure hazardous attitudes among surgeons. DESIGN: To measure hazardous attitudes, a prototype of the Surgical Hazardous Attitudes Reflection Profile (SHARP) tool was designed using a mixed methods approach, consisting of (1) 2 focus group discussions, (2) a modified Delphi analysis, and (3) a survey followed by (4) statistical analysis of the psychometric properties. Statistical analysis included exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation, calculation of internal consistency reliability coefficients, and interscale correlations. SETTING: Fourteen hospitals across the Netherlands were recruited to guarantee demographic variety and the inclusion of academic, tertiary, and general hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: Nineteen experts participated in the 2 focus groups, and 19 in the modified Delphi study. In total, 302 surgeons (54.1%) completed the SHARP. RESULTS: In total, 302 surgeons (54.1%) completed the SHARP. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in 6 subscales measuring attitude towards (1) authority (α = 0.78), (2) self-performance (α = 0.69), (3) performance feedback (α = 0.61), (4) own fitness to perform (α = 0.54), (5) uncertainty (α = 0.51), and (6) planned procedures (α = 0.48). CONCLUSIONS: This study resulted in a prototype instrument identifying 6 potential hazardous attitudes in surgeons. Attitudes towards “authority” and “self-performance” can now be validly and reliably measured. Further research is required to optimize the prototype version of the instrument and could usefully explore the plausible relations between hazardous attitudes and clinical outcomes.

PURPOSE To conduct a study of the validity of the new Medical College Admission Test (MCAT). METHOD Deidentified data for first- and second-year medical students (185 women, 54.3%; 156 men, 45.7%) who matriculated in 2016 and 2017 to the University of Minnesota Medical School-Twin Cities were included. Of those students, 220 (64.5%) had taken the new MCAT exam and 182 (53.4%) had taken the old MCAT exam (61 [17.9%] had taken both). The authors calculated descriptive statistics and Pearson product moment correlations (r) between new and old MCAT section scores. They conducteda regression analysis of MCAT section scores with Step 1 scores and with preclerkship course performance. They also conducted an exploratory factor analysis (principal component analysis with varimax rotation) of MCAT scores, undergraduate grade point average, Step 1 scores, and course performance. RESULTS The new MCAT exam section mean score percentiles ranged from 72 to 78 (mean composite score percentile of 80). The old MCAT exam section mean score percentiles ranged from 84 to 88 (mean composite score percentile of 83). The pattern of correlations among and between new and old MCAT exam section scores (range of r: 0.03-0.67; P < .01) provided evidence of both divergent and convergent validities. Backward multiple regression of new MCAT exam section scores and Step 1 scores resulted in a multiple R of .440; the same analysis with Human Behavior course performance as the dependent variable provided a similar solution with the expected sections of the new MCAT exam (multiple R = .502). The factor analysis resulted in 4 cohesive, theoretically meaningful factors: biomedical knowledge, basic science concepts, cognitive reasoning, and general achievement. CONCLUSIONS This study provided empirical evidence of multiple types of validity for the new MCAT exam.

The objectives of this study were to assess the dimensionality of the revised New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) Scale in Serbian and Macedonian culture, and to use it to explore the environmental worldviews of young people in Serbia and the Republic of North Macedonia. A total of 850 pupils aged between 13 and 15 from 11 schools (5 elementary schools and 6 secondary schools) took part in this research. The dataset obtained from the scale was analysed via the principal component analysis factor extraction method, and a varimax rotation was applied. This study found all items load on four dimensions: Balance of Nature, Humans over Nature, Limits to Growth and Environmental Philosophy. Differences between subgroups occur in three out of four dimensions. The students' environmental worldviews were determined by providing the frequency distribution of their responses. Both subgroups in the Republic of North Macedonia and Serbia are (slightly) environmentally conscious, with an ecological view of the environment. Macedonian school students have a slightly higher NEP score than their peers in Serbia, indicating more environmentally protective attitudes among them. The participants did not see the two paradigms as mutually exclusive, as do members of some industrialised societies. The rejection of the Dominant Social Paradigm (DSP) by the NEP is a phenomenon that could well only be present in Western societies, whereas in less industrialised societies, the NEP and DSP could coexist in a comprehensive environmental view. With minor alterations such as word substitutions to facilitate easy comprehension of items by the respondents, the revised NEP scale will show more universal applicability outside developed communities. This is the peer-reviwed version of the article: Srbinovski, Mile, и Jelena Stanišić. 2020. „Environmental Worldviews of Serbian and Macedonian School Students“. Australian Journal of Environmental Education 36(1):20–43. doi: 10.1017/aee.2020.1. Related to published version: [ http://ipir.ipisr.org.rs/handle/123456789/319]

This study aims to find out how the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) conducted which can be used in further research. Also to find out how the factors need to be grouping and then confirmed to assess the degree to which the data meet the expected structure. The author has conducted a survey of 124 respondents. The respondents were asked to give their responses on a five-point Likert scale through a questionnaire. The data has been analyzed with exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using Varimax rotation, which reduced the data into several factors. The findings of this study indicate that product, service satisfaction, price satisfaction, promotion, and customer hospitality influence customer satisfaction of Parklatz Café in Ponorogo City.

An exploration of factor analytic structure of the conceptions of mathematics scale among pre-service mathematics teachers in South-West Nigeria was conducted as evidence suggests paucity of research on psychometric properties of the conceptions of mathematics scale in Nigeria.This article through instrumentation research methodology reports the reliability and validity of the Conceptions of Mathematics Scale based on the responses of 228 pre-service mathematics teachers from five public universities in South-West Nigeria. The reliability assessed as internal consistency produced a Cronbach alpha of .88. A principal components exploration with varimax gyration established the validity of the scale as two-component archetypal accounting for 48.9% of the total variance. The dimensions were taken as Patchy Formations and Unified Formations of mathematics, as explicated in the original and other replicating studies. The factor solution could be compared to that recounted in the previous studies; hence the outcome showed the need to adopt the scale in the Nigerian context, as the pedagogy implemented during the teaching and learning of mathematics can influence students’ conceptions of mathematics. Thus, teaching mathematics with rules-based and algorithm-dependent teacher-centered pedagogies might result into rote memorization thereby leading to patchy formations while teaching mathematics as a meaningful subject full of applications to the real life could engender conceptual understanding leading to unified formations. The implication of this study is that students with patchy formation are connected with surface approaches to learning while those with unified formation of mathematics are connected with deep approaches to learning and engaging mathematics.

La evaluación de la calidad en el servicio se ha convertido en una herramienta muy poderosa para que las organizaciones logren, entre otros propósitos, fidelizar a los clientes y ser más competitivas. En un contexto particular; este artículo ofrece un estudio de carácter cuantitativo sobre la percepción de los clientes en torno a la calidad en el servicio brindado por una cadena de café localizada en Hermosillo, Sonora. El objetivo general es hacer esta evaluación a través de la metodología Servperf, en los establecimientos de café de una marca reconocida. Con este objetivo, fue necesario aplicar una encuesta a 750 clientes a fin de determinar que las pruebas de validez y consistencia interna de la escala fueron satisfactorias, con un alfa de Cronbach a nivel de 0.977. Para indagar sobre la estructura subyacente de los 25 ítems que integraron la encuesta, se empleó el análisis de componentes principales con rotación Varimax, que reveló la existencia de dos variables que explican el 70.999 % de la varianza. Como parte de los resultados principales, se concluye que la encuesta adaptada a partir de la metodología Servperf permitió evaluar de forma exitosa la calidad en el servicio otorgado por la cadena de café y el nivel de satisfacción global del cliente; así lo determinó el coeficiente de correlación Rho de Spearman, con un alto porcentaje de correlación (74.3 %) entre ambas variables. Por último, la dimensión que centró la confianza y la capacidad de respuesta fue la que obtuvo una mayor correlación (0.578), con respecto a la dimensión de empatía y tangibles (0.410).

This study was planned with the purpose of developing a qualified professional belonging scale that may reveal the professional belonging levels of midwives. The study prepared a 30-item, 5-point Likert-type scale containing general question statements related to professional belonging that were prepared as a result of a literature review, focus group meetings and expert opinions. The scale was tested with 300 midwives who were employed in two provinces in Turkey. The obtained data were used to test the scale's validity and reliability. In the validity-reliability analysis of the scale, exploratory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficient and item-total score correlation were used. As a result of the factor analysis and Varimax rotation, it was determined that the scale consisted of 22 items and had a four-factor structure that explained 63.846% of the total variance. The internal consistency coefficient (Cronbach's alpha) of the scale was calculated as 0.905. It was determined that the scale which was named as the Midwifery Belonging Scale (MBS) is a valid and reliable instrument.

The purpose of the study was to offer an alternative algorithm for analysis of LC‑spectra for non‑invasive diagnosis of oropharyngeal samples flushing.Materials and methods. The study included 23 patients with gallstone disease, 22 patients with urolithiasis, 22 patients with salivary stone disease, 4 patients with abundant dental sediments and 13 persons in the control group. Materials for research were serum and oropharyngeal washout. Research conducted by laser correlation spectroscopy in laser spectroscopy correlation computerized LCS‑03‑”INTOX”.The results. In the study of systems with unbalanced anisotropic nanoparticles should be no stray light to the square of the particle and its linear size indicators each channel light scattering, spectrum is divided into the radius of the particles corresponding to this channel and in future all newly obtained spectrum is converted to 1. To reduce the dimensionality of the data analysis was carried out of the whole array of spectra of SC and LC–CSG principal component method (CC) with varimax ro‑ tation (et). In both types of spectrum first 12 GK explained more than 96 % of the variance, the remaining 4 % were accepted as the noise component. Top values on the basis of values of factor loadings CC has compiled a algorithm to convert primary 32‑channel spectra LKS in 12‑band by calculating light scattering totals in each range and their normalization relative to the total on all of the flare 12 fixed ranges, received for the 1 (100 %) with the help of several successive stages of the LST with step by step inclusion of variables applied to spectra LKS SC and CSG patients with biomineralopathy can be fairly effective discrimination against diseases as from healthy individuals, and among themselves.Conclusion. The algorithm processing LC‑spectra of SC and CSG, including rationing by the number of particles of light scattering spectra, the reducer dimension range from 32 to 12 and consistent classification of diseases by methods of linear discriminant analysis. Developed classification rules allow to diagnose diseases on the newly obtained samples of blood serum and/or CSG. Since the LST and GCF serum gives similar results to the classification based on ‘Disease’, for diagnostic purposes you can do only the CSG analysis without blood sampling, however, the LST for the serum and the CSG allows you to increase the power classification on the basis of ‘Disease’ compared to the analysis of these same data separately.