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„A co z ptakami / naszych miast, miasteczek, / wiosek i osiedli?” – zaczyna jeden z swoich najnowszych wierszy Piotr Sommer. Na to pytanie solidarnie próbują znaleźć odpowiedź ornitolodzy oraz kulturo- i literaturoznawcy, tropiąc ptasie ślady w tekstach i filmach, języku i historii, a także w codziennych praktykach – ludzkich i nie-ludzkich. W czasach, gdy antropocen musi radzić sobie z coraz większą dominacją Homo sapiens, odnotowujemy rosnącą potrzebę zmiany perspektywy. Nie dziwi popularność tych prądów w nauce, które proponują upodmiotowienie zwierząt: od animal studies, przez ekokrytykę, po humanistykę środowiskową. W tym kontekście emancypacja ptaków nie ulega wątpliwości. Nie są dla nas już wyłącznie obiektem zainteresowań kulinarnych lub atrakcyjnymi trofeami nad kominkiem, jak to drzewiej bywało. Przeciwnie, usamodzielniły się i wyfrunęły z gniazd, a nam przypadła rola skromnych ptasiarzy, birdwatcherów, ornitofilów, którzy za drobną chwilę kontaktu ze „skrzydlatymi przyjaciółmi” są w stanie zapłacić najwyższe sumy. Ptaki fascynują innością (jak kwiczoły u Mirona Białoszewskiego czy jaskółki u Krystyny Miłobędzkiej), objaśniają nam świat (jak drozdy i sroki u Miłosza czy kosy u nowofalowców) albo zwiastują nieszczęścia (jak sowy u Davida Lyncha, które, jak wiadomo, nie są tym, czym się wydają). Boimy się ich dzikiej natury, choć jednocześnie pragniemy wkupić się w ich łaski. Najważniejsze, że ptaki wciąż mają jeszcze na tyle swobody, by od czasu do czasu móc popatrzeć na nas z góry. Tylko te kaczki – wróćmy na koniec do Sommera – „toczą się pod miastem”. Ta nowatorska publikacja przynosi całe spektrum sposobów widzenia i badania ptasiej obecności w tekstach kultury: od prób uchwycenia wizerunku ptactwa w wybranych epokach do drobiazgowych studiów poświęconych roli, w jakiej został obsadzony konkretny gatunek ptaka w poszczególnych, interesujących autorów, dziełach. Po lekturze tomu czytelnik musi przyznać, że „ornitofilologia”, której celem być może stanie się rekonstrukcja najpiękniejszego z istniejących atlasów ptaków – zawartego w niezliczonych utworach, w których ptaki na stałe uwiły sobie gniazda lub zjawiły się przelotem – ma przed sobą wdzięczną perspektywę. Z recenzji dr. hab. Adriana Glenia, prof. UO

With more than 10,000 species that vary in size, use diverse habitats that extend across latitudes and altitudes, consume a wide variety of food items, differ in how they fly (or not), communicate, and reproduce, and have different life histories, birds exhibit remarkable variation in form (anatomy) and function (physiology). Our understanding of how natural selection has generated this variation as birds evolved and as different species adapted to their unique circumstances has grown considerably in recent years. In In a Class of Their Own: A Detailed Examination of Avian Forms and Functions, this variation is explained in great detail, beginning with an overview of avian evolution and continuing with information about the structure and function of the avian skeleton, muscles, and the various body systems. Other chapters focus on avian locomotion (including flight), migration, navigation, communication, energy balance and thermoregulation, and various aspects of avian reproduction, such as nests and nest building, clutch sizes, and parental care. In a Class of Their Own: A Detailed Examination of Avian Forms and Functions will be must reading for anyone, professional or non-professional, who needs or wants to learn more about birds.

This book considers the natural history and cultural symbolism of a most unusual woodpecker – a species that neither excavates nest holes in trees, nor bores into wood to find insect prey. The Wryneck is best renowned for performing a twisting, writhing head and neck display when threatened, but this ground-breaking work reveals many more secrets of its behaviour and evolution. Detailed information is presented on the species'origins, taxonomy, anatomy, appearance, moult, calls, distribution, conservation status, habitats, movements, breeding, diet and relationships, along with a chapter on its closest relative, the Red-throated Wryneck. The text is richly illustrated throughout with high quality photographs as well as sound spectrograms. The author augments his many hours watching Wrynecks with comprehensive literature research, creating what is surely the definitive volume on the species. This all-encompassing and engaging account has been written for a wide audience, whether professional ornithologist, citizen scientist, amateur birder, woodpecker aficionado or simply someone who wishes to learn more about this curious and remarkable bird.

Finalist for the 2023 Pulitzer Prize in General Nonfiction and the 2023 PEN/E.O. Wilson Literary Science Writing AwardWinner of the Acoustical Society of America's 2023 Science Communication Award“[A] glorious guide to the miracle of life's sound.” —The New York Times Book Review A lyrical exploration of the diverse sounds of our planet, the creative processes that produced these marvels, and the perils that sonic diversity now facesWe live on a planet alive with song, music, and speech. David Haskell explores how these wonders came to be. In rain forests shimmering with insect sound and swamps pulsing with frog calls we learn about evolution's creative powers. From birds in the Rocky Mountains and on the streets of Paris, we discover how animals learn their songs and adapt to new environments. Below the waves, we hear our kinship to beings as different as snapping shrimp, toadfish, and whales. In the startlingly divergent sonic vibes of the animals of different continents, we experience the legacies of plate tectonics, the deep history of animal groups and their movements around the world, and the quirks of aesthetic evolution. Starting with the origins of animal song and traversing the whole arc of Earth history, Haskell illuminates and celebrates the emergence of the varied sounds of our world. In mammoth ivory flutes from Paleolithic caves, violins in modern concert halls, and electronic music in earbuds, we learn that human music and language belong within this story of ecology and evolution. Yet we are also destroyers, now silencing or smothering many of the sounds of the living Earth. Haskell takes us to threatened forests, noise-filled oceans, and loud city streets, and shows that sonic crises are not mere losses of sensory ornament. Sound is a generative force, and so the erasure of sonic diversity makes the world less creative, just, and beautiful. The appreciation of the beauty and brokenness of sound is therefore an important guide in today's convulsions and crises of change and inequity. Sounds Wild and Broken is an invitation to listen, wonder, belong, and act.

An awe-inspiring exploration of the sounds of the living Earth, and the joys and threats of human music, language and noise.'A symphony, filled with the music of life... fascinating, heartbreaking, and beautifully written.'ELIZABETH KOLBERT, author of The Sixth Extinction'Sounds Wild and Broken affirms Haskell as a laureate for the earth, his finely tuned scientific observations made more potent by his deep love for the wild he hopes to save.'NEW YORK TIMES'Wonderful... a reminder that the narrow aural spectrum on which most of us operate, and the ways in which human life is led, blocks out the planet's great, orchestral richness.'GUARDIAN We live on a planet alive with song, music, and speech. David George Haskell explores how these wonders came to be. In rainforests shimmering with insect sounds and swamps pulsing with frog calls we learn about evolution's creative powers. From birds in the Rocky Mountains and on the streets of Paris, we discover how animals learn their songs and adapt to new environments. Below the waves, we hear our kinship to beings as different as snapping shrimp, toadfish, and whales. In the startlingly divergent sonic vibes of the animals of different continents, we experience the legacies of plate tectonics, the deep history of animals and their movements around the world, and the quirks of aesthetic evolution. Starting with the origins of animal song and traversing the whole arc of Earth's history, Haskell illuminates and celebrates the emergence of the varied sounds of our world. In mammoth ivory flutes from Paleolithic caves, violins in modern concert halls, and electronic music in earbuds, we learn that human music and language belong within this story of ecology and evolution. Yet we are also destroyers, now silencing or smothering many of the sounds of the living Earth. Haskell takes us to threatened forests, noise-filled oceans, and loud city streets to show that sonic crises are not mere losses of sensory ornament. Sound is a generative force, and so the erasure of sonic diversity makes the world less creative, less beautiful. Sounds Wild and Broken is an invitation to listen, wonder, act.'Absolutely fascinating.'MARIELLA FROSTRUP, TIMES RADIO'Enlightening and sobering.'JINI REDDY, METRO

Title in English: Limits to Darwinism Darwinism claims to be a complete theory of biological life, including human life. It has a significant effect on the self-concept of contemporary humans and their worldview. In his unique book, Professor Emeritus of Masaryk University, physician and philosopher Jiří Vácha summarizes the current scientific critique of Darwinism, and also expands the whole problem by the notion of'consciousness'as the most specific feature of live beings. In addition to the evolving physical aspect of organisms, their experiential aspect has evolved too, and Darwinism does not take that sufficiently into account. Modern natural science, following in the footsteps of Descartes'mechanism, has a priori closed the door to this fundamental problem and has had to make way for philosophy and its interpretation. Despite its broad scientific scope, the book is surprisingly readable, the author explains complex things in clear and simple language.

An Open Letters Review Best Book of the YearA leading expert in animal behavior takes us into the wild to better understand and manage our fears.Fear, honed by millions of years of natural selection, kept our ancestors alive. Whether by slithering away, curling up in a ball, or standing still in the presence of a predator, humans and other animals have evolved complex behaviors in order to survive the hazards the world presents. But, despite our evolutionary endurance, we still have much to learn about how to manage our response to danger.For more than thirty years, Daniel Blumstein has been studying animals'fear responses. His observations lead to a firm conclusion: fear preserves security, but at great cost. A foraging flock of birds expends valuable energy by quickly taking flight when a raptor appears. And though the birds might successfully escape, they leave their food source behind. Giant clams protect their valuable tissue by retracting their mantles and closing their shells when a shadow passes overhead, but then they are unable to photosynthesize, losing the capacity to grow. Among humans, fear is often an understandable and justifiable response to sources of threat, but it can exact a high toll on health and productivity.Delving into the evolutionary origins and ecological contexts of fear across species, The Nature of Fear considers what we can learn from our fellow animals—from successes and failures. By observing how animals leverage alarm to their advantage, we can develop new strategies for facing risks without panic.

Persönlichkeiten mit ausgeprägten Eigenheiten gibt es keineswegs nur unter Menschen und anderen Säugetieren, sondern auch im Vogelreich. Der in Wien lebende und in aller Welt forschende Ornithologe Walter A. Sontag berichtet in diesem leidenschaftlichen Buch über die erstaunlichsten Vogelbeobachtungen und spektakulärsten Vogelexperimente und zeigt, wie viel Individualität sich in jedem Vogel entdecken lässt.Vögel leben in polaren Eiswüsten genauso wie in üppigen Tropenwäldern, auf fernsten Inseln und in unseren urbanen Ballungsräumen. Ihrer Formenfülle entspricht eine ebenso spektakuläre Vielfalt von Lebens- und Verhaltensweisen. Doch damit nicht genug: Ein Vogelleben ist höchst individuell und steckt häufig voller Überraschungen. Unter Blaumeisen etwa finden sich Langschläfer genauso wie Frühaufsteher oder Nachteulen. In Afrika lassen sich Bienenfresser von Trappvögeln herumkutschieren; die langbeinigen Laufvögel dienen ihnen als Aussichtswarte und mobile Startplätze für Jagdausflüge. Und Heckenbraunellen leben mitten in unseren Gärten in einer Beziehungsvielfalt, die mit jeder modernen Gesellschaft mithalten kann. Durch das Wuchern der urbanen Umwelt stehen aber auch die intelligentesten Vögel neuen Herausforderungen gegenüber. Wie bewältigen sie die vom Menschen verursachten Veränderungen? Wie gelingt es manchen Arten, manchen Individuen, und warum scheitern andere? Und wie reagiert der Mensch auf das Auftreten der Vogelkreatur in seiner Umgebung, oder wie sollte er reagieren?

Die Nachkommen von Mayer Amschel Rothschild erobern die europäische Finanzwelt: Salomon Rothschild steigt im Vormärz zum führenden Bankier Österreichs auf, Sohn Anselm Salomon gründet die Creditanstalt, Enkel Albert ist der reichste Mann Europas. Die Rothschilds werden zu Freiherren und Baronen, finanzieren Staaten, Kriege, Fabriken und den Eisenbahnbau, sind Mäzene und Sammler. Das »Welthaus Rothschild« besitzt bis 1914 die größte Bank der Welt. Gestützt auf umfangreiche Recherchen im Londoner Rothschild-Archiv zeichnet Roman Sandgruber ein meisterhaftes Bild vom Aufstieg der Familie und dem Schicksal ihres österreichischen Zweigs. Er schildert Geschäfte und Transaktionen, Skandale und Dramen und lässt die einzigartige Erfolgsgeschichte dieser jüdisch-großbürgerlichen Familie wieder lebendig werden.

Sporting a mix of blue, yellow, white, green and black, the unmistakable Blue Tit reflects the colours of a planet affected by a burgeoning human population. Fortunately, Blue Tits are adapting well to modern humanity, taking advantage of our propensity to feed birds in our gardens and provide boxes for them to nest in. In turn, this feisty little species provides an excellent model for biological research. This book is the result of a personal quest by author Martyn Stenning to bring together a range of discoveries into one accessible volume.The Blue Tit begins by inviting readers into the intimate lives of these birds as they attempt to reproduce, describing the many challenges they face when rearing their offspring. The story moves on to the fluid state of Blue Tit classification across the native Palearctic range, before progressing into population structure, lifetime ecology and an exploration of factors that determine breeding success. It culminates with an in-depth look at research over the years, followed by a selection of personal anecdotes and an overview of Blue Tit appearances in folklore and poetry.This book provides a definitive record of the biology and ecology of one of our most popular, intelligent and charismatic birds.

Brood parasitism has become one of the most flourishing areas of research in evolutionary ecology and one of the best model systems for investigating coevolution. This subject has undergone remarkable advances during the last two decades, but has not been covered by any book in the 21st century. This book offers a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the fascinating field of avian brood parasitism. The topics covered include conspecific brood parasitism; evolution and phylogenetic history of avian brood parasites; parasitic behaviour used by brood parasites; adaptations and counter-adaptations of brood parasites and their hosts at every stage of the breeding cycle (before laying, egg, chick and fledgling stages); factors affecting the evolution of host defences and parasitic attacks; the role of phenotypic plasticity in host defences; mechanisms driving egg recognition and rejection; evolution of nest sharing or nest killing by brood parasite chicks; begging behaviour in parasitized nests and food delivery by host adults; and recognition of conspecifics by juvenile brood parasites. This volume provides a comprehensive reference resource for readers and researchers with an interest in birds, behaviour and evolution, as well as a source of hypotheses and predictions for future investigations into this dynamic subject.

The present book analyses critically the tripartite mimicry model (consisting of the mimic, model and receiver species) and develops semiotic tools for comparative analysis. It is proposed that mimicry has a double structure where sign relations in communication are in constant interplay with ecological relations between species. Multi-constructivism and toolbox-like conceptual methods are advocated for, as these allow taking into account both the participants'Umwelten as well as cultural meanings related to specific mimicry cases.From biosemiotic viewpoint, mimicry is a sign relation, where deceptively similar messages are perceived, interpreted and acted upon. Focusing on living subjects and their communication opens up new ways to understand mimicry. Such view helps to explain the diversity of mimicry as well as mimicry studies and treat these in a single framework. On a meta-level, a semiotic view allows critical reflection on the use of mimicry concept in modern biology. The author further discusses interpretations of mimicry in contemporary semiotics, analyses mimicry as communicative interaction, relates mimicry to iconic signs and focuses on abstract resemblances in mimicry. Theoretical discussions are illustrated with detailed excursions into practical mimicry cases in nature (brood parasitism, eyespots, myrmecomorphy, etc.). The book concludes with a conviction that mimicry should be treated in a broader semiotic-ecological context as it presumes the existence of ecological codes and other sign conventions in the ecosystem.

Selected by Forbes.com as one of the 12 best books about birds and birding in 2016 This much-anticipated third edition of the Handbook of Bird Biology is an essential and comprehensive resource for everyone interested in learning more about birds, from casual bird watchers to formal students of ornithology. Wherever you study birds your enjoyment will be enhanced by a better understanding of the incredible diversity of avian lifestyles. Arising from the renowned Cornell Lab of Ornithology and authored by a team of experts from around the world, the Handbook covers all aspects of avian diversity, behaviour, ecology, evolution, physiology, and conservation. Using examples drawn from birds found in every corner of the globe, it explores and distills the many scientific discoveries that have made birds one of our best known - and best loved - parts of the natural world. This edition has been completely revised and is presented with more than 800 full color images. It provides readers with a tool for life-long learning about birds and is suitable for bird watchers and ornithology students, as well as for ecologists, conservationists, and resource managers who work with birds. The Handbook of Bird Biology is the companion volume to the Cornell Lab's renowned distance learning course, www.birds.cornell.edu/courses/home/homestudy/.

How does behaviour affect biological invasions? Can it explain why some animals are such successful invaders? With contributions from experts in the field, and covering a broad range of animals, this book examines the role of behaviour in biological invasions from the point of view of both invaders and native species. The chapters cover theoretical aspects, particularly relevant behaviours and well-documented case studies, showing that behaviour is critical to the success, and ecological and socio-economic impact, of invasive species. Its insights suggest methods to prevent and mitigate those impacts, and offer unique opportunities to understand the adaptive role of behaviour. Offering a comprehensive overview of current understanding on the subject, the book is intended for biological invasion researchers and behavioural ecologists, as well as ecologists and evolutionary biologists interested in how organisms deal with anthropogenic environmental changes such as climate change and habitat loss.

A gifted biologist's careful and beguiling study of why cuckoos have got away with tricking other birds into hatching and raising their young for thousands of years. The familiar call of the common cuckoo, “cuck-oo,” has been a harbinger of spring ever since our ancestors walked out of Africa many thousands of years ago. However, for naturalist and scientist Nick Davies, the call is an invitation to solve an enduring puzzle: how does the cuckoo get away with laying its eggs in the nests of other birds and tricking them into raising young cuckoos rather than their own offspring?Early observers who noticed a little warbler feeding a monstrously large cuckoo chick concluded the cuckoo's lack of parental care was the result of faulty design by the Creator, and that the hosts chose to help the poor cuckoo. These quaint views of bad design and benevolence were banished after Charles Darwin proposed that the cuckoo tricks the hosts in an evolutionary battle, where hosts evolve better defenses against cuckoos and cuckoos, in turn, evolve better trickery to outwit the hosts. For the last three decades, Davies has employed observation and field experiments to unravel the details of this evolutionary “arms race” between cuckoos and their hosts. Like a detective, Davies and his colleagues studied adult cuckoo behavior, cuckoo egg markings, and cuckoo chick begging calls to discover exactly how cuckoos trick their hosts. For birding and evolution aficionados, The Cuckoo is a lyrical and scientifically satisfying exploration of one of nature's most astonishing and beautiful adaptations.

This authoritative handbook, part of the Helm Identification Guides series, looks in detail at the world's 170 species of robins and chats. This large family of small passerines was formerly considered to be part of the thrush family (Turdidae), but is now usually treated as a separate family, Muscicapidae, together with the Old World flycatchers. The vast majority of species are Eurasian or African, with only a handful of species straying into the New World or Australasia. The Australian Robins, although superficially similar, have long been regarded as a separate family. Robins and chats are a diverse family comprising both highly colourful and visible species, such as the robin-chats of Africa, as well as some of the most skulking and elusive birds, such as the shortwings of Asia. Many chats, such as the well-known Nightingale, are renowned songsters, and a good number are highly sought-after by world listers for their extreme rarity or simply because they are hard to see. This book discusses the identification and habits of these birds on a species-by-species basis, bringing together the very latest research with accurate range maps, more than 600 stunning colour photographs that illustrate age and racial plumage differences, and 64 superb colour plates by the internationally renowned artist, Chris Rose. This authoritative and sumptuous book will be an essential purchase for all chat enthusiasts, and will become the standard reference on the subject for many years to come.

Discover why animals do what they do, based on their genes, physiologies, cultures, traditions, survival and mating advantages, and evolutionary histories—and find out how studying behavior in the animal world helps us understand human behavior.The three volumes of Animal Behavior: How and Why Animals Do the Things They Do cover the breadth of the field, addressing causation, development, function, and evolution in a wide range of animals, from invertebrates to humans. Inspired by Nobel laureate Nikolaas Tinbergen's work, the first two volumes follow Tinbergen's four classic questions of animal behavior, while the third volume supplies integrated examples of Tinbergen's investigative process applied in specific cases.Written in an engaging, accessible manner ideal for college students as well as general audiences, this evidence-based collection provides a fascinating tour of animal behaviorists'findings, such as how animal communication can be truthful or deceitful, the deadly serious business behind clashes in the'battle of the sexes,'and how documentation of animal behavior can lead to a deeper understanding of human behavior. Each chapter provides both historical background and information about current developments in animal behavior knowledge.

The publication deals with the role of religious phenomena in the process of national identity forming in modern Japan as well as with the problem of identifying and interpreting these phenomena. The introductory chapter defines the theoretical and methodological frame of the thesis. Second chapter deals with the topic of interpreting and systematizing religious phenomena in Japan. It concentrates on the concepts of Shinto and Japanese religion in the works of H. B. Earhart, K. Werner, T. P. Kasulis, J. M. Kitagawa, and I. Ben-Dasan. The author offers a summary of their theories and confronts them with an alternative, more critical approach deconstructing the stereotypical view of Shinto as “indigenous Japanese religion” that is characterized as specific of the members of the Japanese nation. Third, final part deals with Yasukuni shrine in Tokio. It offers a survey of the so-called Yasukuni issue and brings about a survey of the history of the shrine in the context of the history of modern Japan, particularly in the context of the origins and development of State Shinto. In the concluding part, the author offers a possible interpretative frame to be used for interpreting the phenomena of Japanese religiosity.

This timely encyclopedia presents an arsenal of evidence for evolution that goes beyond the typical textbook examples.Arguing for Evolution: An Encyclopedia for Understanding Science provides readers with a single source for the scientific evidence supporting evolution. The book shows how scientists have tested the predictions of evolutionary theory and created an unshakeable foundation of evidence supporting its truth. As such, it demonstrates how evolution serves as a case study for understanding the scientific method and presents a logical model for scientific inquiry.The evidence for evolution is presented historically and topically in an accessible, example-rich, and logical format, using an arsenal of examples that goes beyond the typical textbook matter. The chapters are structured around a series of hypotheses that the authors put to the test, amassing evidence on fossils, comparative anatomy, molecules, and evolutionary biology in order to conclude that evolution is scientific fact. Learning about this fascinating field is enhanced through'see for yourself'examples that include original data and figures from key historical and contemporary papers in evolutionary biology.