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Background: It is hypothesized that fenugreek seeds are a rich source of fiber with anti-diabetic effects, which can help to lower blood glucose in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In this study, the clinical and metabolic effects of fenugreek were compared to those of metformin in women with PCOS aged 16-40 years. Methods: In a randomized, triple-blind, parallel clinical trial, the efficacy of fenugreek 333 mg (n=55) was compared with metformin 500 mg (n=55), both administered three times a day in women with PCOS of reproductive age. Changes in some clinical outcomes and metabolic laboratory profile outcomes were evaluated at baseline and two months after the study. Results: By the end of the intervention period, all investigated factors improved significantly in patients of both groups (p<0.05). Reduction in biometric indices (body mass index and waist–hip ratio), fasting blood sugar (FBS), and insulin resistance was significantly higher after metformin consumption (p<0.001). Metformin also significantly improved irregular menstruation (p=0.02). In contrast, fenugreek significantly improved patients' lipid profiles, including low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglyceride (TG) compared to metformin (p<0.001). Both interventions improved the patient's hair loss and hirsutism. Conclusion: Fenugreek cannot substitute metformin in PCOS treatment. However, regarding its lipid-lowering ability and low frequency of adverse effects, it can be used as an adjuvant treatment in PCOS, especially in PCOS patients with hyperlipidemia and severe hair loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parasitism results in substantial costs to hosts, which can manifest in a variety of ways. Ectoparasites, especially those that are hematophagous, can deplete the host's nutritional resources and induce costly immunological responses. Such costs can be especially relevant to neonatal animals, who also have to invest in growth and development. We used a cavity-nesting songbird species (House Sparrows; Passer domesticus) to address three main objectives related to the costs of ectoparasitism. First, we examined how abundance of ectoparasitic taxa in nests varied as a function of season. We found that fleas and blowflies were the primary ectoparasites, and were found nearly exclusively in the first or second half of the breeding season, respectively. Second, we used the insecticide permethrin to manipulate ectoparasite abundance and measured nestling body mass, circulating levels of nutrients (i.e., glucose, glycerol, and triglycerides), oxidative damage (i.e., d-ROMs), antibody levels (i.e., IgY), survival during the nestling stage, and detection of juveniles after they left the nest (i.e., post-fledging). An experimental reduction of parasites resulted in nestlings that circulated higher levels of hemoglobin and IgY, and were also likely to fledge earlier. Third, we tested if metrics collected during the nestling period predicted probability of detection post-fledging. We found a positive correlation between nestling triglyceride levels and likelihood of detection during the post-fledging stage. Thus, ectoparasitic taxa vary seasonally and have a measurable impact on nestling physiology. However, short-term survival or dispersal may be shaped predominately by nutrition, rather than ectoparasitism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes Mellitus causes complications, such as hypertriglyceridemia. Indonesia has biological wealth diversity that can be exploited in alternative medicine. One of which is Suruhan plants. Flavonoid contents in the plant extract can normalize blood triglyceride levels. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of the Suruhan extract (Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth) on blood triglyceride levels in alloxan-induced diabetic white rats. Methods: The induction process used alloxan at a dose of 150mg/kgbw intraperitoneally to 12 rats. The rats were divided into 5 research groups, namely normal rats, diabetic rats, and diabetic rats were given various doses of extract. The treatment was carried out for 14 days. Blood samples for triglyceride examination were taken at the end of the study. Results: blood triglyceride levels were obtained in the normal group (127.67 mg/dl); and diabetic control group (395.67mg/dl); the dose group was 20mg/kg BW (216mg/dl); the dose group was 40 mg/kg BW (159.33 mg/dl) and the dose group was 80 mg/kg BW (143.33 mg/dl) in the statistical test with one way ANOVA (p <0.05) obtained significance with a value of p = 0.000. Conclusions: There is an influence of plant extracts (Peperomia pellucida [L.] Kunth) administration on the blood reduction of triglyceride levels in diabetic white rats induced by alloxan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this investigation, the effectiveness of aquatic extracts of Cyperus rotundus tubers was examined. The aerial parts of the curly plant (Teucrium polium) and the fruits of the carob plant (Prosopis farcta) help reduce levels of glucose, cholesterol, and blood triglyceride levels of healthy male rats and those with induced diabetes. With alloxan and compared with the effect of insulin. It has been shown that aqueous extracts of saad, jaada, and carob caused the levels of the blood sugar decreasing significantly. In healthy plus rats with diabetes. The results of this study show that the aqueous extract of Saad tubers caused a significant decrease in the lipid and cholesterol content of all but the aquatic extract of carob fruits prompted a notable drop in the quantity of triglycerides only, while the aqueous extract did not change the aerial parts of the increase in the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in rats with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To find out the prevalence and risk factors of metabolic syndrome among females presenting with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in a tertiary care setting. METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study was performed at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from January to December 2022. A total of 277 non-pregnant females aged 18-35 years and diagnosed with PCOS presenting in the outpatient department were analyzed. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the AHA/NHLBI (ATP III) definition, while PCOS was labeled as per Rotterdam consensus guidelines. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and associated risk factors were noted. RESULTS: In a total of 277 women with PCOS, the mean age was 27.4±5.6 years, while 149 (53.8%) women were aged between 18 and 25. The residential status of 189 (68.2%) women was rural. There were 81 (29.2%) women with PCOS who were found to have metabolic syndrome. Waist circumference = 80 cm (p=0.0031), HDL cholesterol < 50 mg/dl (p<0.0001), triglyceride = 150 mg/dl (p<0.0001), hypertension (p<0.0001) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) > 110 mg/dl (p<0.0001) were having significant association with the presence of metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of metabolic syndrome was found among women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Central obesity, hypertension and abnormal levels of FBG, triglyceride and highdensity lipoprotein were found to have a significant association with MBS among women with PCOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) plays a crucial role in triglyceride hydrolysis. Rare biallelic variants in the LPL gene leading to complete or near-complete loss of function cause autosomal recessive familial chylomicronemia syndrome. However, rare biallelic LPL variants resulting in significant but partial loss of function are rarely documented. This study reports a novel occurrence of such rare biallelic LPL variants in a Chinese patient with hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis (HTG-AP) during pregnancy and provides an in-depth functional characterization. Methods: The complete coding sequences and adjacent intronic regions of the LPL, APOC2, APOA5, LMF1, and GPIHBP1 genes were analyzed by Sanger sequencing. The aim was to identify rare variants, including nonsense, frameshift, missense, small in-frame deletions or insertions, and canonical splice site mutations. The functional impact of identified LPL missense variants on protein expression, secretion, and activity was assessed in HEK293T cells through single and co-transfection experiments, with and without heparin treatment. Results: Two rare LPL missense variants were identified in the patient: the previously reported c.809G > A (p.Arg270His) and a novel c.331G > C (p.Val111Leu). Genetic testing confirmed these variants were inherited biallelically. Functional analysis showed that the p.Arg270His variant resulted in a near-complete loss of LPL function due to effects on protein synthesis/stability, secretion, and enzymatic activity. In contrast, the p.Val111Leu variant retained approximately 32.3% of wild-type activity, without impacting protein synthesis, stability, or secretion. Co-transfection experiments indicated a combined activity level of 20.7%, suggesting no dominant negative interaction between the variants. The patient's post-heparin plasma LPL activity was about 35% of control levels. Conclusions: This study presents a novel case of partial but significant loss-of-function biallelic LPL variants in a patient with HTG-AP during pregnancy. Our findings enhance the understanding of the nuanced relationship between LPL genotypes and clinical phenotypes, highlighting the importance of residual LPL function in disease manifestation and severity. Additionally, our study underscores the challenges in classifying partial loss-of-function variants in classical Mendelian disease genes according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG)'s variant classification guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & aims: Metabolic disease prevalence has increased in many regions, and is closely associated with dyslipidemia. Rapid growth refers to a significant increase in growth velocity above the normal range, particularly in infants and children, and is highly prevalent in congenital deficiency infants. But the association between dyslipidemia and rapid growth remains controversial. We performed this meta-analysis to investigate the lipid profile in subjects with and without postnatal rapid growth, and to determine what are the confounding factors. Methods: Medline, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure Chinese citation database and WANFANG database were searched (last search in May 2021). Publication bias was examined by constructing funnel plots, Egger's linear regression test and Begg's rank correlation test. Results: The fixed effects model would be adopted if I2 is less than 25%, otherwise random effects model would be used. There were 11 articles involved with a total of 1148 participants (539 boys and 609 girls, mean age=7.4 years). Pooled analysis found that rapid growth was negatively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (weighted mean difference=-0.068, 95%CI [-0.117,-0.020]), but not associated with triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Stratified analysis suggested that increased TG were found in rapid growth subjects from developing countries. Higher TC was observed for rapid growth participants of follow-up age =8 years old, rapid growth duration =2 years, preterm, low birth weight, and from developing countries. But decreased TC was observed in small for gestational age (SGA) rapid growth subjects. Decreased LDL-C had been documented in rapid growth subjects of follow-up age >8 years old, from developed countries, and SGA. At last, rapid growth groups had lower HDL-C in infants of rapid growth duration >2 years and from developed countries. Conclusion: Rapid growth is associated with lipid profiles, particularly during early childhood, and this relationship is influenced by factors such as the duration of growth, the level of national development, and birth weight. These findings are significant for the development of strategies to prevent metabolic diseases. This review was registered in PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/) with the registration number CRD42020154240. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined whether alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase (ALT/AST), a marker of hepatosteatosis, may be associated with a wider constellation of variables related to metabolic syndrome in Japanese women. Body fat and distribution, and metabolic syndrome-related variables were measured in 311 young and 148 middle-aged women. We had Pearson's correlation analysis and then stepwise multivariate linear regression analyses. In both middle-aged and young women, ALT/AST was associated with homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), trunk/leg fat ratio and pulse rate. In middle-aged women but not in young women, ALT/AST was associated with waist circumference, fasting glucose, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol (inversely), systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure (BP). Further, in middle-aged women only, the ratio was associated with BMI, percentage body fat, apolipoprotein B and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Among these variables, pulse rate in young women and systolic BP in middle-aged women were associated with ALT/AST independently of trunk/leg fat ratio, a sophisticated measures of abdominal fat accumulation, HOMA-IR, fasting glucose, triglyceride and HDL cholesterol. In conclusion, ALT/AST was associated with pulse rate in young women and with systolic BP in middle-aged women independently of abdominal fat accumulation and insulin resistance. It is noted that their waist circumference averaged < 80 cm and ALT < 30 U/L, suggesting minimum accumulation of abdominal and hepatic fat, respectively, key drivers of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the triglyceride form is the natural form of fish oil found in fish, the ethyl ester form of fish oil, which is used during processing to save costs, is also present on the market. In this study, fatty acids and lipids were determined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and liquid chromatography–linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC–LIT/MS), respectively, according to developed methods. The identification of fatty acids was based on the mass spectral characteristics and equivalent chain lengths. However, the fatty acid contents of both forms of fish oils are quite similar. The application of the LC–LIT/MS method for the structural characterization of triacylglycerols (TAGs) and the mechanism of LIT/MS fragmentation are also discussed. Neutral losses of CH2=CH2 (m/z 28) and CH3CH2OH (m/z 46), which are LIT/MS characteristics of ethyl ester from fish oil, were found for the first time. The triglyceride form of fish oils was easily and accurately identified using fingerprint chromatography. In conclusion, lipid analysis combined with LC–LIT/MS showed an improved capability to distinguish between types of fish oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyze differences in fatty acid methyl ester (FAME: methyl palmitate, methyl octanoate), fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE: ethyl laurate), and triglyceride (TG – tricaprylin) hydrodeoxygenation (HDO). These differences are attributed to chemical nature of FAME, FAEE, and TG, and different reaction rates of the initial compounds. The HDO experiments were carried out in continuous flow fixed bed reactor at 250–330 °C and 3 MPa. Ni2P supported on SiO2, SBA-15, or Al2O3 were used as catalysts. The rates of O removal for FAME, FAEE, and TG are the same for the catalyst with high acidity (Ni2P/Al2O3), but different for the catalyst with low acidity (Ni2P/SiO2). It turned out that the rate of fatty acid conversion is significantly higher at the same conditions compared to the initial esters. Thus, it was concluded that TG rapidly transforms to fatty acid and there is almost no influence of catalyst acidity on the TG HDO rate, i.e., no synergetic effect of metal and acid sites can be obtained for TG HDO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This multicenter observational study aimed to determine whether dyslipidemia or obesity contributes more significantly to unfavorable clinical outcomes in patients experiencing a first-ever ischemic stroke (IS). Methods: The study employed a machine learning predictive model to investigate associations among body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BFP), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) with adverse outcomes in IS patients. Extensive real-world clinical data was utilized, and risk factors significantly linked to adverse outcomes were identified through multivariate analysis, propensity score matching (PSM), and regression discontinuity design (RDD) techniques. Furthermore, these findings were validated via a nationwide multicenter prospective cohort study. Results: In the derived cohort, a total of 45,162 patients diagnosed with IS were assessed, with 522 experiencing adverse outcomes. A multifactorial analysis incorporating PSM and RDD methods identified TG (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.110; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.041–1.183; P < 0.01) and TC (adjusted OR = 1.139; 95%CI: 1.039–1.248; P < 0.01) as risk factors. However, BMI, BFP, and HDL showed no significant effect. In the validation cohort, 1410 controls and 941 patients were enrolled, confirming that lipid levels are more strongly correlated with the prognosis of IS patients compared to obesity (TC, OR = 1.369; 95%CI: 1.069–1.754; P < 0.05; TG, OR = 1.332; 95%CI: 1.097–1.618; P < 0.01). Conclusion: This study suggests that dyslipidemia has a more substantial impact on the prognosis of IS patients compared to obesity. This highlights the importance of prioritizing dyslipidemia management in the treatment and prevention of adverse outcomes in IS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The incidence of hyperlipidemic acute pancreatitis (HLAP) has been increasing annually. However, population-based morbidity assessments need to be updated. Early, rapid, and effective lipid-lowering may minimize pancreatic injury and improve clinical prognosis. It is essential to choose the proper treatment. However, treatment options for HLAP are controversial, and there is no uniform treatment protocol. Methods: In this retrospective study, 127 patients with hyperlipidemic severe acute pancreatitis (HL-SAP) were registered from January 2018 to December 2022 at the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University. Medical and radiological records of hospitalized patients were collected to determine clinical features, severity, complications, mortality, recurrence rate, and treatment. Risk factors for HL-SAP were analyzed using multifactorial logistic regression. A propensity score matching method was used to compare the clinical outcomes of standard and plasma exchange therapies. Results: In this research, the prevalence of HLAP increased about 1.6 times, and the prevalence of HL-SAP was 50.60%. HL-SAP occurs most often in people between the ages of 30 and 39. Amylase exceeded 110 U/L in 84.3% of patients and 330 U/L in only 47.2%. 83.5% of HL-SAP patients had fatty livers and high body mass index (BMI). A total of 48.0% of patients experienced organ failure, ICU treatment (55.1%), recurrence (33.1%), and death (21.3%). Between the hyperlipidemic group and the biliary group in terms of age, gender, BMI, fatty liver, pleural effusion, abdominal constriction syndrome (ACS), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), length of hospital, medical costs, morbidity and mortality, triglyceride, cholesterol, creatinine, blood glucose, D-dimer, amylase, albumin, lactate dehydrogenase, serum phosphorus, serum calcium, oxygenation index, and recurrence rate were statistically significant (P < 0.05). High BMI (P = 0.0038, odds ratio (OR) = 1.336, 95%CI: 0.99–1.804), high C-reactive protein (CRP) (P = 0.022, OR = 1.011, 95%CI: 1.003–1.019), low calcium (P = 0.003, OR = 0.016, 95%CI. 0.001–0.239), low albumin (P = 0.012, OR = 0.045, 95%CI: -0.062-0.192), and high D-dimer (P = 0.041, OR = 0.619, 95%CI: 0.053–2.510) were risk factors for HL-SAP, according to multifactorial logistic regression analysis. Adjusted for propensity score matching (PSM), Serum triglyceride (TG) was significantly lower in both the standard treatment (P < 0.001) and plasma exchange (P < 0.001) groups at 48 h compared with the initial test after the attack. Clearance (83.20% ± 0.0% vs. 84.4% ± 0.0%, P = 0.531), length of hospital stay (19.9 ± 4.9 vs. 19.8 ± 11.1, P = 0.092), and death (26.3% vs. 23.6%, P = 0.791) showed no difference between the two groups. However, the difference in medical costs(P = 0.039)between the two groups was statistically significant. Conclusion: The incidence of HLAP exhibited a significant increase, remarkable severity, recurrent trend, and mortality. High BMI, high CRP, low calcium, low albumin, and high D-dimer are risk factors for HL-SAP. Compared with standardized treatment, plasma exchange does not improve the prognosis of HL-SAP patients, and standardized treatment is equally effective, safe, and low-cost in early treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Hypertriglyceridemia (HT) may increase the risk of stroke. Limited studies have shown that stroke severity and infarction size are smaller in patients with HT. We explored the relationship between triglyceride levels and stroke risk factors, severity and outcome in a large prospective database. Design: Prospective Cross-sectional study. Setting: We retrospectively interrogated the Qatar Stroke Database in all patients admitted between 2014-2022 with acute ischemic stroke and evaluated the relationship between triglyceride, diabetes, stroke severity (measured on NIHSS), stroke type (TOAST classification) and the short- (mRS at 90 days) and long-term outcomes (MACE at 1 year) in patients with HT. Participants: Six thousand five hundred fifty-eight patients ≥20 years were included in this study Results: Six thousand five hundred fifty-eight patients with ischemic stroke [mean age 54.6 ± 12. 9; male 82.1%) were included. Triglyceride levels upon admission were low-normal (≤1.1 mmol/L) in 2019 patients, high-normal (1.2-1.7 mmol/L) in 2142 patients, borderline-high (1.8-2.2 mmol/L) in 1072 patients and high (≥2.3 mmol/L) in 1325 patients. Higher triglyceride levels were associated with stroke and increased likelihood of having diabetes, obesity, active smoking, and small vessel/lacunar stroke type. An inverse relationship was noted whereby higher triglyceride levels were associated with lower stroke severity and reduced likelihood of poorer outcome (mRS 3-6) at discharge and 90 days. Long-term MACE events were less frequent in patients with higher triglyceride levels. After adjusting age, gender, diabetes, prior stroke, CAD, and obesity, multivariate analysis showed that hypertension and triglyceride levels were higher in mild ischemic strokes patients. Conclusions: Increasing triglycerides are associated with higher risk of small vessel disease and requires further prospective cohort studies for confirmation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a health issue consisting of multiple metabolic abnormalities. The impact of exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on MetS and its components remains uncertain. This study aimed to assess the associations of individual urinary metabolites of VOC (mVOCs) and mVOC mixtures with MetS and its components among the general adult population in the United States. Methods: A total of 5345 participants with eligible data were filtered from the 2011–2020 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multivariate logistic regression models were applied to assess the associations of individual mVOCs with MetS and its components. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression models were constructed to identify more relevant mVOCs. The weight quantile sum regression model was applied to further explore the links between mVOC co-exposure and MetS and its components. Results: The results indicated positive associations between multiple mVOCs and MetS, including CEMA, DHBMA, and HMPMA. CEMA was found to be positively correlated with all components of MetS. HMPMA was associated with elevated triglyceride (TG), reduced high-density lipoprotein, and fasting blood glucose (FBG) impairment; 3HPMA was associated with an elevated risk of high TG and FBG impairment; and DHBMA had positive associations with elevated TG and high blood pressure. The co-exposure of LASSO-selected mVOCs was associated with an increased risk of elevated TG, high blood pressure, and FBG impairment. Conclusion: Positive associations of certain individual urinary mVOCs and mVOC mixtures with MetS and its components were observed by utilizing multiple statistical models and large-scale national data. These findings may serve as the theoretical basis for future experimental and mechanistic studies and have important implications for public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study explored the specific relationship between different lipid indicators and cognitive impairment and aimed to provide a reference for implementing targeted lipid regulation measures to prevent and alleviate cognitive impairment. Methods: We searched three databases (PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science) for literature related to hyperlipidaemia, lipid levels, and cognitive impairment, and used the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to evaluate the quality of the identified literature. A meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4, and the combined effect size ratio using a random-effects model (odds ratio [OR] and 95% confidence interval [CI]) was used to evaluate the association between dyslipidaemia and cognitive impairment. Results: Among initially identified 2247 papers, we ultimately included 18 studies involving a total of 758,074 patients. The results of the meta-analysis revealed that patients with hyperlipidaemia had a 1.23-fold higher risk of cognitive impairment than those with normal lipid levels (OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.04-1.47, p = 0.02). Further subgroup analysis showed that elevated total cholesterol (TC) levels increased the risk of cognitive impairment by 1.59-fold (OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.27-2.01, p < 0.0001) and were more significant in older or male patients. Moreover, elevated triglyceride levels were inversely correlated with cognitive disorders, whereas elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were unrelated to cognitive impairment risk. Conclusions: Dyslipidaemia was strongly associated with cognitive impairment, and elevated TC levels were a risk factor for cognitive impairment. Furthermore, the damaging effects of elevated TC levels on cognition were more pronounced in older and male populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the study of vascular and metabolic diseases, the ratio of triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (TG/HDL) is crucial. Its significance for earthquake victims hasn't been fully investigated, though. This study investigates the relationship between the TG/HDL ratio and critical care unit admission in earthquake victims. Methods: Sixty-four patients were enrolled. Both the laboratory results and the clinical features were documented. The TG/HDL ratio's prognostic value for intensive care unit (ICU) admission was then evaluated using ROC curve analysis. Spearman test was applied to analyze correlation between TG/HDL-c and inflammation markers. Logistic regression analysis was then used to elucidate the independent contribution of the TG/HDL-c ratio to the ICU admission risk. Results: Median age of the cohort was 28 (IQR 17-40) and thirty-seven (57.8%) of the patients were female. 27 patients (42.2%) were admitted to ICU. In the multivariate model, the TG/HDL ratio was associated with higher risk of ICU admission (OR: 1.225, 95% CI: 1.003-1.496, p=0.047). The TG/HDL-c ratio may be a predictor of ICU admissions, according to the ROC curve (AUC: 0.737, 95% CI: 0.610-0.864, p=0.001). The TG/HDL ratio was positively correlated with procalcitonin (r = 0.620, p <0.001), white blood cells (r = 0.253, p = 0.044), and C-reactive protein (r = 0.410, p = 0.001). Conclusion: The present study suggests a potential role for the TG/HDL ratio as a non-invasive and readily available biomarker for the prediction of ICU admission in the earthquake victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The effect of different coffee and tea consumption on postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism has never been reported previously. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of different coffee or tea consumption at breakfast on postprandial cardiometabolic risk factors in healthy individuals. Methods and Study Design: Eighteen healthy young subjects completed the trial. After 8-hour overnight fast, volunteers either ingested water, freeze-dried coffee, spray-dried coffee, green tea, black tea or oolong tea together with a breakfast consisting of an egg and 180g deep-fried dough sticks. Blood was drawn at 0h, 0.5h, 1h, 2h, and 3h. Results: The differences in triglyceride (TG) values relative to the baseline levels at 2h and 3h of green tea was significantly decreased compared with black tea and oolong tea (p<0.05). Compared with black tea, green tea and oolong tea significantly reduced postprandial total cholesterol (TC) levels (p<0.05, p<0.01), respectively. Furthermore, the serum concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were substantially decreased after oolong tea consumption compared with black tea (p<0.05, p<0.01). Conclusions: Green tea ingestion can lower the elevation of serum TG and TC levels after high-fat or high-cholesterol diets. Our findings have far-reaching implications given the widespread use of coffee and tea and the current concern over cardiometabolic risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: It is crucial to remain vigilant about acute pancreatitis, even in cases with moderately elevated triglycerides. Triglycerides as a cause of acute pancreatitis must be considered even in the absence of other risk factors. Hypertriglyceridemia is one of the most common causes of acute pancreatitis (AP), with triglyceride levels greater than 1000 mg/dL being an established risk factor for AP. Cases of acute pancreatitis due to triglyceride levels less than 1000 mg/dL have rarely been reported in the literature. We report a case of a 26‐year‐old para‐2, living‐2 (P2L2) female who presented with epigastric pain and fever, with a serum triglyceride level of 579 mg/dL. A diagnosis of acute pancreatitis was made based on the clinical features and radiological findings, despite no identifiable risk factors. Hypertriglyceridemia was managed with no complications of acute pancreatitis during treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effect of vitamin D deficiency on metabolic diseases induced by high-fat diet in young male rats and its possible mechanism. Twenty four 4 w old male mice were randomly divided into three groups; control group (group A), model group (group B) and experimental group (group C). The mice in the group A were given normal diet, the mice in the group B were given high-fat diet, and the mice in the group C were given high-fat diet plus vitamin D deficiency. The changes of body length, body weight and liver mass of mice in each group were observed; fasting blood samples were collected to measure the changes of blood glucose and blood lipids; hepatic steatosis and lipid droplet content were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining; serum interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-8 levels were compared by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3, ASC, pro-caspase-1, interleukin-1 beta and gasdermin D protein levels in three groups were detected by Western blot. Compared with the group A, the body weight, liver weight, blood glucose and blood lipid increased in the group B, while these in the group C decreased compared with the group B. The liver tissue of the group B and the group C showed steatosis and the content of lipid droplets increased under microscope. Vitamin D deficiency aggravates metabolic diseases in young male rats induced by high-fat diet, which is mainly related to inflammatory response and activation of cell pyrogenesis pathway. Through the supplement of vitamin D deficiency, it can effectively reduce the occurrence of metabolic diseases such as weight, blood glucose, blood lipids and liver steatosis caused by highfat diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Results of studies on the effects of plant and animal proteins on lipid profile are controversial. So we aimed to assess the relationship between plant and animal protein intake with lipid profile and novel anthropometric indices in healthy individuals. Method: In this cross-sectional study, 236 participants have selected from Shiraz medical centers (Iran) through random cluster sampling. Food intakes were assessed using a 168-items food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) were measured. Anthropometric indices including a body shape index (ABSI), abdominal volume index (AVI), buddy roundness index (BRI), and conicity index (CI) were calculated. Results: In the crude and fully adjusted models, more consumption of plant proteins was associated with TG levels (OR = 2.31; 95% CI: 1.08, 4.95; P = 0.03 and OR = 2.39; 95% CI: 1.03, 5.15; P = 0.04). Also, there was a significant direct association between plant proteins and BRI in the curd model (OR = 3.55; 95% CI: 1.32, 9.54; P = 0.01), and after adjusting for age and energy intake (OR = 3.32; 95% CI: 1.21, 9.14; P = 0.01). More consumption of plant proteins was related to higher CI in the crude model (OR = 3.06; 95% CI: 1.12, 8.31; P = 0.03), but not in the fully adjusted model. Conclusion: We found that a higher intake of plant proteins was associated with a higher TG level, BRI, and CI index. However, more research is needed to confirm these relations and provide the evidence needed to exert these findings into clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triglyceride (TG) and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) have been acknowledged to be risk factors for vascular insults, but their impacts on the brain system remain elusive. To fill in some gaps, we investigated associations of TG and AIP with brain structure, leveraging the UK Biobank database. TG and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were examined at baseline and AIP was calculated as log (TG/HDL-C). We build several linear regression models to estimate associations of TG and AIP with volumes of brain grey matter phenotypes. Significant inverse associations of TG and AIP with volumes of specific subcortical traits were observed, among which TG and AIP were most significantly associated with caudate nucleus (TG: β [95% confidence interval CI] = −0.036 [−0.051, −0.022], AIP: −0.038 [−0.053, −0.023]), thalamus (−0.029 [−0.042, −0.017], −0.032 [−0.045, −0.019]). Higher TG and AIP were also considerably related with reduced cortical structure volumes, where two most significant associations of TG and AIP were with insula (TG: −0.035 [−0.048, −0.022], AIP: −0.038 [−0.052, −0.025]), superior temporal gyrus (−0.030 [−0.043, −0.017], −0.033 [−0.047, −0.020]). Modification effects of sex and regular physical activity on the associations were discovered as well. Our findings show adverse associations of TG and AIP with grey matter volumes, which has essential public health implications for early prevention in neurodegenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Increased blood lipids are an important factor in the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases and heart attacks in humans. The aim of this study is to compare the effect of the traditional medicine product Lipexan with placebo along with Gemfibrozil on blood lipid indicators. Material and methods: This study was conducted as a double-blind randomized clinical trial with a parallel design, on 109 patients with hyperlipidemia. After entering the study, patients were randomly divided into two groups receiving Lipexan herbal capsules (containing garlic, sumac, apple cider vinegar, fenugreek and dill) and placebo capsules. Both groups received Gemfibrozil capsules at the same time and were prescribed the same diet. The duration of treatment was 40 days. The lipid profile of the patients was checked before and after taking the drugs. Results: In the Lipexan drug treatment group, the average blood triglyceride before taking the drug was 362.2 mg/dl, which reached 243.1 mg/dl after taking the drug. Also, the average blood cholesterol before and after taking the drug was 201.4 and 187.7, respectively. Statistically, there was a significant decrease in triglyceride, total cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein, High Density Lipoprotein, fasting blood sugar and alkaline Phosphatase after taking Lipexan drug (P<0.05). Conclusion: The present study shows that Lipexan herbal capsule is effective in reducing blood fats and lipid profile in hyperlipidemia patients compared to placebo capsule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgrounds and aimsEsophageal cancer (EC) causes approximately 508,000 deaths annually, making it a significant cause of cancer-related mortality. While previous studies have suggested an association between lipoprotein levels and EC risk, the causal relationship remains unexplored. This study aims to investigate the causal link between lipoproteins and EC using Mendelian randomization (MR).Methods and findingsThis study employed MR to determine the causal effect between lipoproteins and EC risk, with body mass index (BMI) used as a confounder in multivariable MR (MVMR) analysis. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the reliability of the results. Univariable MR (UVMR) analysis indicated that low-density lipoprotein (LDL) had a significant inverse association with EC risk (p = 0.03; OR = 0.89; 95%CI, 0.73–0.98), while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides showed no significant association. In the synthesis of findings across diverse datasets, LDL maintained a notable inverse association with the likelihood of EC (p

Mitochondria can contact lipid droplets (LDs) to form peridroplet mitochondria (PDM) which trap fatty acids in LDs by providing ATP for triglyceride synthesis and prevent lipotoxicity. However, the role of PDM in metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is not clear. Here, the features of PDM in dietary MASLD models with different severity in mice were explored. Electron microscope photographs show that LDs and mitochondria rarely come into contact with each other in normal liver. In mice fed with high-fat diet, PDM can be observed in the liver as early as the beginning of steatosis in hepatocytes. For the first time, we show that PDM in mouse liver varies with the severity of MASLD. PDM and cytosolic mitochondria were isolated from the liver tissue of MASLD and analyzed by quantitative proteomics. Compared with cytosolic mitochondria, PDM have enhanced mitochondrial respiration and ATP synthesis. Diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) alleviates choline-deficient, L-amino acid–defined diet-induced MASLD, while increases PDM in the liver. Similarly, DDC promotes the contact of mitochondria-LDs in steatotic C3A cells in vitro. Meanwhile, DDC promotes triglyceride synthesis and improves mitochondrial dysfunction in MASLD. In addition, DDC upregulates perilipin 5 both in vivo and in vitro, which is considered as a key regulator in PDM formation. Knockout of perilipin 5 inhibits the contact of mitochondria-LDs induced by DDC in C3A cells. These results demonstrate that PDM might be associated with the progression of MASLD and the prevention of MASLD by DDC.

Objective: In clinical practice, there are few effective biomarkers for identifying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this study is to investigate the diagnostic value of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase to platelet ratio (GPR) combined with triglyceride (TG) in NAFLD. Methods: A total of 14,415 individuals participated in the annual physical examination. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the exposure factors associated with NAFLD. Spearman's analysis was performed to assess the correlation among the exposure factors of NAFLD. Furthermore, the diagnostic efficacy of the combination of GPR and TG in NAFLD was analyzed using the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). Results: The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that BMI (OR = 1.619), Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) (OR = 1.014), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) (OR = 1.028), GPR (OR = 12.809), and TG (OR = 2.936) were all risk factors for NAFLD, while HDL-C (OR = 0.215) was a protective factor. Spearman correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations between GPR and SBP, DBP, BMI, TG (p

Background: It is generally accepted that excessive fat intake has undesirable effects on the energy metabolism of our body. Dietary amino acid composition is also critical to the regulation of lipid metabolism. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate whether high-fat diets (HFDs) with different amino acid deficiencies lead to different metabolic outcomes. Methods: Six-wk-old male Wistar rats were fed either a control diet (CN; 3.7 kcal/g, 12% calories from fat) or HFDs (5.1 kcal/g, 60% calories from fat) with 7 different amino acid compositions [control or methionine, arginine, histidine, lysine, threonine, or branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) deficient], for 7 d. Tissue weights and lipid accumulation in the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue were measured, and serum biochemical parameters were analyzed. Results: Although the food intake of the HFD groups was a little less than that of the CN group, the total calorie intakes were comparable among the groups, except for histidine-deficient and BCAA-deficient groups. In rats fed am HFD with a control amino acid composition (HFCN), dramatic increase in triglyceride (TG) accumulation in the liver and serum LDL cholesterol concentration were observed compared with the CN group. However, when the arginine content in the diet was reduced, liver TG accumulation was completely inhibited, with no apparent effects on serum lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations. Meanwhile, deficiency of the other amino acids, such as threonine, reversed HFD-induced upregulation of serum LDL cholesterol. Conclusions: It is observed that although the rats ingested an excessive amount of fat, neither ectopic fat accumulation nor dyslipidemia were always induced at least in the short term; hence, the consequent metabolic change was dependent on the dietary amino acid composition. These findings introduce an important perspective regarding HFD regimens in both scientific and clinical contexts.

Background Whether the relationship of intracerebral bleeding risk with lipid profile may vary by sex remains unclear. This study aims to investigate potential sex differences in the association between lipid profile and the risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) who received intravenous thrombolysis using recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-tPA). Methods This multicenter retrospective observational study analyzed patients with AIS treated with intravenous r-tPA. sICH was defined as a worsening of 4 or higher points in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score within 36 hours after intravenous thrombolysis in any hemorrhage subtype. We assessed the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of lipid profile for sICH for each sex using logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounding factors. Results Of 957 participants (median age 68 (interquartile range, 59–75), men 628 (65.6%)), 56 sICH events (36 (5.7%) in men and 20 (6.1%) in women) were observed. The risk of sICH in men decreased with increasing serum levels of triglyceride after adjustment for confounding factors (vs lowest tertile, medium tertile OR 0.39, 95% CI [0.17–0.91], top tertile OR 0.33, 95% CI [0.13–0.84], overall p = 0.021; per point increase, adjusted OR 0.29, 95% CI [0.13–0.63], p = 0.002). Neither serum levels of total cholesterol nor low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was associated with sICH in men. In women, there was no association between any of the lipid levels and the risk of sICH. Conclusions This study indicated that the association between serum levels of triglyceride and sICH may vary by sex. In men, increased triglyceride levels decrease the risk of sICH; in women, this association was lost. Further studies on the biological mechanisms for sex differences in stroke risk associated with triglyceride are needed.

Background: The correlation between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss remains to be further elucidated, particularly in patients receiving pegylated interferon-α (PEG-IFN) treatment. Methods: 758 patients with low HBsAg quantification who had received nucleos(t)ide analog (NUC) therapy for at least one year and subsequently switched to or add on PEG-IFN therapy over an unfixed course were enrolled. 412 patients were obtained with baseline data matched. A total of 206 patients achieved HBsAg loss (cured group) within 48 weeks. Demographic and biochemical data associated with MetS were gathered for analysis. HepG2.2.15 cell line was used in vitro experiments to validate the efficacy of interferon-α (IFN-α). Results: The proportion of patients with diabetes or hypertension in the uncured group was significantly higher than in the cured group. The levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycated albumin remained elevated in the uncured group over the 48 weeks. In contrast, the levels of blood lipids and uric acid remained higher in the cured group within 48 weeks. Triglycerides levels and liver steatosis of all patients increased after PEG-IFN therapy. Baseline elevated uric acid levels and hepatic steatosis may be beneficial for HBsAg loss. IFN-α could induce hepatic steatosis and indirectly promote HBsAg loss by increasing triglyceride level through upregulation of acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1(ACSL1). Conclusions: IFN-α could induce liver steatosis to promote HBsAg loss by increasing triglyceride level through upregulation of ACSL1. Comorbid diabetes may be detrimental to obtaining HBsAg loss with PEG-IFN therapy in CHB patients.

Purpose of current study was to determine physicochemical, triglyceride composition, and functional groups of wild adlay accessions (brown, black, yellow, grey, green, off white, and purple) to find out its scope as cereal crop. Triglycerides, minerals and functional groups were determined through Gas chromatography, spectrophotometer and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer respectively. Results revealed variation among bulk densities, specific densities, percent empty spaces, and corresponding grain counts per 10 g of sample are useful in distinguishing brown, black, yellow, grey, green, off white, and purple wild adlay accessions. Specific density and grain count per 10 g sample was significantly related. No statistical relationship exists among the pronounced physical characteristics. Brown adlay expressed the highest protein, fat, and fiber contents 15.82%, 4.76% and 2.37% respectively. Protein, fat, ash, and fiber percent contents were found comparable to cultivated adlay. Spectrophotometric analysis revealed macro elements including phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and sodium in the range 0.3% - 2.2% and micro elements boron, iron, copper, zinc, and manganese in the range 1.6 mg/kg - 20.8 mg/kg. Gas chromatography showed polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) constitute the primary fraction (39% ± 7.2) of wild adlay triglycerides. Linoleic and palmitic acids were present as prominent fatty acids, 43.5% ±1.4 and 26.3% ±1.4 respectively. Infra-red frequencies distinguished functional groups in narrow band and fingerprint region of protein in association with out of plane region leading to structural differences among adlay accessions. Comparison of major distinguishing vibrational frequencies among different flours indicated black adlay containing highest functional groups appeared promising for varietal development.

Studies in fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, have observed considerable variation in the effect of dietary protein restriction (PR) on various fitness traits. In addition, not only are there inconsistent results relating lifespan to stress resistance, but also the long-term effects of PR are unexplored. We study PR implementation across generations (long term) hypothesizing that it will be beneficial for fitness traits, stress resistance and storage reserves due to nutritional plasticity transferred by parents to offspring in earlier Drosophila studies. By imposing two concentrations of PR diets (50% and 70% of control protein) from the pre-adult and adult (age 1 day) stages of the flies, we assessed the stage-specific and long-term effect of the imposed PR. All long-term PR flies showed increased resistance against the tested stressors (starvation, desiccation, H2O2-induced oxidative stress). In addition, we also found long-term PR-induced increased stress resistance across generations. The PR flies also possessed higher protein and triglyceride (TG) content, reduced glucose and unaffected glycogen levels. We also assayed the effect of returning the PR flies to control (AL) food for a single generation and assessed their biochemical parameters to witness the transient PR effect. It was seen that TG content upon reversal was similar to AL flies except for PRI70 males; however, the glucose levels of PR males increased, while they were consistently lower in females. Taken altogether, our study suggests that long-term PR implementation contributes to increased stress resistance and was found to influence storage reserves in D. melanogaster.

In this study, we investigated the effects of genotype and Phytolacca dodecandra (Endod) supplementation on the growth, carcass traits, blood profiles, and breast meat quality of chickens. The study lasted for 18 weeks and involved 360 unsexed day-old chicks divided into nine groups with 40 chicks each, replicated four times with 10 chicks per replication. The genotypes studied were Naked-neck * Tetra H, Normal-feathered * Tetra H, crosses and Tetra H * Tetra H, while the diets included a standard commercial ration (C), Phytolacca dodecandra (Endod) at 1 g/kg (C+1), and Phytolacca dodecandra (Endod) at 2 g/kg (C+2). Results showed that both diet and genotype influenced growth performance indicators like final body weight, body weight change, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio, particularly during the grower and entire phases. When compared to the control diet, the Phytolacca dodecandra (Endod) chicks supplemented at 1 g/kg showed better performances. The genotypes also affected dressing percentage, breast, thigh, keel bone, and gizzard components, with higher values found in the Naked-neck by Tetra H cross. The supplemented chicken group exhibited an improvement in the dressing percentage and breast muscle in comparison to the control. Blood parameters were also significantly influenced (P

Introduction: Exercise training and vegetarian diets have been accepted as suitable and non-pharmacological methods for improving lifestyle and mitigating obesity, and related metabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of aerobic training and vegetarian diet on lipid profile of adults. Material & Methods: A comprehensive search of English and Persian articles was conducted on databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SID, Magiran, and Google Scholar, up to February 2023. Meta-analyses were conducted to compare the effects of aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet on body weight, as well as lipid profile parameters (low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride and total cholesterol). Standardized mean differences (SMD), weighted mean differences (WMD), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random effect model. Additionally, the I2 test was assessed the heterogeneity, and Funnel plots and Egger tests at a (significance level: 0.1) were employed to identify publication bias. Results: The meta-analysis, comprising 36 studies with 10,795 adults, showed that aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet significantly decreased body weight [WMD=-4.5, (CI: -5.68 to -3.31), p=0.001], low-density lipoprotein [SMD=-0.35, (CI: -0.44 to -0.26), p=0.001], high-density lipoprotein [SMD=-0.16, (CI: -0.29 to -0.03), p=0.01], triglyceride [SMD=-0.11, (CI: -0.17 to -0.05), p=0.001], and total cholesterol [SMD=-0.44, (CI: -0.57 to -0.32), p=0.001]. Data analysis utilized Comperhensive Meta-analysis software version 2. Discussion & Conclusion: The findings of the present meta-analysis showed the important role of exercise and vegetarian diet in improving lipid profiles. Therefore, aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet are recommended as non-pharmacogloical strategies for reducing body weight and improving lipid profiles in adults.

Abstract Background Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is widely used in the functional food and nutraceutical industries due to its important benefits to human health. Oleaginous microorganisms are considered a promising alternative resource for the production of EPA lipids. However, the storage of EPA in triglyceride (TG) becomes a key factor limiting its level. Results This study aimed to incorporate more EPA into TG storage through metabolic engineering. Firstly, key enzymes for TG synthesis, the diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) genes from Schizochytrium sp. HX-308 were expressed in Yarrowia lipolytica to enhance lipid and EPA accumulation. In addition, engineering the enzyme activity of DGATs through protein engineering was found to be effective in enhancing lipid synthesis by replacing the conserved motifs “HFS” in ScDGAT2A and “FFG” in ScDGAT2B with the motif “YFP”. Notably, combined with lipidomic analysis, the expression of ScDGAT2C and GPAT2 enhanced the storage of EPA in TG. Finally, the accumulation of lipid and EPA was further promoted by identifying and continuing to introduce the ScACC, ScACS, ScPDC, and ScG6PD genes from Schizochytrium sp., and the lipid and EPA titer of the final engineered strain reached 2.25 ± 0.03 g/L and 266.44 ± 5.74 mg/L, respectively, which increased by 174.39% (0.82 ± 0.02 g/L) and 282.27% (69.70 ± 0.80 mg/L) compared to the initial strain, respectively. Conclusion This study shows that the expression of lipid synthesis genes from Schizochytrium sp. in Y. lipolytica effectively improves the synthesis of lipids and EPA, which provided a promising target for EPA-enriched microbial oil production.

Background: The pro-inflammatory response during COVID-19 infection may have a profound impact on lipid metabolism. There is limited understanding of the role of deranged lipoprotein metabolism in the severity of COVID-19. Objectives: To determine the serum lipid profile of COVID-19-infected patients, its association with the inflammatory markers, and severity of the disease. Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted on 98 COVID-19 patients admitted from June to October 2020. Serum lipid parameters and inflammatory biomarkers (interleukin-6 [IL-6], D-dimer, and ferritin) were correlated with severity and mortality. The Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis test, Dunn test, and Spearman’s rank correlation test were used for analysis. A P value of

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different exercise intensities on postprandial lipemia (PHTG) and insulin resistance in healthy individuals. Methods: Participants were 10 adult males with normal fasting triglyceride (TG) concentrations (age = 34 ± 2.8 y, body mass = 72.9 ± 2.4 kg, fasting plasma TG = 1.36 ± 0.18 mmol/l, VO2max = 43.7 ± 3.0 ml/kg/min, fasting glucose = 5.2 ± 0.2 mmol/l and fasting Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA2-IR) = 1.7 ± 0.3). In this study, each participant performed a control trial (Ctr, no exercise), and 3 exercise trials at 40 % (40%T), 60 % (60%T), and 70 % (70%T) of their VO2max. In the exercise trials, participant jogged on a treadmill for 1 h at a designated intensity. A fat-rich meal was consumed by each participant 12 h after exercise. Blood samples were taken at 0 h (before the meal), and 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, and 24 h after the meal. The plasma TG, area score under TG concentration curve over an 8 h-period (TG tAUC) after the meal, and HOMA2-IR were analyzed. Results: Our results showed that at 2 h, 4 h, and 6 h after the meal, TG in all exercise trials were lower than Ctr (p

Green diesel is a biofuel that can be used directly in diesel engines and can be synthesized by hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) reaction of triglyceride (TG). Generally, this reaction requires a high hydrogen pressure (40–150 bar) and a high composition of organic solvent to facilitate a higher hydrogen solubility in the liquid phase. In many cases, long carbon-chain alkanes, mostly n-dodecane, have been used as solvents. The present work aims to investigate the potential of hydrogenated and non-hydrogenated polypropylene (PP) pyrolyzate as solvents in an effort to utilize plastic wastes in HDO reaction of palm oil. The reaction was carried out using bimetallic catalyst Ni-Cu/ZrO2 in a reactor with a hydrogen gas self-inducing impeller to facilitate a higher load-up hydrogen gas in the liquid phase. The effect of reaction time in HDO involving two solvents, i.e., PP pyrolyzate and hydrogenated PP pyrolyzate, was elucidated in this work. The results showed that hydrogenated PP pyrolyzate facilitates a higher deoxygenation activity than PP pyrolyzate. In addition, the synthesized bimetallic catalyst promoted the decarbonylation/decarboxylation route over the hydrodeoxygenation route at reaction temperatures of 280–350 °C. The conversion of TG increased from 51 % to 93 % by increasing the reaction temperature from 280 °C to 350 °C, with the corresponding highest yield of green diesel was 82 %. Therefore, the hydrogenated PP pyrolyzate can substitute the usual long carbon-chain alkanes.

Abstract Background The literature describes an inverse association between the values of triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). This survey was designed to exhibit the features of people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) who display this inverse association and identify potential contributing factors to having normal HDL-C values. Methods A total of 6127 persons with T2D were assigned to the present survey. Demographic features and clinical status data were compared between subjects with a substantial inverse association of TG and HDL-C and those without. Logistic regressions were performed to ascertain the role of different factors related to normal HDL-C. Moreover, the restricted cubic spline (RCS) functions were conducted to scrutinize the underlying relationships between the studied variables and low HDL-C levels. Results Patients with high TG (150 ≤ TG

"Objective To explore the level of serum triglyceride (TG) to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in different Fazekas score, and its correlationship with white matter hyperintensities (WMH). Methods The data of MRI were collected of 529 T2DM patients admitted to the Department of Endocrinology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital from January to June 2021, and Fazekas scores were independently assessed by specialised individuals. The patients were divided into four group according to Fazekas score: grade 0 (n=210), grade 1 (n=257), grade 2 (n=48), and grade 3 (n=14). General information and laboratory results were collected for a retrospective cross-sectional study. The relationship between TG/HDL-C and Fazekas score was assessed by multivariate ordinal logistic regression, and the relationship between TG/HDL-C and the risk of WMH was fitted using restricted cubic spline plots. Results Of the 529 patients, 319 were WMH positive, accounting for 60.3%. Differences in gender, age, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, duration of diabetes, fasting blood glucose, albumin and history of hypertension were statistically significant between the four groups of grade 0, 1, 2 and 3 (P＜0.05). There was no significant difference in TG/HDL-C［M（IQR）］ among the four groups [1.4(1.8) vs 1.4(1.6) vs 1.3(1.1) vs 1.6(1.6), H=5.361, P=0.147]. Multivariate ordinal logistic regression analysis showed that TG/HDL-C was independently associated with Fazekas score (OR= 1.119, 95%CI: 1.031-1.214, P=0.007). Adjusted multivariate restricted cube splines showed that there was a dose-response relationship between TG/HDL-C and the risk of WMH. When TG/HDL-C＞1.385, the risk of WMH was increased significantly. Conclusion TG/HDL-C levels are independently associated with the risk and severity of WMH in patients with T2DM."

Highlights: 1. Uncertainty regarding the association between hypertension and the levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) signifies the need for more research, particularly in the realm of sex-specific analysis. 2. Our study uncovered significant associations between hypertension and the levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides, expanding our understanding of the impact of lipid profiles on hypertension. 3. This research may potentially pave the way for personalized diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, ultimately enhancing hypertension management and patient outcomes. Abstract Hypertension is one of the most frequent non-communicable diseases and a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, contributing to most deaths globally. The risk of hypertension is higher in those with uncontrolled lipids. In this study, the incidence of hypertension and lipid profiles were examined from March 2020 to March 2022. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between hypertension in men aged 45–60 years and their lipid profiles, which include total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). This study used an analytical observational design with a cross-sectional approach. Medical records were utilized as secondary data. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Spearman rank correlation test. Statistical significance was determined at p

Introduction: The increased incidence of diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is attributed to the rising obesity rates, which is one of the major factors contributing to Insulin Resistance (IR). Although there is a close relationship between obesity and IR, not all cases of obesity lead to cardiometabolic complications. Visceral fat is considered to be the primary cause of IR. Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP) is postulated as a new continuous biomarker of visceral adiposity. Aim: To determine the association between LAP and IR in T2DM. Materials and Methods: This institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of three months at the Department of Biochemistry, Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. A total of 60 Type 2 diabetic patients (including newly diagnosed and known cases) were recruited as cases, along with 30 healthy controls. Height, weight, and Waist Circumference (WC) were measured. Fasting blood samples were collected for laboratory biochemical estimation of glucose, Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), and fasting insulin. Statistical analysis for continuous variables was performed using unpaired Student’s t-test, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was used for group comparisons. Results: Fasting serum insulin (p-value=0.007), Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) (p-value=0.001), and LAP index (p-value

Abstract Background Although lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) have different pathological and clinical features, they may share common driver genes. It was found that lipid levels can be used for early diagnosis of NSCLC; however, the relationship between driver genes and genes regulating lipid metabolism and their relationship with patient prognosis needs further investigation. Methods Genes whose expression was up‐ or down‐regulated in both LUAD and LUSC were identified using the GEO database. Online tools like GEPIA 2, PrognoScan, UALCAN, and TIMER2.0 were used to investigate the association of these gene expressions with the patient's prognosis and lipid regulatory genes. The association between clinical lipid levels and the risk of LUAD and LUSC was analyzed by using a multiple logistic regression model. Results Topoisomerase II alpha (TOP2A) and alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) were identified as the only genes up‐ and down‐regulated in both LUAD and LUSC. TOP2A and ADH1B expression levels significantly correlated with the patient's gender, age, individual cancer stage, histological subtype, nodal metastasis status, and TP53 mutation status. Additionally, only LUAD patients with higher TOP2A or lower ADH1B expressions displayed poor overall and relapse‐free survival rates. Moreover, TOP2A levels exhibited a negative correlation with adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and ATP‐binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) in both LUAD and LUSC. However, ADH1B showed inverse associations with the above‐mentioned genes when compared to TOP2A expressions in both LUAD and LUSC. Furthermore, elevated triglyceride (OR = 1.59; 95% CI = 1.01 to 2.49; P

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) pose a major threat to aquatic life and their presence in the aquatic environment requires attention. This study intends to examine the impacts of ZnO NPs on Brachidontes pharaonis. Brachidontes pharaonis were divided into four groups, the control group and experimental groups exposed to ZnO NPs at concentrations of 1 mg/L, 5 mg/L, and 8 mg/L. The results revealed a decrease in protein and glucose, along with an increase in cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides. The SDS-PAGE showed changes in the concentration of protein. In histological observations, there was necrosis in the epithelial cells, infiltration in the connective tissue between ovarian follicles, hemorrhage of blood vessels in gill filaments, and fibrosis in muscle myofibrils. Histochemical studies showed a rise in mucous cells in gill filaments and an increase in collagen fibers in the muscle. As concluded, ZnO NPs lead to alteration in biochemical parameters, protein profile, and histopathological changes in B. pharaonis.

Abstract Background Preliminary evidence demonstrates some parameters of metabolic control, including glycaemic control, lipid control and insulin resistance, vary across the menstrual cycle. However, the literature is inconsistent, and the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. This study aimed to investigate the association between the menstrual cycle phase and metabolites and to explore potential mediators and moderators of these associations. Methods We undertook a cross-sectional cohort study using UK Biobank. The outcome variables were glucose; triglyceride; triglyceride to glucose index (TyG index); total, HDL and LDL cholesterol; and total to HDL cholesterol ratio. Generalised additive models (GAM) were used to investigate non-linear associations between the menstrual cycle phase and outcome variables. Anthropometric, lifestyle, fitness and inflammatory markers were explored as potential mediators and moderators of the associations between the menstrual cycle phase and outcome variables. Results Data from 8694 regularly menstruating women in UK Biobank were analysed. Non-linear associations were observed between the menstrual cycle phase and total (p

AbstractBackground Decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) during Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) treatment remains a concern, and few patients experience partial recovery of eGFR. This study aimed to investigate the risk factors for eGFR recovery in patients with and without hypertriglyceridemia.Methods A total of 203 patients with chronic HBV infection were prospectively recruited and followed up for three years. Data were collected at baseline, first, second, and third years during TDF treatment.Results Most patients achieved normal ALT (80.0% vs. 82.5%) and undetectable HBV DNA (95.0% vs. 95.6%) in both groups (p > 0.05). For patients with hypertriglyceridemia, eGFR and cholesterol did not change significantly during the 3-year follow-up, while triglyceride (TG) decreased significantly in the first year and persisted at a lower level in the subsequent two years. For patients without hypertriglyceridemia, eGFR declined significantly in the first year of treatment, then gradually recovered during the subsequent two years, and eGFR was negatively correlated with TG at the four time points. Fifteen (15/183, 8.2%) patients without hypertriglyceridemia experienced eGFR partial recovery in the third year. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that baseline eGFR

This study aimed to determine the effect of adding nuts to a regular breakfast on blood glucose, insulin, and triglyceride levels, and to evaluate participants’ opinions by sex as a preliminary study for future studies. Data and biochemical parameters were collected through face-to-face interviews with Acibadem Hospital employees (n = 12) between April and September 2023. Participants consumed 30 g of nut-supplemented breakfasts for 4 weeks while maintaining their regular lifestyle. Blood tests and visual analog scale (VAS) parameters were assessed on intervention days. VAS scores indicated differences in meal taste, post-breakfast well-being, satiety, and meal adequacy, and for “feeling better after breakfast”, and “providing better satiety”, were significantly higher for the nut-supplemented breakfasts (p < 0.05), especially walnut-supplemented. Under the control of age, sex, and BMI variables in the participants, women responded better to peanut butter consumption than men in terms of blood insulin and triglyceride regulation (p < 0.05). However, triglyceride regulation in men was better managed by walnut consumption than in women. Understanding how nut-supplemented breakfasts impact blood glucose, insulin, and triglyceride levels, as well as consumer perceptions, is crucial for promoting healthier dietary choices.

Background: Atherosclerosis is the main process in coronary artery stenosis, which is exacerbated by vitamin D deficiency. This study aims to investigate the relationship between vitamin D deficiency treatment, lipid profile, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in ischemic heart disease (IHD). Materials and Methods: This is a double-blind, randomized clinical trial involving 44 IHD patients with hypovitaminosis, aged 40–65 years, who were referred to Chamran Specialty Heart Hospital, Isfahan, Iran. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: The intervention group received weekly doses of 50,000 units of vitamin D3 for 5 weeks, while the placebo group received a control substance. CRP and serum lipid profiles, including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), were assessed before and after the intervention. Trial registration number: IRCT20200905048622N1. Results: The mean age of the IHD patients was 57.84 ± 9.66 years, and among all 44 patients, 40 patients (91%) were male In the intervention group receiving vitamin D3, serum levels of HDL (P = 0.048) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) (P < 0.001) increased, while serum level of TG (P = 0.008) decreased significantly. In the placebo group, HDL level (P = 0.007) was increased and alanine transaminase (ALT) (P = 0.05) was significantly decreased. The results showed that the correlation between serum 25(OH)D treatment and CRP level was not significant. Conclusion: Vitamin D supplementation in IHD patients led to notable improvements in lipid profiles, including increased HDL-C levels and decreased TG levels. These findings hold potential clinical implications for healthcare professionals in managing risk factors in IHD patients.

ObjectiveTo explore the population health impact of treating all US adults eligible for the Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl-Intervention Trial (REDUCE-IT) with icosapent ethyl (IPE), we estimated (1) the number of ASCVD events and healthcare costs that could be prevented; and (2) medication costs.MethodsWe derived REDUCE-IT eligible cohorts in (1) the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2009-2014 and (2) the Optum Research Database (ORD). Population sizes were obtained from NHANES and observed first event rates (composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, unstable angina requiring hospitalization, or coronary revascularization) were estimated from the ORD. Hazard ratios from REDUCE-IT USA estimated events prevented with IPE therapy. The National Inpatient Sample estimated event costs (facility and professional) and daily IPE treatment cost was approximated at $4.59.ResultsWe estimate 3.6 million US adults to be REDUCE-IT eligible, and the observed five-year first event rate without IPE of 19.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 16.6%-19.5%) could be lowered to 13.1% (95% CI 12.8%-13.5%) with five years of IPE treatment, preventing 212,000 (uncertainty range 163,000-262,000) events. We projected the annual IPE treatment cost for all eligible persons to be $6.0 billion (95% CI $4.7-$7.5 billion), but saving $1.8 billion annually due to first events prevented (net annual cost $4.3 billion). The total five-year event rate (first and recurrent) could be reduced from 42.5% (95% CI 39.6%-45.4%) to 28.9% (95% CI 26.9-30.9%) with five years of IPE therapy, preventing 490,000 (uncertainty range 370,000-609,000) events (net annual cost $2.6 billion).ConclusionsTreating all REDUCE-IT eligible US adults has substantial medication costs but could prevent a substantial number of ASCVD events and associated direct costs. Indirect cost savings by preventing events could outweigh much of the incurred direct costs.

Schizophrenia, affecting approximately 1% of the global population, is often treated with olanzapine. Despite its efficacy, olanzapine's prolonged use has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) plays a crucial role in lipid metabolism and is involved in NAFLD pathogenesis via an unknown mechanism. This study aims to investigate the role of PCSK9 in olanzapine‐induced NAFLD. C57BL/6J mice and HepG2 and AML12 cell lines were treated with varying concentrations of olanzapine to examine the effects of olanzapine on PCSK9 and lipid metabolism. PCSK9 levels were manipulated using recombinant proteins, plasmids, and small interfering RNAs in vitro, and the effects on hepatic lipid accumulation and gene expression related to lipid metabolism were assessed. Olanzapine treatment significantly increased PCSK9 levels in both animal and cell line models, correlating with elevated lipid accumulation. PCSK9 manipulation demonstrated its central role in mediating hepatic steatosis through both receptor‐dependent pathways (impacting NPC1L1) and receptor‐independent pathways (affecting lipid synthesis, uptake, and cholesterol biosynthesis). Interestingly, upregulation of SREBP‐1c, rather than SREBP‐2, was identified as a key driver of PCSK9 increase in olanzapine‐induced NAFLD. Our findings establish PCSK9 as a pivotal factor in olanzapine‐induced NAFLD, influencing both receptor‐related and metabolic pathways. This highlights PCSK9 inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents for managing NAFLD in schizophrenia patients treated with olanzapine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]