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Romania’s entry into the war, in August 1916, on the part of the Entente, of which Russia was a part, although it generated numerous controversies and a strong split in the Romanian political class, proved – given the final results, some of them unexpected or even intangible. that moment – as the best choice. Alexandru Averescu and Alexandru Marghiloman, two of the makers of Greater Romania, although of different professions and political options, put all their energy into using the national ideal. But each succeeded as much as his own political and military calculations promised, and especially as they accepted and were able to risk their future and that of the country.

A complex picture fuzzy set (Com-PFS) is a motivating tool for more precisely interpreting fuzzy notions. Recently, all extensions of complex fuzzy graphs (Com-FGs) have become a growing research topic as they handle ambiguous situations more explicitly than complex intuitionistic fuzzy graphs (Comp-IFG) and picture fuzzy graphs (PFG). The primary goal of this study is to demonstrate the foundation of Com-PFG due to the drawback of the complex neutral membership function in Com-IFG. This paper introduces the concept of Com-PFGs and explains many of the approaches to their development. A Com-PFG has three complex membership functions. We define the order, size, degree of vertex, and total degree of vertex in Com-PFGs. We elaborate on primary operations including: complement, join, union, Cartesian product, direct product, and composition of Com-PFG. Finally, we discuss its use in decision-making problems.

The importance of diplomatic marriages for position and politics of Serbian King Milutin found its significant place in the vast historical work of the learned Byzantine scholar George Pachymeres. Of particular significance is Pachymeres' information of the role and the influence of Milutin's mother, Queen Helen, which demonstrates her unique position within the Serbian ruling family, and his superb understanding of the relations within the Serbian royal family.

Background: Because of the rich blood supply, the distal scaphoid fractures heal uneventfully by immobilizing in a short arm cast or orthosis. As a result, the nonunion of the distal scaphoid is rare and remains mostly asymptomatic. Nevertheless, there might be situations where unions may be delayed, and difficult to differentiate between delayed union and nonunion. Case description: We report a long duration of a symptomatic distal scaphoid delayed union in a 22-year-old student who healed without surgical intervention and proper immobilization. Literature review: However, the knowledge and the biology of intrinsic fracture healing behind such delayed unions are poorly understood. Hence, the concept of treating distal scaphoid delayed union needs a revisit. Clinical relevance: This report provides a definite role of conservative management in delayed unions of the distal third scaphoid.

Teresa of Ávila has long been noted as one of the most influential Christian mystical teachers for her doctrine on contemplative prayer, mystical graces, and union with God. Her writings, especially the Life and The Interior Castle, have been widely read from the later sixteenth century to the present. Nevertheless, Teresa was far more than an enclosed contemplative totally separated from the world. Rather her biography reveals her as one of the most active and influential women of her time, especially because of her efforts to found seventeen houses of the reform of the Carmelite Order that she initiated in 1562. To understand how Teresa was able to combine contemplation and action it is necessary to investigate her main mystical writings in light of the major stages of her career as a reformer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present world scenario, people spend most of their time browsing on Social Networking Site (SNS) such as Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp etc., thus increasing the distribution of sensitive personal information online which goes viral. Facebook fake account creation is one of hazards created by cybercriminals, that has to be overcome. The human brain has the most powerful decision-making capability based on social interaction, visual signs, contextual and spatio-temporal data. Thus, in this paper, an automated intelligent biometric system is designed based on the social behavioral traces available on Online Social Networks (OSNs) that depend on human thinking capability which increases the performance of the conventional biometric system, this system is applied in creation of unique Facebook account. Experimental results achieved from semi-real databases are Genuine Acceptance Rate (GAR) of 100% with 2% False Acceptance Rate (FAR) and Cumulative Recognition Rate (CRR) of 100% at Rank 5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plate osteosynthesis, external fixators and intramedullary nails are the commonly used devices for fixation of humerus shaft fractures. Humerus nails are gradually coming into popular use. Both antegrade and retrograde nails are used for this, however no evidence clearly states the benefits of one over the other. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the available evidence comparing the complications and outcomes of antegrade versus retrograde nails. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Meta-analyses Statement (PRISMA) guidelines. All studies in any language comparing the use of antegrade and retrograde nailing for humerus fractures, with a minimum follow up of 12 months were included. The primary outcome measures were complications and time to union. Seven studies including 384 patients (200 antegrade, 184 retrograde) were analyzed. A significantly lower complication rate was observed with retrograde nails (OR 1.77, p = 0.04, 95% CI 1.02,3.06; p = 0.04). Antegrade nails were associated with shorter operative time (MD -13.69, p > 0.00001). There was no significant difference in time to union and intra-operative blood loss between the two techniques. Retrograde nails have a significantly lower complication rate. However, the surgeon's experience with these devices and the location of the fracture are the primary considerations when choosing either implant Level IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic impregnated cement coated nails have been described in literature with promising success rates. However, they need removal at a later stage. This study focuses on use of a PLA-precoated antibiotic nail that stops eluting antibiotic after a while and can be retained later as it behaves as a standard interlocking nail in the long run. To study if PLA (polylactic acid) -antibiotic coated nails reduces infection and non-union rates and improve the functional outcome in open tibial shaft fracture cases. In this prospective cohort study, we included 54 patients with open tibia shaft fractures treated with wound debridement and internal fixation using a reamed PLA (polylactic acid)-antibiotic coated nail (CE-certified, OSSIPRO, MatrixTM). Forty patients with a Grade 2 and ten with grade 3A open tibial fracture, according to the Gustilo-Anderson classification, completed a minimum of six months of follow-up and were included in the analysis. At the final follow-up, four patients (all with grade 3A fracture) had an active infection, 10 (four of grade 2 and six of grade 3A) had non-union, the mean physical component score (SF-36 score) was 55.2 ± 20.10 (grade 2; 58.95 ± 9.99, grade 3A; 40.19 ± 16.37, P value 0.002), and the mean mental component score (SF-36 score) was 54.96 ± 23.5 (grade 2; 57.96 ± 16.63, grade 3A; 42.94 ± 23.75, P value 0.04). Furthermore, Multivariate analysis showed age and grade of fracture to be independently related to the development of infection and non-union. Although the use PLA-antibiotic coated nail looks promising, short-term results have revealed no additional benefit in terms of reduced infection rates, improved union rates or functional outcomes. Large multicentric randomized controlled trials and a long term follow up are advised to further explore the role of PLA coated antibiotic nails in open tibial fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to determine the views and expectations of teachers working in the four center districts of Diyarbakır (Bağlar, Kayapınar, Sur, Yenişehir) about unions. The research was designed as a case study, one of the qualitative research methods. A total of 21 teachers, who were selected by maximum diversity technique, participated in the research. 14 of the participants in the research are union members and 7 of them not members of any union. The data were obtained by interview. As a result of the research, it has been determined that one of the most important factors for teachers to be members of unions are the state of being organized and another one is the protection of their personal rights. It has been determined that the relationship between the unions and the political institution is effective in the negative attitudes of the teachers towards the union organization and that there is "fear and anxiety of what will happen to me if I become a member of the union". Teachers' positive views on unions include the fact that unions are seen as part of an organizational life, while their negative view includes the existence of a relationship between unions and political institutions. Amongs the expectations of teachers from unions are; emphasized the necessity of increasing the efforts of unions to protect and develop their personal rights, and in addition to that unions should not engage in politics like the representatives of political parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Iraqi aggression against the State of Kuwait on August 2, 1991, brought about radical changes at all regional and global levels. This has had a profound impact on most political, economic, and societal aspects. Especially in the Arab world, despite this, not all countries were united in their condemnation of the Iraqi aggression The Maghreb Union (Libya-Tunisia-Algeria-Morocco-Mauritania), the newly established 1989, was a model for the divergence of political visions and positions. At a time when Morocco strongly condemned the condemnation, it reached the point of participating in military forces to deter Iraqi aggression. We find Mauritania standing on the side of Iraq from first sight. While Libya, Tunisia and Algeria, condemned the aggression in theory and not in practice, but with the first strikes of the allied forces led by the United States on January 16, 1991, on Iraq. The five countries of the Maghreb Union united in condemning the aggression against Iraq, and made it clear that the goal was the liberation of Kuwait, not the destruction of Iraq. They explained that the goal is the liberation of Kuwait, not the destruction of Iraq, and whatever the political positions and the accounts of each country are. The whole world has been afflicted with a deep crack, the effects of which are still present politically, economically and socially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demand for citrus (Citrus spp) plants for commercial orchards has increased worldwide due to the need for new plantations, renewal of disease-effected crops, and strict regulation for plant production. To evaluate faster and low-cost propagation alternatives for citrus, "Valencia" orange plants were propagated by using two minigrafting techniques (Cleft and inverted T-budding). Rootstocks were raised from "Cleopatra" mandarin seeds, and scions and buds were isolated from 1-year-old grafted plants. For cleft minigrafts, scions were inserted at 5-7 cm height inside of the decapitated rootstocks and covered with Eppendorf® tubes. For T-budding, buds were inserted at 5-7 cm height under the rootstock cortex cut. Unions were fixed with Parafilm®. Grafted plants were maintained under a shade house (50%) with two daily fog irrigation (2 min each). Treatments were distributed with a completely randomized design. Six weeks after grafting, the percentage of success, the shoot length, and the number of leaves per treatment were registered and analyzed with a T test (α=0.05). Cleft minigraft resulted in a higher success percentage and plants with larger shoots. Cleft minigraft could be considered an alternative for citrus propagation in small and medium size nurseries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: Starbucks; union; organizing; union-busting; NLRB; labor law; employer opposition EN Starbucks union organizing union-busting NLRB labor law employer opposition 36 42 7 09/20/22 20220901 NES 220901 The first half of 2022 has been a remarkable period for Starbucks workers trying to form a union. In addition, workers in over 300 stores (out of almost 9,000 corporate-owned stores nationwide) have petitioned for National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) elections in thirty-five states, potentially covering 7,000 workers. However, since the start of the union campaign, Starbucks HQ has required store managers to spend more time working on the floor and has imported outside managers and corporate employees into stores during election campaigns so that workers have more supervision. Thus, full-time union organizers do not organize workers at Starbucks; workers (or "partners", as Starbucks calls its workers) organize workers. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Journal of The Iraqi University is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article provides a case study, based on original author research, about the start of the union co-op movement in Cincinnati a decade ago. The author views the formation of initial union co-ops through the lens of social movement theory. Doing so identifies mechanisms critical to the success of a local union co-op movement, including the following: emulation – where a group of people model their work on that of others; social appropriation – where a group of people involved in an organization with one purpose utilize the organization for a new purpose; diffusion of information – sharing knowledge to wide networks; brokerage – relying on known individuals and organizations to connect with other potential allies and supporters; and resources, such as amassing pooled cash, recruiting government support, and locating meeting space. Additionally, those involved in a successful union co-op movement must be adaptable, draw on a wide variety of experts, aggregate information, and engage in long-term planning. Leadership and a substantial commitment of time to the movement by the leaders was repeatedly recognized by the interviewees as crucial to success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Midpole patellar fractures are traditionally fixed with an "11-8" metal tension band construct. However, this technique is rife with implant-related complications. This study aims to evaluate the radiographic and functional outcomes following "all-suture" fixation of mid-pole patellar fractures as compared to resorbable screw-augmented suture fixation. Methods We retrospectively studied a consecutive series of 18 patients, 9 each with mid-pole patellar fractures treated with all-suture fixation or suture fixation augmented with bioabsorbable cancellous screws in our institution. The hybrid fixation cohort was significantly older (p<0.01). Radiographic and functional outcomes, such as time to union, postoperative range of motion (ROM), and the presence of complications such as fracture displacement were recorded and evaluated. The minimum follow-up was one year. Results All cases achieved radiographic union by 15 weeks postoperatively except one from the hybrid fixation cohort. The average time to radiographic union was comparable (p=0.30). Twenty-two point two percent (22.2%; 2 out of 9) of the cases from each cohort had an increase in the fracture gap (>2 mm) at around four to six weeks postoperatively, for which all except one case from the hybrid fixation cohort achieved union thereafter. One patient from the hybrid fixation cohort had fibrous non-union and further fracture displacement. There was another case of mild fracture gapping and screw breakage on review of postoperative radiographs at three months from the hybrid fixation cohort. These patients recovered without surgical revision or implant removal. Conclusions Both non-metal fixation methods for mid-pole transverse patellar fractures proved to be radiographically and functionally comparable., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. SingHealth Centralised Institutional Review Board issued approval 2022/2214. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Huang et al.)

A legislative system should have only one "legal logic". that's mean, based on principles, clear criteria, principles, concepts and related sources, the method of reasoning as well as goals and ideals can be achieved. However, based on the understanding of this article about the origin and nature of the republic and the Islam of the system, the legislative system of the Islamic Republic is based on the legal logic of "Islamic government" on the one hand and the legal logic of "republican government" on the other. For this reason, both the supreme sovereign institutions are involved in hesitation and duplicity in the performance of duties and powers, and the study of the concept of civil rights from the perspective of fixed divine laws (Islamic government) and changing human rights laws (republican government) will always be subject to instability and challenges. Was. Hence, many believe that these two systems of thought can never be connected with the two infrastructures. The present article, in a descriptive-analytical manner, assumes that in order to reduce this challenge as much as possible, the Islamic Republic is obliged to establish an institution of Islamic Sharia (an institution neglected in the Iranian legal system).

Introduction/purpose: Molodtsov introduced the concept of soft sets as a new mathematical tool for dealing with problems containing uncertainties. In the literature, different kinds of operations of soft sets are defined and used in theory and applications. Methods: This study is based on the paper "A New Operation on Soft Sets: Extended Difference of Soft Sets" by Sezgin, Ahmad and Mehmood [Journal of New Theory 27 (2019) 33-42]. Results: In this paper, we define a new operation on soft sets, called extended symmetric difference and investigate its relationship between extended symmetric difference and restricted symmetric difference and some other operations of soft sets. Conclusion: The author believes that the obtained results represent a significant improvement of many known results in the existing literature.

The Covid-19 problem has hastened a pace of significant digitalization in economic production and services that had already begun. For the first time, AI and robotics are becoming autonomous and self-learning, with human-like capabilities. The need to examine digitalization and the future of work has grown even more urgent. Until recently, labour unions were the most powerful institutions representing workers. However, the increasing prospect of intelligent robots replacing humans calls into doubt the viability of labour union policy. This development jeopardises their conventional power bases, which rely on the participation of large numbers of salaried workers and their ability to halt production. This paper tries to analyse the issues that unions face in capitalist democracies in this setting. The premise that the digital revolution will eventually generate new, better jobs has been endorsed by the majority of research work on labour relations. We propose that we investigate an alternate scenario, namely, a digital revolution that results in mass human worker replacement and structural, technological unemployment, which could broaden our perspective, particularly in terms of public policy design. We believe that labour unions now play two critical roles. The first is to protect workers’ rights and interests as the economy shifts from paid labour to automated-autonomous production; and the second is to change their primary mission from representing employees to representing the social rights of all citizens, particularly the material interests of laypeople.

Wer an einem politischen Sittengemälde der späten Merkeljahre interessiert ist, wird an einem etwas entlegenen und zunächst unscheinbaren Ort fündig, nämlich hier: https://www.gesis.org/angebot/daten-finden-und-abrufen/ausgewaehlte-nationale-daten/bundespresseamt. Unter dieser URL-Adresse sind vom Bundespresseamt (als Teil des Bundeskanzleramts) in Auftrag gegebene Umfragen archiviert. In Sachen Covid-19 belegen sie einen ausgesprochen großen Wissenshunger der Bundesregierung unter Angela Merkel. Seit der 12. Kalenderwoche des Jahres 2020 hat sie vom Umfrageinstitut FORSA insgesamt 43 Corona-Wochenberichte mit allen möglichen Einstellungsfragen bezogen, des Weiteren Studien über das Informationsverhalten in der Pandemie, über die Einstellungen der Generation Z zu Corona und entsprechende Jahresrückblicke. Dabei ist nur ein Bruchteil der in Auftrag gegebenen Umfragen unter der obigen Adresse hinterlegt. Zusätzlich lieferte etwa Infratest/Dimap ab März 2020 überwiegend tägliche Briefings zu Einstellungen und persönlichkeitsbedingten Wahrnehmungen rund um Covid-19 auf der Basis eines vom Umfrageinstitut extra aufgelegten Corona-Onlinepanels (COMPASS: Corona-Online-Meinungs-Panel-Survey-Special). Immer mitberichtet wurden natürlich die Zustimmungswerte zu den verschiedenen regierungsseitigen Coronamaßnahmen und darüber hinaus die Popularitätswerte des handelnden Personals.

While definitions of spirituality vary, each contains elements of union, a coming together of humanity and divinity. Scholars agree on the centrality of "union with Christ" in Pauline thought, yet not on a definition of union. Ephesians 5:31–32, however, provides important insight through a quotation—"...the two will become one flesh" (Genesis 2:24)—and an explanation—"I say this with reference to Christ and the church". While scholars highlight the preservation of distinct identities, Paul's emphasis in the marriage metaphor, both here and elsewhere, is union, an interpenetration logic where two become one. Indeed, interpenetration logic is present in our union with Christ (Galatians 2:19–20) and our union with sin (Romans 7:9–25). Both unions harness the same two-become-one logic with drastically different ends: sin intends to obliterate (Rom. 3:23); Christ intends to resurrect (1 Corinthians 15:22). The crux of Pauline spirituality, then, is not ecstatic experiences or ethical imitations but union—reciprocal residence, where we are in Christ and Christ is in us; a mutual indwelling consummated by "the Spirit of life" (Rom. 8:2). Thus, Eph. 5:31–32 provides insight into interpenetration logic, where two become one without the obliteration of either. This is an insight that profits our understanding of Pauline spirituality and the "profound mystery" of union with Christ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The use of spica casting in children with the shaft of femur fractures is controversial. Presently, operative treatment is the main standard for the management of shaft of femur fractures in children. The advantages of Ender's nail are closed insertion of the nail with the preservation of fracture hematoma, minimal chances of infection and the endosteal blood supply is preserved because no reaming is required. Objective: To determine the treatment outcome of Ender's nailing in the pediatric shaft of femur fractures in terms of limb length discrepancy, function, and union. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted at Orthopaedic Department, Benazir Bhutto Hospital, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi from January 2017 to December 2019. We enrolled 95 children 6-12 years of age by using a non-probability consecutive sampling technique with femoral shaft fracture. The exclusion criteria include children with pathological fractures, malignancy, and skeletal dysplasia. Time of surgery, implant failure, infection, union, limb length discrepancy, and functional outcome were recorded. Functional outcome and union were determined by using Flynn criteria and radiographs while the surgery time, infection, limb length discrepancy, and implant failure were determined clinically. Results: There were 59 (62.1%) male and 36 (37.89%) female children. The mean age was 6.93 ± 4.12 years. The mean surgery duration was 30 ± 8.5 minutes. There were 06 (6.31%) superficial and no patients with deep infection. No implant failure in our study. The time duration from radiological & clinical union to full weight bearing was 7.9 weeks (5-12 weeks). On Flynn criteria, 67 (70.52%) children had excellent and 28 (29.47%) had a satisfactory functional outcomes. In 85 (89.47%) children, there was no limb length discrepancy but 10 (10.5%) children had limb length discrepancy with a mean of 5.45 ± 1.23 mm. Conclusion: Ender's nailing is an excellent treatment option for the pediatric shaft of femur fractures in terms of functional outcome and union with low chances of infection, limb length discrepancy, and implant failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the associations of pancreatobiliary maljunction (PBM) in the West. Background: PBM (anomalous union of common bile duct and pancreatic duct) is mostly regarded as an Asian-only disorder, with 200X risk of gallbladder cancer (GBc), attributed to reflux of pancreatic enzymes. Methods: Radiologic images of 840 patients in the US who underwent pancreatobiliary resections were reviewed for PBM and contrasted with 171 GBC cases from Japan. Results: Eight % of the US GBCs (24/300) had PBM (similar to Japan; 15/ 171, 8.8%), in addition to 1/42 bile duct carcinomas and 5/33 choledochal cysts. None of the 30 PBM cases from the US had been diagnosed as PBM in the original work-up. PBM was not found in other pancreatobiliary disorders. Clinicopathologic features of the 39 PBM-associated GBCs (US:24, Japan:15) were similar; however, comparison with non-PBM GBCs revealed that they occurred predominantly in females (F/M = 3); at younger (<50-year-old) age (21% vs 6.5% in non-PBM GBCs; P = 0.01); were uncommonly associated with gallstones (14% vs 58%; P < 0.001); had higher rate of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (69% vs 44%; P = 0.04); arose more often through adenoma-carcinoma sequence (31% vs 12%; P = 0.02); and had a higher proportion of nonconventional carcinomas (21% vs 7%; P = 0.03). Conclusions: PBM accounts for 8% of GBCs also in the West but is typically undiagnosed. PBM-GBCs tend to manifest in younger age and often through adenoma-carcinoma sequence, leading to unusual carcinoma types. If PBM is encountered, cholecystectomy and surveillance of bile ducts is warranted. PBM-associated GBCs offer an invaluable model for variant anatomy-induced chemical (reflux-related) carcinogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios de Derecho is the property of Estudios de Derecho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims at analyzing Maryland Governor Thomas H. Hicks's role in the contentious political environment during the Civil War. Using a combination of secondary and primary resources, including letters from the Pennsylvania and North Carolina legislatures, Hick's speeches, transcripts from the Maryland Assembly, and books on Maryland State History, this paper begins by substantiating Maryland's vulnerable position as a border state during the Civil War. Additionally, the paper will illustrate the pressures facing Hicks as he made the decision to allow open debate despite tense political opposition over slavery. Through an in-depth examination, this paper will provide a context for Hick's decision and highlight his support of individual rights, freedom of speech, and democracy during a critical moment when Maryland was faced with the choice to join the Union or secede. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Conference Journal of Social Policy / Sosyal Siyaset Konferanslar Dergisi is the property of Journal of Social Policy Conferences/Sosyal Siyaset Konferanslar Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The hindfoot fusion nail has become a popular implant for tibiotalocalcaneal (TTC) arthrodeses given its rigidity, ease of insertion, and potential for less invasive surgical approaches. The purpose of this study was to evaluate fusion and complication rates following the use of a straight, retrograde intramedullary nail for TTC arthrodeses, and the influence of diabetes and smoking on these results. Methods: A review of patient cases performed by a single surgeon at a single institution was performed. Variables included age, comorbidities, smoking history, BMI, hemoglobin A1c, preoperative and postoperative visual analog scale pain scores, assessment of healing, and complications. Relative and absolute risk were assessed for smoking, diabetes, fusion, and surgical complications through risk ratios. Cox proportional hazards survival analyses were performed to assess the effects of smoking and diabetes on fusion rates and complications. Linear regressions were performed to investigate the effects of smoking and diabetes on patient-reported pain levels. Results: Of 103 patients, there were 37 cigarette smokers and 30 diabetic patients. Eighty-three patients achieved union of all involved joints and 19 patients achieved union of 1 or 2 joints. Smokers demonstrated a 1.46 (risk ratio) (95% CI 1.03-2.07) times greater risk of nonunion but were not at an increased risk of experiencing surgical complications (0.86, 95% CI 0.56-1.33). Diabetic patients did not demonstrate an increased risk of nonunion (0.86, 95% CI 0.56-1.33) or complications (1.18, 95% CI 0.76-1.83). Conclusion: Because of increased nonunion risk, patients undergoing elective tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis should be counseled increased nonunion risks associated with smoking. In this series, we did not find a relationship between diabetes and complications or nonunion. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective cohort study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]