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In many organisations, the deployment of information technologies (IT) encounters various challenges such as processes redesign, infrastructure redundancy, and lack of alignment between business processes and IT artefacts. These challenges impede organisations productivity and competitiveness. As a means to mitigate against the challenges, approaches, such as e-governance and IT governance have been employed and practised in some organisations over the years. However, the e-governance and IT governance brings about more complication through their conflicting and duplicating functions in their deployment and use, which is often caused by inability to draw distinction between the two approaches. The implication of the challenges includes the fact that it hampers selection, implementation, use and management of information systems and technologies (IS/IT) artefacts within an organisation. The challenges are more common in developing countries such as Namibia, owing to the newness of the concept in the environment. Thus, this study employed a desk research approach to understand the implication of practice in the interchangeable use of the terms. A total of 52 articles were collected. The keywords egovernance and IT governance) were used as the main search criteria (. All articles were collected from accredited journals databases, such as Emerald, IEEE Explore Digital Library and Proquest. The collected articles were analysed, following the interpretive stance. From the findings, we highlight the commonality and distinction between the e-governance and IT governance. The article therefore proposes ways in which the two concepts can be employed separately or complementarily, to manage IS/IT activities and business processes without conflicts, within an environment.

Structuration theory has increasingly been used in Information Systems studies and has been useful in understanding the interaction and relationship between agents and structure which in structuration theory terms is known as duality of structure. This duality is applicable even to the healthcare sector where services and healthcare data influence each other towards the provision of health services to patients. There exists in the health sector, consciously and unconsciously, huge amounts of data which are scattered, inaccessible and not properly managed. This in some cases has led to many patients being wrongly diagnosed based on insufficient information at the point of care. Consequently, there have been losses and damages to lives which contributed to the mortality rates in the country. This study was undertaken on the premise of the highlighted challenges above. The objective was to develop a conceptual framework that can guide the management of data towards the improvement of healthcare services within the South African community. This study employs the interpretive approach where qualitative data were gathered from existing works. The structuration theory, was furthermore, applied as a lens to guide the analysis of the data. From the findings, which include structure, agent, facility, and agency; a framework was developed. The conceptual framework primarily intends to guide and advance the ways in which data is stored, retrieved, managed, and used for improved healthcare services. The usage of data for healthcare services can only improve if its management effectively understands the influencing factors, from both technical and non-technical perspectives. The application of structuration theory as a lens brings a fresh perspective that can add value as well as quality to the use and management of data for healthcare service delivery. Thus, the study can be useful to health practitioners and academics from both theoretical and practical perspectives.

The goals of every organization are unique. As a result, it is difficult to find a single information technology (IT) governance framework that will embrace the functions of every organization. This is attributed to the primary reason why organizations tend to select various (multiple) IT governance frameworks, for your processes and activities. However, many organizations later realized that some of the frameworks are very similar (duplications), and others are inappropriate. This evidently and inevitably causes complexities, and negatively impacts return on investment in organizations. This highlights the need for an architectural framework that guides the selection and implementation of an appropriate framework, as presented and discussed in this chapter. The qualitative, case study, and interpretive methods and approaches were followed in conducting this research, which was to develop an architectural framework for the implementation of IT governance in the organizations. A South African organization was used as a case, focusing on the IT division. The data collection method presented in this research was semi-structured interviews. Through a framework, the chapter presents and discusses the fundamental factors that influence the selection and implementation of IT governance in organizations. The factors include organizational needs, managing, assessment, and innovation. These factors are influenced and interact with other tenets, which include adherence, competitiveness and sustainability, training and education, governance and compliance.

In recent years, there has been a shift towards understanding why things happen in the way that they do from the qualitative perspectives. However, the qualitative methods are sometimes considered either too trivial or difficult by many postgraduate students. This is attributed to the fact that there is a lack of formula or specific procedure in the application of the methods, which manifest from its subjective nature. The subjectivism makes it even more difficult during data collection and analysis, mainly because it requires special skills and knowledge to interrogate the subject within context. Many postgraduate students fall short in their attempts to exhume quality and rich data from the participants in their natural settings as they develop, implement, use, and interact with systems. This is the main reason why two empirical studies of the same objectives could possibly produce different results.

Enterprise architecture (EA) is employed primarily to resolve and address factors and challenges, such as complexities, inconsistencies, and disparities, in information systems (IS) and technologies. This includes collaborations, implementations, and integrations of systems and technologies, and the overall governance of the computing environment of an organization including governments' administrations. However, the challenges persist even with the emergence and deployment of EA in organizations. Some of the challenges have cost and affected many organizations in their zeal and goal to compete, realize their investment, and efforts to bridge the gap between the IT and business units. Thus, the deployment of EA to addressing the challenges as stated above needs to be strategically relooked or reengineered. The authors therefore employ the activity theory (AT) as a lens to assess the deployment of EA in an organization. Based on the analysis and assessment, a model that identifies the key influencing factors in the deployment of EA was developed.

The e-government concept and healthcare have usually been studied separately. Even when and where both e-government and healthcare systems were combined in a study, the roles of e-government in healthcare have not been examined. As a result., the complementarity of the systems poses potential challenges. The interpretive approach was applied in this study. Existing materials in the areas of healthcare and e-government were used as data from a qualitative method viewpoint. Dimension of change from the perspective of the structuration theory was employed to guide the data analysis. From the analysis., six factors were found to be the main roles of e-government in the implementation and application of e-health in the delivering of healthcare services. An understanding of the roles of e-government promotes complementarity., which enhances the healthcare service delivery to the community.

Even though the abstractive summarisation method has been in existence for over four decades, its popularity, adoption and diffusion have been slow, or limited, in both business and academic domains. This has retarded advances of the innovation and hampered its potential benefits to users. Thus, this qualitative, empirical study was undertaken to examine and understand how the abstractive summarisation method can be diffused to increase its spread and usefulness across business and academic environments. The 1995 theory of Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) by Rogers was employed in the analysis of the existing works. Based on analysis, five main factors were identified as influencing the adoption of the abstractive summarisation method. The factors are complexity, practical effectiveness, experimental, shortened output and lack of friendliness. These factors were discussed towards gaining a better understanding of how the diffusion of abstractive summarisation method can be improved in both business and academic environments.

Due to the continual increase of the significance of information technology (IT), the need to provide governance in the deployment, use and management of the artefacts is simultaneously essential. However, even though different frameworks have been employed, the implementation of IT governance has never been easy for many organisations. This is attributed to many factors, such as people, process and technological artefacts. IT governance frameworks differ in one area or another, making their selection challenging for organisations. As a result, some organisations have more than one IT governance framework. This, on one hand, sometimes results in duplication of the frameworks’ functionalities, thereby adding to the environment complexity. On another hand, some IT governance frameworks are short of functions in regard to the organisation’s objectives. These challenges are attributed to the lack of an architectural framework, of consolidated best practices.

In recent years, there has been shift towards understanding why things happen in the way that they do, from the qualitative perspectives. However, the qualitative methods are sometimes considered either too trivial or difficult by many postgraduate students. This is attributed to fact that there is lack of formula or specific procedure in the application of the methods, which manifest from its subjective nature. The subjectivism makes it even more difficult during data collection and analysis, mainly because it requires special skills and knowledge to interrogate the subject within context. Many postgraduate students falls short in their attempts to exhume quality and rich data from the participants in their natural settings as they develop, implement, use and interact with systems. This is the main reason why two empirical studies of the same objectives could possibly produce different results.

The goals of every organisation are unique. As a result, it is difficult to find a single Information Technology (IT) governance framework that will embrace functions of every organisation. This is attributed to the primary reason why organisations tend to select various (multiple) IT governance frameworks, for your processes and activities. However, many organisations later realised that some of the frameworks are very similar (duplications), and others are inappropriate. This evidently and inevitably cause complexities, and negatively impact return on investment in organisations. This highlights the need for an architectural framework which guides the selection and implementation of an appropriate framework, as presented and discussed in this paper. The qualitative, case study and interpretive method and approach were followed in conducting this research, which was to develop an architectural framework for the implementation of IT governance in the organisations. A South African organisation was used as a case, focusing on the IT division. The data collection method presented in this research was semi-structured interviews. Through a framework, the paper presents and discusses the fundamental factors, which influences the selection and implementation of IT governance in organisations. The factors include organisational needs, managing, assessment and innovation. These factors are influenced and do interacts with other tenets, which include adherence, competitiveness and sustainability, training and education, governance and compliance.

The paper discusses the impact of organisational polities on IT strategy formulation and implementation in an organisation. The objective is to determine the extent of organisational polities on strategy implementation in an organisation. The paper considered the interplay between stakeholders in influencing IT strategy formulation and implementation in an organisation as a socially constructed phenomenon. Thus, the phenomenon can be interpreted and understood by using social theories such Structuration Theory. Hence the paper adopted ANT as a lens through which to understand and interpret the sociotechnical processes associated with IT strategy formulation and implementation in an organisation. Through IT strategy, many organisations attempt to set out key directions and objectives for the use and management of information, communication and technologies. A shared view among these organisations is that IT strategy allows all parts of the organisation to gain a shared understanding of priorities, goals and objectives for both current and future states as defined in the organisational strategy. It is therefore arguable that IT strategy, for the foreseeable future will remain a key aspect of development within organisations. As a result, there has been more focus on how IT strategy is formulated and articulated. What is missing though, is less attention to the implementation of it. Using interpretive research philosophy and employing semi-structured interviews as data collection instrument, this paper attempts to suggest a matrix that will assist organisation to comprehend and deal with organisational politics to reduce its negative impact on IT strategy formulation and implementation in an organisation.

Patients seek attention and treatments to various types of diseases and symptoms. Diseases infection and symptoms are often not predictive. Normally, there is a spread and movement of people across the geographical locations, of both the rural and urban communities, in countries including Namibia. As such, healthcare could be needed at any location, and at any time. There is significant mobility of individuals and groups within a country. Unfortunately, the healthcare services are not always as mobile at the level and speed that individuals and groups does in Namibia. Hence, there is need for the mobility of healthcare services at both primary and secondary healthcare levels, particularly in the developing countries, such as Namibia. The population of Namibia is scantly spread among its towns and cities. The major towns and cities are situated, in the average of 175km far apart from each other, in the country's 825, 418km square landscape. The spread necessitates movements of individuals and groups, particularly the old, poor, and nomadic people. Unfortunately, healthcare records in the country are not centralised and virtualised, making accessibility into patients' records difficult or impossible, from any location. As a result, healthcare service delivering is challenged. This study therefore explored and examined the possibility of mobility of healthcare services to those who live in the country. The study employed the qualitative research method, within which data was gathered from primary healthcare service providers, using open-ended questionnaires. The Moments of Translation from the perspective of actor-network theory (ANT) was used as a lens in the analysis of the data, to examine and understand the power and factors, which influences mobility of healthcare service in Namibia. Categorisation of Patients, Response Time, Understanding the Actors, Actors' participatory to service delivery, and Actors' Alliance were found to be the influencing factors in the provision of mobility of healthcare services.

Many patients are often associated with various types of health related records, needing care and attentions. Healthcare system is intended for all that live in the country. Normally, there is spread of people across the geographical locations, of both the rural and urban communities. Even though the healthcare service is intended to spread across the country, the services are not always available as individuals require it. Hence, there is need for Mobility of healthcare services at both primary and secondary healthcare levels, particularly in the developing countries such as Namibia. In Namibia, the population is scantly spread far apart in the average of about 175 kilometres between major towns, necessitating movements of individuals and groups, particularly the old, poor, and nomadic people. The challenge is, healthcare records in the country are not centralised or virtualised, making accessibility into patients' records difficult or impossible. As a result, healthcare service delivering is challenged. This chapter explored the possibility healthcare services through virtualisation or centralisation as empowered by different translation of activities. The objectives of the study were to identify and discuss actors in the mobility of healthcare services. Mobility in this paper refers to the availability of services to the nomadic patients. The study employed the qualitative approach, within which data was gathered from primary healthcare services providers using open-ended questionnaires. The moments of Translation from the perspective of ANT was used a lens to analyse the data to examine and understand the power and factors which could influences mobility of healthcare service in Namibia.

Organisations employ different strategic tools such as Competitive Intelligence (CI) to enable and support their goals and objectives, periodically. Unfortunately, the tools do not seem to resolve the challenges that they were deployed for. This could be attributed to the fact that there is too much focus on the tools, and less attention on the social interaction which occurs in the process. The CI is deployed by many organisations primarily to collect and analyse relevant data for decision making, and competitive advantage. However, CI products are deployed in various ways, and in different contexts. CI products differ in many ways such as in terms of compatibility and functionalities that they offer. These are some of the factors that are driven and shaped by non-technical interplay. How organisations deploy CI products has been a challenge, and it is difficult to understand. Some organisations did acquire CI products; unfortunately, they could not make use of it as intended. This is attributed to compatibility challenges which they encountered during the implementation of the product. This is the primary motivation for this article. A qualitative case study research was conducted in order to examine how CI products are deployed in organisations. Analysis of the data was done, using the Moments of Translation from the perspective of actor network theory to understand how the interaction and interplay amongst actors, shapes and deployment of CI in the organisation that deploys it. Key words: Competitive intelligence, organisations, information, communication, translation.

On one hand, healthcare has taken the centre stage of attention in recent years, due to many more activities of both natural and manmade. On another hand, the use of mobile technologies is increasingly growing across the world, particularly in developing countries. Mobile devices, including phones and computers are becoming significant ICT tools for many activities and process of healthcare service delivery in both urban and rural areas, by organisations and individuals, literates and educated. Also, both businesses (organisations) and individuals are involved in the delivering and accessibility (recipient) of healthcare services at different levels and locations. The nature of the diverse tribes and languages within some developing countries make it difficult to deliver or receive the services which are provided by some Healthcare organisations. This is so because particular language, such as English, as in the case of South Africa, is often used for communication. Even though majority of the citizens make use of Mobile devices (such as cellular phones), the media of communication exchange is English language. Due to the sensitivity, confidentiality, and private nature of healthcare information and services, a one-on-one and the use of language which the patient is comfortable with is critical. Otherwise, the services and objectives of the healthcare organisations continue to be challenged. As such, there is need to address the semantics of language through the use of electronic devices for healthcare services.

In every living being, health is essentially important, and as such, requires attention. Health related matters are at one point or the other embedded into humans' strategic, tactical and operational activities. However, due to human complexity, manifesting from factors such as food consumption and weather effect, healthcare services have increasingly become essential to individuals, groups and organisations in their daily life activities. As healthcare services increase in significance, the knowledge acquired and used in carrying out its services also becomes vital. The management of knowledge has increased in its relevance over the years. This could be attributed to the complexity in human activities. Thus, the management of knowledge has many challenges, which are never straight forward, and does not always produce positive result. Based on the challenges, it is critical to understand the enabling and constraint scenery of knowledge management. This article applied Structuration Theory to examine the different types of knowledge within the healthcare environment, using one of South African healthcare service providers as a case. This was done in order to gain better understanding on how certain knowledge are managed to give the result that they do. A better understanding of how knowledge is acquired and used within the healthcare environment would assist practitioners and managers, including Government and academic researchers in their roles and responsibilities.

Through IT strategy, many organisations intend to set out key directions and objectives for the use and management of information, communication and technologies. It would therefore seem that IT strategy, for the foreseeable future will remain a key aspect of development within organisations. As a result, there has been more focus on how IT strategy is articulated and formulated. What is missing is that there has been less attention on the implementation of the strategy. Also, in most organisations, technical issues are minor compared to the relationship issues. There are many factors which influence the implementation of the IT strategy. These influencing factors which include organisational politics, determine the success or failure of the IT strategy. This paper focuses on how organisational politics as examined by two underpinning theories, Structuration Theory and Actor-Network Theory, impact the implementation of IT strategy.

Many organisations focuses on the utilisation of technology, and others are more interested in innovations for their goals and objectives. Some individuals and organisations take it further, by producing and reproducing technology over time and space through innovations. What is even more important and challenging is to understand the practice and philosophical assumption of the symmetric between technology innovation and social context, which the theory of Diffusion of Innovation (DoI) helps to examine. The theory of DoI has been extensively applied, mainly as a lens, in the analysis of data in information systems (IS) studies. The theory brings a different perspective into the field of information systems, to understand how innovations are diffused within an environment. However, there are implications and challenges on how the theory is applied. The challenges are critical as, the application of the theory have impact, and shapes the result of the study that employs it. This paper presents a deeper view, and guide on how the DoI can be applied in IS studies, and examined the implications and challenges encountered and unforeseen. This was done through review, interpretative analysis, and discussion of existing literature.

Almost 15 years after the National Development Program (NDP) was initiated, the Namibian Government continue to outsource most of its software development to companies from other countries. This is considered by the general populace of the country to have a negative impact on the economy, as well as skill and knowledge transfer. This research, through multiple case studies, examined and discusses the impact of lack of in-house software development experts in the country. From the empirical study, a framework for software development skill (FSDS) was developed. The framework consists of factors which include strategic objectives of the government, strategic objectives of the IT divisions, policy and standards, IT management support and skills and development. The primary aim of the FSDS is to assist the Namibian Government institutions to understand the influencing factors, in building software development capacity in the country.

Information Technology (IT) has significant impact on organisation's success or failure. However, IT does not operate in a vacuum. It is influenced by non-technical factors, such as of human actions and structure, which are inseparable. Hence the relationship between the factors is critical as revealed in this chapter. Structuration was applied as a lens to examine the types of structures that existed during the development and implementation of IT strategy, and the structures that emerged as a result of human action in the organisation used as the case. The chapter presents that both human actions and structures depends on each other on all processes and activities that are involved in the development and implementation of the IT strategy. Drawing from the findings, the chapter develops a model to illustrate how cultural, policy and personal issues enable at the same time constrain activities in the development and implementation of IT strategy.

The demand for better services by customers and citizens keeps increasing at a rapid rate, enabling organizations the leverage towards competitive advantage. The enterprise architecture (EA) has merged as a possible solution for addressing organizational challenges, as well as for competitiveness and sustainability. The EA deployment involves agents, which are both human and non-human. The agents, based on their interest, influences and determines how the EA is deployed. During the deployment of EA, agents transform themselves in accordance to their interest at the time and space, making the process challenging in achieving the organisational needs. As examined and presented by this chapter, understanding of agents' interests is significant if the challenges that they pose are to be managed for successful deployment of EA. The chapter presents the impact of agents on the deployment of EA in organizations, through the lens of structuration theory.

Part 5: Research in Progress; International audience; Telecommunications is increasingly vital to the society at large, and has become essential to business, academic, as well as social activities. Due to the necessity to have access to telecommunications, the deployment requires regulations and policy. Otherwise, the deployment of the infrastructures would contribute to environment, and human complexities rather than ease of use.However, the formulation of telecommunication infrastructure deployment regulation and policy involve agents such as people and processes. The roles of the agents are critical, and are not as easy as it meant to belief. This could be attributed to different factors, as they produce and reproduce themselves overtime.This paper presents the result of a study which focused on understanding how non-technical factors enable and constrain the development and implementation of telecommunications infrastructure sharing regulations. In the study, the interactions that take place amongst human and non-human agents were investigated. The study employed the duality of structure, of Structuration Theory as lens to understand the effectiveness of interactions in the formulation of regulations, and how policy is used to facilitate the deployment of telecommunications infrastructure in the South African environment.

Software is intended to enable and support organisations, in order for them to function effectively and efficiently, towards achieving their strategic objectives. Hence, its deployment is critically vital to the focal actors (managers and sponsors). Software deployment involves two primary components, technology and non-technology actors. Both actors offer vital contributions to software deployment from different perspectives. Unfortunately, there has been more focus on the technological actors over the years. This could be attributed to why the same types of challenges, such as disjoint between development and implementation, persist. This chapter holistically examines the roles of non-technology actors in the deployment of software in organisations. The Actor-Network Theory (ANT) provides a lens in the analysis of the empirical data.

Organisational reliance on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) continues to increase. This is informed and triggered by the premise that ICT will help them to yield solutions that will fulfil or exceed their expectations, thereby making the organisation realise the required return on investment. In order to realise return on ICT investment, many organisations deploy ICT solutions through projects. However, not all ICT projects realise their goals and objectives, due to associated risks. Unfortunately, risks are never easy to identify or managed. This chapter explores and examines the risks factors in the deployment of ICT projects in organisations. Using the case study method, the research employs actor-network theory in the analysis of the data to understand the factors that manifest themselves into risks during the deployment of ICT projects in organisations. The study reveals that factors, such as knowledge base, performance contract, and communicative structure, are used to enable and support and at the same time to constrain the deployment of ICT projects in organisations.

Despite impressive technical advances in tools and methodologies and the organizational insights provided by many years of academic and business research, the underperformance of Information Technology (IT) remains. In the past and even today, organizations experience difficulty in managing technology, changing from system to system, implementing new technology, maintaining compatibility with existing technologies, and changing from one business process to another. These challenges impact significantly on business performance and will continue to do so if not addressed. As a result, many organizations have deployed Enterprise Architecture (EA) in an attempt to address these challenges. However, the design and development of EA has proven to be easier than its institutionalization. The study explored the development and implementation of EA to determine the factors, which influences the institutionalization. Two case studies were conducted and Actor-Network Theory (ANT) was employed in the analysis of the data.

The reliance on information technology (IT) keeps increasing and rapidly as technology advances. Information technology has become so significant that it is critical to the success or failure of many organisations. Hence the organisations emphasises on strategy for IT, to enable and support their processes and activities, periodically. The IT strategy is influenced by many factors at both development and implementation levels. These factors enable and at the same time constraint during the development and implementation of the IT strategy in the organisation. The research examines the types of factors which exist during the development and implementation of IT strategy. This includes the roles of the factors and how they manifest to influence IT strategy. In achieving this object of the research, a case study method was employed and Structuration Theory was applied to examine the factors which emerge and how they impact the development and implementation of IT strategy in the organisation.

Through IT strategy, many organisations intend to set out key directions and objectives for the use and management of information, communication and technologies. A shared view among these organisations is that IT strategy allows all parts of the organisation to gain a shared understanding of priorities, goals and objectives for both current and future states as defined in the strategy. It would therefore seem that IT strategy, for the foreseeable future will remain a key aspect of development within organisations. As a result, there has been more focus on how IT strategy is articulated and formulated. What is missing is that there has been less attention on the implementation of the strategy. Also, in most organisations, technical issues are minor compared to the relationship issues. There are many factors which influence the implementation of the IT strategy. This paper focuses on how organisational politics as examined by two underpinning theories, Structuration Theory and Actor-Network Theory, impact the implementation of IT strategy.

Organisations believe that IT projects are the key to deliver solution in any challenges they have. Consciously or unconsciously, many organisations focuses more on technology, and take for granted that IT Project does not happen in isolation. The deployments of IT projects are results of people's action which are carried out through processes. IT projects are intended for the support ad enabling of organisation's processes and activities, primarily for sustainability and competitive advantage. As these events (human actions and the processes that they followed) occur and reoccur, different kinds of risks are potential associates. Unfortunately, not all risks are visible or could be easily detected. Even those that are clearly diagnosed, are not as simple as thought in articulation and management. This could be attributed to lack of understanding of the root cause or its manifestations. Hence it was of vital importance to make use of a lens (of actor network theory) in the data analysis.

Generally, organisations continue to strive for sustainability and competitive advantage. This leads some of the organisations to employ various tactics and mechanisms in attempts to fulfill their aims and objectives, overtime. The challenges of sustainability and competitive advantage could also be attributed to organisations' reliance on technology which has increased significantly in recent years. The increasing competitiveness amongst the organisations drives technology innovations. As technology evolves, more organisations are challenged, hence the quest to explore the concept of open innovation. The paper focuses on the concept of open innovation from both academic and professional (corporate) perspectives. Through interpretivism philosophical assumption we sought an understanding of the impact and implications of the openness in the concept of open innovation.

In the last two decades, reliance on computerised systems has increased rapidly. Some organisations depend totally on computerised information systems to carry out their operations as well as to process, maintain, and report essential information. However, the reliability of computerised data has become a major concern to risk management. Due to the degree of reliance on information systems, risk management has become an increasingly essential part of most organisations' daily operations. If potential risks are not managed, it could have a major impact on the organisation's strategic objectives and could manifest in the derailment of the entire organisation's processes and activities. This study used case study research method to investigate and understand how IS risks are managed in the organisation and how Risk Management Systems (RMS) are deployed. Structuration Theory (ST) was employed for the analysis of the data collected.

In the current climate of global competitiveness, many organisations are increasingly dependent on their IT strategy – either to increase their competitiveness, or often just to survive. Yet little is known about the non-technical influencing factors (such as people) and their impact on the development and implementation of IT strategy. There would therefore seem to be prima facie evidence that there is a need for a new approach to examining the relationships between social factors, technology and the organisation with respect to the development and implementation of IT strategy. This article seeks to make a contribution in this regard. Structuration Theory and Actor-Network Theory were employed to analyse how non-technical factors influence IT strategy. Structuration Theory holds that human actions are enabled and constrained by structures. Structures are rules and resources that do not exist independently of human action, nor are they material entities. Giddens describes them as ‘traces in the mind’ and argues that they exist only through the action of human beings. Actor Network Theory (ANT) provides a fresh perspective on the importance of relationships between actors that are both human and non-human. By their very presence, actors work to establish, maintain and revise the construction of organisational networks of aligned interests and gradually form stable actor-networks. ANT emphasises the heterogeneous nature of actor-networks which consist of and link together both technical and non-technical elements.

In the past and present, organizations experience difficulty in managing information, technology, changing from system to system, implementing new technology, maintaining compatibility with existing technologies, and changing from one business process to another. It is thought that these challenges could be prohibitive to the organization, and in this regard, many organizations deploy Enterprise Architecture (EA) in an attempt to manage the situations. The deployment of EA does not go without its challenges from development to implementation. This study focuses on the implementation of EA by using two case studies. The case studies are theoretically analysed from the perspective of Actor-Network Theory (ANT) to gain better understanding of the socio-technical influence in the implementation of EA in the organisations. This was done by following the negotiation process that took place among the actors, both humans and non humans.

Data collection is a critical aspect of any research. To this point, it is very important that a researcher has a good understanding of why, where and how to collect data. Broadly speaking, there are two main research and data collection approaches; namely, quantitative and qualitative methodologies. These two approaches are used both in academia and professional domains. This study focuses on philosophical assumptions underpinning Information Systems (IS) research. The philosophical assumptions underlying interpretive, case study research tradition and approach implies a subjective epistemology and the ontological belief that reality is socially constructed. The study investigated the challenges of interpretive, case study research strategy and empirical techniques applied in the information systems discipline. This paper focuses on the realistic challenges that researchers face while conducting a qualitative, interpretive, case study, particularly during data collection.

Organisations’ reliance on Information Technology (IT) is rapidly increasing. IT strategy is developed and implemented for particular purposes by different organizations. We should therefore expect that there will be network of actors within the computing environment, and that such network of actors will be the key to understanding many otherwise unexpected situations during the development and implementation of IT strategy. This network of actors has aligned interests. Many organizations are developing and implementing their IT strategy, while little is known about the network of actors and their impacts, which this paper reveals. This paper describes how Actor-Network Theory (ANT) was employed to investigate the impact of network of actors on the development and implementation of IT strategy in an organisation. ANT was used as it can provide a useful perspective on the importance of relationships between both human and non-human actors. Another example: design and implementation of a B-B web portal, is offered for comparison.

This paper discusses the findings of the study that was aimed at establishing the effect of Competitive Intelligence, hereafter referred to as CI, on product and service innovations. A literature study revealed that CI and innovation are widely studied subjects, but the impact of CI on innovation was not well documented. CI has been widely acclaimed as a panacea to a lot of organizational problems. The study aimed at establishing the impact of Competitive Intelligence (CI) on products and services Innovation in organisation. A case study was conducted, using an Information and communication technology (ICT) organisation. Innovation-decision process was applied in the data analysis. At the end of the study on the impact of competitive intelligence on products and services innovation in organisations the following was achieved. It was better understood that while CI is overemphasized as revolutionary, customer focused information systems products and services still remain challenging. It was also understood that not all organisations that deploy CI produce more innovative methods. A lack of knowledge- sharing and limitations within the organisational culture were found to be important factors for the deployment of competitive intelligence products and services in the organisations. Conclusions of the study basing on the findings are presented.

A satisfactory account of the interwoven distinction between information systems (IS) and information technology (IT) is lacking, at least on an empirical basis. To this point, the terms IS and IT are often used loosely and interchangeably, even by professionals within the two fields and beyond. There is prima facie evidence that the inadequate distinction between the two concepts may have an impact on the processes, activities and structure in the computing environment of an organization. Through interpretive case study, this paper explores opportunities to gain insights into whether the interchangeable use of the terms IS and IT is as result of ignorance or practical unconsciousness. The paper focuses on the implications of the interplay, rather than the fact that this interplay exists.

Part 3: Creating Value through Applications; International audience; Patients seek attention and treatments to various types of diseases and symptoms. Diseases infection and symptoms are often not predictive. Normally, there is a spread and movement of people across the geographical locations, of both the rural and urban communities, in countries including Namibia. As such, healthcare could be needed at any location, and at anytime. There is significant mobility of individuals and groups within a country. Unfortunately, the healthcare services are not always as mobile at the level and speed that individuals and groups does in Namibia. Hence, there is need for the mobility of healthcare services at both primary and secondary healthcare levels, particularly in the developing countries, such as Namibia.The population of Namibia is scantly spread among its towns and cities. The major towns and cities are situated, in the average of 175km far apart from each other, in the country’s 825, 418km square landscape. The spread necessitates movements of individuals and groups, particularly the old, poor, and nomadic people. Unfortunately, healthcare records in the country are not centralised and virtualised, making accessibility into patients’ records difficult or impossible, from any location. As a result, healthcare service delivering is challenged. This study therefore explored and examined the possibility of mobility of healthcare services to those who live in the country.The study employed the qualitative research method, within which data was gathered from primary healthcare service providers, using open-ended questionnaires. The Moments of Translation from the perspective of actor network theory (ANT) was used as a lens in the analysis of the data, to examine and understand the power and factors, which influences mobility of healthcare service in Namibia. Categorisation of Patients, Response Time, Understanding the Actors, Actors’ participatory to service delivery, and Actors’ Alliance were found to be the influencing factors in the provision of mobility of healthcare services.

The attention of the architecture, engineering, construction and operation (AECO) industry has been shifting from a great interest in the design and construction phases to the facility management (FM) and operational phase over the last decade. Disruptive technologies, such as information and communication technology (ICT), Internet of things (IoT) and building information modelling (BIM) have shown promising application to achieve a connected and effective management of buildings. Due to issues, such as COVID-19 and energy waste, governments have started promoting smart working to both private and public organisations. The expected benefits are twofold, namely social distancing in offices and better management of costs and spaces. This paper aims to define a digital twin-based system for smart management of office spaces. The system will help organisations to better manage their real estate and provide a basis for the development of a management platform.