Search

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a strong predictor of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. It is the result of complex mechanisms that include not only an increase in protein synthesis and cell size but also proliferating cardiac progenitor cells and the influx of bone marrow-derived cells developing into cardiomyocytes. Stem and progenitor cells are known to contribute to the renewal of adult mammalian cardiomyocytes in case of myocardial injury or pressure and volume overload. They are activated in LVH and play a regulatory role in myocardial repair. They have high proliferative potential and secrete numerous cytokines, growth factors, and microRNAs that play important roles in cell differentiation, cardiac remodeling, and neovascularization. They are mobilized in response to either mechanical or chemical stimuli, hormones, or pharmacologic agents. Another important source of progenitor cells is the epicardial layer. It appears that precursor cells migrate from the epicardium to the myocardium in order to interact with myocardial cells. In addition, migratory cells participate in the formation of almost all cardiac structures in myocardial hypertrophy. Although the pathophysiological mechanisms are still obscure and further studies are required, their properties may open the door to regenerative cell therapy for the prevention of adverse remodeling.

Resumen Especialmente en las últimas décadas varios estudios han intentado confirmar la hipótesis que sostiene que la contracción miocárdica inapropiadamente rápida, irregular, o asincrónica provoca miocardiopatía. Las frecuencias ventriculares rápidas resultantes de arritmias supraventriculares y fibrilación auricular (FA), la irregularidad del ritmo cardíaco -elemento básico de la FA- y la asincronía, determinada por estimulación ventricular derecha, bloqueo de rama, o complejos ventriculares prematuros frecuentes, han sido establecidas como las causas primarias de miocardiopatía inducida por arritmias. Se han aclarado las principales vías fisiopatológicas involucradas; éstas incluyen la activación neurohumoral, el agotamiento de los depósitos energéticos, y anomalías que ocurren durante el estrés y la sobrecarga. Desgraciadamente, desde un punto de vista clínico, los pacientes habitualmente consultan recién cuando aparecen síntomas, a pesar de que la arritmia causal pueda haber aparecido ya meses o años antes, llevando así a una remodelación del miocardio y disfunción diastólica y sistólica. En algunos casos, tratar de establecer un diagnóstico definitivo puede convertirse en un ejercicio agotador para el médico tratante, ya que la arritmia puede no estar siempre presente, y además, implica que primero tiene que indicar un tratamiento, para confirmar el diagnóstico recién retrospectivamente. Otra dificultad que plantea el proceso diagnóstico es que los criterios diagnósticos estrictos siguen siendo tema de controversia. Las opciones terapéuticas incluyen pruebas empíricas con agentes farmacológicos, terapias por catéter, y en el contexto de la estimulación ventricular crónica, la resincronización. Es de esperar que en la mayoría de los pacientes se logre una recuperación parcial o completa, pero aun así los pacientes tendrán que ser seguidos cuidadosamente debido al riesgo de recurrencia. Se hace entonces indispensable realizar ensayos aleatorizados controlados de gran tamaño que permitan optimizar la estratificación de los pacientes y definir la elección de estrategias terapéuticas The hypothesis testing of inappropriate fast, irregular, or asynchronous myocardial contraction provoking cardiomyopathy has been the primary focus of numerous research efforts, especially during the last few decades. Rapid ventricular rates resulting from supraventricular arrhythmias and atrial fibrillation (AF), irregularity of heart rhythm-basic element of AF-and asynchrony, as a consequence of right ventricular pacing, bundle branch block, or frequent premature ventricular complexes, have been established as primary causes of arrhythmia-induced cardiomyopathy. The main pathophysiological pathways involved have been clarified, including neurohumoral activation, energy stores depletion, and abnormalities in stress and strain. Unfortunately, from a clinical point of view, patients usually seek medical advice only when symptoms develop, while the causative arrhythmia may be present for months or years, resulting in myocardial remodelling, diastolic, and systolic dysfunction. In some cases, making a definite diagnosis may become a strenuous exercise for the treating physician, as the arrhythmia may not be present and, additionally, therapy must be applied for the diagnosis to be confirmed retrospectively. The diagnostic process is also hardened due to the fact that strict diagnosing criteria are still a matter of discrepancy. Therapy options include pharmaceutical agents trials, catheter-based therapies and, in the context of chronic ventricular pacing, resynchronization. For the majority of patients, partial or complete recovery is expected, although they have to be followed up thoroughly due to the risk of recurrence. Large, randomized controlled trials are more than necessary to optimize patients’ stratification and therapeutic strategy choices

Long QT syndrome is characterized by prolongation of the corrected QT (QTc) interval on the surface electrocardiogram and is associated with precipitation of torsade de pointes (TdP), a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that may cause sudden death. Acquired long QT syndrome describes pathologic excessive prolongation of the QT interval, upon exposure to an environmental stressor, with reversion back to normal following removal of the stressor. The most common environmental stressor in acquired long QT syndrome is drug therapy. Acquired long QT syndrome is an important issue for clinicians and a significant public health problem concerning the large number of drugs with this adverse effect with a potentially fatal outcome, the large number of patients exposed to these drugs, and our inability to predict the risk for a given individual. In this paper, we focus on mechanisms underlying QT prolongation, risk factors for torsades de pointes and describe the short- and long-term treatment of acquired long QT syndrome.

Guidelines and Expert Consensus Documents summarize and evaluate all available evidence with the aim of assisting physicians in selecting the best management strategy for an individual patient suffering from a given condition, taking into account the impact on outcome and the risk–benefit ratio of diagnostic or therapeutic means. Guidelines are no substitutes for textbooks and their legal implications have been discussed previously. Guidelines and recommendations should help physicians to make decisions in their daily practice. However, the ultimate judgement regarding the care of an individual patient must be made by his/her responsible physician(s). The recommendations for formulating and issuing ESC Guidelines and Expert Consensus Documents can be found on the ESC website (http://www.escardio.org/knowledge/guidelines/rules). Members of this Task Force were selected by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) to represent all physicians involved with the medical and surgical care of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). A critical evaluation of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures is performed including assessment of the risk–benefit ratio. Estimates of expected health outcomes for society are included, where data exist. The level of evidence and the strength of recommendation of particular treatment options are weighed and graded according to predefined scales, as outlined in Tables 1 and 2 . View this table: Table 1 Classes of recommendations View this table: Table 2 Levels of evidence The members of the Task Force have provided disclosure statements of all relationships that might be perceived as real or potential sources of conflicts of interest. These disclosure forms are kept on file at European Heart House, headquarters of the ESC. Any changes in conflict of interest that arose during the writing period were notified to the ESC. The Task Force report received its entire financial support from the ESC and EACTS, without any involvement of the pharmaceutical, device, or surgical industry. ESC …

Udgivelsesdato: 2008-May

Udgivelsesdato: 2007-Dec