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Global change drives multiple facets of biodiversity including interaction diversity, which is fundamental for ecosystem functioning. However, studying trophic interactions is challenging in meta‐ecosystems, that is ecosystems connected by spatial flows of energy, materials and organisms across ecosystem boundaries. While analytical methods based on abundances of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and stable isotopes of amino acids (AAs) are being increasingly used, it has never been explored if both approaches could be: (i) combined in mixing models to enhance precision in dietary inference (ii) compared to disentangle transfers of various PUFAs and proteins in food webs in the wild.We explore the utility of analytical approaches based on PUFA abundances and AA isotopes to resolve resource transfers in a natural riparian food web. We focus on spiders and their potential prey from blue, green and brown sources to address three important and persisting methodological issues in food‐web ecology, namely whether (i) essential AA carbon isotopes can resolve protein origin from blue, green and brown resources, (ii) PUFA relative abundance and AA isotopes can be combined in a mixing model to provide higher precision estimates (i.e. narrower intervals) and (iii) combining the two approaches can unveil the coupling of protein and PUFA transfers in food webs.Our research demonstrates the power of AA isotopes and PUFAs to distinguish blue, green, and brown sources and their transfer up to consumers. We show that combining PUFA relative abundance and AA isotopes in a mixing model provides overall estimates similar to the individual estimates but significantly increases precision. In addition, we showcase how combining approaches unveil the coupling of protein and PUFA transfers. For instance, we show that most PUFAs are less concentrated from prey to predators, relative to proteins, highlighting uncoupling of PUFAs and protein transfer along food chains.We show for the first time the effectiveness of combining AA isotopes and PUFA abundances, particularly relevant for complex trophic interactions in a meta‐ecosystem context. Our study illustrates the trophic uncoupling of proteins and PUFAs, highlighting the necessity in combining both approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural polyphenols found in plants are secondary metabolites and act as natural antioxidants. Phenols prevent lipid oxidation by donating their hydrogen to free radicals generated between reactions of oxygen with unsaturated fatty acids. This work aims to examine turmeric extract for its capacity to act as an antioxidant and pour point depressant additive in biolubricants. The study involved extracting turmeric rhizome and analyzing the extract using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques to identify phenolic compounds and the nature of bonds in terms of abundance peak areas. The yield of concentrated turmeric rhizome extract by weight was 3.7%. The FTIR analysis revealed O-H band at 3336 cm−1, C-H asymmetric and symmetric stretching at 2940 and 2834 cm−1, C=C cyclic ring at 1680–1515 cm−1. The phenols detected by the GC-MS technique are phenol, 2 -methoxy-3-(2-propenyl) occupying 36.3% area at 16.5 min retention time and Phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-, acetate having 3.8% area at 3.8 min retention time. The results show promising capacity of turmeric rhizome extract to act as antioxidant and pour point depressant additive in biolubricants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been a significant transition in the dietary preferences of consumers toward foods containing health-promoting compounds. In addition, as people's environmental awareness increases, they are increasingly looking for sustainable solutions. Palm oil, an oil used extensively by the food industry, does not fit these criteria. This study investigated the development of a complex oil blend consisting of commonly used vegetable oils such as corn, rapeseed, sunflower, and palm oil. The aim was to find the optimal blended oil and compare this combination with palm oil in terms of its oxidative stability, antioxidant capacity, and the composition of bioactive compounds (i.e., fatty acids, tocopherols, and carotenoids). Palm oil was found to have greater oxidative stability as a result of its increased concentration of saturated fatty acids. The optimal blended oil, which consisted of corn and rapeseed oil at a ratio of 4:3 w/w, inhibited the superior antioxidant activity, showing a ~33% increase in DPPH• inhibition activity. ATR-FTIR spectra further verified the existence of a significant quantity of saturated fatty acids in palm oil and unsaturated fatty acids in the blended oil. Finally, several correlation analyses revealed interesting connections between oil samples and investigated parameters. This work has the potential to establish a basis for the mass production of oil blends that possess high concentrations of antioxidant compounds and reduce the use of palm oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic liver injury (DLI) has raised attention in recent years. Liver injury results from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and in turn accelerates T2DM development by exacerbating insulin resistance. However, effective approaches for mitigating DLI are surprisingly rare. Krill oil (KO) is an alternative source of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, possessing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities. Here we investigated the effect of KO supplementation on DLI in a mouse model of T2DM induced by streptozotocin and high-fat diet. The diabetic mice developed glucose intolerance, elevated serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, and hepatic pathological injuries such as vacuolation, lipid accumulation and fibrosis deposition, the effects of which were mitigated by KO. Further investigation showed that KO ameliorated the DM-induced expression of fibrotic and inflammatory genes. Notably, KO dramatically reduced hepatic oxidative gene expression, lipid peroxidation and ROS production, all of which are hallmarks of ferroptosis. The inhibitory effect of KO on ferroptosis was confirmed by the KO-decreased hepatic expression of GPX4, COX2 and ACSL4, as well as the KO-reduced hepatic iron deposition. Further, KO restored hepatic NRF2 antioxidant signaling which combats ferroptosis. The present study may provide KO supplementation as a viable approach for the intervention of DLI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Docosahexaenoic acid plays a crucial role in infant brain function, and the market demand of high-purity docosahexaenoic acid is continuously increasing. The availability of docosahexaenoic acid in natural fish oil is limited, prompting the exploration of alternative sources like microalgae. For algal oil, enzymatic ethanolysis is preferred to chemical methods because the former is milder and can avoid docosahexaenoic acid oxidation. However, enzymatic methods have generally low yield due to the poor substrate-specificity of lipase to long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, affecting the yield and purity of docosahexaenoic acid. Therefore, we developed an efficient process to produce high-purity docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester from algal oil, by screening lipases, optimizing enzymatic ethanolysis and applying molecular distillation. Lipase UM1 was the best lipase to produce ethyl ester from algal oil with the highest ethyl ester yield (95.41%). Meanwhile, it was a catalyst for the reaction of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids with ethanol. The fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid conversion rates exceeded 90%. After molecular distillation, a final product containing 96.52% ethyl ester was obtained with a docosahexaenoic acid content up to 80.11%. Our findings provide an highly effective enzymatic method for the production of high-purity docosahexaenoic acid ethyl esters, with potential commercial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing evidence indicates that the intake of trans fatty acids (TFAs) increases the risk of numerous diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases. Recently, our group found that certain natural sulfur compounds (allyl isothiocyanate [AITC] and diallyl disulfide [DADS]) promote cis to trans isomerization of fatty acid esters during heat treatment. However, little information is available on the fatty acid isomerization with them. In this study, we investigated the effects of oxygen and α-tocopherol (antioxidant) on isomerization of oleic acid (18:1) methyl ester (OA-ME) in the presence of AITC and DADS. Furthermore, the effect of the simultaneous use of AITC and DADS was evaluated. Our results indicate that oxygen enhances the AITC-induced trans isomerization, and DADS was found to promote trans isomerization but inhibit AITC-induced trans isomerization during heating. Both AITC- and DADS-induced trans isomerization were inhibited by α-tocopherol. These results indicate that the trans isomerization of fatty acids induced by sulfur compounds can be controlled by devising a cooking process and the food ingredients used together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the quality of life in elderly patients and finding new treatment options for neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's has become one of the priorities in the scientific world. In recent years, the beneficial effects and therapeutic properties of natural foods on neurological health have become a very remarkable issue. Walnut oil (WO) is a promising nutraceutical, with many phytochemicals and polyunsaturated fatty acids and is thought to be promising in the treatment of many neurological diseases and cognitive deficits, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Polyphenolic compounds found in WO enhance intraneuronal signaling and neurogenesis and improve the sequestration of insoluble toxic protein aggregates. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential protective and therapeutic effects of WO in a model of AD induced by retinoic acid (RA) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In order to achieve this, the experimental groups were formed as follows: Control group, WO group, Alzheimer's disease (AD) group, AD + WO applied group (AD + WO). WO supplementation almost significantly reduced oxidative stress in the ad model, providing 2-fold protection against protein oxidation. Additionally, WO showed a significant reduction in tau protein levels (2-fold), increased acetylcholine (ACh) levels (12%), and decreased acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity (~50%). Since it has been known for centuries that WO does show any adverse effects on human health and has neuroprotective properties, it may be used in the treatment of AD as an additional nutraceutical to drug treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of a blackcurrant pomace extract (BPE) at 2.5%, 5.0% and 10.0% into an emulsion gel based on high oleic sunflower and linseed oils was examined in order to obtain a functional ingredient to be used as a pork backfat replacer in Vienna sausages. The replacement of the pork backfat with the control emulsion gel reduced the cooking loss but negatively affected the color by decreasing L* and a* values as compared with the traditional product. A decrease in the n-6/n-3 ratio from 10.99 to around 1.54 (by 7 times) was achieved through reformulation, while the PUFA/SFA ratio increased from 0.49 to 1.09. The incorporation of BPE did not have a major impact on the fatty acid profile and improved color by increasing redness, but negatively affected the texture by increasing hardness, gumminess and share force as compared with the sausages reformulated without extract. BPE reduced the pH and the thermal stability of the emulsion gels, increased cooking loss and decreased moisture retention in sausages. BPE increased the oxidative stability of Vienna sausages enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids; however, the incorporation of BPE into the emulsion gels above 5% affected the sensory scores for appearance, texture and general acceptability of the reformulated sausages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichusmawsoni) have been analyzed for qualitative and quantitative determination of muscular lipid distribution. The specimens were representative of different physical condition and life stage: two adults in good condition and two adults in poor condition (termed "axe handles" based on their emaciated shape) from the spawning area of the Ross Sea seamounts, and two sub-adults from the continental shelf. Axe handles had lower lipid quantities. Among the individuals in good condition, adults from the seamounts had higher accumulation of lipid in the dorsal portion, maybe related to the neutral buoyancy for the reproductive migration. Thirteen saturated fatty acids (SFA) and three unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) have been identified. Subadults from the shelf had higher SFA/UFA ratios in the anterior part of the body, where they might store somatic lipids for buoyancy. The individuals from the spawning area had higher SFA/UFA ratios in the posterior part of the trunk, indicating after the migration a primary consumption of the somatic fatty acids near the center of buoyancy. SFA uptake from the diet seems to be difficult at the spawning area and they may be replaced by UFA. This translates into a reduced ability to re-acquire neutral buoyancy for a returning migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Rana chensinensis Ovum (RCO) is enriched with high nutritional value, its quality varies due to the different drying methods used by farmers. This study aims to explore the impact of natural and mechanical drying methods on the nutritional compositions and physicochemical properties of RCO. Five different drying methods were studied, including blast drying (BD), mild breeze light drying (MBLD), natural air drying (NAD), vacuum heat drying (VHD), and vacuum freeze drying (VFD). The quality assessment was based on unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content, iodine value, estradiol, vitamin E, saponification value, thiobarbituric acid value (TBA), acid value, and antioxidant properties. The results showed that VFD had higher UFA content and lower acid value (139.950 ± 0.397 mg · g−1) and TBA value (0.097 ± 0.003) than others. VFD and NAD had higher iodine values (147.166 ± 1.475 and 146.803 ± 1.209, respectively) than others. There were no significant differences in estradiol, vitamin E, peroxide value and the clearance rates of ABTS+ free radicals and DPPH• free radicals with different drying methods. The findings will provide valuable insights into the industrialization of RCO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oilseed crop with significant economic importance in many developing countries. This study rigorously investigated the impact of various applications and doses of two specific plant growth regulators, paclobutrazol (PAC) and mepiquat chloride (MC), on the development, yield components, oil content, and fatty acid composition of sesame plants across two consecutive growing seasons. The research revealed that while paclobutrazol application increased the plant height it also resulted in a slight decrease in oil content. The paclobutrazol treatment resulted in the highest seed yield (21.3 g/plant), which was significantly different from both the MC (13.1 g/plant) and PAC + MC (14.6 g/plant) treatments. In contrast, the mepiquat chloride treatment resulted in the lowest oil content. The combined application of both regulators showed intermediate effects. In addition, variations in fatty acid content were observed between applications and doses, with significant differences in saturated and unsaturated fatty acid levels. The findings provide valuable insights into the potential benefits and implications of using growth regulators in sesame cultivation, especially in the context of mechanized harvesting and oil quality optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Chironji (Buchanania lanzan Spreng.) is a nut consumed in raw and roasted form in India and other parts of the world. It also contains high levels of oil and other nutrients similar to those found in commonly consumed nuts. However, no published data is available on the comprehensive nutritional profile, phytochemicals, and anti-nutrient factors of chironji. The present study is the first report to evaluate the effect of roasting (pan, microwave, hot air oven) of chironji kernels on the comprehensive nutritional profile, bioactive compounds, and anti-nutrients. The protein, fat, and total dietary fiber content of unprocessed (raw) and roasted chironji kernels ranged between 30.05 to 33.74, 55.94 to 60.60, and 3.38 to 3.54 g/100 g, respectively. Free sugars were significantly decreased by microwave roasting (MR) followed by Pan roasting (PR) and hot air oven roasting (HOR). Among the vitamins, B2, B3, B5 and B6 were decreased by 6.9–24.1%; 6.1–19.2%; 23.4–56.3%; and 15.3–23.7% upon MR, HOR and POR, respectively. The α, β and γ-tocopherols (TP) were also variably decreased depending on the roasting method. Roasting lowered the total carotenoids and β-carotene by 52.2% and 22.7%, respectively. Raw chironji kernels exhibited Fe, Ca, Cu and Zn of 7.17, 34.08, and 1.7 6.16 mg/100 g, respectively, that remained unaffected upon roasting. Total saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were found to be 39, 55.2 and 5.8%, respectively, in raw chironji kernels; however, roasting did not change the fatty acid profile significantly. Catechin (6.74 mg/100 g) and rutin (3.61 mg/100 g) were observed to be the highest in raw chironji kernel and roasting significantly increased most of the individual polyphenols. Total phenolics and total flavonoids content were observed of 1150 mg GAE/100 g and 113.12 mg CE/100 g, respectively, in raw chironji kernels. The PR increased the DPPH- and ABTS- activities significantly. Overall, microwave roasting retained high levels of nutrients, but pan roasting improved the antioxidant potential of chironji kernels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut oil is a traditional edible oil in China, and its oil yield and quality require improvement. In this study, the effects of different extraction techniques on the physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition, bioactive substances, and flavor composition of peanut oil were investigated using low-temperature continuous phase-transition extraction. The results showed that low-temperature continuous phase-transition extraction effectively improved the oil yield of peanut oil (98.13%). First of all, peanut oil has reached the national standard of leached peanut oil without any refining, and the content of unsaturated fatty acids is richer (83.35%). Second, the oil was rich in resveratrol (0.608 mg/kg) and plant polyphenols (28.60 mg GAE/kg), and oleic and linoleic acids were the major unsaturated fatty acids in low-temperature continuous phase-transition oil. Furthermore, aldehydes dominated low-temperature continuousphase-transition oil with hexanal (61.45%) being the one with the highest relative odor activity value, which was highly correlated with sensory attributes such as green and grassy taste. Therefore, a new method for the efficient production of peanut oil is expected to be the low-temperature continuous phase-transition extraction. It provides a reference for the development of similar oilseeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the chemical composition, the bioactive compounds as well as the antioxidant activities of the cold-pressed seed oils of seventeen leading varieties of pomegranate grown in Tunisia. Regardless of variety, Tunisian Pomegranate seed oils showed a significant polyunsaturated fatty acids content (80.64–93.28%) with a notable presence of conjugated linolenic acid and isomers (55.60–85.26%). Punicic acid was the most abundant fatty acid, especially in the Jebali pomegranate seed oil (61.30%). Also, Tocopherols analysis highlighted that pomegranate seed oils can be an interesting source of α-tocopherol (1064.45–1897.00 mg/kg) and γ-tocopherol (592.30–1156.25 mg/kg). Gabsi and Beldi pomegranate seed oils, in particular, demonstrated a high level of vitamin E (p > 0.05). Besides, the oils were found to be abundant in β-sitosterol, β- carotene, and phosphatidylethanolamine. The seventeen pomegranate seed oils also depicted considerable levels of polyphenols (70.65–125.67 mg/g of oil). A total of 10 polyphenols were identified, of which gallic acid was the most prevalent. The in vitro assessment of the antioxidant activity showed that pomegranate seed oils exhibit important radical scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS+ radicals. As a result, this investigation can help pomegranate producers select the best variety based on its ultimate application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garlic pennycress seed oil (GPSO) was recovered by pressing, Soxhlet extraction, and maceration. All obtained GPSOs are characterized by high viscosity and low iodine value. The oils have a lower content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and a higher content of saturated fatty acids compared to other Brassicaceae plant oils. The most common fatty acids are oleic and linoleic acids (with a content of over 30%) followed by behenic acid (average content of 14.3%). The phenomenological and diffusional kinetic models were reliable for modelling the kinetics of GPSO maceration (mean relative percentage deviations between experimental and modelled oil yields are ± 1.7% and ± 3.5%, respectively). Based on the thermodynamic analysis, the process is endothermic, irreversible, and spontaneous. The GPSO maceration was statistically evaluated, modeled, and optimized using a 33 full factorial design. The oil yield is affected by extraction temperature, solvent-to-seed ratio, and extraction time, and the most significant factor is extraction temperature. Based on the developed quadratic model, the optimal maceration conditions were determined as follows: extraction temperature 70 °C, solvent-to-seed ratio 10:1 mL/g, and extraction time 10 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the antioxidant activities, phenolic profile, fatty acid and mineral composition of the different extracts of Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. consumed as a vegetable in Kilis, Turkey. While catechine hydrate was the most abundant phenolic compounds in methanol, ethanol and diethyl ether extracts, it was chlorogenic acid in the water extract. Looking at the fatty acid profile, the amount of palmitic acid, one of the saturated fatty acids, was found to be high (34.30%), followed by stearic acid (5.10%). Total monounsaturated fatty acids are the second highest fatty acids. Total polyunsaturated fatty acids were determined as the third rank fatty acids. While the amount of linoleic acid, one of the total polyunsaturated fatty acids, was determined as 17.62%, the ratio of linolenic acid was determined as 9.60%. While the most calcium, magnesium and potassium were found among the 9 different mineral substances determined, respectively; the lowest element was found to be nitrogen. Looking at the results, it was determined that the plant is a high source of calcium (1078.503 mg/kg). Inhibitory effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 were observed, with a zone diameter of 5.5 mm and 11 mm in methanol extract and diethyl ether extract, respectively. Ethanol and water extracts of E. cicutarium (L.) L.'Hér. may be preferred as an alternative natural agent due to their amylase and tyrosinase activities. The results suggested that the E. cicutarium (L.) L.'Hér. extracts may be useful for food and medicinal applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camellia drupifera is an important woody oil plant in South China, renowned for its seed oil that is rich in unsaturated fatty acids and possesses significant antioxidant, anti-cancer, and immune-enhancing properties. The low fruit-setting rate of C. drupifera is influenced by multiple factors, including flowering stage climate, flowering habits, pollination biology, soil conditions, and self-incompatibility. Among these, large-scale pure forest plantations are the primary cause of the low fruit-setting rate. Although previous studies have explored the impact of self-incompatibility on fruit-setting in C. drupifera, research on the dynamic changes of endogenous substances during the flowering stage in pure forest environments remains limited. Research findings indicate that tannase activity is relatively high in the pistils of C. drupifera, creating a favorable environment for pollen tube growth. Plant hormones such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinin (CTK), gibberellin (GA), and ethylene (ETH) regulate the development and aging of floral organs through complex interactions. Specifically, high levels of IAA in the pistil promote pollen tube growth, while changes in ETH and ABA are closely related to the aging of floral organs. Under oxidative stress conditions, high levels of H2O2 in the pistil may contribute to self-incompatibility. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the floral organs during the flowering stage is significantly higher compared to peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), highlighting the critical role of SOD in regulating oxidative stress during this stage. This study provides new insights into the changes in endogenous substances in the floral organs of C. drupifera during the flowering stage. It offers theoretical references for understanding its sexual reproduction process and for the application of plant growth regulators to improve fruit setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking Anning Phosphate Mine in Yunnan Province as the research object, this study focuses on the low P2O5 grade (20.00%), high MgO content, complex ore composition, useful minerals such as apatite, and main gangue minerals such as dolomite, quartz, and other silicate minerals. Taking advantage of the characteristic that different numbers of unsaturated bonds contained in mixed unsaturated fatty acids, which have higher solubility than single unsaturated fatty acids, can improve the hydrophobicity of dolomite, a compound mixed fatty acid reagent (ZP) was prepared by compounding oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid at a ratio of 50% + 30% + 20%, and this reagent was used as collectors for reverse flotation of the phosphate ore. The influence of collectors on the wettability of dolomite and the effect of compound agent ZP on the particle size of collector micelles were studied. Based on single-factor experimental research, both open-circuit and closed-circuit tests were conducted. The results show that: the composite agent ZP had a better hydrophobicity effect on dolomite than that of single oleic acid reagent. When the dosage of ZP was 200 mg/L, the contact angle of dolomite could reach 74.62°. ZP collector has a higher solubility than oleic acid, which can improve flotation efficiency; By using a process of one coarse selection, three fine selections, and three sweep selections for reverse flotation, a closed-circuit test can ultimately obtain concentrate indicators with a P2O5 yield of 59. 23%, P2O5 grade of 28.36%, MgO grade of 0.63%, and P2O5 recovery rate of 80.16%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of diet in colorectal cancer prognosis is not well understood and specific lifestyle recommendations are lacking. We searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and longitudinal observational studies on post‐diagnosis dietary factors, supplement use and colorectal cancer survival outcomes in PubMed and Embase from inception until 28th February 2022. Random‐effects dose–response meta‐analyses were conducted when at least three studies had sufficient information. The evidence was interpreted and graded by the CUP Global independent Expert Committee on Cancer Survivorship and Expert Panel. Five RCTs and 35 observational studies were included (30,242 cases, over 8700 all‐cause and 2100 colorectal cancer deaths, 3700 progression, recurrence, or disease‐free events). Meta‐analyses, including 3–10 observational studies each, were conducted for: whole grains, nuts/peanuts, red and processed meat, dairy products, sugary drinks, artificially sweetened beverages, coffee, alcohol, dietary glycaemic load/index, insulin load/index, marine omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, supplemental calcium, circulating 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and all‐cause mortality; for alcohol, supplemental calcium, circulating 25(OH)D and colorectal cancer‐specific mortality; and for circulating 25(OH)D and recurrence/disease‐free survival. The overall evidence was graded as 'limited'. The inverse associations between healthy dietary and/or lifestyle patterns (including diets that comprised plant‐based foods), whole grains, total, caffeinated, or decaffeinated coffee and all‐cause mortality and the positive associations between unhealthy dietary patterns, sugary drinks and all‐cause mortality provided 'limited—suggestive' evidence. All other exposure‐outcome associations provided 'limited—no conclusion' evidence. Additional, well‐conducted cohort studies and carefully designed RCTs are needed to develop specific lifestyle recommendations for colorectal cancer survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main reasons for the low yield of Camellia oleifera Abel is the large number of flowers and fruits that fall off before ripening. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) on the fruiting characteristics of C. oleifera, and to provide technical support for its flower and fruit preservation and yield increasing. Three C. oleifera cultivars, 'Changlin 18', 'Changlin 166', and 'Changlin 40', were used as experimental materials to conduct foliar spraying experiments with different water concentrations of KH2PO4. The effects of KH2PO4 on the fruit retention rate, fruit properties, and seed oil quality of each cultivar were measured and analyzed. The application of the optimal concentration of KH2PO4 significantly enhanced various fruit quality metrics of three C. oleifera cultivars. Specifically, the total fruit retention rate was increased by 30.02~87.53%, the transverse diameter by 7.36~21.21%, and the longitudinal diameter by 18.56%, and the fruit weight of 'Changlin 40' could increase by 83.63%. It also increased dry seed yield by 27.87~80.81%, dry kernel rate by 10.29~30.12%, dry seed oil content by 28.00~29.77%, total unsaturated fatty acids (TUFAs) by 0.63~5.3%, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) by 0.30~5.37%, and squalene by 0.09~0.14% during the maturing stage. However, camellia cultivars had the different responses to KH2PO4 concentrations. To promote the fruiting of C. oleifera, improve the economic traits of fruits, and enhance the quality of tea oil, the recommended concentrations of KH2PO4 solution are 4.50 g·L−1, 1.50 g·L−1, and 1.50 g·L−1, for mist spraying on the trees of 'Changlin 18', 'Changlin 166', and 'Changlin 40', respectively. For mixed cultivars of C. oleifera which planted randomly, the recommended concentration range of KH2PO4 solution for spraying is 1.50 to 4.50 g·L−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to study the drying kinetics of passion fruit seeds, a byproduct of the industrial processing of passion fruit with the potential to elaborate food products such as oil and flour. After drying, the seeds were directed for cold press oil extraction, and the quantification of fatty acids was performed. Following the oil extraction, the residues underwent a grinding process to produce flour, which was characterized in terms of its nutritional aspects. The drying process was conducted using an experimental forced convection dryer with controlled temperatures of 40, 50, 60, and 70 °C, and a drying air velocity of 1.5 m s−1. This work introduced a novel approach using mathematical models, all derived from Fick's equation. For each model, the activation energy and thermodynamic properties related to the drying procedure were determined. Fatty acids in the oils and physicochemical characteristics of the defatted residue's flour were also analyzed. The Cavalcanti Mata, Henderson and Pabis, and Page models modified by Cavalcanti Mata were found to best fit the experimental data. The highest proportions of unsaturated fatty acids in passion fruit oil were linoleic acid (Omega-6) at 68.8% and oleic acid (Omega-9) at 16.1%. The predominant saturated fatty acid was palmitic acid at 10.61%, with no significant differences observed in relation to the drying temperatures. It can be concluded that the composition of the flour from the residue of passion fruit grain oil extraction varies in terms of crude fiber content, ranging from 56.36% to 58.8%, and protein content, ranging from 15.6% to 18.26%, with significant differences observed concerning the drying temperatures. The lipid content varied from 13.5% to 13.76%, with no significant differences observed across the evaluated drying temperature variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the clinical cure rate for primary liver cancer remains low. Effective screening and early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain clinical challenges. Exosomes are intimately associated with tumor development and their contents have the potential to serve as highly sensitive tumor-specific markers. A comprehensive untargeted metabolomics study was conducted using exosome samples extracted from the serum of 48 subjects (36 HCC patients and 12 healthy controls) via a commercial kit. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) strategy was used to identify the metabolic compounds. A total of 18 differential metabolites were identified using the non-targeted metabolomics approach of UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. Pathway analysis revealed significant alterations in the arachidonic acid metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, and unsaturated fatty acid metabolism pathways. ROC analysis indicated that three metabolites with AUC values exceeding 0.900 were selected as potential biomarkers: caprylic acid and linoleic acid were upregulated in the HCC group, whereas pentadecanoic acid was downregulated. Linoleic acid, caprylic acid, and pentadecanoic acid are potential biomarkers for diagnosing HCC. The significant alterations in these three metabolic pathways offer new insights into the mechanisms underlying HCC formation and progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a complex disease that can also affect the younger population; however, it is responsible for a relatively high mortality rate of children and youth, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Besides that, lipidomic studies in this age range are scarce. Therefore, we analyzed blood serum samples from young patients (12 to 35 years) with bone sarcoma (osteosarcoma) and compared their lipidomics to the ones from the control group of samples, named healthy control (HC group), using NMR and LC-MS techniques. Furthermore, differences in the lipidomic profiles between OS patients with and without metastasis indicate higher glycerophosphocholine (GPC) and glycerophospholipid (GPL) levels in osteosarcoma and increased cholesterol, choline, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and glycerols during the metastasis. These differences, detected in the peripheral blood, could be used as biomarkers for liquid biopsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) poses significant public health challenges due to its associated severe complications. Insulin resistance is central to T2D pathophysiology, particularly affecting adipose tissue function. This cross-sectional observational study investigates metabolic alterations in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) associated with T2D to identify potential therapeutic targets. We conducted a comprehensive metabolomic analysis of SAT from 40 participants (20 T2D, 20 ND-T2D), matched for sex, age, and BMI (Body Mass Index). Metabolite quantification was performed using GC/MS and LC/MS/MS platforms. Correlation analyses were conducted to explore associations between metabolites and clinical parameters. We identified 378 metabolites, including significant elevations in TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) intermediates, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), and carbohydrates, and a significant reduction in the nucleotide-related metabolites in T2D subjects compared to those without T2D. Obesity exacerbated these alterations, particularly in amino acid metabolism. Adipocyte size negatively correlated with BCAAs, while adipocyte glucose uptake positively correlated with unsaturated fatty acids and glycerophospholipids. Our findings reveal distinct metabolic dysregulation in adipose tissue in T2D, particularly in energy metabolism, suggesting potential therapeutic targets for improving insulin sensitivity and metabolic health. Future studies should validate these findings in larger cohorts and explore underlying mechanisms to develop targeted interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: fertility is necessary for hatchability of broiler breeder eggs. Roosters as half part of the fertility have a great role and with increasing age fertility is declined. It has been revealed that phospholipid fraction of the avian spermatozoa membranes has high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and it is the reason why the spermatozoa are susceptible to free radical damages. To maintain sperm fertilizing ability, an antioxidant defense system is a crucial point. In avian semen the antioxidant system consists of natural antioxidants together with enzymes that have antioxidant characteristics such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and selenoprotein P (SEPP1) protects sperm against free radicals and their destructive metabolites. Antioxidants such as vitamin E and selenium (Se) have remarkable roles in avian reproduction. To gain great reproductive performances in breeders, optimum level of antioxidant in diet is thought to be necessary. By using additives such as selenium (Se) we can help delaying this reduction through antioxidant properties of Se. Replacing inorganic Se by new source of Se like the nano form in poultry diets can improve the fertility of broiler breeder eggs. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of Nano-Selenium (NanoSe) in comparison with sodium selenite on serum selenoprotein p (SEPP1) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) content in broiler breeder roosters. Material and Method: A total of thirty Arbor Acres broiler breeder roosters (40 wks.) were randomly divided into five experimental groups. Each of which included 3 replicates of 2 birds. According to the arbor acres broiler breeder manual, the amount of 160 grams of diet was allocated daily for each rooster which had 12% crude protein and 2800 kcal/kg metabolizable energy. After one-week adaptation, birds were fed the corn-soybean meal-based basal diet (T1) supplemented with 0.3 mg/kg Sodium Selenite (T2), 0.15 mg/kg nano-Se (T3), 0.3 mg/kg nano-Se (T4) and 0.6 mg/kg nano-Se (T5). The duration of feeding experiment was four weeks. After the adaptation period, a 2.5 ml of blood sample was taken from each rooster. Two weeks later, in the middle of the research, blood sampling was done again from each bird. Four weeks after the treatment was done at the end of experiment, the roosters were humanely euthanized by cervical dislocation, the 3rd and last sampling was implemented at the end of experiment that as in the previous sampling was done, the blood samples were centrifuged and separated serum was stored in -20°C . Then serum concentration of the antioxidant “SEPP1” was measured by ELISA method and “GPx” was analyzed using a spectrophotometry kit. Results and discussion: By increasing the level of nanoselenium in diet, the serum concentration of SEPP1 and GPx also increases (P < 0.05) and using 0.6 mg/kg nano-Se in the diet reached the highest value. Based on a consideration of all experiment indexes, in this research, 0.6 mg/kg is suggested to be the best level of supplementation of nano-Se, and nano-Se showed higher contents of serum SEPP1 and GPx at the same amounts of nano-Se and sodium selenite supplementation. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of nano-Se was more effective than sodium selenite on serum SEPP1 and GPx concentration of tested selenoproteins in broiler breeder males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different culture mediums based on the Walne medium on the growth rate, chemical composition, and fatty acid (FA) profile in I. galbana and N. oculata. This experiment was done in a factorial design with two culture media (Walne and modified Walne media) and two microalgae species, including I. galbana and N. oculata. The results showed that the modified culture medium increased total and daily fresh and dried biomass production of I. galbana and N. oculata. Modified culture media increased crude fat (CF) and crude protein (CP) content and total and daily lipid production in both the studied species. However, in both the studied culture mediums, N. oculata had higher growth and production performance compared to I. galbana. Modified growth media also affects the FA profiles of the studied microalgae species. Total saturated and unsaturated FA content was not influenced by the growth medium but modified media increased poly unsaturated FA (PUFA) at the expense of mono unsaturated FA (MUFA). Omega- 3 FA content (linolenic acid, Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) was increased as a result of the medium modification in both species (P<0.05). However, linoleic acid content was affected differently in I. galbana and N. oculata. The linoleic acid concentration was reduced in modified medium grown N. oculata but increased in I. galbana (P<0.05). Palmitic acid and stearic acid contents were also decreased in both of the studied species in the modified medium (P<0.05). This study develops microalgal cultivation using a modified Walne medium for higher CP, CF, EPA, DHA contents, the ratio of omega3: omega6 FA, and biomass production in N. oculata and I. galbana microalgae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Inflammatory markers are inversely associated with bone density, geometry, and strength in postmenopausal women, and elderly subjects suggesting that osteoporosis is a low-grade systemic inflammatory condition. But glucocorticoids that are potent anti-inflammatory compounds instead of arresting/preventing osteoporosis induce osteoporosis. These results indicate that IL-6 and TNF-α, post-menopausal state, and steroids produce osteoporosis by an unidentified mechanism. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, estrogen, and steroids bring about their actions by influencing the metabolism of essential fatty acids (EFAs). I propose that EFAs and their metabolites act as second messengers of actions of corticosteroids, cytokines, and estrogen. This implies that EFAs are of benefit in the prevention and management of osteoporosis. This argument is supported by the observation that plasma phospholipid content of unsaturated fatty acids is decreased in those with osteoporosis. The reports that long-chain metabolites of EFAs including arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, and lipoxin A4 are of benefit in the prevention and management of osteoporosis lends further support to this proposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: This study investigated the impact of nutritional status and foods consumed on inflammation and disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Materials and Methods: We designed a cross-sectional observational study, involving 110 patients diagnosed with RA. The patients included were between 18 and 75 years old, diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis two years ago or earlier, with stable treatment for the last 8 weeks. Data on anthropometric parameters, body mass composition, nutritional status, individual food consumption records, inflammation, disease activity, quality of life, clinical, and laboratory parameters were collected for each study participant. The evaluation parameters of the patients were the simple disease activity index (SDAI), clinical disease activity index (CDAI), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and individual food consumption records. A bioimpedance device and measuring tape were used to take body composition and anthropometric measurements of the patients. Results: According to the body mass index, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio, in our study, we found that 60% of the patients were obese, 80% were at a very high health risk, and approximately 91% were in need of nutritional treatment. There was a significant negative correlation between the dietary intake of total energy, total fat, omega 3, calcium, zinc, cobalamin and the disease activity (SDAI, CDAI). There was a significant negative correlation between polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega 3, carotene, vitamin E, selenium and the SII. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between omega 6 and the SII, SDAI, CDAI (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study show that the foods consumed in the nutrition of RA patients may have effects on their inflammation and disease activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic and progressive macular degenerative disease that culminates in a gradual deterioration of central vision. Despite its prevalence, the key biomarkers for AMD have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to efficiently identify biomarkers crucial for diagnosing AMD. Methods: Three datasets pertaining to retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)/choroid tissues associated withAMDwere selected from theGEOdatabase. The GSE50195 datasetwas utilized to conduct weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) for identifying module genes linked to AMD. KEGG and GO enrichment analyses were subsequently conducted on these module genes. GSE29801 and GSE135092 datasets were subjected to differential expression analysis to pinpoint the DEGs intersecting with the module genes. Subsequently, wet AMD (wAMD) and dry AMD (dAMD) mouse models were developed, from which RPE/choroid tissues were harvested to validate the hub genes via RT-qPCR and Western blot. Results: Using theWGCNA, we selected the "antiquewhite4" module (r=0.91 andp = 7e-07), which contains a total of 325 genes. Through the intersection ofmodule genes with DEGs, nine hub genes were identified. Pathways involved in complement and coagulation cascades, ECM-receptor interactions, unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, and fatty acid elongation play important roles in AMD. Notably, CDH18 demonstrated notable variance across all three datasets. Post validation using RT-qPCR experiments revealed a significant downregulation of CDH18 in both dAMDand wAMD. EGLN3was expressed at low levels in wAMD. In dAMD, EYA2, LTB, and PODXL were significantly downregulated, whereas APOC1 was notably upregulated. Western blot confirmed that CDH18 was lowly expressed in dAMD and wAMD mouse models. Conclusion: CDH18 was identified as the key gene involved in the pathogenesis of AMD. An imbalance of the complement and coagulation cascades is a potential mechanism of AMD. This study provides a novel idea for diagnosing and treating AMD in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feline chronic enteropathies (FCE), include food-responsive-enteropathy (FRE), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and low-grade intestinal T-cell lymphoma (LGITL), and are common causes of chronic gastrointestinal signs in cats. Distinguishing between different subgroups of FCE can be challenging due to the frequent overlap of anamnestic, clinical, and laboratory data. While dysregulation in lipid metabolism has been reported in humans and dogs with chronic IBD, similar changes in cats are not yet completely understood. Assessing the fatty acid (FA) profile of red blood cell (RBC) membranes offers a valuable method for evaluating the quantity and quality of structural and functional molecular components in the membranes. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the FA composition of RBC membranes in FCE in comparison to healthy cats (HC). Gas-chromatography was used to quantitatively analyze a cluster of 11 FA, and based on these results, parameters of lipid homeostasis and enzyme activity indexes were calculated. A total of 41 FCE cats (17 FRE, 15 IBD, 9 LGITL) and 43 HC were enrolled. In FCE cats, the values of docosapentaenoic acid (p = 0.0002) and docosahexaenoic acid (p = 0.0246), were significantly higher, resulting in an overall increase in ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (p = 0.006), and that of linoleic acid (p = 0.0026) was significantly lower. Additionally, FCE cats exhibited an increased PUFA balance (p = 0.0019) and Δ6-desaturase index (p = 0.0151), along with a decreased ω-6/ω-3 ratio (p = 0.0019). No differences were observed among cats affected by FRE, IBD and LGITL. Like humans and dogs, the results of this study indicate that FCE cats also display changes in their FA lipid profile at the level of the RBC membrane. The non-invasive analysis of RBC membrane shows promise as a potential tool for gaining a better understanding of lipid imbalances in this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In recent years, public awareness of healthy diets has significantly increased, leading to a rise in the consumption of nutritional supplements. Among these, omega-3 fatty acids have become particularly popular. n − 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are widely distributed in marine and terrestrial environments. The primary sources of marine n − 3 fatty acid supplements are oily fish, such as anchovies, sardines and mackerel. Recently, they have drawn considerable attention for their potential therapeutic benefits in treating a range of illnesses, including cancer, neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, immunological and reproductive diseases, respectively. Main text: This study explores the many activities of n − 3 PUFAs, highlighting their importance in cellular processes that include signaling pathways, cell membrane integrity and structural maintenance. These fatty acids significantly regulate important physiological functions including the neurological system, blood pressure control, hematopoiesis, glucose metabolism and inflammatory responses. The latter highlights the wide therapeutic range of n − 3 PUFAs is especially notable considering the implications for controlling inflammatory disorders. Furthermore, the chemistry and dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids are clarified in this review, which also sheds light on the complex molecular pathways that support the therapeutic efficacy of these fats and their bioavailability. The most recent information on the FDA's approval of omega-3 oils for use in formulation development highlights the compounds' adaptability and potential influence on the development of novel medications. Conclusion: A thorough analysis of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reveals both their remarkable therapeutic potential against a variety of diseases and their essential place in a normal diet. This study adds to the increasing amount of data that supports the use of n − 3 PUFAs in preventative and therapeutic approaches that are meant to improve human health and well-being by clarifying their mechanisms of action and emphasizing their applicability in formulation and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extremely preterm infants are at risk of developing retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), characterized by neovascularization and neuroinflammation leading to blindness. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation is recommended in preterm infants to lower the risk of ROP, however, with no significant improvement in visual acuity. Reasonably, this could be as a result of the non‐consideration of PUFA metabolizing enzymes. We hypothesize that abnormal metabolism of the arachidonic acid (AA) pathway may contribute to severe stages of ROP. The present study investigated the AA‐metabolizing enzymes in ROP pathogenesis by a targeted gene expression analysis of blood (severe ROP = 70, No/Mild = 56), placenta (preterm placenta = 6, full term placenta = 3), and human primary retinal cell cultures and further confirmed at the protein level by performing IHC in sections of ROP retina. The lipid metabolites were identified by LC–MS in the vitreous humor (VH; severe ROP = 15, control = 15). Prostaglandins D2 (p = 0.02), leukotrienes B5 (p = 0.0001), 11,12‐epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (p = 0.01), and lipid‐metabolizing enzymes of the AA pathway such as CYP1B1, CYP2C8, COX2, and ALOX15 were significantly upregulated while EPHX2 was significantly (0.04) downregulated in ROP cases. Genes involved in hypoxic stress, angiogenesis, and apoptosis showed increased expression in ROP. An increase in the metabolic intermediates generated from the AA metabolism pathway further confirmed the role of these enzymes in ROP, while metabolites for EPHX2 activity were low in abundance. Inflammatory lipid intermediates were higher compared to anti‐inflammatory lipids in VH and showed an association with enzyme activity. Both the placenta of preterm infants who developed ROP and hypoxic retinal cultures showed a reduced expression of EPHX2. These findings suggested a strong involvement of EPHX2 in regulating retinal neovascularization and inflammation. The study results underscore the role of arachidonic acid metabolism in the development of ROP and as a potential target for preventing vision loss among preterm‐born infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nHIGHLIGHTSThe rising demand for global food resources, combined with an overreliance on land-based agroecosystems, poses a significant challenge for the sustainable production of food products. Macroalgae cultivation is a promising approach to mitigate impending global food insecurities due to several key factors: independence from terrestrial farming, rapid growth rates, unique biochemical makeup, and carbon capture potential. Furthermore, macroalgae are rich in vitamins, minerals, essential amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and fiber, demonstrating significant potential as sustainable alternatives for enhancing dietary diversity and fulfilling nutritional requirements. This review provides an overview of the nutritional composition and functional properties of commercially cultivated macroalgae species, with emphasis on their viability as value additions to the functional food market. Furthermore, the review discusses the technological aspects of integrating macroalgae into food products, covering both innovative solutions and existing challenges. Macroalgae, beyond being nutritional powerhouses, contain a plethora of bioactive compounds with varied biological activities, including anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective properties, making them excellent candidates in developing novel pharmaceuticals. Thus, this review also summarizes the pharmaceutical applications of macroalgae, identifies research gaps and proposes potential strategies for incorporating macroalgae-derived bioactive compounds into therapeutic products.Macroalgae contain diverse bioactives for food and pharmaceutical applications.Integration of macroalgae into functional foods increases its nutritional value.Surging macroalgae-based foods indicate strong commercial potential.Clinical validation is essential for macroalgae-based products’ therapeutic effects.Rigorous quality control ensures safety and compliance in macroalgae applications.Macroalgae contain diverse bioactives for food and pharmaceutical applications.Integration of macroalgae into functional foods increases its nutritional value.Surging macroalgae-based foods indicate strong commercial potential.Clinical validation is essential for macroalgae-based products’ therapeutic effects.Rigorous quality control ensures safety and compliance in macroalgae applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutrition has powerful impacts on our health and longevity. One of themechanisms bywhich nutrition might influence our health is by inducing epigeneticmodifications, modulating the molecular mechanisms that regulate aging. Observational studies have provided evidence of a relationship between nutrition and differences in DNA methylation. However, these studies are limited in that they might not provide an accurate control of the interactions between different nutrients, or between nutrition and other lifestyle behaviors. Here we systematically reviewed clinical studies examining the impact of nutrition strategies on DNA methylation. We examined clinical studies in community-dwelling adults testing the effects of nutrition interventions on i) global DNA methylation and its proxies, and ii) epigenetic clocks. We included 21 intervention studies that focused on the effects of healthy nutrition patterns, specific foods or nutrients, as well as the effect of multivitamin or multimineral supplements. In four studies on the methylation effects of healthy dietary patterns, as defined by being rich in vegetables, fruits, whole-grains, and nuts and reduced in the intake of added sugars, saturated fat, and alcohol, two of them suggested that a healthy diet, is associated with lower epigenetic age acceleration, one of them reported increases in global DNAmethylation, while another one found no diet effects. Studies examining epigenetic effects of specific foods, nutrients, or mixtures of nutrientswere scarce. For both folic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids, the available independent studies produced conflicting findings. Although more evidence is still needed to draw firmconclusions, results begin to suggest that healthy dietary patterns have positive effects on DNA methylation. Additional evidence from large randomized-controlled clinical trials is needed to support the effects of healthy nutrition on the DNA methylome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emiliania huxleyi is a marine microalga playing a significant ecological and biogeochemical role in oceans. It can produce several polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6–4,7,10,13,16,19) and octadecapentaenoic acid (OPA, 18:5–3,6,9,12,15), providing a primary source for nutritionally important ω3 PUFAs in the marine food chain. However, the biosynthesis of these PUFAs in this organism is not well understood. In this study, a full length plastidial ω3 desaturase cDNA (EhN3) was cloned from this alga. Heterologous expression of EhN3 with and without the chloroplast targeting peptide (cTP) in cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus showed that it possessed high desaturation activity toward C18-ω6 PUFAs, linoleic acid (LA, 18:2–9,12), γ-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3–6,9,12), and C20-ω6 PUFAs, dihomo-γlinolenic acid (DGLA, 20:3–8,11,14) and arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4–5,8,11,14) that were exogenously supplied. Desaturation efficiency could reach almost 100% in a time course. On the other hand, when expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, EhN3 with and without cTP did not exhibit any activity. Lipid analysis of Synechococcus transformants expressing EhN3 showed that it utilized galactolipids as substrates. Transcriptional expression analysis revealed that the expression of the gene increased while the growth temperature decreased, which was correlated with the increased production of ω3-PUFAs, particularly OPA. This is the first report of a plastidial ω3 desaturase from microalgae that can effectively introduce an ω3 double bond into both C18-ω6 and C20-ω6 PUFAs. EhN3 might also be one of the key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of OPA in E. huxleyi through the plastidial aerobic pathway [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate seeds (PS) are the dried seeds derived from pomegranate fruit, accounting for approximately 20% of the fruit’s total weight, and are a by-product of pomegranate juice extraction. These seeds hold significance in traditional medicine among Uyghurs and Tibetan cultures, featuring diverse clinical applications within traditional Chinese medicine. These applications include management of gastric coldness and acidity, abdominal distension, liver and gallbladder fever, and pediatric enteritis. PS demonstrates properties such as stomach tonicity, qi regulation, analgesia, and anti-inflammatory effects. Extensive research underscores the richness of PS in various phytochemical compounds and metabolites, notably unsaturated fatty acids (particularly linolenic acid and linoleic acid), phenolic compounds tocopherols, proteins, and volatile oils. Notably, among these bioactive compounds, punicic acid (PA), found within PS, demonstrates potential in the prevention and treatment of cancers, diabetes, obesity, and other ailments. Despite extensive literature on pomegranate as a botanical entity, a comprehensive review focusing specifically on the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of PS remains elusive. Therefore, this review aimed to consolidate knowledge regarding the medicinal properties of PS, summarizing its chemical composition, traditional uses, and pharmacological effects in treating various diseases, thereby laying a foundation for the advancement and application of PS in the field of pharmacology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the most numerous group of animals on Earth, insects are found in almost every ecosystem. Their useful role in the environment is priceless; however, for humans, their presence may be considered negative or even harmful. For years, people have been trying to control the number of pests by using synthetic insecticides, which eventually causes an increased level of resistance to applied compounds. The effects of synthetic insecticides have encouraged researchers to search for alternatives and thus develop safe compounds with high specificity. Using knowledge about the physiology of insects and the functionality of compounds of insect origin, a new class of bioinsecticides called peptidomimetics, which are appropriately modified insect analogues, was created. One promising compound that might be successfully modified is the thirteen amino acid peptide alloferon (HGVSGHGQHGVHG), which is obtained from the hemolymph of the blue blowfly Calliphora vicinia. Our research aimed to understand the physiological properties of alloferon and the activity of its peptidomimetics, which will provide the possibility of using alloferon or its analogues in the pharmaceutical industry, as a drug or adjuvant, or in agriculture as a bioinsecticide. We used alloferon and its three peptidomimetics, which are conjugates of the native peptide with three unsaturated fatty acids with various chain lengths: caprylic, myristic, and palmitic. We tested their effects on the morphology and activity of the reproductive system and the embryogenesis of the Tenebrio molitor beetle. We found that the tested compounds influenced the growth and maturation of ovaries and the expression level of the vitellogenin gene. The tested compounds also influenced the process of egg laying, embryogenesis, and offspring hatching, showing that alloferon might be a good peptide for the synthesis of effective bioinsecticides or biopharmaceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquatic food webs are spatially complex, potentially contributing to intraspecific variability in production pathway reliance of intermediate trophic level consumers. Variation in trophic reliance may be described by well-established trophic indicators, like stable isotope ratios (δ13C, δ15N), along with emerging trophic indicators, such as fatty acid composition. We evaluated stable isotope ratios and fatty acid profiles of European smelt (Osmerus eperlanus) among and within distinct regions of three large Swedish lakes (Hjälmaren, Mälaren, Vättern) which differed in trophic status. We expected that smelts in more oligotrophic lakes and regions would be characterized by distinct stable isotope signatures and fatty acid profiles, with particularly high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) relative levels. However, we acknowledge that frequent movement of smelts among regions may serve to spatially integrate their diet and lead to limited within-lake variation in stable isotope ratios and fatty acid composition. As expected, in comparison with more productive lakes (i.e., Hjälmaren and Mälaren), smelts from ultra-oligotrophic Vättern were characterized by low δ15N, high δ13C and high percent of a dominant PUFA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Smelts from different regions of the morphometrically complex Mälaren displayed differential stable isotope ratios and fatty acid relative concentrations, which were consistent with within-lake differences in productivity and water residence times, suggesting that smelts in this lake forage locally within distinct regions. Finally, at the individual smelt level there were particularly strong and consistent associations between a well-established trophic indicator (δ13C) and percent DHA, suggesting that the relative concentration of this fatty acid may be a useful additional trophic indicator for smelt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt stress is one of the major abiotic factors severely hampering rice production. Fatty acids play a crucial role in plants response to such stress. Previous studies have demonstrated the potential of unsaturated fatty acid (11‐eicosenoic acid [EA]) to enhance salt tolerance in rice, but the molecular mechanism remains unclear. Our study indicates that the exogenous application of EA could alleviate salt stress‐induced damage as well as improve the survival rate of rice seedlings. Transcriptome analysis was performed following treatment of rice seedlings with EA, NaCl, and NaCl + EA. The results showed that there were 4970, 11, 304, and 4735 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in NaCl versus CK, EA versus CK, NaCl + EA versus NaCl, and NaCl + EA versus CK, respectively. Notably, pathways such as unsaturated fatty acid metabolism, diterpenoid phytoalexin biosynthesis, and phytohormone signal transduction were significantly enriched in NaCl + EA versus NaCl. Specifically, genes related to ethylene, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, gibberellin signaling, and fatty acid metabolism were implicated in the mitigation effect of EA on salt stress in rice. Furthermore, DEGs involved in rice diterpenoid biosynthesis were analyzed in detail, revealing that EA induced the biosynthesis of multiple diterpenoids. Metabolomic analysis showed that the levels of various fatty acids, phytohormones, and terpenes increased. The presented data may serve as a useful guide for further exploration of the various biological functions of EA in enhancing plant resilience to salt stress. Additionally, it offers a valuable list of genes for the development of crop plants with improved salt resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the ancient times, the Kazakhstan population were considered as nomadic people, where a cult of all types of cattle breeding had a leading position. However, currently the processing approaches of livestock slaughter wastes and secondary meat raw materials are weakly developed. The presented review of waste-free technologies considers the utilization processes of following: carcasses, skins, bones, meat scraps, blood, adipose tissue, horns, feet, hooves, and internal organs. These substances are an important source of animal protein, collagen, bioactive peptides, blood plasma, minerals, and fats that can be applied in various industries: food, feed, medical, and technological. When slaughtering livestock, meat on bones makes up almost half of the total weight of livestock, yet the remaining half contains offal and inedible raw materials. Blood consists of: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and plasma. Animal bones have mostly proteins (30-50%) and lipids (13-20%) from bone tissues. Tendons, bones and skins contain a large amount of collagen. Animal fat and adipose tissue have 54.9% saturated acids, 40.9% unsaturated fatty acids and 4.2% polyunsaturated fatty acids. Bioactive peptides from collagen derivatives contain from 2 to 20 amino acids and have various biological (antihypertensive, antioxidant, and antimicrobial) activity. This review considers a world current status, modern prospects and opportunities in the slaughter wastes and themeat by-products recycling technologies. Overview of existing approaches for waste processing with the subsequent use of the final product in the food industry, the production of feed, medicines and technical products is considered. The complete processing within the slaughtering livestock and the secondary meat raw materials allows to expand the wide-range products with a low prime cost, thereby promoting to the sustainable development of agroecology by applying the waste hierarchy: Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The burden of Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is vast and as of 2021, an estimated 8.4 million people were living with the disease worldwide. Predictably, this number could increase to 17.4 million people by 2040. Despite nearly a century of insulin therapy for the management of hyperglycemia in T1D, no therapies exist to treat its underlying etiopathology. Adequate dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3) has been reported in observational studies and Randomized Controlled Trials to be associated with reduced risk of developing T1D but results have been inconclusive. We conducted a Mendelian randomization (MR) study to explore the relationship between ω-3 intake and T1D. We performed a two-sample MR analysis using single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with ω-3 levels in a sample of 114,999 Europeans and their effects on T1D from a genome-wide association study meta-analysis of 24,840 European participants. A main MR analysis using the Inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was conducted and validated using MR-Egger, Weighted median, and Weighted mode methods. Sensitivity analyses excluding potentially pleiotropic single nucleotide polymorphisms were also performed. Main MR analysis using the IVW method showed no evidence of a causal relationship between ω-3 levels and T1D risk (OR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.56-1.51, p = 0.745). MREgger and Weighted mode methods showed similar results while Weighted median showed a marginally significant association (OR: 1.15, CI: 1.00-1.32, p = 0.048). Sensitivity analysis revealed heterogeneity in the main analysis MR estimates (IVW Q > 100, p < 0.0001) and no directional pleiotropy (Egger intercept: -0.032, p = 0.261). Our study found limited evidence of a causal association between ω-3 and T1D, with only a marginally significant association observed in one of the four MR methods. This challenges the proposition that ω-3-rich diets are of substantial benefit for the prevention and management of T1D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Circulating metabolites, which playa crucial role in our health, have been reported to be disordered in basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Despite these findings, evidence is still lacking to determine whether these metabolites directly promote or prevent BCC's progression. Therefore, our study aims to examine the potential effects of circulating metabolites on BCC progression. Material and methods: We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using data from two separate genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The primary study included data for 123 blood metabolites from a GWAS with 25,000 Finnish individuals, while the secondary study had data for 249 blood metabolites from a GWAS with 114,000 UK Biobank participants.GWAS data for BCC were obtained from the UK Biobank for the primary analysis and the FinnGen consortium for the secondary analysis. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess heterogeneity and pleiotropy. Results: In the primary analysis, significant causal relationships were found between six metabolic traits and BCC with the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method after multiple testing [P < 4 x 10-4 (0.05/123)]. Four metabolic traits were discovered to be significantly linked with BCC in the secondary analysis, with a significance level of P < 2 x 10-4 (0.05/249). We found that all the significant traits are linked to Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) and their degree of unsaturation. Conclusion: Our research has revealed a direct link between the susceptibility of BCC and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and their degree of unsaturation. This discovery implies screening and prevention of BCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pathologically, metabolic disorder plays a crucial role in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). However, there is no conclusive evidence lipid metabolite levels to PCOS risk. Methods: In this study, genome-wide association study (GWAS) genetic data for 122 lipid metabolites were used to assign instrumental variables (IVs). PCOS GWAS were derived from a large-scale meta-analysis of 10,074 PCOS cases and 103,164 controls. An inverse variance weighted (IVW) analysis was the primary methodology used for Mendelian randomization (MR). For sensitivity analyses, Cochran Q test, MR-Egger intercept, MR-PRESSO, leave-one-out analysis,and Steiger test were performed. Furthermore, we conducted replication analysis, meta-analysis, and metabolic pathway analysis. Lastly, reverse MR analysis was used to determine whether the onset of PCOS affected lipid metabolites. Results: This study detected the blood lipid metabolites and potential metabolic pathways that have a genetic association with PCOS onset. After IVW, sensitivity analyses, replication and meta-analysis, two pathogenic lipid metabolites of PCOS were finally identified: Hexadecanedioate (OR=1.85,95%CI=1.27-2.70, P=0.001) and Dihomo-linolenate (OR=2.45,95%CI = 1.30-4.59, P=0.005). Besides, It was found that PCOS may be mediated by unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and primary bile acid biosynthesis metabolic pathways. Reverse MR analysis showed the causal association between PCOS and 2-tetradecenoyl carnitine at the genetic level (OR=1.025, 95% CI=1.003-1.048, P=0.026). Conclusion: Genetic evidence suggests a causal relationship between hexadecanedioate and dihomo-linolenate and the risk of PCOS. These compounds could potentially serve as metabolic biomarkers for screening PCOS and selecting drug targets. The identification of these metabolic pathways is valuable in guiding the exploration of the pathological mechanisms of PCOS, although further studies are necessary for confirmation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The relationship between the intake of dietary fatty acids (FA) and bone mineral density (BMD) has been the subject of prior investigations. However, the outcomes of these studies remain contentious. The objective of this research is to examine the link between dietary FA consumption among adolescents and BMD. Methods: This study utilized high-quality data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database, spanning 2011 to 2018, to explore the association between dietary fatty acids and bone health indicators in adolescents, including BMD and bone mineral content (BMC). Analyses were performed using weighted multivariate linear regression models, incorporating detailed subgroup analysis. Results: The study included 3440 participants. Analysis demonstrated that intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was positively correlated with total BMD, left arm BMD, total BMC, and left arm BMC. Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) intake was positively correlated with BMC across most body parts, though it showed no correlation with BMD. Intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was significantly inversely correlated with both BMD and BMC in most body parts. Additionally, subgroup analysis indicated that variables such as sex, age, standing height, and race significantly influenced the correlation between FA intake and BMD. Conclusions: Our study indicates that dietary intake of SFA may benefit to BMD in adolescents, in contrast to PUFA and MUFA. Therefore, we recommend that adolescents maintain a balanced intake of SFA to promote optimal bone mass development while preserving metabolic health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation has evaluated the use of effluents from a secondary municipal wastewater treatment plant for biomass production and potential of the biomass for biodiesel production. Cultivations of Chlorella vulgaris using wastewater, wastewater with supplementation, and WC medium were carried out. Effect of wastewater collected in different months on biomass productivity (BP) and lipid composition was studied. Methods based on NMR and GC–MS techniques were applied for determining the composition of the lipids and their fatty acid profile including poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Lipids extracted are comprised of both neutral (tri acyl glycerides, TAG; free fatty acids, FFA) and polar (glyco glycero/phospho) lipids. The TAG content of the extracted lipids was determined in the range of 22.5–41.3% w/w. The NMR and GC–MS compositional results of microalgal lipids of biomasses cultivated in wastewater without nutrient supplementation, collected in different months, showed potential for biodiesel production. The fatty acid profiles of neutral and polar lipids, which are mainly comprised of saturated and unsaturated long alkyl chain (C16-C22) fatty acids, are potential sources for the biodiesel and food industry. The concentration of nitrates (45–78 mg L−1) in wastewater without supplementation, collected in different months, was found to be optimum to enable cultivation of biomasses with reasonably good BP of 21.5–28.1 mg L−1 day−1. Similar results have been obtained in the present work as well as reported in the literature in the case of WC medium (nitrate, 69 mg L−1) with BP of 25.5–28.2 mg L−1 day−1, thus highlighted the significance of the presented work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Design Methods Reporting Method Results Conclusions Implications for the Profession and/or Patient Care Impact Protocol Registration Patient or Public Contribution To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of nutritional interventions (i.e. nutritional support, dietary patterns and dietary supplements) on cognitive function in cancer survivors.Systematic review.A systematic and comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Embase, and CINAHL was conducted from the inception until March 10, 2023. The last search was conducted on December 10, 2023.PRISMA.A total of 59 randomized controlled trials were included for analysis. Nutritional support, dietary patterns and dietary supplements improved cognitive function in cancer survivors with no apparent safety concerns. The anti‐inflammatory diet, the fasting‐mimicking diet and the web‐based diet significantly improved cognitive function. Whereas the ketogenic diet or dietary advice to consume more soluble dietary fibres and less insoluble dietary fibres and lactose could not. There was evidence from dietary supplements to support the beneficial effects of polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements, traditional herbal medicines and other supplements.Nutritional interventions have great promise for improving cognitive function in adult cancer survivors. Further validation of the nutritional interventions supported in this study in other survivors and exploration of more effective nutritional interventions are needed.This work can support the construction of nutritional support interventions and dietary guidance programs to prevent cancer‐related cognitive decline.This work filled a gap in preventive strategies for cancer‐related cognitive decline from a nutritional perspective. Nutritional support, dietary patterns, and dietary supplements can prevent cancer‐related cognitive decline without serious safety concerns. This work highlighted nutritional interventions that have the potential to improve cognitive function in cancer survivors, benefiting the further construction of evidence‐based nutritional intervention programs.PROSPERO.No patient or public contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of feeding cauliflower leaf meal (CLM) on growth performance, nutrient utilization, carcass characteristics, histopathology and economics of rabbit production. A total of eighteen 45‐day‐old Newzeland White rabbits were randomly divided into three groups and fed with control (0%), 20% and 30% CLM in concentrate mixture and feeding trial continued for 3 months. Growth performance was recorded upto the end of the trial. On completion of the growth study, a digestibility trial was conducted to assess the digestibility of nutrients. Afterwards, all the experimental rabbits were slaughtered to evaluate the carcass and meat quality, and to examine histological changes in the viscera. The cost of production was calculated on the basis of partially replacing wheat bran with CLM. Results showed that the body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and digestibility of nutrients were similar among the groups of rabbits. Further, dressing percentage, wholesome cut yield, chemical composition of meat, sensory evaluation, water holding capacity and shear force value were also comparable among all groups. However, total phenolic content, vitamin A and E, and polyunsaturated fatty acid were significantly (p < 0.05) higher and 2‐Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in 30% CLM‐fed group. Histopathological study showed no pathological changes in viscera of rabbits fed with CLM. Moreover, the cost of production was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in 30% CLM‐fed group of rabbits. The present work shows that the 30% CLM can be incorporated in concentrate mixture in rabbit diet without affecting growth performance or meat quality and successfully used in rabbit nutrition, which will be cheaper with enhanced keeping quality of meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are different climate classes in Iran where about 85% of the agricultural lands are located in arid and semi-arid regions. To mitigate or compensate effects of drought stress and increase crop fitting and yield, effects of micronutrient application have been studied by several researchers. Field experiments were conducted during the 2021–2022 and 2022–2023 crop seasons to investigate the effect of micronutrients on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of canola cultivars under late-season drought stress conditions. The experiments were arranged in a factorial split-plot design, with two irrigation treatments – normal irrigation (control) or restricted irrigation at flowering stage – and four foliar applications of Zn and Mn after rosette stage (F1: Water, F2: ZnSO4, F3: MnSO4 and F4: ZnSO4 + MnSO4) as the main factor. Winter canola cultivars, including Okapy, Hyola401 and Hyola308, as sub-factor. The results showed that limited irrigation at flowering reduced seed yield, oil percentage and fatty acids content in different canola cultivars. Most of the canola oil is composed of unsaturated fatty acids, and the occurrence of drought stress at the reproductive stage reduced oil quality. By contrast, the minimum yield loss was obtained from Hylon401 cultivar, an early mature cultivar. Overall, it is recommended Hylon401 cultivar for normal irrigation and Hylon308 cultivar for a drought environment when considered the acceptable seed yield in canola. In general, it is suggested that a suitable performance of canola seeds is achieved by foliar application of manganese and zinc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]