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Acute kidney injury (AKI) due to vitamin D therapy for osteoporosis is encountered in clinical practice, but epidemiological studies are scarce. We aimed to determine the association between AKI and vitamin D therapy and to identify risk factors for AKI using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report database. We used reporting odds ratios (RORs) to detect signals and evaluate risk factors using multiple logistic regression analysis. Among 298,891 reports from April 2004 to September 2023, 1071 implicated active vitamin D3 analogs as suspect drugs for adverse events. There was a significant association between AKI and active vitamin D3 analogs (ROR [95% confidence interval {CI}], eldecalcitol: 16.75 [14.23–19.72], P < 0.001; alfacalcidol: 5.29 [4.07–6.87], P < 0.001; calcitriol: 4.46 [1.88–10.59], P < 0.001). The median duration of administration before AKI onset was 15.4 weeks. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed a significant association between AKI and age ≥ 70 years (odds ratio [95% CI], 1.47 [1.04–2.07]; P = 0.028), weight < 50 kg (1.55 [1.12–2.13]; P = 0.007), hypertension (1.90 [1.42–2.54]; P < 0.001), and concomitant use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (1.58 [1.10–2.25], P = 0.012) and magnesium oxide (1.96 [1.38–2.78]; P < 0.001). Our results suggest that active vitamin D3 analogs are associated with AKI development. Physicians prescribing these medications to patients with risk factors should consider the possibility of AKI, especially during the first 6 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to investigate the effect of vitamin D and/or synbiotics on the response to treatment, cytokines profile and hormonal biomarkers in breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant therapy. A total of 76 patients were recruited and completed the course of the intervention between 2019 and 2021 in Kerman, Iran. breast cancer patients were randomly enrolled in this study. Patients divided into four groups to receive one of the following regimens: placebo, vitamin D, synbiotics and a combination of vitamin D and synbiotics. clinicopathologic parameters, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory biomarkers and hormonal levels were measured at the baseline and four months after intervention. The study results found no clear link between the interventions and achieving pathological complete response (pCR), and a similar trend was observed in Ki-67 index examination. After neoadjuvant therapy, TNF-α concentrations decreased, with vitamin D supplementation moderating this decline. Vitamin D supplemented groups showed a significant increase in serum IL-6 levels. While IL-10 levels decreased in the placebo group, all intervention groups were protected from this decline. Moreover, there was a notable increase in the anti-inflammatory index, particularly in the group receiving both vitamin D and synbiotic supplementation, suggesting potential synergistic anti-inflammatory effects from their combined administration. The outcomes suggest a potential anti-inflammatory function of this combination. Consequently, more extensive studies with prolonged follow-up periods and substantial sample sizes are warranted to thoroughly evaluate their potential benefits for breast cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the genomic effects of vitamin D (VitD) on steroidogenesis, sperm structure, and function in mice models with artificially induced vitamin D deficiency (VDD), while maintaining calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. qRT‐PCR was utilized to measure the steady‐state RNA levels of key steroidogenic genes, including CYP11A1, CYP19A1, 17βHSDH1, 3βHSDV1, and CYP24A1, involved in VitD metabolism, in testicular extracts from mouse models with varying degrees of VDD severity. Estradiol, testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were also assessed. Furthermore, testicular histomorphometric analysis and evaluation of sperm structural and functional parameters were conducted. The study reveals a linear decrease in the expression of monitored steroidogenic genes with increasing severity of VDD. Moreover, in cases of mild and moderate VDD, testicular extracts exhibited significantly reduced levels of LH, estradiol, and testosterone. VDD has substantial effects on testicular steroidogenesis, which directly impacts spermatogenesis, independent of its established role in calcium regulation. Consequently, the reduction in steroidogenesis due to VDD contributes to the diminished efficiency of testicular spermatogenesis in individuals experiencing VDD, a prevalent condition worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intralesional steroids commonly used for keloid treatment have adverse effects like cutaneous atrophy and telangiectasias. Safer and more effective therapies are needed. Preliminary studies suggest intralesional vitamin D as a potential alternative treatment. The aim of this study was to compare efficacy and safety of intralesional vitamin D with triamcinolone for keloids, and correlate tissue expression of vitamin D receptors (VDRs) with treatment outcomes. Sixty patients were randomly assigned to two groups: Group A (intralesional vitamin D) and Group B (intralesional triamcinolone). Four injections were given at 4‐week intervals, with an 8‐week follow‐up. Biopsies were taken pre‐ and post‐treatment to examine VDR expression levels and treatment response correlation. The primary outcome of interest was the proportion of patients achieving a 50% reduction in Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS). Secondary outcomes included incidence of adverse effects, and changes in VDR expression before and after treatment. Baseline VSS scores were 9.73 ± 1.01 (vitamin D group) and 10.13 ± 1.07 (triamcinolone group). After treatment, mean VSS decreased to 5.17 ± 0.59 (vitamin D group, p < 0.001) and 4.77 ± 0.77 (triamcinolone group, p < 0.001), with significantly better response in latter (p = 0.03). More than 50% reduction in VSS score was higher in the triamcinolone group (76.7% vs. 50%, p = 0.032). No recurrences were noted during the 8‐week follow‐up. Hypopigmentation (80% vs. 36.7%, p < 0.001) and atrophy (73.3% vs. 40%, p = 0.009) were more common in the triamcinolone group. No significant difference in pre‐ and post‐treatment VDR receptor expression was observed in either group. Both triamcinolone acetonide and vitamin D were effective for keloids. Triamcinolone was more efficacious, whereas vitamin D was safer, suggesting it as a viable alternative for keloid management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The purpose of this meta‐analysis was to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), fasting blood sugar (FBS), low‐density lipoprotein (LDL), high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and the total vitamin D level in patients with Type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods: A systematic search was conducted in databases such as PubMed (Medline), Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov using relevant keywords from January 1990 to January 2024. After screening and extracting data, a qualitative evaluation of articles was performed using the Cochrane risk‐of‐bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2). Results: The findings revealed that vitamin D supplementation significantly decreased the mean HbA1C (SMD: −0.15; 95% CI: −0.29, −0.20; Isquare: 79.76%; p value < 0.001) and mean FBS (SMD: −0.28; 95% CI: −0.40, −0.15; Isquare: 70.13%; p value < 0.001), lowered SBP (SMD: −0.06; 95% CI: −0.16, −0.05; Isquare: 39.63%; p value = 0.23), and reduced LDL (SMD: −0.11; 95% CI: −0.28, −0.05; Isquare: 73.66%; p value < 0.001). Furthermore, vitamin D supplementation increased the average HDL (SMD: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.29; Isquare: 79.33%; p value < 0.001) and vitamin D levels (SMD: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.53, 2.04; Isquare: 91.92%; p value < 0.001) in patients with T2DM. Subgroup analyses showed that weight gain, BMI, and duration of the disease could reduce the effect of vitamin D supplementation on diabetes control in affected patients. Conclusion: The results also indicated that taking vitamin D supplements in the amount of 50,000 IU had a significant effect on reducing the indicators related to diabetes control. Based on the combined evidence, the findings of this meta‐analysis suggest that vitamin D supplementation can significantly improve glycemic control and reduce the risk of complications associated with T2DM, especially cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Multigrain bread being nutritionally rich and convenient is one of the popular dietary options these days, particularly among urban dwellers. In this study, the effects of oyster mushroom powder (0–10%) supplementation on the nutritional, antioxidant, physical, textural, microstructural, and sensory attributes of multigrain bread were explored. Results showed a significant (P < 0.05) enhancement in the bread's nutritional profile, with increased levels of protein, fibre, vitamin D, iron, potassium, manganese, and zinc, along with improved antioxidant properties. Microstructural analysis revealed that mushroom powder caused rougher and more inhomogeneous starch granules in the crumb. Although the incorporation of mushroom powder led to denser, harder, and more fragile bread, as indicated by physical and textural changes, sensory evaluation indicated that up to 5% supplementation did not negatively impact consumer acceptability (P > 0.05). These findings suggest that oyster mushroom powder can be a beneficial functional ingredient in multigrain bread, enhancing its nutritional value while maintaining sensory quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Numerous studies have demonstrated a link between epigenetics and CRC. However, there has been no systematic analysis or visualization of relevant publications using bibliometrics. Methods: 839 publications obtained from the Web of Science Core (WoSCC) were systematically analyzed using CiteSpace and VOSviewer software. Results: The results show that the countries, institutions, and authors with the most published articles are the United States, Harvard University, and Ogino and Shuji, respectively. SEPT9 is a blood test for the early detection of colorectal cancer. Vitamin D and gut microbiota mediate colorectal cancer and epigenetics, and probiotics may reduce colorectal cancer-related symptoms. We summarize the specific epigenetic mechanisms of CRC and the current existence and potential epigenetic drugs associated with these mechanisms. It is closely integrated with clinical practice, and the possible research directions and challenges in the future are proposed. Conclusion: This study reviews the current research trends and hotspots in CRC and epigenetics, which can promote the development of this field and provide references for researchers in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mendelian randomization (MR) is a powerful epidemiological method for causal inference. However, its recent surge in popularity has brought two concerning trends. First, the public availability of summary results from genome-wide association studies has led to an explosion of low-quality two-sample mendelian randomization (2SMR) studies. These studies add minimal – if any – value and overwhelm reviewers and journals. Second, the availability of large datasets with individual-level genotype data, like UK Biobank, has spurred the development and use of novel MR methods. However, some methods are being applied without proper testing, leading to misleading results, as exemplified by recent spurious findings that are being retracted and/or corrected relating to vitamin D. What can editors and peer reviewers do to handle the deluge of 2SMR studies and the premature application of highly complex MR methods? We advise editors to simply reject papers that only report 2SMR findings, with no additional supporting evidence. For reviewers receiving such papers, we provide a template for rejection. In addition, reviewers should demand rigorous testing of novel methods, including through the use of positive and negative controls before they are applied. Rejecting non-contributory 2SMR papers and imposing intensive scrutiny to novel methods is crucial if the scientific community is to reclaim MR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Emerging evidence links vitamin D deficiency to oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation, posing ongoing risks to cardiovascular outcomes in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Despite this, current data are lacking regarding the optimal approach or schedule for administering vitamin D in this population. This study investigated the effectiveness of oral weekly versus oral monthly cholecalciferol supplementation on 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels, oxidative stress, inflammatory indicators, and secondary hyperparathyroidism in HD population. HD patients (N = 50) were randomly allocated to Group A (oral weekly 50,000 IU cholecalciferol) or Group B (oral monthly 200,000 IU cholecalciferol) for a 3 months duration. Serum levels of 25(OH)D, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (HsCRP), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) were assessed at baseline and upon completion of the study. Results: A notable increase in serum 25(OH)D levels observed in both groups, with Group A showing a notably greater increase (p = 0.003). Group A demonstrated significant reductions in serum MDA and increases in SOD, along with declines in hsCRP and NLR levels, which were not observed in Group B. Moreover, Group A exhibited a greater drop in iPTH (ΔiPTH = − 30 pg/mL vs. − 3 pg/mL) compared to Group B. Clinicaltrial.gov: NCT05460338, registered 13/07/2022. Conclusions: Weekly oral 50,000 IU cholecalciferol supplementation emerges as a tolerable, safe and effective approach for restoring vitamin D levels in HD patients, while concurrently mitigating inflammation, OS, and secondary hyperparathyroidism. This finding suggests that the more frequent the administration of oral cholecalciferol, the higher the efficiency observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have shown significant associations between individual fat-soluble vitamins (FSVs) and metabolic syndromes (MetS). However, evidence on the multiple FSVs co-exposure and MetS odds is limited. Given that individuals are typically exposed to different levels of FSVs simultaneously, and FSVs can interact with each other. It's necessary to explore the association between multiple FSVs co-exposure and MetS odds. This study aims to address this gap in general U.S. adults aged ≥ 20 years. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANESs) 2003–2006 and 2017–2018. Three FSV, including vitamin A (VA), vitamin E (VE), and vitamin D (VD), and MetS diagnosed according to the ATP III guidelines were selected as exposure and outcome, respectively. Multivariable-adjusted logistic model was used to explore the associations of individual FSV exposure with MetS odds and MetS components. Restricted cubic splines were performed to explore the dose–response relationships among them. The quantile g-computation method was adopted to explore the associations of multiple FSVs co-exposure with MetS odds and MetS components. Results: The presented study included a total of 13,975 individuals, with 2400 (17.17%) were diagnosed with MetS. After adjusting for various confounders, a positive linear pattern was observed for serum VA and VE and MetS associations. Serum VD was found to be negatively associated with MetS in a linear dose–response way. For each component of MetS, higher serum VA and VE were associated with higher triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein; higher serum VD was negatively associated with triglyceride, blood pressure, and fasting plasma glucose. MetS odds increased by 15% and 13%, respectively, in response to one quartile increase in FSVs co-exposure index (qgcomp) in the conditional model (OR = 1.15, 95%CI: 1.06, 1.24) and the marginal structural model (OR = 1.13, 95%CI: 1.06, 1.20). Besides, co-exposure to VA, VE, and VD was positively associated with triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, and blood pressure levels. Conclusion: Findings in the present study revealed that high serum VA and VE levels were associated with elevated MetS odds, while serum VD was inversely associated with MetS odds. FSVs co-exposure was positively associated with MetS odds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and bone metabolism disorders increase with age. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most serious microvascular complications of T2DM, and bone metabolism disorders are closely linked to the occurrence of DKD. The relationship between bone turnover markers(BTMs) and the kidney disease in elderly patients with T2DM remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the association between common BTMs and DKD in a large sample of elderly patients. The goal is to provide a basis for early identification of high-risk individuals for DKD among elderly T2DM patients from a bone metabolism perspective. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, BTMs were collected from a cohort of 2,051 hospitalized Chinese patients. The relationships between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D), β-CrossLaps (β-CTX), osteocalcin (OSTEOC), intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), and total type I collagen N-terminal propeptide (TP1NP), and DKD, as well as urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were analyzed using regression analysis and restrictive cubic spline (RCS) curves. Results: Higher 25-OH-D levels were independently linked to a lower incidence of DKD and decreased UACR. The RCS curves showed a linear association of 25-OH-D and DKD, approaching the L-shape. β-CTX was independently and positively correlated with UACR. There is an independent positive correlation between OSTEOC and UACR and a negative correlation with eGFR. iPTH is independently and positively correlated with DKD incidence and UACR, and negatively correlated with eGFR. Additionally, the RCS curves showed a non-linear association of OSTEOC and iPTH and DKD, approaching the J-shape, and the point of inflection is 10.875 ng/L and 34.15 pg/mL respectively. There is an independent positive correlation between TP1NP and UACR incidence, and a negative correlation with eGFR. Risk estimates significantly increase with higher TP1NP levels in the RCS model. Conclusion: BTMs are closely associated with kidney disease in elderly patients with T2DM. These discoveries potentially assist clinicians in establishing more preventive measures and targeted treatment strategies for elderly patients with T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mitochondria are known to be involved in mediating the calorigenic effects of thyroid hormones. With an abundance of these hormones, alterations in energy metabolism and cellular respiration take place, leading to the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Vitamin D has recently gained attention due to its involvement in the regulation of mitochondrial function, demonstrating promising potential in preserving the integrity and functionality of the mitochondrial network. The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of Vitamin D on cardiac hypertrophy induced by hyperthyroidism, with a focus on the contributions of mitophagy and apoptosis as possible underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods and results: The rats were divided into three groups: control; hyperthyroid; hyperthyroid + Vitamin D. Hyperthyroidism was induced by Levothyroxine administration for four weeks. Serum thyroid hormones levels, myocardial damage markers, cardiac hypertrophy indices, and histological examination were assessed. The assessment of Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and the expression of the related genes were conducted using heart tissue samples. Vitamin D pretreatment exhibited a significant improvement in the hyperthyroidism-induced decline in markers indicative of myocardial damage, oxidative stress, and indices of cardiac hypertrophy. Vitamin D pretreatment also improved the downregulation observed in myocardial expression levels of genes involved in the regulation of mitophagy and apoptosis, including PTEN putative kinase 1 (PINK1), Mitofusin-2 (MFN2), Dynamin-related Protein 1 (DRP1), and B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), induced by hyperthyroidism. Conclusions: These results suggest that supplementation with Vitamin D could be advantageous in preventing the progression of cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) are performed worldwide in the equine industry to produce genetically valuable foals. Among them, ovum pick up (OPU) combined with intra‐cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) can now be more efficient than embryo transfer (ET) under optimal conditions. However, OPU is not a benign procedure for the mare and the process is costly. Improved efficiency is therefore in the interest of everyone, maximizing mare welfare and optimizing economics for the client. One of the key factors of success is the antral follicle count (AFC) at the time of OPU and subsequently the number of oocytes obtained. Variations in AFC are reported between individuals and between geographical areas. This leads to a significant increase in numbers of embryos produced per session in some countries compared to others, independent of the laboratory efficiency. This article revisits the basics of folliculogenesis involved in establishment of the antral follicle population and explores work in other species given the paucity of equine research in this area. The aim of the review is to elucidate interesting areas of further research that could generate essential information for clinicians and clients about the management and selection of the donor mare for OPU and potentially identify pharmacological targets for manipulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractImportanceObjectiveResultsConclusion\nKEY POINTSMany individuals with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) have insufficient or deficient serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] status; however, it is not clear if improved vitamin D nutritional status through higher intake can improve symptom severity and quality of life.This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to identify if changes in vitamin D intake or status affect symptom severity and quality of life in adults with IBS.Data Sources: MEDLINE®, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Global Health, EMBASE, and Web-of-Science databases were systematically searched for relevant articles to August 12, 2024, in the English language.Study Selection: Clinical trials, prospective observational studies, and Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses reporting the effect of vitamin D intake or status on IBS-related outcomes were included.Data Extraction and Synthesis: Article review and data extraction were conducted by 2 authors following the PRISMA guidelines. Random effects meta-analyses and the Nutrition Quality Evaluation Strengthening Tools to assess risk of bias were employed for randomized controlled trials.Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s): Primary outcomes included measures of serum 25(OH)D status, symptom severity, and quality of life.12 studies from 15 articles were included (n = 7 RCTs; n = 3 single-arm interventions; n = 2 MR). Seven study populations had deficient (<20 ng/mL) and three had insufficient (21–29 ng/mL) baseline serum 25(OH)D status. RCTs measured changes in serum 25(OH)D after 6–26 wks with 3,000 IU daily to 50,000 IU bi-weekly vitamin D dosages. Meta-analyses of low risk-of-bias RCTs revealed increased 25(OH)D levels in groups treated with oral vitamin D compared to placebo (n = 5; Pooled mean difference [95% CI]: 20.33 [12.91, 27.74] ng/mL; I2 = 97.9%). Quality of life scores improved significantly in deficient populations (n = 3; 3.19 [2.14, 4.24]; I2 = 0.0%). Non-significant decreased trends in IBS symptom severity were shown across populations (n = 6: −25.89 [-55.26, 3.48]; I2 = 92.8%).Moderate level evidence indicate vitamin D supplementation may improve status in adults with IBS and quality of life in those with deficient status at baseline.Question: Do changes in vitamin D intake or status affect symptom severity and quality of life in adults with irritable bowel syndrome?FindingsIn this systematic review and meta-analysis, moderate level evidence supports vitamin D supplementation for improving serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status in adults with IBS and for increasing quality of life scores in those with deficient status at baseline.Meaning: Vitamin D supplementation may improve quality of life in IBS patients with deficient serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Methods Results Conclusion Although vitamin D deficiency in smokers has a greater risk of low birth weight than vitamin D deficiency or smoking alone, there is no study searching birth weight in vitamin D deficient passive smokers. We evaluated the effect of vitamin D deficiency on birth weight in active and passive smokers. Additionally, we aimed to determine the predictive role of vitamin D for low birth weight in smokers.The study was designed as a retrospective case control study. A total of 210 participants were divided into three groups: active smoking (n = 34), passive smoking (n = 79), and non‐smokers (n = 97). Then passive smokers were divided into two subgroups as vitamin D ≥ 20 ng/mL (n = 23) and vitamin D < 20 ng/mL (n = 56). Sociodemographic, laboratory, and perinatal characteristics were recorded and compared between groups.Birth weight was higher in non‐smokers as compared to active (p < 0.001) and passive (p = 0.001) smokers, and also in passive than active smokers (p = 0.023). In passive smokers, birth weight was lower in vitamin D < 20 ng/mL group (p < 0.001). Vitamin D were correlated with birth weight in all smokers (r = 0.653, p < 0.001), passive (r = 0.624, p < 0.001) and active smokers (r = 0.526, p = 0.001). Vitamin D ≤ 14 ng/mL predicted low birth weight with 100% sensitivity and 53.92% specificity in smokers (area under curve [AUC] = 0.773, p < 0.001), with 100% sensitivity and 63.5% specificity in passive smokers (AUC = 0.759, p < 0.001) while vitamin D ≤ 11 ng/mL predicted with 83.33% sensitivity and 71.43% specificity in active smokers (AUC = 0.774, p = 0.008).Vitamin D deficiency in smokers is associated with low birth weight. Although vitamin D supplementation is not routinely recommended in pregnant women, we suggest that it could be an option in preventing low birth weight in smokers, even passive ones, who do not have adequate dietary intake and have insufficient exposure to daylight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusionsAsthma is a heterogeneous respiratory disease characterized by airway hyper-responsiveness and reversible airflow blockage. There is ongoing debate about the impact of vitamin D on asthma. This research is focused on investigating the correlation between serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and asthma.This cross-sectional study comprised 22,708 eligible participants. Data on asthma and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2018 were analyzed. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were the main factor, with the presence of asthma as the outcome variable. Weighted logistic regression was utilized to investigate the relationship between serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and asthma, while accounting for factors such as age, gender, race, length of time in US, annual family income, education level, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and cholesterol.Upon adjusting all variables in model III, epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 displayed a negative correlation with current asthma at the lower quartile Q1 (0.784, [0.697 to 0.922]), Q2 (0.841, [0.729 to 0.946]), Q3 (0.396, [0.240 to 0.653]) when compared to the highest quartile Q4 level. However, no significant difference was observed between asthma and 25-hydroxyvitamin D2, as well as 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.In the U.S. population, elevated levels of epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 are correlated with an increased risk of developing existing asthma. However, it is important to interpret this finding carefully given the constraints of cross-sectional studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pediatric palliative care (PPC) patients are at an elevated risk of malnutrition. Nutritional inadequacy can also cause micronutrient deficiencies. These factors can lead to weight loss, stunted growth, and poor quality of life. Despite the prevalence of these issues, limited research exists in the micronutrient status of PPC patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the vitamin B12 and D, iron, ferritin, folate, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium levels of PPC patients to contribute to a better understanding of their micronutrient needs as well as the appropriate management of diet and treatment approaches. Methods: This was a single-center observational cross-sectional retrospective study. This study evaluated the levels of vitamin B12, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, iron, ferritin, folate, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in PPC patients. The patients were classified according to the Chronic Complex Conditions (CCC) v2 and then compared. Results: A total of 3,144 micronutrient data points were collected from 822 hospitalizations of 364 patients. At least one micronutrient deficiency was identified in 96.9% of the patients. The most prevalent deficiencies were observed for iron, calcium, and phosphate. In addition, 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency was observed in one-third of patients. Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, folate, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were negatively correlated with age. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that micronutrient deficiencies are highly prevalent in PPC patients. These findings have the potential to contribute to improvements in the nutritional and therapeutic management of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to investigate the preventive effect of vitamin D2 on COVID-19 and the improvement of symptoms after COVID-19 infection. The study recruited 228 health care workers who tested negative PCR or antigen for COVID-19. Subjects were randomly allocated to vitamin D2 or non-intervention at a ratio 1:1. Subjects recorded PCR or antigen tests and the symptoms of COVID-19 twice a week during the follow-up visit. The concentration of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), C-reaction protein (CRP), complement component C1q and inflammatory cytokines were measured. The rates of COVID-19 infection were 50.5% in the vitamin D2 group and 52.4% in the non-intervention group (P = 0.785). There was no difference in the COVID-19 symptoms between the two groups. The mean 25(OH)D level significantly increased from 14.1 to 31.1 ng/mL after administration (P < 0.001). The difference between the two groups was not significant for the concentrations of CRP, C1q and inflammatory cytokines on the thirtieth day of the trial. According to the second level of vitamin D, there was a 14.3% difference in positive infection rates between the vitamin D adequate (> 30 ng/mL) and deficient groups (< 20 ng/mL). Adequate vitamin D had a tendency to prevent COVID-19. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05673980, dated: 12/2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disease with unknown etiology. Poor dietary intake with nutritional deficiency and overweight have been described to increase the risk of IBS. The aim of the present study was to compare weight and circulating levels of micronutrients in IBS compared with healthy controls. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Patients diagnosed with IBS and healthy volunteers were recruited. Participants had to complete a dietary diary book and the questionnaires Rome IV, IBS-severity scoring system (IBS-SSS), and visual analog scale for IBS (VAS-IBS). Weight and height were measured, and blood samples were drawn. C-reactive protein (CRP), cobalamin, folate, iron, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and 25-hydroxy (25-OH) vitamin D were analyzed. Differences were calculated between groups and generalized linear model for regressions was adjusted for false discovery rate (FDR). Results: IBS patients (n = 260) were elder than controls (n = 50) (44.00 (33.25-56.00) vs. 37.85 (30.18–45.48) years; p = 0.012). After adjustment for age, both weight (β: 5.880; 95% CI: 1.433–10.327; p = 0.010, FDR = 0.020) and body mass index (BMI) (β: 2.02; 95% CI: 0.68–3.36; p = 0.003, FDR = 0.012) were higher in patients. Among IBS participants, 48.1% were overweight/obese compared with 26.0% in controls (p = 0.007). Diarrhea-predominated IBS had highest weight (p < 0.001) and BMI (p = 0.077). CRP and cobalamin were higher in patients than controls (p = 0.010 vs. p = 0.007), whereas folate was highest in controls (p = 0.001). IBS patients had lower intake of vegetables (p = 0.026), dairy products (p = 0.004), and cereals (p = 0.010) compared with controls. Despite 21.5% of IBS patients were taking vitamin D supplements, 23.65% of them had vitamin D levels below 50 nmol/L, compared with 26.0% observed in the control group (p = 0.720). Vitamin D levels were lower in overweight than in normal weight IBS patients (60 (48–73) nmol/L vs. 65 (53–78) nmol/L, p = 0.022). Vitamin D correlated with cobalamin and folate but correlated inversely with TIBC and BMI. IBS patients had a high degree of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal symptoms, which were inversely associated with iron levels. Extraintestinal symptoms were associated with increased BMI. Conclusion: IBS patients were often overweight or obese, with low vitamin D levels. High burden of extraintestinal symptoms were associated with overweight and lower iron levels. Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05192603 (Date of registration 11/29/2021) and NCT03306381 (Date of registration 09/18/2017), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims Methods Results Conclusion Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and has been associated with abnormalities of mineral metabolism and vascular calcification. Vitamin D influences parathyroid hormone values and calcium and phosphate metabolism, and may play a role in vascular function and bone health. We aimed to test our hypothesis that vitamin D deficiency is associated with arterial stiffness, aortic calcification and lower bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with CKD.A cross‐sectional analysis was performed using baseline data from the IMpact of Phosphate Reduction On Vascular Endpoints in CKD (IMPROVE‐CKD) study cohort. Clinical and laboratory parameters were compared between those with and without vitamin D deficiency, defined as 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) <50 nmol/L. Univariable and multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to assess associations between serum 25(OH)D levels and pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index (AIx), abdominal aortic calcification (measured by the Agatston score) and lumbar spine BMD.Baseline 25(OHD) values were available in 208 out of 278 IMPROVE‐CKD study participants, with a mean value of 70.1 ± 30.7 nmol/L. Of these, 57 (27%) patients had vitamin D deficiency. Those with 25(OH)D deficiency were more likely to have diabetes (56% vs 38%), cardiovascular disease (54% vs 36%) and lower serum calcium (2.29 ± 0.13 vs 2.34 ± 0.13 mmol/L). On univariable and multivariable regression analyses, baseline 25(OH)D values were not associated with PWV, the AIx, Agatston score or BMD.Baseline 25(OH)D levels were not associated with intermediate markers of vascular function and BMD in patients with CKD stages 3b and 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D deficiency is a global problem, and 13 to 75% of patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty (TJA) have vitamin D deficiency. Several studies have shown that low preoperative vitamin D levels may increase the risk of postoperative complications, including periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), in patients undergoing primary TJA. Most of the studies are underpowered. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and surgical and medical complications after primary TJA, with a specific focus on PJI. Prospectively collected institutional multicenter arthroplasty databases were reviewed to identify patients who underwent primary total knee and hip arthroplasty. The study group was defined as patients whose vitamin D level is < 30 ng/dL and who received a single oral dose of 7.5 mg (300,000 IU) D3 within two weeks before index surgery (n = 488; mean age 63 years). Patients in the control group were those whose preoperative vitamin D levels were unknown and who did not receive vitamin D supplementation (n = 592, mean age 66). The groups were compared regarding 90-day medical and surgical complications, including PJI, mortality, and readmission rates. The total number of complications (8.6 and 4.3%; respectively; P =.005), superficial wound infection (2.5 and 0.2%, respectively; P <.001), and postoperative cellulitis (2.2 and 0% respectively; P <.001) were statistically significantly higher in the patient group who did not receive vitamin D supplementation. However, 90-day mortality (P =.524), PJI (P =.23), and readmission rate (P =.683) were similar between the groups. This study demonstrated that preoperative optimization of vitamin D levels may be beneficial in reducing postoperative complications, including superficial wound infection and postoperative cellulitis. Administering an oral 300,000 U single-dose vitamin D regimen to correct vitamin D deficiency can positively impact outcomes following primary TJA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The moral imperative of public health systems is to maximize the health and welfare of the population to the extent possible. Constraints often include a lack of resources, political will, popular acceptance, or an acceptable safety margin. Major agencies have established iron, iodine, and vitamin A as the principal elements for micronutrients, with folate and zinc on the second plane. As the armamentarium of interventions to favor micronutrient nutrition, for example, preventive health measures, dietary improvement, forms of fortification, and nutrient supplements, is offered in public health policy. The utility of their merger with other nutrients, emergent nutrients, has been considered. The Latin America and Caribbean Region has unique characteristics. The scientific and epidemiology considerations for action in the Region's health concern on 4 emergent nutrient deficiencies of public health—vitamins D and E, essential fatty acids, and choline—are reviewed. Plain language title: Micronutrient Deficiencies of Interest in Latin America and the Caribbean Plain language summary: The diets consumed in the diverse corners and societies in the nations of Latin America and the Caribbean area do not fully supply the vitamins and minerals needed by people of all ages and conditions. Some public health actions are being taken, but only against a limited selection of such nutrients as iron, vitamin A, iodine, and folic acid. The composition of diets and environmental conditions across the region suggests that 4 additional nutrients might be candidates for public health efforts. These include vitamin D, vitamin E, certain large fatty acid molecules, and choline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Micronutrients play pivotal roles in modulating various aspects of the immune response. However, the existing literature on the association between micronutrients and autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) remains limited and contentious. To address this gap, we conducted Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate potential links between genetically predicted concentrations of six micronutrients (Copper (Cu), Iron (Ir), Calcium (Ca), Vitamin D (VD), Vitamin C (VC), Zinc (Zn)) and the risk of AIT. Method: Utilizing summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in individuals of European descent, we employed MR methodologies to elucidate the interplay between micronutrients and AIT. Three distinct MR techniques were employed: Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW), MR-Egger regression, and Weighted Median Estimator (WME). Additionally, we evaluated outcome heterogeneity using Cochran’s Q statistic and assessed pleiotropy using the MR-Egger intercept. Result: IVW analysis revealed no substantial evidence supporting a significant impact of genetically predicted micronutrient concentrations on AIT risk (Cu: OR = 0.918, P = 0.875; Ir: OR = 0.653, P = 0.264; Ca: OR = 0.964, P = 0.906; VD: OR = 0.717, P = 0.378; VC: OR = 0.986, P = 0.875; Zn: OR = 0.789, P = 0.539). Cochran’s Q test for IVW indicated no notable heterogeneity. Moreover, the MREgger intercept method suggested the presence of horizontal pleiotropy between serum VC levels and AIT (MR-Egger intercept = −0.037, p = 0.026), while no such pleiotropy was observed for other micronutrients. Conclusion: Our MR analysis does not support a causal relationship between genetically predicted concentrations of six micronutrients (Cu, Ir, Ca, VD, VC, and Zn) and the risk of AIT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naturally occurring diabetes mellitus (NODM) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in dogs and its etiology closely resembles type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in people. Human patients with T1DM commonly have cellular derangements consistent with inflammation, impaired immune function, and hypovitaminosis D. There is little information available regarding inflammatory biomarkers, immune function, and vitamin D status in diabetic dogs. Therefore, our objectives were to assess inflammatory biomarkers, vitamin D metabolites, and phagocytic capacity in diabetic dogs and determine whether associations exist with these variables and the level of clinical control or vitamin D metabolites. This was a prospective case--control study that included 20 otherwise healthy diabetic dogs (clinically controlled, n = 10; uncontrolled, n = 10) and 20 nondiabetic, healthy, age (± 2 years), breed, and sex matched controls. Complete blood count, biochemical panel, urinalysis, and fructosamine were performed at a single commercial reference laboratory. Basal plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were measured using a canine-specific multiplex bead-based assay. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured using a commercially available ELISA kit. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin (OH)D3 and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin (OH)2D3 were measured with HPLC. Phagocytosis of opsonized-Escherichia coli (E. coli) was evaluated with flow cytometry. Diabetic dogs had higher serum CRP concentrations than controls (p = 0.02). Plasma IL-8 concentrations were higher in diabetic dogs with uncontrolled clinical disease compared to controls (p = 0.02). Diabetic dogs had a lower percentage of leukocytes that phagocytized opsonized-E. coli (p = 0.02), but an increased number of bacteria phagocytized per cell (p < 0.001) compared to controls. No between-group differences were identified in vitamin D metabolites, nor were associations found between vitamin D and any variables. Fructosamine had a positive association with serum CRP concentration (rho = 0.35, p = 0.03) and number of bacteria phagocytized per cell (rho = 0.45, p = 0.004) in our cohort (n = 40). Like people with T1DM, diabetic dogs have a proinflammatory phenotype and phagocytic dysregulation that may be correlated with glycemic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes Mellitus Type II (DM-II) and periodontitis are interlinked chronic conditions with complex pathophysiological mechanisms. Micronutrient deficiencies have been implicated in both conditions, but the evaluation of their serum profile in individuals with DM-II and periodontitis remains underexplored. Understanding the micronutrient status in these populations could provide valuable insights into their nutritional needs and potential therapeutic interventions. Materials and Methods: Serum samples were collected from DM-II patients with periodontitis (n=50), healthy individuals with periodontitis (n=50), and healthy controls without periodontitis (n=50). Micronutrient analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to quantify levels of vitamins (e.g., A, C, D, E), minerals (e.g., zinc, iron, magnesium), and antioxidants (e.g., selenium, glutathione). Statistical analysis was conducted using ANOVA and post-hoc tests to compare micronutrient levels among the groups. Results: In DM-II patients with periodontitis, serum levels of vitamin C were significantly lower (p < 0.05) compared to both healthy individuals with periodontitis and healthy controls without periodontitis. Similarly, levels of vitamin D and zinc were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in DM-II patients with periodontitis compared to healthy controls without periodontitis. However, no significant differences were observed in the levels of other micronutrients among the groups. Conclusion: This study highlights distinct alterations in the serum micronutrient profile of DM-II patients with periodontitis, particularly lower levels of vitamin C, D, and zinc. These findings suggest the importance of nutritional interventions targeting these deficiencies in managing the comorbidity of DMII and periodontitis. Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanistic links between micronutrient status and the pathogenesis of these chronic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Latin American countries have shifted from traditional diets rich in micronutrients to a Westernized diet rich in high energy-dense foods and low in micronutrients. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of adequate micronutrient intakes in urban populations of 8 Latin American countries. Method: Micronutrient dietary intake data were collected from September 2014 to August 2015 from 9216 men and women aged 15.0 to 65.0 years living in urban populations of 8 Latin American countries. Dietary intake was collected using two 24-hour recalls on nonconsecutive days. Micronutrient adequacy of intake was calculated using the Estimated Average Requirement cut-off method. Results: In general terms, the prevalence of inadequate intake of thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, folate, cobalamin, iron, phosphorus, copper, and selenium ranged from 0.4% to 9.9%. In contrast, the prevalence of inadequacy of pyridoxine, zinc, vitamin C, and vitamin A ranged from 15.7% to 51.5%. The nutrients with a critical prevalence of inadequacy were magnesium (80.5%), calcium (85.7%), and vitamin D (98.2%). The highest prevalence of inadequate intakes was observed in the low educational level, participants with overweight/obesity, in men, and varies according to socioeconomic status. Conclusions: There is an urgent need to define direct regional actions and strategies in Latin America aimed at improving micronutrient adequacy, either through staple food fortification programs, agronomic biofortification, or food policies that facilitate economic access to micronutrient-rich foods. Plain language title: Description of the Vitamin and Mineral Consumption Status in Urban Cities of Latin America: Results of the Latin American Health and Nutrition Study. Plain language summary: Vitamins and minerals are essential for maintaining good health. However, traditional Latin American diets are changing to include foods that have a lot of sugar and fat but fewer vitamins and minerals. This study was designed to analyze the consumption of these nutrients in urban cities of 8 Latin American countries. We collected food consumption information from September 2014 to August 2015 from 9216 men and women between 15 and 65 years old using a method called 24-hour recall. To find out if participants were consuming the necessary daily amounts of vitamins and minerals, intakes were compared with the daily recommended amounts suggested by the Institutes of Medicine of the United States. We found that Latin American urban populations consume fewer vitamins and minerals than recommended. In some cases, few people do not consume the required amounts of vitamins and minerals, but in other cases, many do not. For example, few do not consume enough thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, folate, cobalamin, iron, phosphorus, copper, and selenium. However an intermediate number of people do not consume enough pyridoxine and zinc, a high number consume little vitamin C and vitamin A, and many people consume very little magnesium, calcium, and vitamin D. We found that the people who consume fewer vitamins and minerals are mostly males, overweight/obese, have lower education and varies according to their financial resources. A deficient intake of vitamins and minerals showed up in most age groups, from adolescence to adulthood. To improve vitamins and minerals intake, it is important that some foods that are frequently eaten are fortified or that the price of foods that are high in vitamins and minerals is lowered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Previous studies have reported that TB susceptibility can be caused by vitamin D deficiency, which is affected by polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene. However, these results have been inconsistent. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to investigate the association between VDR polymorphisms and TB susceptibility. Methods: We systematically searched for relevant literature in PubMed, Embase, and Medline databases through December 31st, 2022. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were made to ensure that HIV-negative population is the targeted subjects. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were then used to assess the strength of the association, and the quality of the included articles was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Potential sources of heterogeneity were evaluated based on subgroup and meta-regression analyses. Results: In our meta-analysis, we found that the FokI polymorphism in the VDR gene was associated with increased TB susceptibility in the allele and recessive genotype models (OR f vs. F = 1.235, 95%CI: 1.035-1.475; OR ff vs. Ff + FF = 1.317, 95%CI: 1.00-1.727. Further subgroup analysis based on ethnicity demonstrated the association with the risk of TB in all genotype models of the FokI polymorphism for Han population. Meta-regression analysis also indicated that ethnicity could be a potential source of heterogeneity in the FokI and BsmI polymorphisms in the VDR gene. However, publication year was another source of heterogeneity for the TaqI polymorphism. Conclusion: In summary, the FokI polymorphism in the VDR gene was found to increase the risk of TB in the HIV-negative population, both overall and in Asian populations. The findings presented in this paper could provide clues for preventing TB from the perspective of vitamin D supplementation, which is a controversial topic in the field of medicine and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The structural, electronic, and nonlinear optical properties of Verdoocridone A (Ver A) and B (Ver B) are examined theoretically in this study. The results showed that Ver A and B exhibit good electronic properties and can be used as new materials in NLO applications. According to their maximum absorption wavelength, Ver A (λmax = 313 nm) enables production of vitamin D, while Ver B (λmax = 319.55 nm) can help skin pigmentation. Methods: All calculations were performed at the DFT/B3LYP-D3/6–311 + G(d,p) level of theory using the Gaussian 16 software package. Excited states were simulated using the TD-DFT method at the CAM-B3LYP combined with 6–311 + (d,p) basis set. Also, the solvent effect was studied in water and benzene phases by the solvation model based on density (SMD) method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alopecia Areata (AA) is an autoimmune disease that targets hair follicles and is driven by T cells specific to that organ. As it was found that the lack of expression of VDRs is associated with reduced hair follicle growth and epidermal differentiation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intralesional vitamin D and to assess it by the dermoscope. Methods: This study is A clinical trial study that included 20 patients with alopecia areata, who received intralesional injection of vitamin D (an aqueous preparation of cholecalciferol (Devarol ampule 200000iu/2ml, Memphis, Egypt) (2.5mg/ml) the maximum total amount of Vitamin D3 injected in every session was 1.25mg (0.5ml).Treatment of alopecia areata was done according to the study protocol and the patients were evaluated at initial Visit, every 2 weeks during treatment sessions and 3 months after completion of therapy. Results: There was no statistical significance change in SALT score among our group patients post treatment compared to pretreatment, regarding clinical response there was 10% of cases (2 patients) shows hair regrowth by >25% (A2) and majority of patients 75% (15 patients) shows minimal hair regrowth by < 25% (A1), 15% of cases (3 patients) showed no improvement at all, there was erythema, itching and pain assessed among study cases (20%, 15% and 15% respectively). Atrophy and telangiectasia were found among 5% in cases. Conclusions: Intralesional Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) is a mild effective treatment of Alopecia Areata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article by Thomson and colleagues ([1]), the authors identified an error in the description of the calcium dose in the abstract and first paragraph and under Randomization and Interventions in the Methods section. In the abstract and Methods section, the text reads "1000 mg of calcium carbonate (400 mg of elemental calcium)." In the first paragraph, the text reads "(1000 mg of calcium [400 mg of elemental calcium])." It should read "1000 mg of elemental calcium as calcium carbonate." The text has been corrected in all places. [Extracted from the article]

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)—and its worse form, metabolic-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), characterised by inflammation and liver damage—corresponds to the liver's involvement in metabolic syndrome, which constitutes an economic burden for healthcare systems. However, the biomolecular pathways that contribute to steatotic liver disease are not completely clear. Abnormalities of bone metabolism are frequent in people affected by metabolic liver disease, with reduced bone density and an increased risk of fracture. Receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK), receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin(OPG) are critical regulators of bone metabolism, performing pleiotropic effects, and may have potential involvement in metabolic disorders like MASLD, resulting in a topic of great interest and intrigue. This narrative review aims to investigate this potential role and its implications in MASLD development and progression and in hepatocellular carcinoma, which represents its worst complication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To update the prevalence of male and female athlete Triad risk factors in ultramarathon runners and present exploratory analyses examining correlations between bone mineral density (BMD) and hormones. Design: Multiyear cross-sectional study. Setting: Western States Endurance Run 100-mile race. Participants: Participants were recruited in 2018 and 2019 for our prior cohort. We added an additional cohort in 2021. Assessment of Risk Factors: Participants completed laboratory evaluations of sex hormones, vitamin D, and ferritin (2019 and 2021 cohorts only); dual energy x-ray absorptiometry; and surveys evaluating nutritional habits, menstrual history, and injury history. Main Outcome Measures: The Triad cumulative risk assessment was assessed for each participant. Results: One hundred seventy-nine runners participated (123 men and 56 women). 61.1% of women and 28.1% of men were at moderate or high cumulative risk for the Triad. In women, there were significant correlations between hip and femoral neck BMD and total testosterone (Spearman correlation coefficient r 5 0.58, P 5 0.001; r 5 0.45, P50.01). In men, there were weak, significant correlations (r50.24-0.30, P50.01-0.04) between estradiol and vitamin D at most anatomic sites. Conclusions: Our results build on our prior CJSM publication. With the addition of about 50% more study participants in 2021, we observed a stable, high prevalence of Triad risk factors, which represents a more precise measurement and highlights the need for future Triad research in the ultramarathon population. We found significant exploratory associations between hormones and BMD, which varied considerably from our prior publication and should be interpreted cautiously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the association of vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP) gene polymorphisms, vitamin D levels, and the severity of COVID-19, including the need for intensive care unit (ICU) hospitalization. We analyzed a cohort of 56 consecutive age- and gender-matched adult COVID-19-positive patients and categorized them into three groups: outpatients with mild illness, inpatients with moderate disease, and ICU patients. We measured levels of free, total, and bioavailable 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], VDBP, and albumin. VDBP polymorphisms rs5488 and rs7041 were identified using real-time PCR. A significant proportion of ICU patients were vitamin D-deficient (56.25%) compared to outpatients (10%) and inpatients (5%) (p = 0.0003). ICU patients also had notably lower levels of VDBP (median: 222 mg/L) and total 25(OH)D (median: 18.8 ng/mL). Most patients carried heterozygous rs7041 (60.7%) and wild-type rs4588 (58.9%) genotypes. The distribution of rs7041 SNP varied significantly among groups (p = 0.0301), while rs4588 SNP distribution did not (p = 0.424). Heterozygous rs4588 patients had significantly lower VDBP levels (p = 0.029) and reduced bioavailable 25(OH)D compared to those with wild-type rs4588 (p = 0.020). Our findings indicate that VDBP gene polymorphisms, particularly rs7041 and rs4588, are associated with vitamin D status and the severity of COVID-19. The lower VDBP levels and bioavailable vitamin D in ICU patients suggest that these genetic variants may influence disease severity and hospitalization needs. These results highlight the potential role of VDBP polymorphisms in COVID-19 severity, suggesting that genetic screening could be valuable in assessing the risk of severe outcomes and guiding personalized treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder in the intestines without a cure. Current therapies suppress inflammation to prevent further intestinal damage. However, healing already damaged intestinal epithelia is still an unmet medical need. Under physiological conditions, Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells (ISCs) in the intestinal crypts replenish the epithelia every 3–5 days. Therefore, understanding the regulation of Lgr5+ ISCs is essential. Previous data suggest vitamin D signaling is essential to maintain normal Lgr5+ ISC function in vivo. Our recent data indicate that to execute its functions in the intestines optimally, 1,25(OH)2D requires high concentrations that, if present systemically, can cause hypercalcemia (i.e., blood calcium levels significantly higher than physiological levels), leading to severe consequences. Using 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to label the actively proliferating ISCs, our previous data suggested that de novo synthesized locally high 1,25(OH)2D concentrations effectively enhanced the migration and differentiation of ISCs without causing hypercalcemia. However, although sparse in the crypts, other proliferating cells other than Lgr5+ ISCs could also be labeled with BrdU. This current study used high-purity Lgr5+ ISC lines and a mouse strain, in which Lgr5+ ISCs and their progeny could be specifically tracked, to investigate the effects of de novo synthesized locally high 1,25(OH)2D concentrations on Lgr5+ ISC function. Our data showed that 1,25(OH)2D at concentrations significantly higher than physiological levels augmented Lgr5+ ISC differentiation in vitro. In vivo, de novo synthesized locally high 1,25(OH)2D concentrations significantly elevated local 1α-hydroxylase expression, robustly suppressed experimental colitis, and promoted Lgr5+ ISC differentiation. For the first time, this study definitively demonstrated 1,25(OH)2D's role in Lgr5+ ISCs, underpinning 1,25(OH)2D's promise in IBD therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Vitamin D deficiency is claimed to be associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. Here, we aimed to compare adverse maternal outcomes according to vitamin D levels and determine the predictive role of firsttrimester vitamin D for adverse maternal outcomes in patients not receiving vitamin D supplementation. Methods: This study was designed as a retrospective study. A total of 232 patients were divided into three groups: vitamin D deficient (n=127), vitamin D insufficient (n=57), and vitamin D sufficient group (n=48). Then, the vitamin D deficiency group was divided into severe (n=72) and mild (n=55) vitamin D deficiency. Sociodemographic characteristics, first-trimester vitamin D levels, and adverse maternal outcomes such as gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, preterm birth, and intrauterine growth restriction were compared between the groups. The predictive role of first-trimester vitamin D levels for adverse maternal outcomes was evaluated by ROC analysis. Results: Gestational diabetes was more common in the vitamin D deficient group than in the vitamin D insufficient group (P=0.024). However, preeclampsia, preterm delivery, and composite adverse outcomes were more common in the vitamin D deficient group than in the vitamin D sufficient group (P=0.044, P=0.008, and P=0.023, respectively). There was no difference in maternal outcomes between the mild and severe vitamin D deficiency groups. First-trimester vitamin D levels =19 ng/mL predicted adverse outcomes with 73.2% sensitivity and 49.2% specificity (AUC=0.630, P=0.006). Conclusions: We recommend screening vitamin D levels in the first trimester, especially in high-risk groups, due to the increased incidence of adverse outcomes. We believe that more research is needed to clarify the relationship between vitamin D and adverse outcomes and the effect of supplementation on these outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted on 70 blood samples, which were divided into two parts: • Patient group: 35 samples were from patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. • Control group (healthy women): 35 samples were from healthy women (as a control group). The ages of both groups ranged between (18-45) years for the period from 4/1/2024 - 6/1/2024. From Samarra General Hospital in Salah al-Din Governorate, blood was then collected from patients and healthy people and separated using a centrifuge. Then biochemical variables were measured, which included (glucose, LH, FSH, iron, magnesium, and vitamin D). The results of the current research showed a significant increase in each of the levels (glucose, LH, iron, and magnesium). In the blood serum of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome compared with the control group, there was a significant decrease in the level of (Vit D, FSH) in both groups at its level, probability P ≤ 0.001. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thyroid disorders, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease, are prevalent endocrine disorders with significant global health impacts. Emerging evidence suggests that vitamin D, known for its role in bone health and calcium metabolism, may also influence immune function and thyroid health. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in improving thyroid function and reducing autoimmune activity in individuals with thyroid disorders. Methods: This double-blind, randomized controlled trial (RCT) involved 200 participants diagnosed with thyroid disorders, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and AITDs. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either vitamin D supplementation (50,000 IU/week for 8 weeks, followed by 2,000 IU/day for 10 months) or a placebo for 12 months. Primary outcomes included changes in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels, thyroid function tests (TSH, Free T4, Free T3), and thyroid autoantibodies (anti-TPO, antiTG). Secondary outcomes included improvements in clinical symptoms and quality of life. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Results: Participants in the intervention group exhibited a significant increase in serum 25(OH)D levels (from 18.5 ± 4.3 ng/mL to 35.2 ± 6.2 ng/mL, p < 0.001). This increase was associated with significant reductions in TSH levels (-1.2 ± 0.8 mIU/L, p < 0.001) and thyroid autoantibodies (anti-TPO: -30 ± 12 IU/mL, p < 0.001; anti-TG: -25 ± 10 IU/mL, p < 0.001). Improvements in Free T4 and Free T3 levels were also observed in the intervention group (p < 0.001). The control group showed no significant changes in these parameters. Participants in the intervention group reported greater improvement in clinical symptoms and quality of life. Conclusion: Vitamin D supplementation significantly improves thyroid function and reduces autoimmune activity in individuals with thyroid disorders, particularly those with hypothyroidism and AITDs. These findings suggest that vitamin D may serve as an effective adjunctive therapy in managing thyroid disorders. Further research is needed to confirm these results and explore the long-term benefits of vitamin D supplementation in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background : Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Emerging evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency and adipokines like vaspin play significant roles in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. However, the relationship between serum vitamin D levels, vaspin levels, and AMI remains poorly understood. Aim and Objectives : To evaluate and compare serum vitamin D and vaspin levels in patients with AMI and healthy individuals. Materials and Method : This cross-sectional study involved 100 participants, divided into two groups: 50 patients diagnosed with AMI and 50 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Serum levels of vitamin D and vaspin were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques. Clinical and demographic data were collected and analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed to compare serum levels between the two groups and to evaluate the correlation between vitamin D and vaspin levels. Results : The results showed that serum vitamin D levels were significantly lower in AMI patients compared to controls (p<0.05). Conversely, serum vaspin levels were significantly higher in the AMI group (p<0.05). Conclusion : The study concludes that lower vitamin D levels and elevated vaspin levels are associated with AMI. These biomarkers may serve as potential predictors for the risk and severity of AMI, offering new insights into the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets for cardiovascular disease management. Further research is warranted to explore the underlying mechanisms and clinical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Severe allergic rhinitis has been associated with significant impairments in quality of life, sleep, and work performance. Recent evidence suggests that serum vitamin D3 has significantly correlated with the severity of allergic rhinitis (AR). Aim: The objective of the study was to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation has any role to reduce the severity of disease spectrum among allergic rhinitis patients. Material & Methods: This prospective observational study was carried out in the department of otorhinolaryngology in a tertiary care hospital. 120 subjects with allergic rhinitis were evaluated for serum vitamin D levels. Pre-treatment total nasal symptom score (TNSS) were recorded for these patients. One group received anti-allergic while another group received vitamin D supplementation along with anti-allergic treatment. Post treatment TNSS scores and AR severity were calculated and analysed. Results: Majority of the patients (35%) were 31-40 years age group, predominantly female (55.8%). Most of them (51.7%) were vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/dl). The vitamin D deficiency was more pronounced in the patients having severe allergic rhinitis with TNSS > 11 were having mean vitamin D level 17.2 ng/ml. TNSS were significantly improved after successful vitamin D supplementation among allergic rhinitis patients (p<0.05). Conclusion: patients with allergic rhinitis might be more vulnerable to have lower serum levels of vitamin D. Thus, significant reduction in the allergy symptom scores after vitamin D supplementation which alters the course of disease towards clinical improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: Determine the vitamin D levels in children of already diagnosed case of allergies in age group of 2 to 10 years. • To determine the correlation between vitamin D status and allergies in children of age group of 2 to 10years. Materials & Method: It is a crosssectional study. The subjects were recruited from BEBE NANKI MOTHER & Child Care Center attached to government medical college Amritsar. 200 subjects in age group of 2 to 10 years diagnosed with allergies were included. Patients with age group less than 2years & more than 10years& those on drugs like rifampicin, isoniazid, ketoconazole were excluded from study. 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25{OH}D) was analysed from enzyme linked immunoassay in human serum or plasma. Informed written consent was obtained from the subjects from the institution before commencing the study. The results were analysed statistically using student “t” test. Results: All the data is expressed as mean ±SD The ‘Pvalue was evaluated which suggested a negative association between vitamin D status and Allergies in children. Conclusion: The present study suggested that there is negative association between vitamin D status and allergies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the effect of UVB application on different mushrooms and their antioxidant properties and compare their properties with pure vitamins D2 and D3. In the study, as without UVB, with medium UVB and with high UVB, respectively; 3 ethanol extracts each from White button (E1, E2 and E3), Shiitake (E4, E5 and E6) and King oyster mushroom (E7, E8 and E9) were prepared. The antioxidant activities of the samples were compared with pure vitamin D2 and D3 solutions using DPPH, FRAP, and CUPRAC methods. The results show that vitamins D2 (0.277 mMFeSO4/mg extract) and D3 (0.380 mMFeSO4/mg extract) had the highest FRAP values. In mushroom species, it was determined that E3 (0.216 mMFeSO4/mg extract) and E9 (0.273 mMFeSO4/mg extract) mushroom extracts showed higher activity. Similarly, it was detected that vitamins D2 (0.609 mMrolox equivalent/mg extract) and D3 (1.149 mMrolox equivalent/mg extract) had the highest CUPRAC values. In mushroom species, E3 (0.324 mMrolox equivalent/mg extract) and E9 (0.292 mMrolox equivalent/mg extract) extracts had the highest CUPRAC values. According to the DPPH experiment, E6 (IC50:0.386 mg/ml) and E9 (IC50:0.411mg/ml) extracts showed stronger free radical scavenging activity compared to other extracts, while vitamin D forms showed lower activity than mushroom extracts. Ultimately, it was concluded that the antioxidant properties of mushrooms were positively influenced by the application of UVB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Serum Vitamin D plays an important role in sepsis; lack of Vitamin D has been linked to a higher risk for the progression of infections, as it signifies an immune system mediator. Aims and Objectives: In this study, our aim is to evaluate the correlation between serum levels of Vitamin D and clinical outcome in sepsis patients. Materials and Methods: The present prospective cohort study was performed on patients over 18 years of age suspected of sepsis presenting to an emergency department during 1 year. For all eligible patients, the blood sample was drawn for the measurement of serum level of Vitamin D3, and its correlation with outcomes such as mortality, renal failure, and liver failure was assessed. Results: One hundred and sixty patients with a mean age of 48.5±20.587 years were studied (60.0% males). The mean serum level of Vitamin D3 in the studied patients was 32.0±12.54 ng/mL. By considering 30-100 ng/mL as the normal range of Vitamin D, 70% of the patients had Vitamin D deficiency. Only age (r=-0.261, P=0.037) and mortality (r=-0.426, P=0.025) showed a significant correlation with mean Vitamin D. Conclusion: Based on the result of this study, out of 160 patients, 61.25% of patients with sepsis are Vitamin D deficient. There is a significant and inverse relationship between mortality and advanced age which were associated with serum Vitamin D3 levels. Hence, supplementing with Vitamin D appears to have potential benefits in reducing infection rates, sepsis-related deaths, and infection prevalence, particularly in the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic disorder characterized by widespread pain associated with fatigue, stiffness, sleep disturbance, cognitive dysfunction, anxiety, and depression. The role of Vitamin D in the pathophysiology of FM is poorly known. Studies available to establish the association between Vitamin D and FM have inconsistent results. Some of the studies reported a positive association and others found no relation. It is not clear whether the pain is due to and/or associated with low levels of Vitamin D. Aims and Objectives: The objective of the current study is to estimate Vitamin D levels in FM patients and to find the association between Vitamin D levels and severity of FM. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, seventy patients who fulfilled the inclusion (American College of Rheumatology 2016 criteria) and exclusion criteria as has been considered for the study were enrolled and their serum 25 hydroxy-vitamin D level has been measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reader. Pre-designed questionnaires were prepared to measure FM severity. Pain intensity was measured by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Results: A total of 70 patients who were diagnosed with FM were included in our study. The majority of them (80%) were female and the rest (20%) were male. The mean age is 48.2±9.2 years. Their mean body mass index (BMI) is 23.7±3.82. The mean Vitamin D serum level was 22.4±9.2 ng/dL. Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) was defined as patients with a serum level of 20 ng/mL and below. In our study, 62.8% (44) of the study population had VDD. According to VAS (0-10) pain scale, 15 (21.4%) subjects suffered from moderate pain and 55 (78.6%) subjects suffered from severe pain. The severity of FM was measured by the Fibromyalgia Severity Scale (FSS). The mean score of FSS was 22.7. To find the association between VDD and severity of FM, several covariates were identified and a multivariable logistic regression was done. Conclusion: VDD increases with an increase in age, BMI, VAS, and FSS, all of which are predicators of FM syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory results are increasingly interpreted against common reference intervals (CRIs), published clinical decision limits, or previous results for the same patient performed at different laboratories. However, there are no established systems to determine whether current analytical performance justifies these interpretations. We analysed data from a likely commutable external quality assurance program (EQA) to assess these interpretations. The use of CRIs was assessed by evaluating instrument group medians against minimum specifications for bias. The use of clinical decision limits was assessed using specifications from professional bodies, and the monitoring of patients by testing at different laboratories was assessed by comparing all-laboratory imprecision to within-subject biological variation. Five of the 18 analytes with Australasian CRIs did not meet specification for all instrument groups. Among these, calcium and magnesium failed for one instrument group out of seven, while bicarbonate, chloride, and lipase failed for two instrument groups. Of the 18 analytes reviewed currently without CRIs in Australasia, 10 candidates were identified. Among analytes with clinical decision limits, i.e. lipids, glucose, and vitamin D, only triglycerides met both bias and imprecision specifications, while vitamin D met the imprecision specification. Monitoring patients by testing at different laboratories was supported for 15 of the 46 (33 %) analyte-method principles groups that met minimum imprecision specifications. Analysis of data from commutable EQA programs can provide a mechanism for monitoring whether analytical performance justifies the interpretations made in contemporary laboratory practice. EQA providers should establish systems for routinely providing this information to the laboratory community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Vitamin D deficiency is a common public health issue worldwide. The purpose of this study was to investigate the vitamin D status and its potential determinants in children residing in Sardinia (40°N), Italy. Methods: Children were enrolled over a 12-month period. Serum 25(OH)D was measured by an immunochemiluminescence assay. A questionnaire was used to gather information on other variables, including passive smoke exposure. Results: A total of 182 children (males: 51.7%; median age: 9 years) were included. Mean±standard deviation serum 25(OH)D was 25.2±8.3 ng/mL for the whole group. The majority (n=123, 67.6%) had vitamin D sufficient values >20 ng/mL, while 32.4% (n=59) had vitamin D insufficient/deficient values (≤20 ng/mL). Among the variables investigated, passive smoke exposure was significantly associated with insufficient 25(OH)D levels (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Our results confirm that hypovitaminosis D is common in Italian children. Furthermore, passive smoke exposure was identified as a significant risk factor for hypovitaminosis D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study aims to determine the vaccination status of children and evaluate the relationship between vaccination rates, vaccine attitudes, and some parental health practices. Design and Methods: This cross‐sectional study was conducted with 674 mothers. Data were collected using a survey evaluating vaccine characteristics, some infant health practices, and The Public Attitude Toward Vaccination Scale—Health Belief Model. Chi‐square test, independent samples t‐test, and logistic regression analysis were used. Results: 80.2% of children were fully vaccinated. The rate of non or under‐vaccination was higher in the group that did not regularly undergo follow‐up for 0–2‐year‐old children, did not fully have health screenings, did not use vitamin D and iron supplements, and used alternative medicine. Moreover, the duration of breast milk feeding, the transition to supplementary food, and the duration of vitamin D use in the non‐fully vaccinated group were lower than in the fully vaccinated group (p <.05). The increase in maternal education period and severity and benefit attitude scores of vaccine attitude were the factors that decreased the rate of non‐fully vaccination. The increase in barrier scores toward vaccines increased the rate of non or under‐vaccination. Conclusion: Mothers who have negative attitudes toward vaccination have negative behaviors in health practices and screenings on infant/child health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of vitamin A (VA) on the tibial growth, calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) metabolism, VA, and vitamin D (VD) deposition, and associated gene expression in goslings. Methods: A total of 180 healthy, 1-day-old male goslings were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups (0, 9,000, and 15,000 IU VA/kg), with 6 replicates containing 10 goslings each. They were weighed and sampled on days 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70. Results: No addition of VA reduced VA content in the serum and liver of goslings, and supplementation of 15,000 IU/kg VA increased VA content from day 14 (p<0.05). The trend of VA concentration in the serum and liver was in line with the relative mRNA expression of retinoic acid receptor β in the jejunal mucosa. In both no addition of VA and supplementation of 15,000 IU/kg VA reduced 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-VD3) content in the serum and VD content in the liver (p<0.05). From day 28, no addition of VA or supplementation of 15,000 IU/kg VA had a negative effect on tibia length, strength, and Ca, P, and ash content in goslings (p<0.05). Tibia P content was lower in the supplementation of 15,000 IU/kg VA group than in the no addition of VA group (p<0.05). No addition of VA or supplementation of 15,000 IU/kg VA had the most effect on early serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in goslings (p<0.05). The effect of no addition of VA on the bone Gla protein (BGP) content of goslings started from day 14 (p<0.05). The relative mRNA expression of bone Gla-protein (BGLAP) and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) in the liver and jejunal mucosa was decreased by either no addition of VA or supplementation of 15,000 IU/kg VA (p<0.05). Conclusion: Both no addition of VA and supplementation of 15,000 IU/kg VA affected the mineralization process of the bone, and ultimately reduced tibial quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging evidence has reported that acute lung injury (ALI), characterized by inflammation and oxidative stress in airway epithelium, is regulated by programmed cell death. Ferroptosis, a regulated form of cell death spurred by uncontrolled lipid peroxidation, has been proven to implicate various diseases. Inhibiting ferroptosis represents a feasible strategy for ALI through the suppression of lipid peroxidation, while the mechanism remains to be further elucidated. Here, we identified Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) as a negative regulator of airway epithelium ferroptosis during ALI. SQSTM1 knockdown cells manifested higher sensitivity to ferroptosis. Mechanistically, SQSTM1 was found to directly interact with vitamin D receptor (VDR) through its nuclear receptor (NR) box motif, facilitating its nuclear translocation and initiating autophagy at the transcriptional level. To further validate these findings, an in vivo preventive model utilizing spermidine, a proven inducer of SQSTM1 was established. The results consistently demonstrated that spermidine supplementation significantly induced SQSTM1 and ameliorated ALI by mitigating airway epithelial ferroptosis. Notably, these effects were abrogated in the absence of SQSTM1. Taken together, this study identified SQSTM1 as a negative regulator of airway epithelium ferroptosis in a VDR-mediated autophagy manner, making it a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of ALI. [Display omitted] • SQSTM1 was identified as a potential target for acute lung injury treatment. • SQSTM1 inhibited ferroptosis by directly interacting with VDR through its NR box motif. • Spermidine was evidenced to be beneficial to both LPS- and CS-induced acute lung injury. • Spermidine upregulated SQSTM1 and inhibited ferroptosis to improve acute lung injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]