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The article formulates the subject and tasks of the future speech-genre discipline – the integral description of speech genres – which, in the author’s opinion, claims to be central to the general theory of speech genres. The main sources of the theory of speech genres integrality include the high level of a speech genre as a speech and language unit, the complex, multidimensional and multicomponent nature of the theory of speech genres, the multidisciplinarity of the theory of speech genres (it draws on data from almost all the humanities and partly non-humanities). The integral description of speech genres will include the following parameters: the cultural and historical context of the speech genre; typological characteristics of speech genre (including their place in various typologies); speech-genre variantology and recurrence, including new technogenic and Internet derivatives from primary, traditional genres; representation in the corps. The integral description of speech genres and its parameters are discussed in connection with the division of linguistics (partly – other sciences, for example, literary criticism). It is shown that the majority of divisions of linguistics that are significant for the integral description of speech genres go back to Saussure’s idea of opposing internal and external linguistics, and the main tasks of the theory of speech genres correspond to those three “eternal” problems of linguistics formulated by V. M. Alpatov: “How is language structured?”, “How does language function?” and “How does language develop?” The author discusses directions of the most important genre studies, from which the integral description of speech genres should be “composed”, and the criteria used for their selection: 1) the model is already integral (multi-component and interdisciplinary); 2) universal (applicable to many languages and national cultures, in different historical periods); 3) based on this model, the largest number of studies was carried out. The first criterion is met by the model of T. V. Shmeleva, the second – by the universalist model of A. Wierzbicka, the third – by traditional speech-genre models: lexical, syntactic and pragmatic. In conclusion, the author discusses the unresolved problems of speech genres, which can be logically solved on the basis of the integral description of speech genres: typology (integral bases for the classification of speech genres claim to be more reliable), variantology, applied and experimental aspects (vocabulary representation of speech genres and corpus aspect, including the analysis of key phrases of speech genres).

Abstract Background Scientific investigation of how to sustain the implementation of evidence-based interventions (EBI) is emerging. Sustaining the implementation of EBIs helps ensure their effects on improving health endure. External policy or practice agencies, such as government health departments, are often tasked with supporting individual organisations with sustaining their delivery of EBIs, for example, through financing, training or the provision of other supports. However, to our knowledge, the approaches taken by policy and practice agencies to support the sustainment of EBIs have not been consolidated, categorised and described as a typology. Main body To improve conceptual clarity and support both research and practice, we developed an initial working typology of the practical approaches to sustain implementation of EBIs (i.e. sustainment) in order to improve long term health from the perspective of these agencies. The working typology includes three broad approaches. The first, termed ‘Self-Sustainment’, is when implementation of the EBI by an organisation (e.g. hospital, clinic, school) is expected to continue (sustain) in the absence of external (agency) support. The second, termed ‘Static Sustainment Support’, involves the provision of pre-defined external (agency) support to assist organisations to continue implementation of an EBI. The final approach is termed ‘Dynamic Sustainment Support’, whereby support provided by an external agency is dynamic (continues to be adapted) overtime to assist organisations continue implementation of an intervention which may itself also evolve. Conclusions We describe the contexts and circumstances where each may be most appropriate in achieving sustained implementation and discuss their research and practice implications.

Collective action initiatives (CAIs) are important in ameliorating the negative externalities in agriculture to promote social and economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, the empirical basis exploring the context-specificity underpinning the CAIs is barely established. This study characterized the organizational attributes of the CAIs and their implications on policy targeting. The study employed mixed qualitative and quantitative approaches based on survey data drawn from 532 multistage randomly and proportionately sampled smallholder households, ten focus group discussions and two key informant interviews from the central region of Kenya. Multiple correspondence analysis and cluster analysis were used in exploring the organizational attributes of the CAIs. A multivariate probit model was employed to explore how organizational and household socio-economic characteristics influence participation patterns across the collective action typologies. The results revealed two typologies of collective action namely, efficiency and livelihood that were highly distinct in their level of formalization, membership composition, nature and scope of coordination, level of social capital, level of social networking and internal governance mechanisms. The households’ participation patterns across the efficiency and livelihood typology were differentially influenced by household demographics, farm and farming factors, assets, institutional and infrastructural factors. The findings suggest that a ‘one-size-fits-all’ collective action policy is inadequate and suggests a portfolio of context-specific collective action promotional policies. The policies would confer potential complementarities, synergistic and spillover effects in developing the CAIs to address multiple developmental objectives simultaneously.

Healing gardens, a longstanding feature of medical institutions, have garnered attention from scholars for their health-promoting properties across various stages of research. Through a historical literature review and contemporary case analysis of healing gardens, this research investigates how to achieve therapeutic integration by fostering effective connections between buildings and nature through typological design. Combined with qualitative and design-driven research methodologies, including the use of visualization tools such as drawings, models, and images, six models of building-nature integration in contemporary healthcare architecture are identified. This article bridges a research gap in the field of healing garden design and concludes by demonstrating that “typology” is only a design strategy according to context and building performance. In addition to positions of healing gardens, critical factors such as spatial organization, aesthetics, and sustainability, incorporating elements such as accessibility, readability, comfort, and ecological factors, must be carefully considered to achieve integration.

AbstractPublic sector organization is very influential. However, due to the limitations of the papers discussing the topic of performance measurement for public sector organizations, thus this research explores existing research on this topic. The main objective of this research was to know the issue of performance measurement in public sector organizations. The systematic literature review method was used to explore different issues related to performance measurement for public sector organizations. In this research, various type of performance measurement for public sector organizations is described. Based on the findings, we suggest concerning determinants of performance measurement for public sector organizations at individual and organizational levels as the fundamental performance measurement elements, due to the lack and the limitation of the research concerning individuals as a critical element. The source of the literature from the Scopus Preview from 2013 to 2022 was taken by implementing the typology agenda. The result proposes a performance measurement typology based on the unit, level, measures, target, and realization. Besides, the result confirms that there has not been in-depth research on performance measurement for public sector organizations specifically on the public sector especially mixed-method research approaches from emerging and developing countries of the individual. The contribution of this research is as a reference material in encouraging more effective policies and evaluation in the implementation of public sector performance measurement.

Introduction: Managing soil fertility remains one of the major concerns of smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In order to understand the adoption potential of recommended practices to smallholders, this study aimed to characterize the resource availability, allocation and use patterns, and the soil fertility management practices in the maize farming system in northern Benin. Methods: A survey was conducted with 262 households randomly selected across three municipalities from three agro-ecological zones. Focus groups discussions and individual interviews were conducted with the household heads using an interview guide and a structured questionnaire respectively. The main data collected included (a) the socio-economic characteristics of households, (b) the main farm type and their characteristics and (c) the current soil fertility management strategies and the rationale behind. Results and discussion: The main soil fertility practices included the use of mineral fertilizer, manure, and crop residues application to plots. As a general trend, the rates of fertilizers applied by farmers [on average 132 ± 8.5 and 59 ± 5.8 kg ha-1 of Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium (NPK) and urea] were below those recommended or required to ensure optimal maize yields. Five farm types corresponding to different resource endowments or wealth classes were identified. The scarce resource farms owned by the majority of poorer farmers use only small amounts ofmanure and fertilizer in their fields. Qualitative analysis indicated that farms have different constraints and opportunities to adopt newly proposed soil fertility management recommendations. Conclusion: Extension services and decision makers must target specific interventions for appropriation and sustainability of technologies to resource mostly the smallholder farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Food-related behaviour is a very complex topic. A common way to reduce complex issues to their essential content is to create a typology. In Germany, with regard to food-related behaviour, the creation of a typology has often been carried out by commercial research institutes, but also by (international) scientific institutes. The former have mostly used quantitative methods, the latter usually have a specific content focus. Within this study, we want to investigate how people integrate eating into their everyday lives while engaging with themselves and the environment, thereby living out personality development and related socialisation. Methods: 37 qualitative interviews were conducted and evaluated by means of content-structuring qualitative analysis and type-forming qualitative content analysis. Interviewees were recruited via recruitment calls using different channels, such as newspapers or university e-mail lists. Participants over the age of seventeen were eligible to take part in the study. Both the individual action processes and the interpretation processes regarding food-related behaviour were taken into account. The final sample consisted of 20 male and 18 female participants with an age range from 18 to 83. Results: The result were seven eating action types, namely: Eating as a way of life, The Relaxed, Eating as self-determination, Eating as a necessary Evil, The Adaptive, The Overstrained and The Controlled. Conclusions: We contribute to the study of food-related behaviour with the chosen qualitative method of type-building and by looking at how people integrate eating into their everyday lives. This contributes to a broader understanding of this phenomenon and complements the findings of existing commercial and academic food-related typing-building activities. Specifically, through identifying "The Overstrained" as a novel eating action type, this study adds to the literature in the field and may be a useful baseline for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The problem of mental ill-health in doctors is complex, accentuated by the COVID-19 pandemic, and impacts on healthcare provision and broader organisational performance. There are many interventions to address the problem but currently no systematic way to categorise them, which makes it hard to describe and compare interventions. As a result, implementation tends to be unfocussed and fall short of the standards developed for implementing complex healthcare interventions. This study aims to develop: 1) a conceptual typology of workplace mental health and wellbeing interventions and 2) a mapping tool to apply the typology within research and practice. Methods: Typology development was based on iterative cycles of analysis of published and in-practice interventions, incorporation of relevant theories and frameworks, and team and stakeholder group discussions. Results: The newly developed typology and mapping tool enable interventions to be conceptualised and/or mapped into different categories, for example whether they are designed to be largely preventative (by either improving the workplace or increasing personal resources) or to resolve problems after they have arisen. Interventions may be mapped across more than one category to reflect the nuance and complexity in many mental health and wellbeing interventions. Mapping of interventions indicated that most publications have not clarified their underlying assumptions about what causes outcomes or the theoretical basis for the intervention. Conclusion: The conceptual typology and mapping tool aims to raise the quality of future research and promote clear thinking about the nature and purpose of interventions, In doing so it aims to support future research and practice in planning interventions to improve the mental health and wellbeing of doctors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How are left-behind places in a country compared to other types of places in an Eastern European country? A typology of local human development is designed and tested for the case of the Romanian society. The United Nations model of human development (structured by the three dimensions of education, economic development and health) is adapted to the local level and two contrasting measures are designed – an index and a typology of local human development. The typology resulted from a cluster analysis. It is validated by bi-variate and multivariate analysis (multinomial regression). High emigration rates, irrespective of the destination, do not bring lower development to the local origin in Romania: the destination of migration counts. There is a higher probability, in 2018, of left-behindness in localities with a higher number of emigrants to Italy in the years preceding 2011. Human development is highly differentiated by destination countries of emigration and by historical subregions. It is especially for such contexts that the quantitative approach could be misleading. Public policy targets could be better identified if qualitative and quantitative approaches are simultaneously used. The proposed approach could be adopted by keeping the same dimensions and measuring them by available and appropriate indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important food utensil in Liao Dynasty, the tea cup holder is an important material to study the development and regional characteristics of tea drinking culture in Liao Dynasty. In this paper, the artifacts unearthed from the tombs of the Liao Dynasty and tea cup holder seen in the murals of the "tea-drinking theme" are taken as the research objects, and the types of utensils are analyzed emphatically. At the same time, combined with the unearthed years, the evolution of its shape is divided into "five types and three periods". Its main evolution rules are "the combination of two types of utensils into one" and “the decoration from complex to simple”, which not only reflects the specialization of tea utensils, but also shows its practical characteristics. In addition, due to the constraints of the spread of tea culture, the tea cup holders in the Liao Dynasty were concentrated in the northern Hebei and western Liaoning regions, which was closely related to the smooth flow of traffic routes between the Song and Liao dynasties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2020, more than 9.2 million people in Spain were over 65 years old. This represented almost 20% of its total population, being one of the oldest countries in the world. The main objective of this work is to typify the geographical distribution of aging in Spain, using the Multiscalar Territorial Analysis, which will allow us to investigate the territorial contrasts that occur in the country with respect to the phenomenon. The method will allow establishing a territorial typology of the distribution of aging The Multiscalar Territorial Analysis is based on the combination of the relative deviations of an area, in this case the Spanish municipalities, with respect to other reference territorial contexts: the state, the Autonomous Communities, the provinces and the neighbouring municipalities. Discovering the territorial contrasts that aging draws in the Spanish geography will be one of the objectives of the present work where the procedure followed will show that aging is a generalized phenomenon, but not homogeneous, in the territory, since it shows continuities, discontinuities and contrasts, which is the result of the unequal incidence that, on past demographic structures, both the evolution of natural mobility and, above all, that of migratory dynamics had. Aging, as the main result of many of these structural changes, is compromising the demographic present of many Spanish municipalities, determining the viability of a large part of the Spanish territory, irremediably doomed to depopulation and demographic collapse. The other side of this situation is the environment of many cities, the islands or the coastal strips of the country that have seen their demographic structures revamped thanks to the continuous reception of young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Maronite Church states that it is an Antiochene and Syriac Church. This article traces, in chronological and discursive fashion, the emergence of the Maronite tradition. It explores the life and significance of St Maroun (d. ca AD 418–23), giving consideration to thinkers who helped to understand his outlook and methods and assessing what we know of the St Maroun monastery (Dayr Mar Maroun) and its vicissitudes down to the sixth century. The piece then treats Maronites in the context of the seventh-century monothelite controversy, following their foundational developments up to the time of their first patriarch Yohanna Maroun (flor. 680s). The paper considers not only the ascetic and monastic currents in the early Maronite community but also touches on the influence of Syriac typology and its gradual displacement by analytic and dogmatic theology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A six‐fold typology of ideal trips was developed in this study by listening to the voices of residents of Southeast Queensland, Australia, who identified what they felt a dream vacation encompassed. The study represents one of the first of its kind to explore this phenomenon from the tourists' perspective. The typology encompassed 16 styles of holiday. The six types included destination‐exclusive holidays, personal growth, exploration, escape, hedonism and attraction or activity specific holidays. The study concludes that more empirical research into this phenomenon is desired before comprehensive theory development can occur, for existing theories and models used to study ideal holidays tend to be fragmented and often contradictory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Review studies are vital for advancing knowledge in many scientific fields, including mathematics education, amid burgeoning publications. Based on an extensive consideration of existing review typologies, we conducted a meta-review and bibliometric analysis to provide a comprehensive overview of and deeper insights into review studies within mathematics education. After searching Web of Science, we identified 259 review studies, revealing a significant increase in such studies over the last five years. Systematic reviews were the most prevalent type, followed by meta-analyses, generic literature reviews, and scoping reviews. On average, the review studies had a sample size of 99, with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines commonly employed. Despite certain studies offering nuanced distinctions among review types, ambiguity persisted. Only about a quarter of the studies explicitly reported employing specific theoretical frameworks (particularly, technology, knowledge, and competence models). Co-authored publications were most common within American institutions and the leading countries are the United States, Germany, China, Australia, and England in publishing most review studies. Educational review journals, educational psychology journals, special education journals, educational technology journals, and mathematics education journals provided platforms for review studies, and prominent research topics included digital technologies, teacher education, mathematics achievement, and learning disabilities. In this study, we synthesised a range of reviews to facilitate readers' comprehension of conceptual congruities and disparities across various review types, as well as to track current research trends. The results suggest that there is a need for discipline-specific standards and guidelines for different types of mathematics education reviews, which may lead to more high-quality review studies to enhance progress in mathematics education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper was to develop typologies of hotel green supply chain management (HGSCM) strategy. The typologies were developed through tracing the practices of nine best-performing hotels from various regions over the period 2017–2019. The data were retrieved from the global reporting initiatives database. The cases were classified according to their shared actions categories along the supply chain. Next, the cases were reclassified according to the number of their shared green performance dimensions. Then the typologies matrix of the relevant HGSCM strategy was developed. This matrix has two dimensions: the extension of the supply chain and the number of green indicators. From the intersection between the matrix dimensions twelve typologies were generated, but the number of typologies adopted by the best-performing hotels was five. This is the first study to have developed typologies of the HGSCM strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Europe, uptake of multi-peril crop insurance remains limited, leading to discussions on premium subsidies. A study of 228 Saxony farmers investigated their attitudes and willingness to pay for a multi-peril crop insurance in 2022. Using a cluster analysis based on farmers' satisfaction with current risk management as well as market supply of tools, perceived benefits of the insurance, and views on governmental intervention, four farmer segments were identified. Each showed varied attitudes toward insurance subsidies, willingness to pay, and farm characteristics. As an initial ex-ante study on this topic, the insights are invaluable for insurance providers and policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article offers the first systematic scholarly analysis of ConKisses, i.e., a sub-class of conative animal calls (i.e., directives addressed to animals) that draw on speech kisses (i.e., sounds that are made with a kiss-like articulatory mechanism). The author examines the pragma-semantics, phonetics, and morphology of ConKisses in 50 languages within a prototype-driven approach to categorization and concludes the following: ConKisses comply with the features associated with the prototype of a conative animal call and may therefore be regarded as the prototype's canonical instantiations – in fact, they constitute the most canonical subset within the entire conative-animal-call category and thus a highly extra-systematic one from sentence-grammar's perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Typologies are frequently utilised in analyses of the quality, funding, and efficiency of aged care systems. This review aims to provide a comprehensive resource identifying and critiquing existing aged care typologies. Methods: Systematic search of MEDLINE, Econlit, Google Scholar, greylit.org and Open Grey databases from inception to July 2020, including typologies of national, regional or provider aged care systems. Article screening, data extraction, and quality appraisal were conducted in duplicate. Results: 14 aged care typologies were identified; five applied to residential care, two to home care and seven to mixed settings; eight examined national systems and seven regional or provider systems. Five typologies classifying national financing or home care services, provider financing of staff and services and quality of residential care were considered high quality. The schematic provided summarises the focus area and aids in typology selection. Discussion: The aged care typologies identified cover a wide range of areas and contexts of aged care provision. This schematic, summary and critique will aid researchers, providers, and aged care policy makers to examine their own setting, compare it to other approaches to aged care provision and assist in identifying alternatives and important considerations, when undertaking aged care reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Faculty of Divinity of Ankara University / Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ankara Universitesi Ilahiyat Fakultesi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of South Architecture / Nanfang Jianzhu is the property of South Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recent research on clientelism has focused on the varieties of clientelism. They suggest that clientelistic exchanges differ in terms of the expected length of iterations, whereby politicians deliver benefits to voters in exchange for political support. Using newly collected V-Party data (1,844 political parties from 165 countries, 1970–2019), we identify two prominent types of clientelism that recent studies have suggested: relational clientelism and single-shot clientelism. By demonstrating that our measures of clientelism outperform existing cross-national indices, we suggest that it is important to unpack clientelistic linkages at the party level to grasp the fine-grained differences in clientelism across parties within states. We then apply our measures to the analysis of the relationship between economic development and clientelism, one of the major topics in the clientelism study. Our analysis finds that relational clientelism persists even in relatively developed countries, whereas the effect of economic development on single-shot clientelism has a curvilinear relationship. Our applications of the new measures of clientelism also show that the gap in clientelistic practices between ruling and opposition parties varies depending on the types of clientelism, tenure lengths of incumbents, and the degree of political centralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pig sector in Corsica is based by a wide range of farming systems, mainly characterized on traditional extensive practices, which favor contacts between domestic and wild individuals. These contacts are suspected to influence the maintenance and the transmission of shared infectious diseases between both populations. Therefore, it is important to develop methods that allow to understand and anticipate their occurrence. Modeling these interactions requires accurate data on the presence, location and use of land on pig farms and farming practices, but such data are often unavailable, incomplete or outdated. In this study, we suggest a method to collect and analyze pig farming information that combines approaches from social sciences and epidemiology and enables a spatial representation of an index of potential interaction (IPI) between wild and domestic pigs at municipality level in the Corsican territory. As a first step of the process, interviews were conducted to gather information from 103 pig farms. Then, using hierarchical clustering, we identified five different clusters of pig farming practices which were evaluated and validated by local experts using participatory tools. The five pig farming clusters with their respective estimated levels of direct and indirect interactions with wild boars were combined in a linear equation with pig density to estimate a hypothetical index of potential interaction (IPI) in 155 municipalities. Our results revealed the diversity of pig farming practices across the island of Corsica and pointed out potential hotspots of interaction. Our method proved to be an effective way to collect and update information on the presence and typology of pig farms which has the potential to update official livestock production statistics. The spatial representation of an IPI between wild boars and domestic pigs in the Corsican territory could help design regional disease management strategies and policies to improve the control of certain shared pig pathogens in pig farms from Corsica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The definition of religion is the basis on which the solution of theological problems depends. Allameh Tabatabai is one of the most prominent contemporary theologians who has proposed several definitions for religion. Considering the importance of the correct definition of religion in theological discussions on the one hand, and the depth of the theological opinions of Allameh Tabataba'i on the other hand, it is necessary to categorize the various definitions he proposed for religion and to present and examine them in a coherent and comprehensive manner. Therefore, in this article, we have used the descriptive and analytical method and by referring to the works of Allameh Tabatabai, we have collected the definitions of religion, and then we have classified and analyzed them. He has put forward different types of definitions of religion based on the scope of the word religion, the type of attitude towards religion and the belongings of religion. Also, he has proposed and criticized some naturalistic definitions of religion. In the criticism of Allameh Tabatabai's definitions of religion, we point out some things, including the fact that Allameh's general definition of religion includes examples other than religions. His introspective definition of religion is the definition of religiousness, not the definition of religion. Allameh's sociological definition of religion is not comprehensive, and his criticism of the definition of religion as mysticism is also problematic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poaching of marine resources has been defined as the conscious breaking of fishery regulations, a situation that occurs at severe levels and high frequencies in many socio-ecological contexts around the world. A classification of poachers is fundamental to defining the actors and the scale of poaching. However, proper classification of poachers has yet to be designated, hindering the development of management approaches that seek to recognize and reduce poaching. This paper provides a theoretical typology of four general types of poachers that can be applied in different contexts of fisheries resource appropriation. This classification may help outline better compliance and enforcement strategies, including the active involvement of fisheries users and the consequent improvement of the legitimacy of fishing regulations. Additionally, we recommend measures to assist in the fight against poaching associated with each of the four types of poachers proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The meaning of the verb ἀλληγορέω stands at the heart of the debate concerning Paul's hermeneutic in Galatians 4.21–31. If by using the term Paul means 'I am interpreting these things allegorically', then the question of Paul's interpretive procedure would be all but answered – he would likely be allegorising as the Greeks did before him and the early church fathers did after. However, if he does not mean this, then the question remains open. This article argues that the phrase ἅτινά ἐστιν ἀλληγορούμɛνα means 'these things are symbolic', which would indeed leave this question open. This rendering is best for two reasons: First, the majority of the uses of ἀλληγορέω available in the two hundred or so years surrounding the writing of Galatians mean 'to speak symbolically'. Second, the contextual clues surrounding Paul's use of the term in Galatians itself, such as his call to hear the law in verse 21, strongly suggest such a reading. To prove this thesis, this article provides detailed exposition of the texts in which ἀλληγορέω occurred around the time Paul wrote Galatians before turning to Paul's own use of the term in Galatians 4.24. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

State funding for public higher education institutions is crucial in supporting college access and completion, particularly among students from historically under-represented groups, yet little is known about the mechanisms that states use to allocate funds and how they are affected by financial challenges. This article provides the first detailed longitudinal typology of state funding strategies, focusing particularly on formula volatility and equity. We find a gradual shift toward funding models that include a combination of base-adjusted and enrollment and performance metrics, along with a growing focus on equity. During recessions, states frequently revert to across-the-board funding cuts, further disadvantaging under-resourced institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores clauses of substitution (e.g. instead of relaxing on the beach, he went to a concert) in a sample of forty-six languages. It is shown that clauses of substitution marked with monofunctional conjunctions or monofunctional converbs may not occur with standard negative markers. Clauses of substitution appearing with polyfunctional conjunctions or polyfunctional converbs may occur with obligatory standard negative markers. In these cases, negation shows a negative import as an effect of compositional interpretation. Interestingly, there are languages in which clauses of substitution marked with monofunctional clause-linking devices may occur with optional negative markers. In this scenario, the presence or absence of the negative marker does not change the adverbial relation holding between clauses. Instead, it seems to have an expressive- evaluative layer of semantic interpretation. When the negative marker is present in the clause of substitution, it indicates that the situation was not surprising. When the negative marker is absent, the situation must be understood as surprising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the thesis is an integral part of the study programme, the way the guidance for this work is supervised can highly differ between supervisors. Writing the thesis is a complicated process requiring tailored guidance, that is often not feasible due to increasing numbers of students and need for efficiency. One possible solution is working with thesis circles: small collaborative groups in which students, together with one or more supervisors, conduct research on the same subject or theme. Thesis circles offer opportunities for self-regulated learning, (peer) feedback and prevention of feelings of loneliness. In this study we construct a typology for thesis circles aimed at supervisors following an Educational Design Research (EDR) approach. Based on a literature review and interviews, we formulate the boundaries of a thesis circle and identify 23 design characteristics that determine an instantiation of a thesis circle. This is developed into a typology, that is evaluated in a focus group. Avenues for future research are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent publication, we applied a novel model to address phenotypic heterogeneity in genetic research on alcohol misuse by stratifying individuals based on their patterns of alcohol use behaviours and comorbid psychopathology. In this Commentary, we provide further descriptions of the subtypes of alcohol misuse that emerged from the empirical mixture modelling approach and present new results comparing these groups on sociodemographic characteristics and additional alcohol use outcomes. We take a broad perspective to discuss how these results fit with existing typologies of alcohol misuse and how the results inform future genetic research. Our findings add further evidence that conceptualisations of a binary distinction between ‘internalising’ (relief-seeking) versus ‘externalising’ (reward-seeking) subtypes does not fully capture the complexity of alcohol misuse. However, accounting for individual differences in these dimensions is a promising means to reduce heterogeneity and thereby improve power for gene discovery and, eventually, personalised medicine applications. We argue that more detailed, person-specific assessment of alcohol misuse measures, particularly with attention to longitudinal trajectories, is needed to further advance this important line of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surprising combinations of bronze vessels with multiple cultural elements have been unearthed in Shu tombs in southwestern China, indicating a significant connection with the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. However, there is currently no comprehensive evidence for the provenance of these foreign style vessels, and little emphasis has been given to the diachronic changes in the interaction between Shu culture and its surroundings. This article investigates the bronze vessels unearthed from the Shuangyuan Village Cemetery in Chengdu during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and aims to deeply reveal the production and exchange of bronze vessels unearthed from Shuangyuan Village Cemetery from the perspective of lead sources through typological analysis and scientific analysis. The study clarified the ages of the local style Shu culture vessels and foreign style vessels, and the latter exhibited a strong influence of the Chu and Yue cultures. Lead isotope analysis shows that the lead source characteristics of foreign style vessels are consistent with those of vessels from Chu‐Yue culture at the same time, and they may be imported from Chu directly. The specific interaction modes of Shu and Chu underwent a clear transformation during the middle Warring States period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spanish intimate partner violence against women offender types (i.e., high instability/high antisociality, HiHa; low instability/high antisociality, LiHa; high instability/low antisociality, HiLa; low instability/low antisociality, LiLa) were matched with their police recidivism outcomes in a longitudinal study of 9,672 cases. Our goal was to examine whether these subtypes differed in (1) their recidivism rates, (2) the severity of the new violent episodes, and (3) the evolution of their risk levels. Results showed that individuals with high antisociality features where associated with the highest recidivism rates (26.5% HiHa; 22.6% LiHa), and higher likelihood of new severe violent episodes. HiHa offenders showed the highest risk over time, although the risk posed by all subtypes decreased during follow-up. Implications for police work are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article asks what role National Socialism and the Holocaust play in Germany's everyday discourse today. How does the population deal with this historical legacy, and how does it evaluate the hegemonic public commemoration of the National Socialist era, especially those parts of the population that do not want to remember it? Based on the concept of mnemonic hegemony and qualitative research, the article argues that National Socialism as a collective frame of reference is still constitutive for constructing national identity in very different ways. This finding is differentiated by a typology of ideal discourse communities within Germany's population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decoupling economic growth and environmental impact, current business models must transition toward a circular economy (CE). Currently, CE business models enabled by digital platforms (DPs) are gaining attention; although existing studies provide insights for improving business practices, they do not systematize the knowledge on the composition of such businesses. In this study, a typology of DP-enabled CE businesses is proposed based on a literature review of 64 studies. A framework based on existing typologies was designed and revised based on the review, by integrating 125 practices; four patterns of DP-enabled CE businesses were identified: (A) product circulation, (B) virtualized and intensified usage, (C) efficient and effective recycling, and (D) visualization and collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most interpretive experiences occur in the leisure sector suggesting interpreters must provoke future engagement rather than compel future engagement. Consequently, the potency of the ending of interpretive presentations seems critical to motivating future and ongoing engagement among heritage site visitors. The quality of the conclusion of an interpretive program is likely to play a disproportionate role in whether audience members continue to explore their ongoing or developing interest. Yet conclusions are probably not equally effective. There are several known, and many more yet unrecognized methods for designing conclusions. A preliminary typology of novel designs well suited for constructing conclusions to heritage interpretation programs is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing European policy interest in the potential of small and medium-sized towns (SMSTs) to contribute to more balanced territorial development. National policy in Denmark has only recently begun to address SMSTs directly. Often, the development of SMSTs is reduced to either being part of larger urban regions or, in the case of rural areas, hidden behind broader regional development agendas. A key research question is therefore which development paths can be detected beyond the growth-decline dichotomy. Against this backdrop, the ESPON TOWN DENMARK project (2022) juxtaposed general trends of growth and decline in population and employment in Danish SMSTs with other aspects such as demography, education, industry, service provision and regional position. We develop and apply an analytical typology adding more nuances to SMST pathways within and outside metropolitan areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Research on socialisation in supranational environments such as the EU institutions has to face the complexity and diversity of the socialisation process. Theoretical differentiations can provide useful analytical frameworks, but all are not equally suitable for specific research purposes. They often take the form of dichotomies, such as the basic differentiation of socialisation as process and product. As shown by Zürn and Checkel, two important distinctions can be applied to supranational socialisation: actor's behaviour vs their properties, and agent vs structure. This paper argues that another dichotomy, one between causal and constitutive relations, is theoretically significant and analytically useful, in particular for research embedded in IR constructivism. It provides an empirical application of eight aspects of socialisation produced by the three dichotomies taken together, based on interviews with Council officials. Afterwards, it discusses what can be gathered from this illustration for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In innovation ecosystems, actors from various industries co-create innovations within a complementary and modular architecture. Due to the uniqueness of any innovation ecosystem, research, specifically on actors, is context-specific, posing challenges in generalising results. To address this challenge, and to advance the understanding of actors and the underlying mechanisms influencing them, we conducted a systematic literature review. We identify and analyse 81 peer-reviewed articles on actors in innovation ecosystems, that we organise in a research framework. By doing so, we synthesise literature, provide a comprehensive overview of internal- and external-factors on organizational- and ecosystem-level influencing actors in innovation ecosystems, and identify outcomes and performances of this setting. Further, we propose a typology of actors in innovation ecosystems in terms of the interplay of their activities. By critically evaluating current literature, we determine gaps of knowledge, that hinder a holistic understanding of innovation ecosystems, and offer approaches to address them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social intrapreneurs can help corporations to address grand challenges and create hybrid value—that is simultaneous commercial and social value—by identifying and exploring entrepreneurial opportunities that address social or environmental issues. However, we still know little about how individuals assume social intrapreneurial roles in corporations. Based on a qualitative study of social intrapreneurs and their supporters, we identify variations in social intrapreneurial profiles along two dimensions: the role of the social intrapreneur in the entrepreneurial process (idea initiator versus idea explorer), and their position (within core business departments versus within sustainability departments). We contribute to the literature by identifying four different types of social intrapreneurs as corporate change agents—the Visionary Business Insurgent, the Visionary Sustainability Transformer, the Enabled Business Expert, and the Enabled Sustainability Expert—and by shedding light on four pathways to social intrapreneurship that vary in initial levels of agency and ethical expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article proposes a methodological approach to the selection of current priorities in expanding Russian exports to Africa based on the solution of classification problems. The technologies of assessing the prospects for increasing the export of Russian products, which make it possible to formulate a strategy for working with a portfolio of industries and products in foreign markets are considered. Open data of the state statistics, the Federal Customs Service, Trade Map, and the International Monetary Fund were used as an information base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is evaluating the reduction of the government's financial burden through the typology of drivers affecting generational accounting in the capital market by action research. In terms of methodology, this study has used Colaizzi's model (1978) to implement action research steps. Therefore, based on this model, first, through interviews with experts and open coding, an effort was made to identify n Effective drivers on the implementation of generational accounting in capital market companies. Then, in order to validate the propositions, a critical evaluation was done to compare the propositions with similar researches, so that the propositions can enter the stage of forming a focus group to discuss and exchange opinions for the cognitive separation of each proposition in the form of a category. The results showed that a total of 22 propositions were identified from a total of 12 interviews and 217 open codes created. On the other hand, it was determined in the quantitative section, 22 criteria identified in 4 categories were the creators of the generational accounting typology framework of capital market companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how various livestock ownership typologies affect household food security in rural Lesotho, a developing nation marked with poverty and food insecurity. Despite the significance of livestock to food security, little study has been done in this area. The study divides households into four typologies of livestock ownership, ranging from none to varied animal herds, using data from 2,014 rural households. The study uses analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a mixed effect ordered probit model to examine the connections between these typologies and food security. In comparison to typology I (no livestock ownership), the results show that ownership typologies III (moderate small ruminants and poultry) and IV (big mixed poultry, small, and large animals) have a beneficial impact on household food security. The study advances our understanding of how different livestock species and herd sizes affect food security. It emphasizes the importance of nuanced and context-specific approaches when employing livestock to improve household food security, advising development and intervention programs to take into account the delicate interplay between livestock ownership and food security among the target population. Thus, intervention programs must carefully consider the complex and context-specific relationship between livestock ownership and food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates a type of empty morph that attaches to noun forms and that will be called "noun affix" here. Based on six case studies from unrelated African and American genera, I arrive at a diachronic typology of noun affixes that in many ways confirms and in other ways expands on the findings of Joseph Greenberg, whose work on the topic remains the yardstick. One claim is that noun affixes may emerge directly from gender markers and that this is reflected in the paradigm size of noun affixes. Furthermore, there is evidence for the idea that old noun affixes may be repurposed for the creation of phonologically minimal word forms. The main interest of this study is in what the development of noun affixes reveals about processes of grammaticalization. The current literature mostly focuses on the fact that grammaticalization is initiated by semantic changes (mostly semantic reduction) rather than by formal changes. This raises the question of whether semantic reduction is also completed before formal reduction. The noun affixes provide compelling evidence for this idea and thus suggest that empty morphs may arise via grammaticalization. This runs counter to approaches on which form and function erode in parallel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contends that contemporary transnational dynamics have given rise to novel political subjects and territories for political engagement. By looking at how parties as organizational actors operate abroad, this study reworks extant classificatory attempts and proposes an amended typology in which the salient elements of variation are the origin of the party abroad and the degree of formalization. These two dimensions produce a matrix delineating four distinct types of party organization: branch-abroad, organization-abroad in franchising, committee-abroad, and semi-political structures. Conceptually, the typology elucidates the multifaceted nature of the structural approaches employed by home parties in their endeavors to establish connections with communities abroad. Empirically, this contribution enhances the comparability between organizational configurations abroad and extant research on party structures at the national level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to establish a unified typology for the culturally significant kulla stone houses built in the cross-border region of Kosovo, Albania, and Montenegro during the 18th and 19th centuries. Despite some attempts at typological categorisation on the national level, a joint typology for this region currently needs to be improved. Based on existing literature and field research, the paper identifies the specificities of different geographical locations while validating the core attributes common to all typological variations. The findings suggest that the joint typological classification of kulla in the Balkans should primarily be based on architectural elements and, to some extent, setting, building materials and techniques, while functional composition is consistent across all types. The paper argues that defining a common typology for the Albanian kulla stone houses in the Balkans is crucial for evaluating, preserving, and developing kulla as serial properties and for their future regional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Scientific investigation of how to sustain the implementation of evidence-based interventions (EBI) is emerging. Sustaining the implementation of EBIs helps ensure their effects on improving health endure. External policy or practice agencies, such as government health departments, are often tasked with supporting individual organisations with sustaining their delivery of EBIs, for example, through financing, training or the provision of other supports. However, to our knowledge, the approaches taken by policy and practice agencies to support the sustainment of EBIs have not been consolidated, categorised and described as a typology. Main body: To improve conceptual clarity and support both research and practice, we developed an initial working typology of the practical approaches to sustain implementation of EBIs (i.e. sustainment) in order to improve long term health from the perspective of these agencies. The working typology includes three broad approaches. The first, termed 'Self-Sustainment', is when implementation of the EBI by an organisation (e.g. hospital, clinic, school) is expected to continue (sustain) in the absence of external (agency) support. The second, termed 'Static Sustainment Support', involves the provision of pre-defined external (agency) support to assist organisations to continue implementation of an EBI. The final approach is termed 'Dynamic Sustainment Support', whereby support provided by an external agency is dynamic (continues to be adapted) overtime to assist organisations continue implementation of an intervention which may itself also evolve. Conclusions: We describe the contexts and circumstances where each may be most appropriate in achieving sustained implementation and discuss their research and practice implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent decades have seen the re-discovery or emergence of a diverse range of housing models such as cohousing, co-operatives, community land trusts, and other forms that seek to address various persistent issues of social, environmental, and economic justice. This has generated commensurate growth in research on the objectives and outcomes of such models, including the creation of relevant typologies of conceptual approaches and schemas of organisational objectives to build understanding of the field's theoretical and practical implications. Despite the growth of relevant models, their relative unfamiliarity and diversity of forms and objectives means practitioners, researchers, policymakers, and others associated with the field may not understand the forms and objectives of models under examination and development, leading to delays, project failures, and confusion. This paper therefore presents a glossary of community-led housing as a base on which to continue to foster understanding and growth of relevant models, and enable collaborative and comparative work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decision support systems (DSSs) enable the optimisation of pesticide application timing to increase pesticide efficacy and thus reduce pesticide use without compromising yield quality and quantity. Limited access to information about available DSSs for use in integrated pest management (IPM) is a major barrier to the uptake of DSSs for IPM across Europe. To overcome this barrier, a typology for DSSs for IPM in Europe was developed, introducing a systematic approach to describe the ever-growing number of DSSs for IPM. The developed IPM-DSS typology was implemented in the free web tool "IPM Adviser", where currently 79 IPM DSSs are described with over 50 attributes describing their structural and performance characteristics. The information about IPM DSSs, which was previously scattered on different websites and difficult to compare, is now standardised and presented in a uniform way, so that it is possible to compare different IPM DSSs on the basis of all the attributes described. The presented IPM-DSS typology implemented in the web tool IPM Adviser facilitates the dissemination and uptake of DSSs for IPM and thus contributes to the achievement of the EU targets for the sustainable use of pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]