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Our visual memory percepts of whether we have encountered specific objects or scenes before are hypothesized to manifest as decrements in neural responses in inferotemporal cortex (IT) with stimulus repetition. To evaluate this proposal, we recorded IT neural responses as two monkeys performed a single-exposure visual memory task designed to measure the rates of forgetting with time. We found that a strict interpretation of the repetition suppression hypothesis could not account for the monkeys9 behavior, however, a weighted linear read-out of the IT population response accurately predicted forgetting rates, reaction time patterns, and individual differences in task performance. Additionally, the linear weights were largely all the same-sign and consistent with repetition suppression. These results suggest that a subpopulation of IT neurons reflect behaviorally-relevant memory information via changes in overall population response magnitudes, in contrast to visual identify information, which is largely reflected by changes in IT population response patterns.

The acquisition of auditory memory for temporal patterns was investigated. The temporal patterns were random sequences of irregularly spaced clicks. Participants performed a task previously used to study auditory memory for noise [Agus, Thorpe, and Pressnitzer (2010). Neuron 66, 610-618]. The memory for temporal patterns displayed strong similarities with the memory for noise: temporal patterns were learnt rapidly, in an unsupervised manner, and could be distinguished from statistically matched patterns after learning. There was, however, a qualitative difference from the memory for noise. For temporal patterns, no memory transfer was observed after time reversals, showing that both the time intervals and their order were represented in memory. Remarkably, learning was observed over a broad range of time scales, which encompassed rhythm-like and buzz-like temporal patterns. Temporal patterns present specific challenges to the neural mechanisms of plasticity, because the information to be learnt is distributed over time. Nevertheless, the present data show that the acquisition of novel auditory memories can be as efficient for temporal patterns as for sounds containing additional spectral and spectro-temporal cues, such as noise. This suggests that the rapid formation of memory traces may be a general by-product of repeated auditory exposure.

This paper is the first systematic attempt to investigate the factors affecting time persistence in individual remittance behaviour. By using micro-level longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), we apply a wide variety of discrete choice static and dynamic panel models to analyse the decision to remit. Our results provide evidence in favour of an intertemporal strategy. The persistence in remittance decisions is significantly influenced by “true state dependence”: migrants that remitted in the previous year have a significantly higher propensity to remit this year as well. We also show that remittance time patterns depend on both observable and unobservable individual socioeconomic characteristics, and in particular, that the household’s transnational composition plays an important role in determining remittance behaviour.

Despite the strong pace of globalisation, the distance effect on trade is persistent or even growing over time (Disdier and Head, 2008). To solve this distance puzzle, we use the recently developed gravity equation estimator from Helpman et al. (2008) (HMR henceforth). Using three different data sets, we find that the distance coefficient increases over time when ordinary least squares (OLS) is used, while the non-linear estimation of HMR leads to a decline in the distance coefficient over time. The distance puzzle, thus, arises from a growing bias of OLS estimates. The latter is explained by an increase in the importance of the bias from omitting the number of heterogeneous exporting firms relative to the bias from omitting zero trade flows. Furthermore, we show that including zero trade flows cannot solve the distance puzzle when using HMR. The HMR estimates are strongly correlated with the time pattern in freight costs reported by Hummels (2007).

Oral fluid (OF) can be easily collected from pens of pigs and used for the diagnosis of a number of key endemic swine diseases or biomarkers of stress or metabolic state. Large OF volumes may increase the capacity for diagnostic testing by enabling more components to be tested for in a single pen-based sample. It is known that acidic and pleasant-tasting compounds can stimulate salivary secretion in humans. The present study investigated the effect of using flavored rope additives (apple juice, pineapple juice, and sucrose solution) on pen-based OF yield, based on their citric acid content and palatable taste. Flavored and control ropes were presented to 4 commercial pens, each of weaner and finisher pigs, according to a Latin square design across 2 replicates. Ropes were presented for 30 minutes, allowing pigs to chew the ropes and deposit OF. The OF was extracted from each rope by handwringing and subsequent centrifugation for measurement of the total volume deposited during presentation. Analysis of variance confirmed that the use of flavor had no significant effect on OF yield for weaner ( F (3,22) = 0.01, P = 0.998) or finisher ( F (3,22) = 0.53, P = 0.668) pigs. A decrease in the OF volume deposited by weaners was observed after trial day 1 ( F (3,22) = 3.67, P = 0.028), but the opposite time pattern was seen for the finisher pigs, with a progressive increase in OF volume deposited across the 4 trial days ( F (3,22) = 6.19, P = 0.003). Approximately 20 mL of fluid was yielded from each rope presentation, and a 2-sample t test confirmed that pig age had no effect on OF deposition. The results suggest that citrus or sweet flavored rope additives are unlikely to affect pen-based pig OF yield via salivary stimulation. However, suitable OF volumes for multiple diagnostic tests can be obtained from both weaner and finisher pigs by the simple handwringing of ropes after presentation.

The occurrence of wintering and spring-staging sea ducks in the southern part of Swedish Öresund was surveyed from air and ship during the period 2001–2011. Altogether 22 air and 20 boat surveys were made during the months November–May and here we present the results regarding five commonly recorded sea ducks. We present the numbers recorded and the general time pattern of occurrence during winter and spring in the area. Recorded numbers are then used for evaluating the importance of the area, both in relation to national wintering totals as well as to international (Baltic) totals. Southern Swedish Öresund is of no larger importance for Long-tailed Duck Clangula hyemalis in winter and spring. The area is however of national importance for both Velvet Scoter Melanitta fusca and Common Scoter Melanitta nigra in winter. Peak numbers of Common Scoters do also reach international importance. Southern Swedish Öresund is of large national and international importance for both wintering and spring-staging Eider Somateria mollissima and Red-breasted Merganser Mergus merganser.

Background Continuous increase in male incidence of malignant mesothelioma of the pleura (MMP) despite the drop of asbestos production since 1980 in Quebec motivated this study aiming to assess when the rates of MMP will decline. Methods Age-standardized rates and trends were estimated over the 1984–2007 period by sex for Quebec versus “Canada-excluding-Quebec” (Can-Qc). An age-cohort regression was used to make projections for 2008–2032. Results Average rates of MMP in Quebec men and women were significantly higher than in Can-Qc. Projected rates peak between 2003 and 2012 in all four study populations and decline thereafter. Conclusion The higher MMP rates and observed/projected time patterns in Quebec men are consistent with past asbestos production and occupational exposures. The excess in Quebec women may also be explained by domestic and, for some, by neighborhood exposures. To pursue the decrease in MMP rates beyond 2032, efforts to reduce asbestos exposure should be maintained. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:473–482, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

BACKGROUND In heart transplantation, antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is diagnosed and graded on the basis of immunopathologic (C4d-CD68) and histopathologic criteria found on endomyocardial biopsies (EMB). Because some pathologic AMR (pAMR) grades may be associated with clinical AMR, and because humoral responses may be affected by the intensity of immunosuppression during the first posttransplantation year, we investigated the incidence and positive predictive values (PPV) of C4d-CD68 and pAMR grades for clinical AMR as a function of time. METHODS All 564 EMB from 40 adult heart recipients were graded for pAMR during the first posttransplantation year. Clinical AMR was diagnosed by simultaneous occurrence of pAMR on EMB, donor specific antibodies and allograft dysfunction. RESULTS One patient demonstrated clinical AMR at postoperative day 7 and one at 6 months (1-year incidence 5%). C4d-CD68 was found on 4,7% EMB with a "decrescendo" pattern over time (7% during the first 4 months vs. 1.2% during the last 8 months; P < 0.05). Histopathologic criteria of AMR occurred on 10.3% EMB with no particular time pattern. Only the infrequent (1.4%) pAMR2 grade (simultaneous histopathologic and immunopathologic markers) was predictive for clinical AMR, particularly after the initial postoperative period (first 4 months and last 8 months PPV = 33%-100%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In the first posttransplantation year, AMR immunopathologic and histopathologic markers were relatively frequent, but only their simultaneous occurrence (pAMR2) was predictive of clinical AMR. Furthermore, posttransplantation time may modulate the occurrence of C4d-CD68 on EMB and thus the incidence of pAMR2 and its relevance to the diagnosis of clinical AMR.

School age children are particularly susceptible to exposure to ambient fine particle (PM2.5). To provide insight into factors affecting variability in ambient PM2.5 exposure, distributions of daily PM2.5 exposures for school age children are estimated for four seasons in three climatic zones of the United States using a stochastic microenvironmental exposure model, based on ambient concentration, air exchange rate, penetration factor, deposition rate, census data, meteorological data, and time pattern data. Estimated daily individual exposure varies largely among seasons, regions, and individuals. The mean ratio of ambient exposure to ambient concentration (Ea/Ca) ranges from 0.46 to 0.61 among selected regions and seasons, resulting from differences in air exchange rate. The individual Ea/Ca varies by a factor of 2 to 3 over a 95% frequency range among simulated children, resulting from variability in children's time patterns. These patterns are similar among age groups, but vary with the day of the week and outdoor temperature. Variability in exposure is larger between individuals than between groups. The high end ratio of the Ea/Ca, at the 95th percentile of inter-individual variability, is 30% to 50% higher than the mean Ea/Ca ratio. Results can be used to intepret and adjust exposure errors in epidemiology and to assist in development of exposure mitigation strategies.

Using a dataset of migrants who migrated to South Africa over the period 1979-2007, we investigate the time pattern of remittances and the determinants of remittances. We find that the level of remittances first increases with the time spent in the host country and later on declines after an estimated 8 years of migration experience and thus exhibiting an inverted-U pattern over time. This finding lends support to the remittance decay hypothesis. We also find the level of remittances to be significantly positively related to the number of dependents in the home country, legal status, access to banking, income and savings levels, and negatively related to the education level, return intentions, frequency of home visits and economic and political reasons for migrating. Furthermore, the level of remittances is observed to exhibit an inverted U-profile with the age of the migrant, that is, it first rises in early age and falls in old age. The remittance decay phenomenon is seen to stem from a mixture of the theories of altruism and the informal loan repayment alluded to in the literature.

We study the problem of periodicity detection in massive data sets of photometric or radial velocity time series, as presented by ESA's Gaia mission. Periodicity detection hinges on the estimation of the false alarm probability (FAP) of the extremum of the periodogram of the time series. We consider the problem of its estimation with two main issues in mind. First, for a given number of observations and signal-to-noise ratio, the rate of correct periodicity detections should be constant for all realized cadences of observations regardless of the observational time patterns, in order to avoid sky biases that are difficult to assess. Second, the computational loads should be kept feasible even for millions of time series. Using the Gaia case, we compare the $F^M$ method (Paltani 2004, Schwarzenberg-Czerny 2012), the Baluev method (Baluev 2008) and the GEV method (S\"uveges 2014), as well as a method for the direct estimation of a threshold. Three methods involve some unknown parameters, which are obtained by fitting a regression-type predictive model using easily obtainable covariates derived from observational time series. We conclude that the GEV and the Baluev methods both provide good solutions to the issues posed by a large-scale processing. The first of these yields the best scientific quality at the price of some moderately costly pre-processing. When this pre-processing is impossible for some reason (e.g. the computational costs are prohibitive or good regression models cannot be constructed), the Baluev method provides a computationally inexpensive alternative with slight biases in regions where time samplings exhibit strong aliases., Comment: 16 pages, 14 figures, 1 table

A multitasking system for pattern recognition is presented; it operates in real time and makes it possible to achieve a maximum certainty value while solving several periodic tasks of pattern recognition.

Research studies focusing on the relationships between team sports and socio- ethnicity have developed in the Anglo-Saxon literature since the 1970s. In particular the use of the concept of racial stacking confirms a growing interest in a more complex vision when it comes to player selection and positioning. In basketball, studies have identified that black players are overrepresented in the American professional basketball championships (NBA) and at the same time patterns of racial stacking exist as they are overrepresented at non-central positions. This research led to a survey of black players’ positions in the professional championships in France (Pro A basketball). Using social stacking procedures, we listed the number of black and white players in each position. The results show evidence of a racial stacking pattern, only the position of point guard tends to be played by white rather than black players; this phenomenon is reduced when black players come from the USA.

A large amount of data is collected routinely in meat inspection in pig slaughterhouses. A time series clustering approach is presented and applied that groups farms based on similar statistical characteristics of meat inspection data over time. A three step characteristic-based clustering approach was used from the idea that the data contain more info than the incidence figures. A stratified subset containing 511,645 pigs was derived as a study set from 3.5 years of meat inspection data. The monthly averages of incidence of pleuritis and of pneumonia of 44 Dutch farms (delivering 5149 batches to 2 pig slaughterhouses) were subjected to 1) derivation of farm level data characteristics 2) factor analysis and 3) clustering into groups of farms. The characteristic-based clustering was able to cluster farms for both lung aberrations. Three groups of data characteristics were informative, describing incidence, time pattern and degree of autocorrelation. The consistency of clustering similar farms was confirmed by repetition of the analysis in a larger dataset. The robustness of the clustering was tested on a substantially extended dataset. This confirmed the earlier results, three data distribution aspects make up the majority of distinction between groups of farms and in these groups (clusters) the majority of the farms was allocated comparable to the earlier allocation (75% and 62% for pleuritis and pneumonia, respectively). The difference between pleuritis and pneumonia in their seasonal dependency was confirmed, supporting the biological relevance of the clustering. Comparison of the identified clusters of statistically comparable farms can be used to detect farm level risk factors causing the health aberrations beyond comparison on disease incidence and trend alone.

Purpose To develop a fitness tracker (FitSight) to encourage children to increase time spent outdoors. To evaluate the wear pattern for this tracker and outdoor time pattern by estimating light illumination levels among children. Methods The development of the FitSight fitness tracker involved the designing of two components: (1) the smartwatch with custom-made FitSight watch application (app) to log the instant light illuminance levels the wearer is exposed to, and (2) a companion smartphone app that synchronizes the time outdoors recorded by the smartwatch to smartphone via Bluetooth communication. Smartwatch wear patterns and tracker-recorded daily light illuminance levels data were gathered over 7 days from 23 Singapore children (mean ± standard deviation age: 9.2 ± 1.4 years). Feedback about the tracker was obtained from 14 parents using a three-level rating scale: very poor/poor/good. Results Of the 14 parents, 93% rated the complete "FitSight fitness tracker" as good and 64% rated its wearability as good. While 61% of 23 children wore the watch on all study days (i.e., 0 nonwear days), 26% had 1 nonwear day, and 4.5% children each had 3, 4, and 5 nonwear days, respectively. On average, children spent approximately 1 hour in light levels greater than 1000 lux on weekdays and 1.3 hours on weekends (60 ± 46 vs. 79 ± 53 minutes, P = 0.19). Mean number of outdoor "spurts" (light illuminance levels >1000 lux) per day was 8 ± 3 spurts with spurt duration of 34 ± 32 minutes. Conclusion The FitSight tracker with its novel features may motivate children to increase time outdoors and play an important role in supplementing community outdoor programs to prevent myopia. Translational relevance If the developed noninvasive, wearable, smartwatch-based fitness tracker, FitSight, promotes daytime outdoor activity among children, it will be beneficial in addressing the epidemic of myopia.

Purpose: The repair rate conventionally assumed to be constant during the entire radiation course. However, increasing evidences from animal studies show that the repair process may slow down with time and the experimental data does not fit an exponential pattern. To address this enigma, we presented a generalized linear‐quadratic (gLQ) model incorporating reciprocal time repair pattern of sublethal damage and fit the model to published experimental data. Methods: In the gLQ model, the parameter G in the surviving fraction represents the repair process of sublethal damage with Tr as the repair half‐time. When a reciprocal time pattern of repair process was adopted, a generalized form of G was derived analytically for arbitrary radiation schemes ( I(t) = Ii, ti‐1 < t < ti, where i=1 to N, Ii is the dose rate of the ith segment to the voxel in question, and N is the total number of segments for the entire treatment course). The published animal data was used to test the reciprocal formulas. Results: The gLQ model incorporating a reciprocal time pattern to describe the repair process was used to fit the experimental data. The reciprocal model showed better fit to the animal data than the exponential model, particularly for the ED50 data, resulting in the following parameters: the reduced chi‐square of 1.52, α/β=0.9 Gy, Tr =1.0 h for the reciprocal model and reduced chi‐square of 3.39, α/β=1.6 Gy, Tr=3.5 h for the exponential model. Conclusions: The modeling results suggest that the gLQ model incorporating the reciprocal time pattern of sublethal damage repair facilitates the interpretation of complex experimental designs, especially for irregular dose delivery schedules. These formulas can be used to analyze experimental and clinical data, where a slowing‐down of the repair process occurs during the radiation therapy course.

Temporal preparation has been investigated extensively by manipulating the foreperiod, the interval between a warning stimulus and target stimulus requiring a speeded response. Although such research has revealed many effects of both the duration and distribution of foreperiods on reaction times, the underlying cognitive mechanism is still largely unknown. Here, we test a recent proposal that temporal preparation is driven by the retrieval of memory traces of past experiences from long-term memory rather than by knowledge about upcoming events. Two groups of participants received different foreperiod distributions in an acquisition phase, which was followed a week later by a transfer phase, in which both groups received the same distribution of foreperiods. We found that the effects of the different foreperiod distributions presented in the acquisition phase were still apparent a week later during the transfer phase, as the reaction time patterns of both groups reflected the old distributions. This occurred even though both groups were provided with full information about the change in the distribution of foreperiods at the start of the transfer phase. These findings provide compelling evidence that long-term memory plays an important role in temporal preparation.

We observe two distinct interevent time patterns in the slip avalanches of compressed bulk metallic glasses (BMGs). Small slip avalanches cluster together in time, but large slip avalanches recur roughly periodically. We compare the timing patterns of BMG slip avalanches with timing patterns of earthquakes and with the predictions of a mean-field model. The time clustering of small avalanches is similar to the known time clustering of earthquake foreshocks and aftershocks.

Due to the universality of mobile devices, such as GPS and the devices of location-based services, there is a growing number of mobile trajectory data. This provides the opportunities for innovation of analyzing trajectory and extracting information. We proposed a new method to predict next location of moving object - RTMatch. The main idea of the method is to store and query the trajectory frequency pattern (named T-pattern) of moving objects by designing a data structure - RTPT (Real Time Pattern Tree) and HT (Hash Table) contains the spatio-temporal information, and then find a best matched path on the tree (the best T-pattern matches the trajectory to be predicted). The RTMatch can provide real-time analysis during the on the fly processing. Experiments on the actual data prove that our method is more accuracy and efficiency than some existing methods.

Reward mechanisms are likely implicated in the pathophysiology of binge-eating behaviour, which is a key symptom of binge-eating disorder (BED). Since endocannabinoids modulate food-related reward, we aimed to investigate the responses of anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) to hedonic eating in patients with BED. Peripheral levels of AEA and 2-AG were measured in 7 obese BED patients before and after eating favorite (hedonic eating) and non-favorite (non-hedonic eating) foods. We found that plasma levels of AEA progressively decreased after eating the non-favorite food and significantly increased after eating the favorite food, whereas plasma levels of 2-AG did not differ significantly between the two test conditions, although they showed a trend toward significantly different time patterns. The changes in peripheral AEA levels were positively correlated to the subjects’ sensations of the urge to eat and the pleasantness while eating the presented food, while changes in peripheral 2-AG levels were positively correlated to the subjects’ sensation of the pleasantness while eating the presented food and to the amount of food they would eat. These results suggest the occurrence of distinctive responses of endocannabinoids to food-related reward in BED. The relevance of such findings to the pathophysiology of BED remains to be elucidated.

In this chapter, the author presents a system for classifying time patterns as they influence economic activity. In constructing the system, he draws from ideas presented by Alfred Marshall and John Maynard Keynes. The periods Rohatinski proposes are based on changes in economic activity within each period, rather than calendar time, and range from the very short term, in which economic categories and other features of the model are unambiguous and fixed, to the very long term, in which the overall organisation and the entire pattern of the economic activity are changing.

Market efficiency paradigm and time patterns concerned, as "calendar anomalies" is a contradictory issue for researches. TSE's market participants have a negative understanding of the 6th and 12th month of the fiscal year and this issue is rooted in the obliged credit settlement of the brokerage industry at the year-end. The purpose of this study is to investigate the TSE's total return before and after brokerage firms' year-end. Using GARCH-PQ, and data of market index in periods between 1390 and 1396, we concluded that periods of1st to 22ndof 6thand 12th months,and 22nd to the end of 6th and 12th months, have respectivelynegative and positive effectson TSE's stock index.

The paper presents the results of an experimental activity aimed at investigating the statistical properties of the exposure to electromagnetic radiation generated by the GSM cellular system. Many channels radiated by sources at different distance from the measurement point were monitored for seven days to obtain long-term samples of the peak and average rms strength over six minutes. The purpose of the research is to shed new light on the time patterns and amplitude distribution of the exposure level, with the intent to study: (1) the relationship between peak and average strength so that the worst case exposure can related to the average exposure, which is the quantity that measurement standards focus on; (2) variations of exposure with traffic conditions.

This article analyzes demonstrations of natural hazards, their space – time patterns are identified, and the extent of natural hazards on the territory of Astrakhan region is evaluated. A set of thematic charts and maps was developed; the influence of natural hazards in local areas of the region was evaluated. A number of measures to mitigate the negative impact by natural hazards on the environment and population vital activities of the region is offered.

Intermixing trials of a visual search task with trials of a modified flanker task, the authors investigated whether the presentation of conflicting distractors at only one side (left or right) of a target stimulus triggers shifts of visual attention towards the contralateral side. Search time patterns provided evidence for lateral attention shifts only when participants performed the flanker task under an instruction assumed to widen the focus of attention, demonstrating that instruction-based control settings of an otherwise identical task can impact performance in an unrelated task. Contrasting conditions with response-related and response-unrelated distractors showed that shifting attention does not depend on response conflict and may be explained as stimulus-conflict-related withdrawal or target-related deployment of attention.

In the present study we explore time perspective patterns and their moderation effects on a causal model of academic achievement based on self-regulated learning. Participants were 697 students from Spanish universities. A battery of instruments was used to collect the data. The results of a cluster analysis showed three time perspective patterns: proactive, balanced and interrupted. A multi-group analysis tested the moderation effect of each time pattern in a path analysis that explained GPA based on relevant variables within the self-regulated learning perspective. The results indicate that the explanatory model of academic achievement based on self-regulated learning is more appropriate for the proactive time pattern, while in the other time patterns, academic achievement is explained by external regulation to a greater degree. Therefore, we suggest that the time pattern can be an explanatory factor, or at least related, in the qualitative change from externally regulated learning to self-regulated learning.

Background Multiple acute cerebral infarcts in different arterial territories may be caused by several emboli concurrently or successively. Aim and/or hypothesis We hypothesized that the time from stroke onset to magnetic resonance imaging may shed light on underlying mechanisms of multiple acute cerebral infarcts. Methods This is a prospective observational cohort study involving 2697 ischemic stroke patients conducted at Haukeland University Hospital between February 2006 and October 2013. Only patients with diffusion-weighted imaging lesions in more than one arterial territory (left or right anterior circulation or posterior circulation) were included. The time from stroke onset to magnetic resonance imaging was registered and correlated with the etiology of multiple acute cerebral infarcts in each patient. Results We reviewed 2697 consecutive patients and 2220 (82%) underwent magnetic resonance imaging. Among these 2125 (96%) had diffusion-weighted imaging lesions. We found 187 multiple acute cerebral infarct patients who were then included in the study. There was positive correlation (0.20; p Conclusions Multiple acute cerebral infarcts associated with cardiogenic embolism seem to happen concurrently as a shower of emboli whereas multiple acute cerebral infarcts associated with internal carotid artery stenosis seem to occur successively separated by hours or days.

The purpose of this article is to assess the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute’s (SIPRI) updated military expenditure data for Greece and Turkey. Testing for data reliability involves two stages. First, for 1949–2014, the time pattern of Turkish military expenditure is explored by comparing national military budget data with the updated SIPRI data. Second, the new data for 1980–2001 are used to replicate an earlier study on possible action-reaction military spending behavior between Greece and Turkey. The findings still hold when the analysis is based on SIPRI’s updated data.

Fibonacci time patterns may predict future synchronistic events (SEs) by forecasting nonlinear dynamical interactions. This study examined if there were differences between observed distributions of Fibonacci time patterns matching SEs compared to expected distributions based on chance. An online survey link was e-mailed to a random sample of Jungian analysts drawn from membership lists of the International Association for Analytical Psychology (IAAP). Two experiments tested the hypothesis that Fibonacci algorithms would predict increased synchronicity matches compared to chance. The two Fibonacci algorithms studied were a golden section model (GSM) and harmonic model (HM). Participants reported a total of 41 synchronicities. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference (p < .001) between observed and expected frequencies of matches based on chance for the HM algorithm, and no significant difference in matches predicted by the GSM algorithm. Synchronicity dynamics were found to exhibit a horizon of predictability between ±34 and ±89 days. The article discusses, among other issues, what these findings might mean for theoretical explanations of synchronicity and clinical practice.

ISO 532-2 is based on the loudness model for stationary sounds described by Moore and Glasberg [JASA (2007)]. This model is similar to that in ANSI S3.4-2007, except that the model in ISO 532-2 incorporates binaural inhibition: a strong input to one ear in a given frequency region reduces the effective level of a weaker input to the other ear in nearby frequency regions. ISO 532-3 has been proposed as an extension to ISO 532-2 to deal with time-varying sounds. It generates predictions of short-term loudness, the loudness of a short-segment of sound such as a word in a sentence or a single note in a piece of music, and of long-term loudness, the loudness of a longer segment of sound, lasting 1–5 s, such as a whole sentence or a musical phrase. The model gives reasonably accurate predictions of the overall loudness of technical sounds (e.g., factory noises), of speech whose dynamic range has been compressed or expanded, and of sounds whose time pattern and spectra differ at the two ears. However, the model needs to be extended to generate predictions of the overall loudness impression of a sound environment over a period of several minutes to an hour.

This study aimed to propose a new formulation for the university course timetabling problem (UCTTP) when a day and time pattern is introduced. The day and time pattern would be set by the university and all assigned courses should follow this pattern. The different points of the proposed formulation would structure the model using starting and ending timeslots instead of a single timeslot to deal with courses with consecutiveness, periodic repeat, and multi-period sessions. To present the effectiveness of the proposed model, three test cases were solved and the results showed that the number of variables and constraints reduced with less computational time. Then, the case study was solved with multiple objectives based on goal programming (GP). The results of the case study show that the number of assignments during the undesirable time was minimised and that the total satisfaction score of all the lecturers was improved.

Integrate statistical processing of more than 1000 isotope dates tracing the history of circum-Pacific magmatic ore systems and related mineral deposits in volcanoplutonic belts allows the following inferences: (1) magmatic ore systems (MOS) of volcanic arcs generate monoand polycyclic volcanoplutonic deposits (VPD) with notably different formation times (longevities); (2) the MOS chronology bears periodicity of events in the post-Paleozoic history of the Pacific continental margin; (3) the time series of magmatic ore systems from different circum-Pacific segments show quasi-periodic patterns but the respective metallogenic epochs within the same time intervals have different phases and amplitudes, especially over the past 30 Myr; (4) each mineral type of VPD has its own periodicity; (5) the periodicity in formation times of mono- and polycyclic VPD differs from that in the times of their origin.

The service sector is emerging in importance in terms of economic development. Although the amount of research on the internationalization process of service industries is growing, investigations on the international lodging industry still lack sufficient research, particularly in relation to emerging economies. This paper aims to fill this gap by conducting an investigation into multinational lodging firms that have started operations in Brazil. It intends to determine whether multinational lodging firms follow any temporal, geographical, or entry mode patterns when investing in an emerging market. The findings show that lodging firms in Brazil have followed differing time patterns, but have followed a similar geographical scope. Non-equity involvement was the most favored form of involvement. Although similarities in the geographical and entry mode patterns were observed, the individual lodging firms followed different internationalization and expansion strategies in their entry into Brazil.

Requirements to systems for real-time pattern recognition are formulated. An approach to organization of the software system for real-time pattern recognition and evaluation of system effectiveness is proposed.

Objective To determine the prevalence and nature of trigeminal neuralgia in a large group of cluster headache patients. Background Cluster-tic syndrome is a rare headache syndrome in which trigeminal neuralgia and cluster headache co-occur. The existence of cluster-tic syndrome as a separate entity is questioned, and figures on prevalence of simultaneous existence of cluster headache and trigeminal neuralgia are not available. Methods As part of a nationwide study on headache mechanisms in cluster headache (Leiden University Medical Centre Cluster headache Neuro Analysis programme), we collected clinical data of 244 cluster headache patients using a semistructured telephone interview in a cross-sectional design. Results In 11 (4.5%) cluster headache patients, attacks fulfilling International Headache Society criteria for trigeminal neuralgia were also present. In all cases, trigeminal neuralgia occurred ipsilateral to cluster headache and in the majority (82%) in the ophthalmic branch. In 8 of these 11 patients (73%), the frequency and time pattern of trigeminal neuralgia seemed to parallel cluster headache and was likely a part of the cluster headache spectrum. In the 3 remaining patients, cluster headache and trigeminal neuralgia were unrelated in time and appeared to occur independently. Conclusion Trigeminal neuralgia co-occurred in 11/244 (4.5%) of cluster headache patients. In only 3 (1.2%) patients, trigeminal neuralgia seemed to occur independently from cluster headache episodes. Trigeminal neuralgia (-like) attacks in cluster headache patients are most of the time part of the cluster headache spectrum and should then probably not be treated separately. A shared underlying pathophysiological mechanism of cluster headache and trigeminal neuralgia is not supported by this study.

Objectives This study demonstrates the feasibility of using a modified mixture of experts (ME) model with repeated measured tumoural K(trans) value to perform an automatic diagnosis of responder based on perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of rectal cancer. Methods The data used in this study was obtained from 39 patients with primary rectal carcinoma who were scheduled for preoperative chemoradiotherapy. The modified ME model is a joint modeling of the ME model via the linear mixed effect model. First, we considered two local experts and a gating network, and the modified expert network as a liner mixed effect model. Afterward, the finding estimates were obtained via the expectation-maximization algorithm. All computation was performed by R-2.15.2. Results We found that two experts have different patterns. The feature of expert 1 (n = 10) had a higher baseline value and a lower slope than expert 2 (n = 29). A comparison of the estimated experts and responder/non-responder groups according to T-downstaging criteria showed that expert 1 had a more effect treatment responder than expert 2. Conclusions A novel feature of this study is that it is an extension of classical ME models in case of repeatedly measured data. The proposed model has the advantages of flexibility and adaptability for identifying distinct subgroups with various time patterns, and it can be applied to biomedical data which is measured repeatedly, such as time-course microarray data or cohort data. This method can assist physicians as important diagnostic decision making mechanism.

This paper assesses duration-specific treatment effects of fixed currency regimes on bilateral trade along a duration path of up to 25 years. We find that country-pairs with fixed exchange rate regimes trade more, but only after about 8 years.

Summary Background In response to the high skin cancer burden in Australia, the multicomponent, community-wide SunSmart programme has worked since 1988 to reduce excessive sun exposure. Objective To examine trends in key sun-protection behaviours and sunburn for the Melbourne population from 1987 to 2007, and examine for the first time patterns of change among age groups. Methods Representative cross-sectional weekly telephone surveys of weekend sun protection and sunburn were conducted over 11 of the summers in the period 1987–88 to 2006–07. Trends were analysed for the population and for age groups, adjusting for ambient temperature and ultraviolet radiation, which are environmental determinants of sun-related behaviour and sunburn. Results The general pattern of trends suggests two distinct periods, one with rapid improvement in behaviours (more sunscreen use, less unprotected body exposure and less sunburn) from 1987–88 to 1994–95, and the second from 1997–98 to 2006–07 with fewer changes in behaviours noted. The age-group analyses showed a similar pattern of change over time across groups, with a few notable exceptions. Conclusions The similarity of the pattern of trends among age groups suggests that external influences including the SunSmart programme’s activity had a relatively similar impact across the population. Sun-related behaviours continue to be amenable to change. More recent relative stability with some declines in sun protection suggests further intensive campaigns and other strategies may be needed to maintain previous successes and to achieve more universal use of sun protection.

It is now well accepted that we all have amazing capabilities in recognizing faces in a fraction of a second. This specific pattern recognition ability could be by appropriate training transferred to some other field of expertise. At the same time pattern recognition skills are becoming increasingly important “survival” strategy in the modern competitive world which faces information overload. In the paper we demonstrate an example of pattern-recognition type of lecturing modern physics. By using already absorbed knowledge and analogies we exploit our innate pattern recognition brain capabilities for more effective learning of new concepts in physics. Key words: pattern recognition, universalities, liquid crystals, cosmology.

This study aimed to investigate the activation of lower limb muscles during barefoot and shod running with forefoot or rearfoot footfall patterns. Nine habitually shod runners were asked to run straight for 20 m at self-selected speed. Ground reaction forces and thigh and shank muscle surface electromyographic (EMG) were recorded. EMG outcomes (EMG intensity [iEMG], latency between muscle activation and ground reaction force, latency between muscle pairs and co-activation index between muscle pairs) were compared across condition (shod and barefoot), running cycle epochs (pre-strike, strike, propulsion) and footfall (rearfoot and forefoot) by ANOVA. Condition affected iEMG at pre-strike epoch. Forefoot and rearfoot strike patterns induced different EMG activation time patterns affecting co-activation index for pairs of thigh and shank muscles. All these timing changes suggest that wearing shoes or not is less important for muscle activation than the way runners strike the foot on the ground. In conclusion, the guidance for changing external forces applied on lower limbs should be pointed to the question of rearfoot or forefoot footfall patterns.

Introduction In Italy, asbestos has been extensively used from 1946 until the 1992 ban. Production and import peaked in 1976–1980 but continued at high levels until 1989. Using data of the malignant mesothelioma (MM) registry of the Lombardy Region, the most populated (currently 10 million people, one sixth of the Italian population) and industrialised Italian region, we analysed time patterns in the period 2000–2012 and made incidence projections for the period 2013–2029. Methods We selected all incident cases of MM (pleura, peritoneum, pericardium, and tunica vaginalis testis) with first diagnosis between 2000 and 2012. We fitted categorical Poisson age-cohort models using 5-year categories for age at diagnosis and birth cohort. The gender-specific age and cohort regression coefficients were then applied to future estimates (intermediate scenarios) of population denominators to calculate projections of the numbers of MM cases in the period 2013- 2029. Statistical analyses were performed with Stata 13. Results In 2000–2012 we recorded 4,435 MM cases (2,846 men, 1,589 women). Occupational asbestos exposure was more frequent in men (74%) than in women (38%). The average number of MM cases per year was still increasing (+2.6% in men, +3.3% in women). We forecast a peak of 416 cases (266 men, 150 women) in 2019 and 6,809 cases (4,379 men, 2,430 women) in the period 2013-2029, for a total of 11,244 MM cases (7,225 men, 4,019 women) in 30 years. Conclusions This study documented a high MM burden in Lombardy (one fourth of all Italian cases) in both genders, reflecting extensive asbestos exposure in the past. The decrease of MM occurrence in our Region is expected to start in 2020. Documenting mesothelioma occurrence may help to increase awareness of dangers of asbestos exposure in countries that still use it but where its health effects are still overlooked.