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Araştırmamız Fartlek antrenmanların kız basketbolcularda koşu mesafesi ve maksimal oksijen tüketim kapasitesi (VO2max) etkisini tespit etmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmamıza çalışma grubu (n:12, yaş ort:14,81) ve kontrol grubu (n=9, yaş ort:14,83) olmak üzere 21 kişi katılmıştır. Çalışmamız da iki grup ön-test son-test modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmamızda çalışma grubuna 8 hafta fartlek yöntemi ile koşu egzersizleri yaptırılırken; kontrol grubuna aerobik antrenmanlar uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada sporculardan vücut ağırlığı (VA), boy (cm), beden kütle indeksi (BKI) ölçümlerine ek Balke koşu bandı testi ve VO2max ölçümleri alınmıştır. İstatiksel analizde SPSS 22 programı; örneklem büyüklüğü tespiti için ise G*Power kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonucunda (g:03, α:0,05, β:0,85)18 katılımcının yeterli olacağı bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Verilen normal dağılım göstermediği bulgusuna ulaşılmış ve ön test son test karşılaştırılmasında Wilcoxon işaretli sıralar testi; iki farklı grubun ortalamalarının karşılaştırılmasında ise Mann Whitney-U testi kullanılmıştır. Ölçümler sonucunda çalışma grubunda koşu mesafesinde ve maksimal oksijen tüketim kapasitesi (VO2max) son test lehine anlamlı olduğu, kontrol grubunda ise VA, BKI son test değerlerinin ön test değerlerine göre anlamlı düzeyde azalış gösterdiği bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır (p

This study aimed to develop reference curves of aerobic parameters of 20 m shuttle run test for Tunisian soccer players. The study was conducted in the 2022/2023 pre-season. The reference curves of the maximal aerobic speed (MAS) and the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) were developed according to the Lambda, Mu and Sigma (LMS) method, using data from 742 Tunisian premier league soccer players aged 11–18 years. Measured variables included: weight, height, body mass index and maximal heart rate (HRmax). HRmax was measured when the participants completed the maximal aerobic speed. VO2max was estimated using the 20 m shuttle run test protocol (speed increment every minute). Our results presented the smoothed percentiles (3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 97th) of MAS (km/h) and VO2max (ml/kg•min⁻1) according to age. In addition, raw data showed that VO2 max was positively correlated with age (r = 0.333; P

This study aimed to achieve the following objectives, namely (1) develop a measurement construct model to evaluate performance of the 50-meter crawl style swimming, (2) establish a structural equation model to examine the relationship between physical factors and swimming technique performance, and (3) identify the determinant physical factors of performance. A total of 150 subjects were selected using the purposive random sampling technique, and the data were analyzed using SPSS 10.0 program and LISREL 8.71 for Windows. Analysis 1: The fit of the indicators used in explaining the latent variables in the study models was tested: (1) body proportion latent variable assessed through the manifests of the hip width, thigh rim, upper arm rim, forearm rim, shoulder width, elbow width, and arm length showed favorable results, with λ tcount > ttable of 1.979 (df =129.5), and construct reliability of 0.877 > 0.7, which indicated unidimensionality, (2) biomotor latent variable, represented by the manifests of strength, explosive capacity, speed, flexibility, dexterity, reaction time, balance, and coordination, also yielded positive outcomes with λ tcount > ttable of 1.979 (df =129.5), and construct reliability of 0.987 > 0.7, which indicated unidimensionality, (3) the latent variable nutrition status, assessed through the manifests of body height and weight showed satisfactory results with λ tcount > ttable of 1.979 (df =129.5), and construct reliability of 0.797 > 0.7, which demonstrated unidimensionality. Analysis 2: the testing of the model: χ² = 201.89 at df = 176, p = 0.08810 (criterion > 0.005), RMSEA = 0.078 (criterion > 0.005), and GFI = 0.9174. These results confirmed the model fits the data. Analysis 3: The effects of the determinant physical factors on the 50-meter crawl style swimming performance were examined based on the obtained model: (1) biomotor was significantly influenced by body proportion (γ =0.2727, tcount = 3.876, ttable (df=129, α=0.05) = 1.979), (2) swimming technique was affected by body proportion (tcount = 5.1830, ttable (df=129, α=0.05) = 1.979, γ = 0.1262), biomotor (γ = 0.0426, tcount = 2.4403, ttable (df=129, α=0.05) = 1.979), nutrition status (γ = 0.1449, tcount = 4.3174, ttable (df=129, α=0.05) =1.979), and VO2Max (γ = 0.7715, tcount = 13.1600, ttable (df=129, α=0.05) = 1.979). Meanwhile, the contribution of lung volume was not significant (γ = -0.0219, tcount = 5.1830, ttable (df=129, α=0.05) =1.979), (3) performance was significantly influenced by body proportion (γ = 0.3153, tcount = 3.0275, ttable (df=129, α=0.05) = 1.979) and swimming technique (γ = -0.7075, tcount = 2.0577, ttable (df=129, α=0.05) = 1.979), while the contribution of endurance was insignificant (γ = 0.2474, tcount = 0.7548, ttable (df=129, α=0.05) = 1.979). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcopenic obesity (SO) constitutes the coexistence of skeletal muscle mass loss (sarcopenia) and excess adiposity (obesity). It is mainly considered as a condition in the elderly with health-threatening impacts ranging from frailty to mortality. Mitochondrial dysfunction consists one of the basic pathophysiological mechanisms leading to the development of SO and its consequences. Indirect indicators of mitochondrial function, such as VO2max and exercise capacity, have been demonstrated to be negatively affected in individuals with SO, while the positive effect of exercise on mitochondrial function has been widely proved; thus, in this review, we aimed at investigating the effects of endurance, resistance, and concurrent exercise training on indexes of mitochondrial dysfunction in SO patients. The results of the clinical trials evaluated reveal positive effects of chronic exercise on VO2max and physical capacity, as well as mitochondrial biogenesis and activity. It has been concluded that utilizing a systematic exercise training program that includes both aerobic and strength exercises can be an effective strategy for managing SO and promoting overall health in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ciencia y Educación (2707-3378) is the property of Duanys Miguel Pena Lopez and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of ROL Sport Sciences / ROL Spor Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Journal of ROL Sport Sciences / ROL Spor Bilimleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nigde University Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences / Nigde Üniversitesi Beden Egitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Journal of Physical Education & Sports Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Being overweight and obese during adolescence is associated with a wide range of complications and an increased risk of premature occurrence of physical problems, mental disorders, and some cancers. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of ten weeks of spinning training on body composition, Vo2MAX, and Ghrelin hormone levels in adolescents with overweight. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, with a pre-test, post-test, and a control group design, 30 overweight adolescents with BMI=26.8 kg/m² were selected purposefully, and using a systematic random method, they were assigned into two groups of 15 people (Training and Control). The spinning training protocol was implemented for 10 weeks, three times a week, and lasted about 50 minutes with an intensity of 65% of the maximum heart rate which was conducted incrementally. Blood samples were drawn to estimate research variables. The measurements of height, weight, BMI, and Vo2MAX were done in two pre-test and post-test phases. To analyze the data, Analysis of Covariance tests were used via SPSS26 software at a 0.05 level of significance. Results: The results of the study showed a significant decrease in weight (P=0.001), fat percentage (P=0.001), and BMI index (P=0.001) and also a significant increase in Vo2MAX (P=0.001) and Ghrelin hormone levels (P=0.001) after 10 weeks of spinning training. Conclusion: These findings indicate the beneficial effects of spinning training on body composition, VO2MAX, and Ghrelin hormone levels in overweight adolescents. Therefore, the use of spinning training is recommended as a suitable prevention and treatment method for overweight and obese adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is limited information regarding adaptation of HIIT in female athletes which is important since the adaptation to HIIT may be different compared to male athletes. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to summarize the effects of HIIT on physical performance in female team sports athletes. Methods: The following databases Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, ProQuest and Science Direct were searched prior to September 2nd, 2022. The inclusion criteria were longitudinal studies written in English, elite, sub-elite or college female team sports participants, and HIIT intensity had to be at 80–100% maximal heart rate. There were no exclusion criteria regarding the age of the participants or their training experience. The primary outcome measures were maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), repeated sprint ability (RSA), change of direction speed, speed, explosive strength and body composition. Results: A total of 13 studies met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 230 participants. HIIT improved VO2max in five studies (ES from 0.19 to 1.08), while three studies showed improvement in their RSA (ES from 0.32 to 0.64). In addition, change of direction speed was improved in five studies (ES from 0.34 to 0.88), while speed improved in four studies (ES from 0.12 to 0.88). Explosive strength results varied (ES from 0.39 to 1.05), while in terms of body composition, the results were inconsistent through observed team sports. Conclusion: HIIT has significant effects on VO2max, RSA, change of direction speed, speed and explosive strength in female team sports, regardless of the competition level. Key Points: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a time-effective approach for improving physical performance in female team sports. HIIT methods optimize both pre-season and in-season performance in different female team sports. In order to optimally develop sports performance, HIIT includes a variety of loads and training types, depending on the sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the long-term effects of a multicomponent exercise training protocol (recreational team handball training, RTH) on global health status in inactive postmenopausal women. Participants (n = 45; age 65 ± 6 years, stature 157 ± 6 cm, body mass 66.2 ± 9.4 kg, fat mass 41.4 ± 5.5%, VO2peak 25.7 ± 3.6 mL/min/kg) were randomised into a control group (CG; n = 14) and a multicomponent exercise training group (EXG; n = 31, performing two to three weekly 60-min RTH sessions). Attendance was 2.0 ± 0.4 sessions/week (first 16 weeks) and 1.4 ± 0.5 (following 20 weeks) and mean heart rate (HR) loading was 77 and 79% of maximal HR (p =.002) for the first 16 and the following 20 weeks, respectively. Cardiovascular, bone, metabolic health, body composition and physical fitness markers were evaluated at baseline, and after 16 and 36 weeks. An interaction (p ≤.046) was shown for the 2-h oral glucose tolerance test, HDL, Yo-Yo intermittent endurance level 1 test (YYIE1) and knee strength, in favour of EXG. At 36 weeks, YYIE1 and knee strength were higher (p ≤.038) for EXG vs CG. Also, within-group improvements (p ≤.043) were observed after 36 weeks for EXG in VO2peak, lumbar spine bone mineral density, lumbar spine bone mineral content, P1NP, osteocalcin, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, body mass, android fat mass, YYIE1, knee strength, handgrip strength and postural balance. At 36 comparatively to 16 weeks, EXG showed an increase (p ≤.036) in fasting blood glucose, HDL, knee strength and handgrip strength, and a decrease (p ≤.025) in LDL. Collectively, this multicomponent exercise training (RTH) induces beneficial changes in global health status in postmenopausal women. Highlights We evaluated the long-term effects of a recreational team handball-based multicomponent training on broad-spectrum health and physical fitness markers of inactive postmenopausal women. Improvements in VO2peak and aerobic performance achieved after 16 weeks of training were maintained at 36 weeks. The 20-week extension of the training intervention resulted in further improvements in lipid profile markers and physical fitness variables. Recreational team handball could be suggested as an effective and safe strategy to counteract postmenopausal health-related constrains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Sportif Bakis: Spor ve Egitim Bilimleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to determine: (1) the effect of circuit and interval training methods on agility and VO2max; (2) the difference in the effect of high leg muscle endurance and low leg muscle endurance on agility and VO2max; (3) the interaction between circuit training, interval training and leg muscle endurance (high and low) on agility and VO2max. Materials and methods. This research is an experiment with a 2×2 factorial design. In this study, the number of samples used was 20 players selected by purposive sampling. Agility was measured with the Illinois agility test instrument, VO2max was measured with a multistage fitness test, and leg muscle endurance was measured with a wall sit test. Data analysis used a two-way ANOVA test with a significance level of α < 0.05. Results. The results of this study are as follows: (1) there is no difference in the effect of the circuit and interval training methods on the agility of football players, there are significant differences between the circuit and interval training methods in their effect on the VO2max of football players; (2) there is a difference between high and low leg muscle endurance for agility and VO2max, α < 0.05; (3) there is an interaction between the circuit, interval training, and leg muscle endurance (high and low) on agility, α < 0.05. Conclusions. There is an interaction between circuit training, interval training, and leg muscle endurance (high and low) on the agility of Porprov soccer players in Pati Regency. Meanwhile, there was no interaction between circuit training, interval training, and leg muscle endurance (high and low) on the VO2max of Porprov football players in Pati Regency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to provide meta-analytic estimates of the relationships between repeated sprint ability (RSA) outputs (total sprint time [TST] and fatigue scores) and aerobic capacity indicators (VO2max, the covered distance in the endurance shuttle run test [SRTdistance], and the velocity at the anaerobic lactate threshold [ALTvelocity]). To identify potential studies for inclusion, a search strategy was implemented on MEDLINE (through PubMed) and Web of Science. The correlation coefficients between RSA outputs and aerobic capacity indicators were extracted from the individual studies to reveal a pooled correlation. After the identification of studies providing inclusion criteria, 45 studies consisting of 1,488 accumulated participants were included. Meta-analysis showed the positive moderate relationships between TST and VO2max (pooled r = 0.444, p < 0.001), TST and SRTdistance (pooled r = 0.465, p < 0.001), TST and ALTvelocity (pooled r = 0.527, p < 0.001), RSA fatigue score and VO2max (pooled r = 0.449, p < 0.001), and RSA fatigue score and ALTvelocity (pooled r = 0.460, p < 0.001), which showed a low positive relationship between RSA fatigue score and SRTdistance (pooled r = 0.305, p = 0.029). This study showed pooled correlations between RSA outputs and practical aerobic capacity indicators. However, contrary to popular belief that there were stronger relationships, these relationships were low to moderate [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the cardiac functional and the morphological adaptations because of two endurance training protocols. Untrained children (N = 30, age: 12–14 years) were divided into three groups (N = 10/group). The first group did not perform any session (CONTROL), the second performed ventilatory threshold endurance training (VTT) for 12 weeks (2 sessions/week) at an intensity corresponding to the ventilatory threshold (VT) and the third (IT) performed two sessions per week at 120% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Two other sessions (30 min running at 55–65% of VO2max) per week were performed in VVT and IT. Echocardiograms (Left Ventricular end Diastolic Diameter, LVEDd; Left Ventricular end Diastolic Volume, LVEDV; Stroke Volume, SV; Ejection Fraction, EF; Posterior Wall Thickness of the Left Ventricle, PWTLV) and cardiopulmonary ergospirometry (VO2max, VT, velocity at VO2max (vVO2max), time in vVO2max until exhaustion (Tlim) was conducted before and after protocols. Significant increases were observed in both training groups in LVEDd (VTT = 5%; IT = 3.64%), in LVEDV (VTT = 23.7%; ITT = 13.6%), in SV (VTT = 25%; IT = 16.9%) but not in PWTLV and EF, after protocols. No differences were noted in the CONTROL group. VO2max and VT increased significantly in both training groups by approximately 9% after training. Our results indicate that intensity endurance training does not induce meaningful functional and morphological perturbations in the hearts of children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Compared to the general population, individuals with depression have an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. Nevertheless, little is known so far whether cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) moderates this relationship. Therefore, we examined whether common physiological cardiovascular risk factors differ between patients with depression and healthy (non-depressed) controls, whether patients and controls differ in CRF, and whether higher CRF is associated with a lower cardiovascular risk in both patients and healthy controls. Additionally, we examined whether within the patient sample, cardiovascular risk factors differ between patients with mild, moderate and severe depression, and whether the relationship between symptom severity and cardiovascular risk is moderated by patients' CRF levels. Methods: Data from a multi-centric, two-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT) was analyzed, including 210 patients (F32, single episode: n = 72, F33, recurrent major depression: n = 135, F31-II, bipolar type II: n = 3) and 125 healthy controls. Waist circumference, body mass index, body fat, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, triglycerides, and blood glucose were considered as cardiovascular risk markers. CRF was assessed with a submaximal ergometer test. Differences between groups were examined via X2-tests and (multivariate) analyses of covariance. Results: Compared to healthy controls, patients with depression had a higher cardiovascular risk as evident from about half of the examined indicators. In the total sample, participants with good CRF had more favourable scores across nearly all risk markers than counterparts with poor CRF. For most variables, no interaction occurred between group and fitness, indicating that in patients and controls, similar differences existed between participants with poor and good CRF. Few differences in risk markers were found between patients with mild, moderate and severe depression, and no interaction occurred between depression severity and CRF. Discussion: Patients with depression and healthy controls differ in several cardiovascular risk markers, putting patients at increased risk for CVDs. In contrast, people with good CRF show more favourable cardiovascular risk scores, a relationship which was observed in both healthy controls and patients with depression. Physical health of psychiatric patients should receive the clinical attention that it deserves. Lifestyle interventions targeting healthy diet and/or physical activity are recommended as a physically active and healthy lifestyle contributes equally to patients' mental well-being and cardiovascular health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a normal practice in industry to assign tasks to the workers not considering seriously the age, gender, height and other parameters of the workers. The rest breaks, overtime work, prolonged repetitive tasks are given to the workers which are not scientifically assessed depending on the worker's health condition. Due to these reasons, the workers may experience discomfort at the workplace leading to fatigue and at later stages, reduced efficiency. There are many research works available in the literature to provide occupational safety and health measures regarding this; one such measure is scheduling of rest breaks in between the work cycle to overcome fatigue. Not much work is carried out in the literature regarding scientifically scheduling the rest breaks in Indian industrial work environment. This paper focuses on identifying and analyzing the human body parameters that are important indicators to ensure that appropriate task is assigned to the worker based on his parameters. This work scientifically assesses the human body parameters of workers individually and suggests the basis for providing optimum rest breaks to the workers. For this purpose, workers working in various industries have been asked to participate in the treadmill test and stress profiles are obtained. Using these profiles, a mathematical model is developed to obtain optimal rest schedules by considering the human body parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although skeletal muscle is well-known as physiologically related to VO 2 max, the independent predictive value of skeletal muscle mass (SMM) VO 2 max in people with obesity has not been studied. This study aims to determine the relationships between maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2 max) and SMM in the Chinese population with obesity. Overall, 409 participants with obesity were included in this cross-sectional study. A maximal and graded exercise testing measured VO 2 max, and body compositions were measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Subsequently, correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple linear regression analyses were used to determine the relationships between VO 2 max and body compositions. SMM was found to have a significant correlation with VO 2 max (r = 0.290, P < 0.001) after adjusting for sex, age, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, and percent body fat (PBF). In previous studies, BMI was widely recognized as a strong predictor of VO 2 max. This study revealed surprising results: after SMM was controlled, the correlation between BMI and VO 2 max was reduced (from r = 0.381, P < 0.001 to r = 0.191, P < 0.001). SMM was found the most important independent predictor. In the regression model, the variance of VO 2 max was explained by the SMM which accounted for 27.4%. In summary, SMM is a stronger independent predictor of cardiorespiratory fitness in the Chinese population with obesity than sex, age, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, and PBF. • Skeletal muscle mass（SMM）is a strong independent predictor of VO 2 max. • SMM showed a significant correlation with VO 2 max in people with obesity. • We should factor in SMM when evaluating VO 2 max. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is suggested as a public health strategy to increase engagement in, and adherence to, physical activity. However, debate exists regarding the efficacy in inactive individuals. PURPOSE: To determine the physiological and psychological responses to three weeks of supervised and three weeks of unsupervised HIIT or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in previously inactive adults. METHODS: Young adults (n = 20; 21.4 ± 2.2 years; 13 females) were randomized to six weeks of HIIT or MICT. Pre- and post-testing included anthropometric measures, an incremental exercise test, and body composition. Psychological outcomes (i.e., perceived competence, selfefficacy, and enjoyment) were assessed at the end of the first, ninth, and eighteenth training sessions. Differences in physiological outcomes were analyzed using repeated measures factorial ANCOVAs. Differences in psychological outcomes were analyzed using repeated measures factorial ANOVAs. RESULTS: Maximal oxygen consumption (? 2.8 ml·kg-1·min-1; p = .03) and peak power output (? 20.2 W; p = .01) improved over time with no group differences (p > .05). No changes occurred in body composition or self-efficacy (p = .27). Perceived competence increased with supervised training (p = .01) with no further increases during unsupervised training. There was no difference in enjoyment across supervised training (p = .07), but enjoyment decreased during unsupervised training (p = .003). CONCLUSIONS: Cardiorespiratory fitness improved comparably for HIIT and MICT but with a shorter time commitment for HIIT. Perceived competence increased across supervised training suggesting it may be important to provide support at the beginning of an exercise intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research was to identify the effect of 4vs.4 small-sided games (SSGs) with goalkeepers (4vs.4+GK), applied twice a week, for 8 weeks, on U18 football players' physical ability, compared to that of the athletes who performed specific aerobic endurance training. The research included 40 football players U18, divided into two groups: 20 in the experiment group (EG) aged 17.49 ± 0.61 years and 20 in the control group (CG) aged 17.66 ± 0.54 years. From the initial test (IT) to final tests (FT) performed on the parameters, maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) and 10 m and 20 m sprint and agility with and without a ball showed a significant increase for both groups. The first and last SSG training was monitored, using total distance (TD), high-intensity distance (HSR—high-speed running) and maximum intensity distance (VHSR—very-high-speed running). Comparative analyses of EG and CG parameters at the FT shows that the differences between the means of two groups are statistically significant in favor of the experimental group in terms of all parameters, except 10 m sprint (p < 0.05). Referring to SSGs, the experimental group had a 7.78% increase rate in TD (p < 0.0005), a 30.90% (p < 0.0005) increase rate with HSR and no significant differences (p > 0.05) with VHSR. The experimental training program of 4vs.4+GK SSGs, applied to U18 football players, produced significant progress in the physical, and functional parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology is the property of Idokan Poland Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Fatigue and impaired functional capacity are more likely to be observed with myasthenia gravis (MG). MG prevalence in the Indonesian population is still limited. MG can benefit from participating in aerobic exercise without causing a decline in function, but relatively few exercise training studies have been conducted in this group of patients. This study analyzed how light-intensity cycle ergometer aerobic exercise influences functional and aerobic capacity in MG. Methods: An 8-week randomized controlled trial using a light-intensity cycle ergometer for aerobic exercise three times a week was carried out on adult patients with MG Foundation of America Class I-IIa, and adult patients. Eighteen MG patients were randomly assigned to the intervention or control group (standard exercise training). Two-min walking tests (2MWTs) distance and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2Max) were measured before and after the 8-week intervention. VO2Max was calculated from the 2MWT formula. A t -test was used to compare 2MWT distance and VO2Max within and between groups with a significance level of P < 0.05. Results: Light intensity cycle ergometer aerobic exercise significantly improved the functional and aerobic capacity in the intervention group at 8 weeks (2MWT distance P = 0.001 and VO2Max P = 0.001) but not in the control group (P = 0.523 and P = 0.575, respectively). Substantial changes were also found between groups in both 2MWT distances (P = 0.002; effect size = 1.75) and VO2Max (P = 0.001; effect size = 1.81) pre- and post-test. Conclusion: Eight weeks of light-intensity cycle ergometer aerobic exercise improves the functional and aerobic capacity of adult MG patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Various treatments have been proposed to improve the pulmonary function of patients with COVID-19. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of diaphragmatic breathing and aerobics exercises on the pulmonary function of patients recovered from COVID-19. Methods: This study was a semi-experimental with two exercise groups and one control group of recovered women from COVID-19 who attended to the pulmonary ward of Zabol healthcare centers in 2022. Thirty people (25-40 years) with 20 to 40% involvement were purposefully selected and randomly categorized into three groups diaphragmatic breathing training (n = 10), aerobics exercise training (n = 10), and control (n = 10). The Shuttle test was applied to measure Vo2max and the spirometry was applied to measure pulmonary function indexes. The program of the training groups consisted of 3 sessions/week for eight weeks. The intra-group difference was studied using paired sample t-test method and the inter-group difference was evaluated based on one-way variance ANOVA analysis by SPSS software. Results: Paired sample t-test results showed that values of Vo2max and pulmonary function indexes increased in the aerobics exercise group (PFEF<0.001), PFEV<0.001, PFVC<0.001, PVo2max<0.001) and diaphragmatic breathing group (PFEF = 0.002, PFEV = 0.001, PFVC<0.001, PVo2max<0.001), while the mean FEV1/FVC index following intervention did not change (Paerobics = 0.92, Pdiaphragmatic = 0.77). Results of one-way ANOVA showed an increase in Vo2max (P = 0.001) and pulmonary function (PFEF = 0.002, PFEV = 0.002, PFVC = 0.003) following aerobics exercise training more than diaphragmatic breathing. Conclusion: Both diaphragmatic breathing and aerobic exercise were effective in improving the pulmonary function of patients who recovered from COVID-19. However, the effects of aerobics exercise were more evident than diaphragmatic breathing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several observational studies have found that the risk for breast cancer is significantly reduced in persons who engage in greater amounts of physical activity. Additional observational studies of breast cancer survivors indicate that greater physical activity before or after diagnosis associates with reduced disease-specific mortality. However, no large randomized controlled trials have examined the effect of structured exercise training on disease outcomes in breast cancer. Among the many hurdles in designing such trials lies the challenge of determining how a given regimen of exercise from efficacious preclinical studies can be extrapolated to an equivalent dose in humans to guide decisions around treatment regimen in early-phase studies. We argue that preclinical researchers in exercise oncology could better facilitate this endeavor by routinely measuring changes in exercise capacity in the subjects of their breast cancer models. VO2max, the maximal rate of whole-organism oxygen consumption during a progressive exercise test, is emphasized here because it has become a standard measure of cardiorespiratory fitness, is well-integrated in clinical settings, and scales allometrically among nonhuman animals in preclinical research and breast cancer patients/survivors in the clinic. We also conduct secondary analyses of existing whole-transcriptome datasets to highlight how greater uptake and delivery of oxygen during exercise may reverse the typically hypoxic microenvironment of breast tumors, which often associates with more aggressive disease and worse prognosis.

Abstract Background A ketogenic diet (KD) reduces daily carbohydrates (CHOs) ingestion by replacing most calories with fat. KD is of increasing interest among athletes because it may increase their maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), the principal performance limitation at high-altitudes (1500–3500 m). We examined the tolerance of a 4-week isocaloric KD (ICKD) under simulated hypoxia and the possibility of evaluating ICKD performance benefits with a maximal graded exercise bike test under hypoxia and collected data on the effect of the diet on performance markers and arterial blood gases. Methods In a randomised single-blind cross-over model, 6 recreational mountaineers (age 24–44 years) completed a 4-week ICKD followed or preceded by a 4-week usual mixed Western-style diet (UD). Performance parameters (VO2max, lactate threshold [LT], peak power [Ppeak]) and arterial blood gases (PaO2, PaCO2, pH, HCO3 −) were measured at baseline under two conditions (normoxia and hypoxia) as well as after a 4-week UD and 4-week ICKD under the hypoxic condition. Results We analysed data for all 6 participants (BMI 19.9–24.6 kg m−2). Mean VO2max in the normoxic condition was 44.6 ml kg−1 min−1. Hypoxia led to decreased performance in all participants. With the ICKD diet, median values for PaO2 decreased by − 14.5% and VO2max by + 7.3% and Ppeak by + 4.7%. Conclusion All participants except one could complete the ICKD. VO2max improved with the ICKD under the hypoxia condition. Therefore, an ICKD is an interesting alternative to CHOs dependency for endurance performance at high-altitudes, including high-altitude training and high-altitude races. Nevertheless, decreased PaO2 with ICKD remains a significant limitation in very-high to extreme altitudes (> 3500 m). Trial registration Clinical trial registration Nr. NCT05603689 (Clinicaltrials.gov). Ethics approval CER-VD, trial Nr. 2020-00427, registered 18.08.2020—prospectively registered.

Study objectives . VO2max endurance is needed in volleyball, because this sport has the characteristics of jumping and shifting in various directions quickly. This study aims to determine endurance (VO2max) in female volleyball athletes at the Brojomusti club. Materials and methods. This research is a quantitative descriptive type using a survey method, in this research there are tests and measurements. The research instrument used the yo-yo intermittent recovery test level 1. The subjects in this study were female volleyball athletes at the Brojomusti club, totaling 15 athletes. Results. The results of the study obtained that there were athletes with a percentage of 26.7% in the less category, then 4 athletes in the moderate category with a percentage of 26.7% and there were 6 athletes in the good category with a percentage of 40%. Then there is 1 female athlete in the very good category with a percentage of 6.7%. Conclusion. Results This study shows that the women's volleyball athletes at the Brojomusti club are in the good category, but some athletes are still relatively low. With these results, it is hoped that they can provide an overview to the trainer so that they can provide training to increase the athlete's VO2max.

Tujuan dalam penelitian ini yaitu mengetahui pengaruh short duration dan long duration terhadap VO2max bola basket. Jenis penelitian dipakai kuantitatif yaitu dengan pendekatan eksperimen two grup pretest-posttest. Adapun sampel pada penelitian ini klub bola basket klub Mahameru Pekanbaru berjumlah 22 orang. Prosedur penelitian ini di bagi dua kelompok dengan kelompok A (short duration) 11 orang dan kelompok B (long duration) 11 orang. Intrumen penelitian ini mengukur VO2max menggunakan tes Balke. Pengolahan teknik analisis data dalam penelitian memakai SPSS 22. Hasil analisis uji paired sampel test, nilai sig yaitu 0,008 < 0,05. Maka kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan long duration terhadap VO2max bola basket. Selanjutnya jika tidak terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan Short duration terhadap VO2max bola basket, didapatkan nilai sig yaitu 0,190 < 0,05. Rata-rata selisih peningkatan pada kelompok A yaitu 3,39 lebih kecil dibandingkan rata-rata selisih peningkatkan pada kelompok B yaitu 8,46. Maka dapat disimpulkan latihan long duration lebih baik dibandingkan dengan latihan short duration.

Futsal is a team sport that relies on high-intensity intermittent activity that requires athletes with excellent physical fitness. Optimal fitness conditions (VO2Max) are the main capital for every futsal athlete so they can concentrate fully and work optimally from the start to the end of the match. The purpose of this study was to find out how the fitness profile (VO2Max) of 14 futsal athletes in Klaten Regency was prepared to face the 2022 Central Java PORPROV event. This study used a quantitative descriptive approach with a survey method. Fitness data collection instrument with tests and measurements with the Multistage Fitness Test (MFT). The main finding in this study is the fitness level (VO2Max) of the Klaten Regency futsal athletes as much as 42.87% is at a moderate level, 42.85% is at a less and less level, and only 14.28% is at a good level. Seeing these findings, it means that the fitness condition of the majority of Klaten Regency futsal athletes is at a moderate level. The results of this study are expected to provide benefits as a scientific basis for increasing athletes' VO2Max so that it has an impact on increasing performance which results in achieving maximum performance.

The study purpose was to prove the effectiveness of zumba exercise on VO₂max, agility, and muscle power in students at Universitas Nusantara PGRI Kediri, East Java, Indonesia. Materials and methods. This research is a pre-experimental research design with One group Pretest-Posttest Design. A total of 15 female students from the Student Activity Unit aerobic dance exercise at Universitas Nusantara PGRI Kediri, East Java, Indonesia, aged 19–24 years, body mass index (BMI) 19.0–24.0 kg/m², normal blood pressure, resting heart rate normal, normal oxygen saturation (SpO₂), voluntarily participated in the study. Zumba exercise was carried out for 30 minutes/session with an intensity of 80% HRmax with a frequency of 3x/week for 8 weeks. The measurement of maximum oxygen volume (VO₂max) used the Multi-Stage 20-m Shuttle Run Fitness Test. The measurement of leg muscle power used the vertical jump test, while the arm muscle power was evaluated using the medicine ball throw test. Data analysis used Paired Sample t-Test with a significance level of 5%. Results. The results obtained: mean VO₂max between pretest vs post-test (26.64±4.25 vs. 30.76±4.20 mL/kg/min; p ≤ 0.001), average agility between pretest and post-test (15.76±1.24 vs. 14.55±1.27 seconds; p ≤ 0.001), average limb muscle power between pretest vs posttest (394.21±66.36 vs. 411.09±67.45 joule; p ≤ 0.001), and the average arm muscle power between pretest vs posttest (123.45±17.12 vs. 138.21±13.92 joule; p ≤ 0.001). Conclusions. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that Zumba exercise carried out for 30 minutes/training session, with an intensity of 80% HRmax, frequency 3x/week for 8 weeks increased VO₂max, agility, and muscle power in students at Universitas Nusantara PGRI Kediri, East Java, Indonesia.

There is a lack of knowledge regarding the contribution of central and peripheral factors to the increases in VO2max following sprint‐interval training (SIT). This study investigated the importance of maximal cardiac output (Qmax) in relation to VO2max improvements following SIT and the relative importance of the hypervolemic response on Qmax and VO2max. We also investigated whether systemic O2 extraction increased with SIT as has been previously suggested. Healthy men and women (n = 9) performed 6 weeks of SIT. State‐of‐the‐art measurements: right heart catheterization, carbon monoxide rebreathing and respiratory gas exchange analysis were used to assess Qmax, arterial O2 content (caO2), mixed venous O2 content (cvO2), blood volume (BV) and VO2max before and after the intervention. In order to assess the relative contribution of the hypervolemic response to the increases in VO2max, BV was re‐established to pre‐training levels by phlebotomy. Following the intervention, VO2max, BV and Qmax increased by 11% (P < 0.001), 5.4% (P = 0.013) and 8.8% (P = 0.004), respectively. cvO2 decreased by 12.4% (P = 0.011) and systemic O2 extraction increased by 4.0% (P = 0.009) during the same period, both variables were unaffected by phlebotomy (P = 0.589 and P = 0.548, respectively). After phlebotomy, VO2max and Qmax reverted back to pre‐intervention values (P = 0.064 and P = 0.838, respectively) and were significantly lower compared with post‐intervention (P = 0.016 and P = 0.018, respectively). The decline in VO2max after phlebotomy was linear to the amount of blood removed (P = 0.007, R = −0.82). The causal relationship between BV, Qmax and VO2max shows that the hypervolemic response is a key mediator of the increases in VO2max following SIT. Key points: Sprint‐interval training (SIT) is an exercise model involving supramaximal bouts of exercise interspersed with periods of rest known for its efficiency in improving maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max).In contrast to the commonly accepted view where central haemodynamic adaptations are considered to be the key mediators of increases in VO2max there have been propositions highlighting peripheral adaptations as the main mediators in the context of SIT‐induced changes in VO2max.By combining right heart catheterization, carbon monoxide rebreathing and phlebotomy, this study shows that increases in maximal cardiac output due to the expansion of the total blood volume is a major explanatory factor for the improvement in VO2max following SIT, with a smaller contribution from improved systemic oxygen extraction.The present work not only clarifies a controversy in the field by using state‐of‐the‐art methods, but also encourages future research to investigate regulatory mechanisms that could explain how SIT can lead to improvements in VO2max and maximal cardiac output similar to those that have previously been reported for traditional endurance exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION This study aimed to investigate the impact of smoking on physical activity level, emotional status, and cardiopulmonary endurance in healthy young Chinese college students in order to develop future nicotine dependence management solutions. METHODS This survey-based study was conducted in college students aged 19-26 years who were currently smoking. Cardio-respiratory endurance was assessed by estimating VO2max. Participants were given a questionnaire containing five factors from the Cigarette Dependence Scale-5 (CDS-5), also assessed were variables for physical activity level, using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), and emotional status. The sports training behavior was assessed using the Coaching Behavior Scale for Sport (CBS-S). RESULTS A total of 400 participants were randomly selected and included in the study. All of them were current smokers. The highest percentage of participants had a score of 4 on the CDS-5 (n=93, 23.2%), scored 3-5 on each module of sports training, and experienced negative emotions, particularly depression (n=172; 43.0%) and anger (n=162; 40.5%). VO2max levels were significantly lower in participants with high nicotine dependence (CDS-5 score 4-5), and they correlated negatively with CDS-5 scores (r= -0.883, p<0.001). Nicotine dependence scores were negatively correlated with physical activity levels (r= -0.830, p<0.001), and high nicotine dependence scores were independently related to low physical activity (adjusted odds ratio, AOR=14.66; 95% CI: 4.98- 43.19, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Tobacco smoking has a negative impact on emotional status. It also reduces cardiopulmonary endurance by reducing VO2max levels and negatively affects physical activity. Accordingly, it is critical to implement effective tobacco prevention programs for college students, such as a smoking warning system and physical exercise training, as well as to educate them on how to quit smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose was to investigate the effects of pedalling cadence on V̇o2 kinetics in severe-intensity cycling exercise. This question is pertinent to exercise testing, where cadence is an important (and often confounding) variable, and to performance, where V̇o2 kinetics determines the initial reliance upon anaerobic reserves. Eighteen university students performed tests to exhaustion at 241 ± 31 W, using cadences of 60, 80, and 100 rev·min-1. V̇o2 data were fitted to a 2-component model (primary phase + slow component). Responses during the 3 tests were compared using a repeated-measures analysis of variance, with significance at p < 0.05. The mean response time of the primary phase of the V̇o2 response (time to reach 63% of the response) was progressively smaller (response was faster) at higher cadences (37 ± 4 seconds at 60 rev·min-1, 32 ± 5 seconds at 80 rev·min-1, 27 ± 4 seconds at 100 rev·min-1), and there was a concomitantly faster heart rate response. In addition, the time delay before the slow component was shorter, the amplitude of the primary phase was greater, and the amplitude of the slow component was smaller at the higher cadence. The results suggest that pedalling cadence itself-and not just the higher metabolic demand associated with higher cadences-may be responsible for differences in temporal characteristics (time delays, time constants) of the primary and slow phases of the V̇o2 response. Exercise scientists must consider, and coaches might apply, the relationship between V̇o2 kinetics and pedalling cadence during exercise testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pühringer, Reinhard, Martina Muckenthaler, and Martin Burtscher. Association between ferritin levels and altitude-dependent cardiorespiratory fitness in mountain guides. High Alt Med Biol. 24:139–143, 2023. Background: Higher ferritin levels may be associated with lower cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF; i.e., maximal oxygen uptake, VO2max) and may represent early markers of cardiovascular risk but may also support high-altitude acclimatization. To evaluate these potential associations, data recordings from a large sample of male mountain guides have been analyzed. Methods: A total of 154 data sets (including anthropometric data, VO2max, blood lipids, hemoglobin, ferritin, and transferrin levels) of regularly physically active and well-acclimatized mountain guides were available for analyses. Participants performed equal incremental cycle ergometer tests to exhaustion at low (600 m) and (∼1 week later) at moderate altitude (2,000 m). Results: Ferritin levels were positively correlated with levels of hemoglobin (r = 0.29, p < 0.01), total cholesterol (r = 0.18, p < 0.05), triglycerides (r = 0.23, p < 0.01), and low-density lipoprotein (r = 0.22, p < 0.01), and negatively with high-density lipoprotein levels (r = −0.16, p < 0.05) and also with baseline (taken at low altitude) VO2max values (r = −0.19, p < 0.05). In contrast, higher ferritin levels were associated with less VO2max decline from low-to-moderate altitude (r = 0.26, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Higher ferritin levels in male mountain guides are weakly associated with lower CRF and higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors but with slightly less reduction in VO2max when acutely exposed to moderate altitude. The clinical relevance of these observations needs further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Numerous research studies have shown the effects of Blood Flow Restriction (BFR) training on muscle strength and hypertrophy, but there is still no comprehensive analysis of the effects on aerobic capacity. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative results of BFR training on aerobic capacity. Methods: PRISMA guidelines were used to carry out the systematic review and meta-analysis. Five electronic databases were searched up to October 2020: PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, Scopus and Cochrane/Embase. Data selected for primary analysis consisted of post-intervention changes in VO2 values (VO2max, VO2peak). Case reports, acute studies and review studies were excluded. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020214919). Results: After the elimination of duplicates, 62 records were screened. Among these, 17 studies were included in the systematic review. Twelve of these were involved in the meta-analysis. Discussion: BFR training compared with exercise under normal blood flow conditions could positively influences both aerobic capacity and athletic performance. Differences in young and older subjects were discussed. BFR showed to be a promising and beneficial training to elicit improvements in aerobic capacity (measured in VO2) and performances. Level of evidence: 1a. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When combining two conditions of reduced oxygen availability, anemia and hypoxia, human physiological responses are highly challenged to maintain arterial oxygen delivery, especially during whole-body exercise. The aim of this study was to compare the cardiorespiratory responses of mildly anemic women with those of healthy controls, while cycling in normobaric hypoxia. Two groups of young females were matched for age, weight, height, and involvement in physical activity, one with normal hemoglobin, hematocrit, and ferritin levels and another suffering from mild iron deficiency anemia (10 < (Hb) < 12 g/dL, 34 < Hct < 37%, ferritin < 15 μg/L). They cycled to exhaustion under normoxia and hypoxia (FIO2 0.21 and 0.14), and their physiological responses were compared at 40, 80, and 100% VO2max of the specific condition. The two groups differed (p < 0.05) mainly at the higher exercise intensities; the anemic participants exhibited similar heart rate but lower oxygen pulse than their control counterparts, as well as a larger drop in maximal oxygen uptake. However, they sustained maximal effort by employing the anaerobic metabolism to a larger extent, which stimulated a greater ventilatory response. It appears that iron deficiency anemia of mild severity, which is commonly observed in young athletic females, impacts physiological responses during whole-body exercise in the presence of moderate hypoxia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a new VO2max test using a progressive staged protocol on an Assault Fitness AssaultBike. Twelve healthy males performed a traditional ramp cycle ergometer test (TRAD) and a progressively staged AssaultBike protocol (AB) in a counterbalanced order. AB elicited higher immediate post-exercise lactate, absolute and relative VO2max, and maximum heart rate than TRAD (P = 0.006, P = 0.014, P = 0.007, and P = 0.001, respectively). The protocol outlined herein may provide a more accurate assessment of VO2max due to greater skeletal muscle mass recruitment that is more representative of the whole body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to compare the effects of concurrent strength and endurance training sequences on VO2max and lower limb strength performance to provide scientific guidance for training practice. We searched PubMed, EBSCO, Web of Science (WOS), Wanfang, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases up to December 2022. The included articles were randomized controlled trials that allowed us to compare the strength–endurance (S-E) sequence and endurance–strength (E-S) sequence on VO2max, maximum knee extension strength, maximum knee flexion strength, and lower limb power. The Cochrane bias risk tool was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the included literature, and Stata 12.0 was used for the heterogeneity test, subgroup analysis, draw forest map, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias evaluation. The results have been presented as standardized mean differences (SMDs) between treatments with 95% confidence intervals and calculations performed using random effects models. Significance was accepted when p < 0.05. The studies included 19 randomized controlled trials (285 males and 197 females), 242 subjects in S-E sequence, and 240 subjects in E-S sequence in the analyses. No difference changes between S-E and E-S sequences has been observed on VO2max in the overall analysis (SMD = 0.02, 95% CI: −0.21–0.25, p = 0.859). The S-E sequence shows a greater increase in lower limb strength performance than does the E-S sequence (SMD = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.02–0.37, p = 0.032), which was manifested in the elderly (p = 0.039) and women (p = 0.017); in training periods >8 weeks (p = 0.002) and training frequencies twice a week (p = 0.003); and with maximum knee flexion (p = 0.040) and knee extension strength (p = 0.026), while no difference was found in lower limb power (p = 0.523). In conclusion, the effect of VO2max will not change with different concurrent training sequences. The S-E sequence improves lower limb strength more significantly, mainly in the improvement of knee flexion and knee extension. This advantage is more related to factors such as age, gender, training period, and training frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical activity (PA) has been shown to benefit various cognitive functions and promote neuroplasticity. Whereas the effects of PA on brain anatomy and function have been well documented in older individuals, data are scarce in young adults. Whether high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) achieved through regular PA are associated with significant structural and functional changes in this age group remains largely unknown. In the present study, twenty young adults that engaged in at least 8 hours per week of aerobic exercise during the last 5 years were compared to twenty sedentary controls on measures of cortical excitability, white matter microstructure, cortical thickness and metabolite concentration. All measures were taken in the left primary motor cortex and CRF was assessed with VO 2max. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) revealed higher corticospinal excitability in high- compared to low-fit individuals reflected by greater input/output curve amplitude and slope. No group differences were found for other TMS (short-interval intracortical inhibition and intracortical facilitation), diffusion MRI (fractional anisotropy and apparent fiber density), structural MRI (cortical thickness) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NAA, GABA, Glx) measures. Taken together, the present data suggest that brain changes associated with increased CRF are relatively limited, at least in primary motor cortex, in contrast to what has been observed in older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apelin, as a cardiokine/myokine, is emerging as an important regulator of cardiac and skeletal muscle homeostasis. Loss of apelin signaling results in premature cardiac aging and sarcopenia. However, the contribution of apelin to peak athletic performance remains largely elusive. In this paper, we assessed the impact of maximal cardiorespiratory exercise testing on the plasma apelin levels of 58 male professional soccer players. Circulating apelin-13 and apelin-36, on average, increased transiently after a single bout of treadmill exercise; however, apelin responses (Δapelin = peak − baseline values) showed a striking interindividual variability. Baseline apelin-13 levels were inversely correlated with those of Δapelin-13 and Δapelin-36. Δapelin-13 showed a positive correlation with the maximal metabolic equivalent, relative maximal O2 consumption, and peak circulatory power, whereas such an association in the case of Δapelin-36 could not be detected. In conclusion, we observed a pronounced individual-to-individual variation in exercise-induced changes in the plasma levels of apelin-13 and apelin-36. Since changes in plasma apelin-13 levels correlated with the indicators of physical performance, whole-body oxygen consumption and pumping capability of the heart, apelin, as a novel exerkine, may be a determinant of peak athletic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Maximal oxygen uptake and exercise performance typically decline with age. However, there are indications of preserved vascular function and blood flow regulation during arm exercise. Yet, it is unknown if this potential physiological preservation with age is mirrored in peripheral metabolic capacity and VO2/W ratio. Thus, to investigate the effects of aging in the arms, we measured metabolic and vascular responses to 6-min bouts of dynamic handgrip exercise at 40% and 80% of maximal work rate (WRmax) in 11 young (26 ± 2 yr) and 12 old (80 ± 6 yr) males, applying Doppler-ultrasound combined with blood samples from a deep forearm vein. At baseline, the old had a larger arterial diameter compared with young (P < 0.001). During exercise, the two groups reached the same WRmax. VO2, blood flow, and oxygen supply were higher (40%WRmax; 80%WRmax, all P < 0.01), and arteriovenous oxygen difference was lower (80%WRmax, P < 0.02), in old compared with young. Old also had a higher oxygen excess at 80%WRmax (P < 0.01) than young, whereas no difference in muscle diffusion or oxygen extraction was detected. Only young exhibited an increase in intensity-induced arterial dilation (P < 0.05), and they had a lower mean arterial pressure than old at 80%WRmax (P < 0.001). VO2/W (40%WRmax; 80%WRmax) was reduced in old compared with young (both P < 0.05). In conclusion, in old and young males with a similar handgrip WRmax, old had a higher VO2 during 80%WRmax intensity, achieved by an increased blood flow. This may be a result of the available cardiac output reserve, compensating for reduced work efficiency and attenuated vascular response observed in old. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Running economy and velocity at maximal oxygen uptake are considered the most substantial physiological performance indicators in team sports. plyometric training are important techniques that enhance the neuromuscular functioning in athletes. The aim of the present study is to investigates the change in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and running economy (RE). 16 male participants aged 21 years old. Participants underwent pre- and post-intervention tests including running economy, VO2max within 48 h before and after the training protocol. Statistically significant differences were seen in running economy and VO2max after training (p < .01). The current study suggested that plyometric training for 12 weeks can improve running economy and VO2max. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. In recent years, there have been contradictions regarding the fatigue thresholds denoting the boundary between heavy and severe exercise domain as the marker for transition from aerobic-to-anaerobic exercise intensity. Aim of Study. This study aims to examine the various fatigue thresholds (critical power, respiratory compensation point and neuromuscular fatigue threshold) as marker for transition from aerobic-to- -anaerobic exercise intensity in intermittent sport players based on the VO2 kinetics, muscle activations and mathematically derived models. Material and Methods. Thirteen male intermittent sport players (age = 21.30 ± 2.52 years; height = 164.76 ± 6.2 cm; weight = 57.03 ± 4.93 kg; BMI = 21.01 ± 1.41 kg/m2 ) were recruited for this study. The participants performed total 11 sessions, one incremental test for evaluating electromyographic fatigue threshold (EMGFT), four time-to-exhaustion trials for evaluating critical power with mathematical models (CP) and two verification trials, four constant load tests for evaluating critical power based on VO2 kinetics (CP’) and respiratory compensation point (RCP). Results. The Bland–Altman analysis revealed that CP was not in agreement with CP’ (r2 = 0.89, p < 0.00; t = 9.70, Cohen’s f = 0.99). Also, VO2 corresponding to the work rates of CP was significantly different from the CP’ and RCP (p < 0.001). However, work rates corresponding to the CP’ were not significantly different and in agreement to the work rates corresponding to RCP (t = –1.65, p = 0.062; r² = 0.61, p = 0.66, t = –4.18, Cohen’s f = 1.26) and EMGFT (t = –0.633, p = 0.269; r² = 0.43, p = 0.342, t = –4.18, Cohen’s f = 0.99), respectively. Conclusions. The CP’, EMGFT and RCP corresponds to similar work rates and can depict the boundary between heavy to severe exercise domains which could be used for performance testing and training the intermittent sport players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem Statement and Purpose: Soccer is a sport characterized by high intensity and duration. The energy needed to play a soccer match is provided by aerobic metabolism. Therefore, it is important to determine such parameters as oxygen consumption and maximal oxygen consumption in soccer players. The aim of the study is to track the changes in the functional indicators of professional soccer players during the spring half-season and to give recommendations for changes in the training plan to increase their performance and reduce fatigue at the end of the season. Approach: The study involved 13 professional soccer players and was conducted in the period January - June. Functional examination of respiration - spirometry and determination of gas exchange parameters during exercise - spiroergometry were performed twice at the beginning and at the end of the period. Results: The spirometry data of the subjects showed values close to the predicted values. The decrease in values at the end of the spring half-season is probably due to the fatigue accumulated during this period. Although the values show a decrease in the parameters, there is no statistically significant difference in the two measurements of the Tifno index, but there is a statistically significant difference in the decrease in VC (Wilcoxon signed rank test, p value = 0.04) and FEO1 (Wilcoxon signed rank test, p value = 0.0002). The fact that even the indicators at the beginning of the study are to some extent underestimated, shows the accumulation of fatigue in the players and the need to rethink the overall training plan with corresponding individual approaches to each soccer player in order to optimize the training-recovery ratio. There was a slight increase (statistically insignificant) in mean VO2max and VO2max/kg during the spring half-season, indicating that training resulted in an increase in aerobic capacity. This is an indication that conditioning training is producing the desired result and can be carried out without any major changes. Conclusions: The benefit of periodic medical and functional examinations of football players is mainly in two directions. First, it provides information about the current state of health of the athlete under study and his fitness to participate in training and sports competitions. And, secondly, it enables the coach, analyzing the results, to assess the specific functional capabilities of the football players, to make changes in the training schedule and specific exercises, to pay attention to recovery and to apply an individual approach to each specific case in order to improve specific indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caffeine is a compound found in the leaves, seeds and fruits of plants such as coffee and guarana. The aim of the systematic review was to determine the influence of caffeine on cardiorespiratory functions and physical performance. The method was the collection of relevant literature in the period from 2011-2022, and their analysis. The results clearly show the benefit and positive influence of caffeine on both investigated areas. The recommended consumption of caffeine should be higher than 75mg in order to expect positive changes and effects. Also, doses above 600mg should not be exceeded due to side effects, especially on the heart. It is necessary to consume caffeine for at least 45 minutes before the planned activity to ensure complete absorption. Caffeine is a very powerful supplement, it is only necessary to take care of the method and amount of dosage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El objetivo de la investigación realizada fue determinar la efectividad del método continuo frente al método interválico para optimizar la resistencia cardiorrespiratoria, se estableció la capacidad de resistencia de todos los participantes mediante la cuantificación de su Vo2 máxima a través de pruebas específicas como el test de Cooper y el test de Coursenavette, mismos que se aplicaron en un pre test a los dos grupos de prueba, posterior a esto se realizó una panificación e intervención de sesiones estructuradas de entrenamiento continuo (Grupo 1) y Entrenamiento Interválico (Grupo 2) y al finalizar la intervención se realizó un post test a los dos grupos. Los dos grupos de estudio mostraron mejoría en su vo2 máxima lo que demuestra un desarrollo positivo en su capacidad de resistencia cardiorrespiratoria, sin embargo, el método interválico presentó mejores resultados en la optimización de la resistencia. Basado en los resultados obtenidos en el estudio se concluye que tanto el método continuo como el método interválico evidenciaron una mejora en la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria, sin embargo, el método interválico revela una diferencia significativa superior ante el método continuo ya que los participantes que fueron intervenidos con el método de entrenamiento interválico presentaron una mejor captación máxima de oxígeno en los test de Cooper y Coursenavette.

Nutritional status, VO2max, agility, speed, and strength are very important factors for every athlete to achieve maximum performance, especially in basketball. This study aims to determine the level of nutritional status, VO2max, agility, speed, and strength of Jembrana Regency basketball athletes in Preparation for the 2022 Bali Provincial Sports Week Championship. The sample in this study consisted of 12 men’s basketball athletes, Porprov Jembrana Regency, using the total sampling technique. The type of research used in this research was a cross-sectional study. The instruments used to collect data in this study were the Body Mass Index to measure nutritional status, the Multistage Fitness Test to measure VO2max, the Illinois Agility Test to measure agility, the 30M Sprint Test to measure speed, and the Push Up & Sit Up Test to measure muscle strength; belly and arms. The study found that the average nutritional status was normal, VO2max was good, agility was good, speed was very poor, arm muscle strength was good, and abdominal muscle strength was very good. The results of the study could assist Jembrana Regency get a good idea of how the athletes are training and how well the staff and teachers are working together. This is important for getting the best results at the Bali Provincial Sports Week championship. Based on the study's results, the best way to get ready for the Bali Provincial Sports Week championship is for players to get in better shape, especially in terms of biomotor VO2max and speed, which are still not good enough. So, more study can be done to re-evaluate these biomotors and add more physical test markers so that players’ physical success can be tracked as well as possible.

This study compared the acute physiological responses and performance changes during an integrated high-intensity interval aerobic and power protocol. Sixteen moderately trained athletes (age: 20.1 ± 2.2 years, body height: 180.0 ± 6.5 cm, body mass: 75.7 ± 6.4 kg, VO2max: 55.8 ± 4.3 mL/kg/min) performed a 2 × 6 min interval training protocol with 2 min passive recovery between sets on two different occasions in random and counterbalanced order. Each 6 min set included repeated periods of 15 s exercise interspersed with 15 s passive rest. On one occasion (RUN), all exercise periods included running at 100% of maximal aerobic speed, while on the other occasion an integrated protocol was used (INT) in which each of the two 6 min sets included 4 × 1.5 min periods of running exercise at 100% of maximal aerobic speed in combination with jumping (i.e., 2 × 15 running with 15 s rest and 1 × 15 s drop jumping with 15 s rest). Time spent above 85% HRmax was two-fold higher in INT compared to RUN (8.5 ± 3.6 vs. 4.3 ± 3.9 min, respectively, p = 0.0014). Interestingly, heart rate increased above 95% HRmax only in INT and almost no time was spent above 95% HRmax in RUN (1.4 ± 1.9 vs. 0.1 ± 0.2 min, respectively, p = 0.008). Blood lactate concentration at the end of the second set of INT was higher than RUN (7.3 ± 3.2 vs. 4.6 ± 2.7 mmol/L, p = 0.002). Countermovement jump was higher in INT after the end of second set by 6.4% (p = 0.04), 6.7% (p = 0.04), 7.8% (p < 0.01) and 7.3% (p < 0.001), at 2, 6 and 8 min after set 2. In conclusion, the comparison between INT and RUN shows that INT not only elicits higher physiological and metabolic responses, but also acutely enhances neuromuscular performance for at least 8 min after the end of exercise. The integrated running/jumping high-intensity interval exercise approach could be a very useful and time efficient method for strength and conditioning coaches, especially in team sports, in which the time available for the improvement of physical parameters is limited.