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152. A new awareness in New York

Author

Thurston, G. Stephen

Subjects
World Trade Center and Pentagon Attacks, 2001 -- Social aspects, Terrorism -- Social aspects, Arabs -- Study and teaching, Islam -- Study and teaching
Published
2002

153. Delta-likeli gand 4 (D114) is induced by VEGF as a negative regulator of angiogenic sprouting.

Author

Lobov, I. B., Renard, R. A., Papadopoulos, N., Gale, N. W., Thurston, G., Yancopoulos, G. D., and Wiegand, S. J.

Subjects
VASCULAR endothelial growth factors, LIGANDS (Biochemistry), RETINA, IMMUNOGLOBULINS, CELL proliferation
Abstract

Genetic deletion studies have shown that haploinsufficiency of Delta-like ligand (Dll) 4, a transmembrane ligand for the Notch family of receptors, results in major vascular defects and embryonic lethality. To better define the role of Dll4 during vascular growth and differentiation, we selected the postnatal retina as a model because its vasculature develops shortly after birth in a highly stereotypic manner, during which time it is accessible to experimental manipulation. We report that Dll4 expression is dynamically regulated by VEGF in the retinal vasculature, where it is most prominently expressed at the leading front of actively growing vessels. Deletion of a single Dll4 allele or pharmacologic inhibition of Dll4/Notch signaling by intraocular administration of either soluble Dll4-Fc or a blocking antibody against Dll4 all produced the same set of characteristic abnormalities in the developing retinal vasculature, most notably enhanced angiogenic sprouting and increased endothelial cell proliferation, resulting in the formation of a denser and more highly interconnected superficial capillary plexus. In a model of ischemic retinopathy, Dll4 blockade also enhanced angiogenic sprouting and regrowth of lost retinal vessels while suppressing ectopic pathological neovascularization. Our data demonstrate that DII4 is induced by VEGF as a negative feedback regulator and acts to prevent overexuberant angiogenic sprouting, promoting the timely formation of a well differentiated vascular network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2007
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156. Health and environmental consequences of the World Trade Center Disaster.

Author

Landrigan PJ, Lioy PJ, Thurston G, Berkowitz G, Chen LC, Chillrud SN, Gavett SH, Georgopoulos PG, Geyh AS, Levin S, Perera F, Rappaport SM, Small C, and NIEHS World Trade Center Working Group

Abstract

The attack on the World Trade Center (WTC) created an acute environmental disaster of enormous magnitude. This study characterizes the environmental exposures resulting from destruction of the WTC and assesses their effects on health. Methods include ambient air sampling; analyses of outdoor and indoor settled dust; high-altitude imaging and modeling of the atmospheric plume; inhalation studies of WTC dust in mice; and clinical examinations, community surveys, and prospective epidemiologic studies of exposed populations. WTC dust was found to consist predominantly (95%) of coarse particles and contained pulverized cement, glass fibers, asbestos, lead, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polychlorinated furans and dioxins. Airborne particulate levels were highest immediately after the attack and declined thereafter. Particulate levels decreased sharply with distance from the WTC. Dust pH was highly alkaline (pH 9.0-11.0). Mice exposed to WTC dust showed only moderate pulmonary inflammation but marked bronchial hyperreactivity. Evaluation of 10,116 firefighters showed exposure-related increases in cough and bronchial hyperreactivity. Evaluation of 183 cleanup workers showed new-onset cough (33%), wheeze (18%), and phlegm production (24%). Increased frequency of new-onset cough, wheeze, and shortness of breath were also observed in community residents. Follow-up of 182 pregnant women who were either inside or near the WTC on 11 September showed a 2-fold increase in small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants. In summary, environmental exposures after the WTC disaster were associated with significant adverse effects on health. The high alkalinity of WTC dust produced bronchial hyperreactivity, persistent cough, and increased risk of asthma. Plausible causes of the observed increase in SGA infants include maternal exposures to PAH and particulates. Future risk of mesothelioma may be increased, particularly among workers and volunteers exposed occupationally to asbestos. Continuing follow-up of all exposed populations is required to document the long-term consequences of the disaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004
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157. Endothelial Gaps as Sites for Plasma Leakage in Inflammation.

Author

McDONALD, DONALD M, THURSTON, G A V I N, and BALUK, P E T E R

Subjects
*VASCULAR resistance, *ENDOTHELINS, *RESPIRATORY agents
Abstract

Objective: In 1961, Majno and Palade proposed that plasma leakage in acute inflammation caused by histamine, serotonin, or bradykinin results via gaps that form between endothelial cells of postcapillary venules. Now the relevance of endothelial gaps in plasma leakage is being questioned. The purpose of this review is to summarize experimental evidence from our studies showing that endothelial gaps participate in plasma leakage in inflammation. Methods: Using neurogenic inflammation as a model of plasma leakage in acute inflammation, we compared five methods to determine whether endothelial gaps form in the microvasculature of the rat trachea. 1) Endothelial cell borders and gaps were stained with silver nitrate and visualized by light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. 2) The luminal surface of endothelial cells was examined by scanning electron microscopy. 3) The luminal surface of endothelial cells was stained with a biotinylated lectin and avidin-biotin-peroxidase histochemistry, and then was examined by differential interference contrast microscopy. 4) Endothelial junctions were reconstructed from serial sections photographed by transmission electron microscopy. 5) Leakage was measured after perfusion of lectins or tracers through aldehyde-fixed vessels in situ. Results: The results from the five methods used in this system were consistent with the formation of gaps between endothelial cells. Endothelial gaps were rare or absent under baseline conditions, but appeared with the onset of plasma leakage and had a distribution that matched the distribution of leakage. Gaps had a complex morphology and were accompanied by fingerlike cell processes, which may anchor adjacent endothelial cells to one another and participate in gap closure. In contrast to normal vessels, vessels that were leaky in life continued to leak after aldehyde fixation, in evidence that, once formed, the leakage pathway did not require energy-dependent membrane movement or... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1999
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160. Calibration and Free-Field Evaluation of a Pressure-Gradient Microphone.

Author

Thurston, G. B. and Heiserman, R. L.

Abstract

The design, calibration procedure, and evaluation in a free field for a condenser-type pressure-gradient microphone are described. Procedures are carried out for determination of both magnitude and phase of the pressure gradient. The microphone responds to the differential action of the pressure at two closely spaced field points as communicated by two small probe tubes to either side of a sensing metal diaphragm. By means of a coupling-chamber calibration procedure it is possible to obtain a sensitivity factor and an error factor which may be used both to describe the precision of the internal structure of the microphone as well as to correct for its imperfections. The free-field studies analyze the directional characteristics and resolution capabilities of the microphone. The radiation characteristics of a circular orifice in a plane baffle as measured with the gradient microphone are compared with those predicted by simple field theory with regard to the relationship between the pressure-gradient magnitude and phase and the pressure magnitude and phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1962
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161. Incidence and impact of Entomophaga aulicae(Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) and a nucleopolyhedrovirus in an outbreak of the whitemarked tussock moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

Author

van Frankenhuyzen, K., Ebling, P., Thurston, G., Lucarotti, C., Royama, T., Guscott, R., Georgeson, E., and Silver, J.

Abstract

AbstractIn Nova Scotia, the whitemarked tussock moth, Orgyia leucostigmaFitch, periodically erupts in outbreaks that typically last 3?5 years. Population changes during a recent outbreak were monitored by means of aerial defoliation surveys and fall egg-mass surveys that were conducted between 1997 and 2001. Severe defoliation was first recorded on approximately 250 ha in 1996. The defoliated area increased rapidly to hundreds of thousands hectares in 1998, after which it sharply declined to about 4700 ha in 2000 and 0 ha in 2001. The total infested area [>0.01 egg masses per three branches of Abies balsameaL. (Pinaceae)] decreased from about 1.4 million ha in 1997 to about 13 500 ha in 2001. Between 1996 and 2001, the infestation involved a cumulative total of 2.4 million ha, covering most of the province. The collapse of larval populations during 1998 was associated with widespread prevalence of a singly embedded nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) and Entomophaga aulicae(Reichardt in Bail) Humber (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales). Sampling of larval populations in late July and August 1998 revealed a widespread and virtually sympatric occurrence of those pathogens in areas that were under defoliation pressure, with infection levels by each pathogen exceeding 75% in many sample sites. Pathogen impacts on larval survival were studied in 1999 in a persisting pocket of severe infestation in Hants County. Larvae were collected every 3 d from balsam fir branch samples between 17 June and 21 July and reared to determine cause of death. The two pathogens together accounted for at least 50% of cohort mortality, calculated as marginal mortality rates according to Royama (2001). Although cohort mortality due to disease on balsam fir was significantly correlated with between-generation reduction in mean egg-mass density, overall pathogen-induced mortality was not high enough to drive the populations into an endemic state, and a moderate infestation persisted into 2000.

Published
2002
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162. Induction of hypervascularity without leakage or inflammation in transgenic mice overexpressing hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha.

Author

Elson, D A, Thurston, G, Huang, L E, Ginzinger, D G, McDonald, D M, Johnson, R S, and Arbeit, J M

Abstract

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) transactivates genes required for energy metabolism and tissue perfusion and is necessary for embryonic development and tumor explant growth. HIF-1alpha is overexpressed during carcinogenesis, myocardial infarction, and wound healing; however, the biological consequences of HIF-1alpha overexpression are unknown. Here, transgenic mice expressing constitutively active HIF-1alpha in epidermis displayed a 66% increase in dermal capillaries, a 13-fold elevation of total vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, and a six- to ninefold induction of each VEGF isoform. Despite marked induction of hypervascularity, HIF-1alpha did not induce edema, inflammation, or vascular leakage, phenotypes developing in transgenic mice overexpressing VEGF cDNA in skin. Remarkably, blood vessel leakage resistance induced by HIF-1alpha overexpression was not caused by up-regulation of angiopoietin-1 or angiopoietin-2. Hypervascularity induced by HIF-1alpha could improve therapy of tissue ischemia.

Published
2001
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163. The Chelsea Poisoning Case

Author

Thurston G

Subjects
Male, Engineering, Outpatient Clinics, Hospital, Injury control, business.industry, Accident prevention, Malpractice, Human factors and ergonomics, Poison control, General Medicine, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Suicide prevention, Occupational safety and health, Arsenic Poisoning, London, Injury prevention, medicine, Humans, Poisoning case, Medical emergency, business
Published
1969

165. Binary liquid phase separation and critical phenomena in a protein/water solution.

Author

Thomson, J A, Schurtenberger, P, Thurston, G M, and Benedek, G B

Abstract

We have investigated the phase diagram of aqueous solutions of the bovine lens protein gamma II-crystallin. For temperatures T less than Tc = 278.5 K, we find that these solutions exhibit a reversible coexistence between two isotropic liquid phases differing in protein concentration. The dilute and concentrated branches of the coexistence curve were characterized, consistently, both by measurements of the two coexisting concentrations, c(T), and by measuring the cloud temperatures for various initial concentrations. We estimate that the critical concentration, cc, is 244 mg of protein per ml solution. The coexistence curve is well represented by the absolute value of (c - cc)/cc = 5.2 square root (Tc - T)/Tc. Using the temperature dependence of the scattered light intensity along isochores parallel to the critical isochore, we estimated the location of the spinodal line and found it to have the form (c - cc)/cc = 3.0 square root (Tc - T)/Tc. The ratio of the widths of the coexistence curve and the spinodal line, (5.2/3.0), is close to the mean-field value square root 3. We have also observed the growth of large crystals of gamma II-crystallin in some of these aqueous solutions and have made preliminary observations as to the factors that promote or delay the onset of crystallization. These findings suggest that selected protein/water systems can serve as excellent model systems for the study of phase transitions and critical phenomena.

Published
1987
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166. Effect of Selected Anti-cataract Agents on Opacification in the Selenite Cataract Model

Author

HIRAOKA, T., CLARK, J. I., LI, X. Y., and THURSTON, G. M.

Abstract

A systematic study of the anti-cataract activity of 14 reagents was conducted using the selenite model. The reagents or their derivatives were identified from literature reports of their potential effectiveness against cataract formation. The effects of each reagent were measured on the phase separation temperature,Tc, of lens homogenate in vitro.Tcis a direct measure of molecular interactions leading to protein aggregation. The protective effect of a single subcutaneous injection of each reagent [at a dose of 1.5mmol (kg body weight)-1] on lens opacification was evaluated in vivo using rats administered selenite [at a dose of 19 μmol (kg body weight)-1] to initiate cataract formation. The strongest effects on lens opacification in vivo were observed with reagents having the strongest effect onTc, in vitro. The weakest effects in vivo were observed with the reagents having the weakest effect onTc, in vitro. The results were suggestive of a relationship between the effect of a reagent onTcand protection against cataract formation in vivo.

Published
1996
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167. Roots of Lambda Matrices

Author

Thurston, G. A.

Abstract

A numerical method is outlined for computing roots of determinants of lambda matrices. Convergence of the method is quadratic as long as the derivative of the determinant does not vanish at the root. When the derivative is zero, the method may still converge in special cases. Three examples of mechanics problems giving rise to lambda matrices are included.

Published
1978
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168. Floquet Theory and Newton’s Method

Author

Thurston, G. A.

Abstract

Application of Newton’s method to nonlinear vibration problems can lead to a sequence of nonhomogeneous ordinary differential equations with periodic coefficients. The form of the complementary solutions are known from Floquet theory. This paper suggests a method for avoiding “secular terms” that grow with time in the particular solution. The method consists of finding a single periodic solution of the complementary solutions and its adjoint. If the periodic solution exists, a frequency correction can be computed that eliminates secular terms. After the frequency correction, the rest of the particular solution is periodic and can be computed by the infinite determinant method or other numerical methods. In oversimplified terms, the procedure is to find the improved approximation to the period by variation of parameters and the next approximation to the amplitudes by undetermined coefficients which is a simpler computation than variation of parameters.

Published
1973
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169. Implicit Numerical Integration for Periodic Solutions of Autonomous Nonlinear Systems

Author

Thurston, G. A.

Abstract

A change of variables that stabilizes numerical computations for periodic solutions of autonomous systems is derived. Computation of the period is decoupled from the rest of the problem for conservative systems of any order and for any second-order system. Numerical results are included for a second-order conservative system under a suddenly applied constant load. Near the critical load for the system, a small increment in load amplitude results in a large increase in amplitude of the response.

Published
1982
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170. Steam Turbine Driven Circulators for High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors—Part I: Design

Author

Yampolsky, J., Cavallaro, L., Thurston, G. C., and Nichols, M. K.

Abstract

The High-Temperature Gas-Cooled reactor is characterized by integration of the primary coolant circuit and components within a Prestressed Concrete Pressure Vessel. This concept requires particular features and assurance in the circulators that are used to circulate the primary coolant fluid. Each circulator employs a single-stage axial compressor driven by a single-stage turbine which is in series with the main steam turbogenerator. The circulator is lubricated by water and is capable of variable speed operation. An extensive design and development program was carried out to provide a family of circulators for a range of reactor sizes. This paper considers the design features of the series steam turbine driven helium circulator and the basis for the adopted design solutions. Part II of this paper considers the experimental development program.

Published
1974
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171. A New Method for Computing Axisymmetric Buckling of Spherical Caps

Author

Thurston, G. A.

Abstract

A modification of Newton’s method is applied to the solution of the nonlinear differential equations for clamped, shallow spherical caps under uniform pressure. The linear form of Newton’s method or quasi-linearization breaks down at limit points of the differential equations. A simplified “quadratic form” is derived in the paper and shown to be satisfactory for continuing the solution past the limit point and into the postbuckling region. Results for the buckling pressures defined by the limit points agree with published results for perfect caps. New results are presented for imperfect caps that check experiment.

Published
1971
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172. Continuation of Newton’s Method Through Bifurcation Points

Author

Thurston, G. A.

Abstract

A modification of Newton’s method is suggested that provides a practical means of continuing solutions of nonlinear differential equations through limit points or bifurcation points. The method is applicable when the linear “variational” equations for the problem are self-adjoint. The procedure is illustrated by examples from the field of elastic stability.

Published
1969
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173. Newton’s Method Applied to Problems in Nonlinear Mechanics

Author

Thurston, G. A.

Abstract

Many problems in mechanics are formulated as nonlinear boundary-value problems. A practical method of solving such problems is to extend Newton’s method for calculating roots of algebraic equations. Three problems are treated in this paper to illustrate the use of this method and compare it with other methods.

Published
1965
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175. Letters.

Author

Luchini, Lawrence U., McGory, Patrick J., Thurston, G. L., Blumenthal, Morris D., Jordan, Veronica, Grizzard, Kay, Friedrich, Barbara, Hultstrand, Sally, Javits, Jacob K., Georgiadis, Constantine, Ugural, Ansel C., Wagner, Bernhard, Cuendet, Georges André, Bowers, Marion Juricic, and Stone, Jeffrey B.

Subjects
LETTERS to the editor, EXECUTIVES, FREE enterprise, TOURISTS, SALES tax
Abstract

Several letters to editor are presented in response to articles in previous including "Mobile Society Puts Down Roots" in the June 12, 1978, "The Case for a Global Marshall Plan" in the June 12, 1978 issue, and "Here Come the Foreign Tourists" in the June 5, 1978 issue.

Published
1978

176. A queer sort of thing

Author

Thurston G

Subjects
Aesthetics, media_common.quotation_subject, London, sort, Queer, History, 19th Century, General Medicine, Art, Forensic Medicine, Periodicals as Topic, Coroners and Medical Examiners, media_common
Published
1969

177. Optical Birefringence Measurement by Means of a Rotating Analyzer with Application to Kerr Effect

Author

TEXAS UNIV AT AUSTIN ELECTRONICS RESEARCH CENTER, Thurston, G. B., Wilkinson, R. S., TEXAS UNIV AT AUSTIN ELECTRONICS RESEARCH CENTER, Thurston, G. B., and Wilkinson, R. S.

Abstract

A rotating analyzer method was developed for rapid measurement of the ellipticity of polarized light as produced by optically birefringent materials. A plane optical analyzer, in the form of a Glann-Thompson prism, is placed in the light path ahead of an electrical photodetector and is continuously rotated on an axis coincident with the light path. For light having either constant or slowly varying ellipticity, this lead to sinusoidally time varying electrical signals which bear a simple relationship to the eccentricity and orientation of the ellipticity. In application to the Kerr effect, the ellipticity results from passage of circularly polarized light through the Kerr cell. For sinusoidally time varying electric fields applied to the Kerr cell, the optical retardation of the cell contains both steady and alternating components. These components are separated in the frequency structure of the electrical photoresponse. In this application the method may be used to discriminate against effects of light intensity fluctuations and small residual birefringence in windows. This permits measurement of the Kerr effect in materials having very small Kerr constants.

Published
1972

178. A Bibliography on the Kerr Effect.

Author

TEXAS UNIV AUSTIN ELECTRONICS RESEARCH CENTER, Thurston,G. B., Osman,M., Wilkinson,R. S., TEXAS UNIV AUSTIN ELECTRONICS RESEARCH CENTER, Thurston,G. B., Osman,M., and Wilkinson,R. S.

Abstract

The bibliography is concerned with the Kerr effect, the experimental methods of generation of the effect, the theories for the penomenon, from both phenomenological and molecular bases, and the properties of materials which exhibit the effect. The literature surveyed covers the period from 1960 through 1971. (Author)

Published
1972

179. QUARTERLY REPORT OF TECHNICAL PROGRESS NO. 9

Author

MARTIN CO DENVER COLO CENTER FOR HIGH ENERGY FORMING, Thurston,G. A., MARTIN CO DENVER COLO CENTER FOR HIGH ENERGY FORMING, and Thurston,G. A.

Abstract

A calculation of work done in straining the blank has been added to the computer program that predicts strains in blanks formed into ellipsoidal dies. Test cases have been run to check out the part of the program that computes strains from multiple shots. A stiffer clamping ring has been designed and fabricated in a one-foot diameter size for use in forming experiments. An electromotive forming facility suitable for research in electromagnetic and electro-hydraulic forming is being designed and assembled. A system is being devised to convert the trace from a streak camera to digital information on the displacement-time history of the expanding ring used in strain rate experiments. Analytical and experimental methods are being directed at several different problems in the area of the mechanics of blank deformation due to an explosive charge. A summary of mechanical properties of shocked aluminum and aluminum alloys is included. Work is also in progress on response of explosively formed metals to heat treatment, ductility during forming, and effect of high strain rate on metal structures., See also AD-655 521.

Published
1967

180. SHEAR WAVE PROPAGATION IN BIREFRINGENT VISCOELASTIC LIQUIDS OF LOW RIGIDITY AND LOW VISCOSITY.

Author

OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV STILLWATER RESEARCH FOUNDATION, Thurston,G. B., OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV STILLWATER RESEARCH FOUNDATION, and Thurston,G. B.

Abstract

Utilizing the optical birefringence induced by shearing deformation of viscoelastic liquids it is possible to carry out direct quantitative measurements of the progression of a shear wave in the liquid. From measurements of the amplitude and phase of the optical effect versus propagation distance, values of the attenuation and phase constants of the medium are obtained. From these, a complex coefficient of viscosity is determined. An improved optical detection scheme permits measurements as near to the shear wave source as 100 microns with a field resolution of approximately 10 microns. It is thus possible to carry out measurements for liquids of viscosity near that of water and having very low rigidity. A theoretical model for a dilute suspension of rigid macromolecules of ellipsoidal shape is described and measured values are compared with the theory. This is done for an aqueous suspension of colloidal alumina, Dupont 'Baymal', with good general agreement as to frequency and temperature dependence of the propagation characteristics. Measured values are also presented for a polyethylene oxide polymer in combination with Baymal in water. (Author), Prepared for presentation at the Rheology Conference, Syracuse University Pinebrook Conference Center, August 23-27, 1965, Pinebrook, New York.

Published
1966

181. SHEAR WAVE INTERFERENCE OBSERVED BY OPTICAL BIREFRINGENCE INDUCED IN A VISCOELASTIC LIQUID.

Author

OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV STILLWATER RESEARCH FOUNDATION, Schrag,J. L., Guess,J. F., Thurston,G. B., OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV STILLWATER RESEARCH FOUNDATION, Schrag,J. L., Guess,J. F., and Thurston,G. B.

Abstract

A theoretical and experimental study of the shear wave field and the associated optical birefringence produced by interfering primary and reflected wave trains propagating in a viscoelastic medium is presented. The shear wave field is generated by two parallel planes, one oscillating sinusoidally in its own plane, the other held motionless at a fixed distance from the driving plane. The shear wave induced birefringence was analyzed by a determination of the modification of the state of polarization of incident circularly polarized light upon passage through the medium. The limiting cases of small and large separation between generating surface and reflecting surface with respect to the shear wavelengths in the medium are useful for determinations of the propagation constant and the mechano-optic constant, while intermediate values of separation of surfaces are useful for demonstrations of the character of the stationary wave patterns. Theoretical determinations of the velocity gradient distribution in the medium for various ratios of surface separation to shear wavelength are presented together with experimental determinations for an aqueous suspension of milling yellow. (Author)

Published
1964

182. Protection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by angiopoietin-like 4: From metabolic to cardiovascular effects

Author

Gomez, E., Le Jan, S., Souktani, R., Ghaleh, B., Thurston, G., Berdeaux, A., Corvol, P., Stéphane Germain, Angiogénèse embryonnaire et pathologique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en biologie (CIRB), Labex MemoLife, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Labex MemoLife, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Pathologie vasculaire et endocrinologie rénale - Chaire de médecine expérimentale (INSERM U36), Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en biologie (CIRB), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Germain, Stéphane, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)

Subjects
[SDV.MHEP.CSC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Cardiology and cardiovascular system, [SDV.MHEP.CSC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Cardiology and cardiovascular system

183. Spinodal surface of a free energy model for eye lens protein mixtures: Relevance for cataracts

Author

Dorsaz, N., Thurston, G., Stradner, A., Schurtenberger, P., and Foffi, G.

Subjects
thermodynamics, crystallin proteins, binary mixtures, sense organs, Alpha-Crystallin, eye diseases, Phase diagram
Abstract

We studied the phase behavior of a model binary mixture of eye lens crystallin proteins using first-order thermodynamic perturbation theory. The instability boundary, or spinodal surface, was found to be very sensitive to the strength of the attraction between the two proteins, and also to respond to this interprotein attraction strength in a non-monotonic fashion. In particular, in the case of either weak or strong attractions, these eye lens solutions become thermodynamically unstable. Interestingly, attraction strengths that correspond closely to those of proteins isolated from the living lens fall right within the stable region of the phase diagram. This non-monotonic stability suggests new molecular mechanisms for eye lens opacification in cataract.

184. Extended follow-up and spatial analysis of the American Cancer Society study linking particulate air pollution and mortality

Author

Krewski, D., Jerrett, M., Burnett, R. T., Ma, R., Hughes, E., Shi, Y., Turner, M. C., Pope Rd, C. A., Thurston, G., Calle, E. E., Thun, M. J., Beckerman, B., Deluca, P., Finkelstein, N., Ito, K., Moore, D. K., Newbold, K. B., Ramsay, T., Ross, Z., Shin, H., and Barbara Tempalski

Subjects
Adult, Aged, 80 and over, American Cancer Society, Male, Air Pollutants, Inhalation Exposure, Time Factors, Geography, Statistics as Topic, Middle Aged, United States, Cohort Studies, Cause of Death, Humans, Female, Particulate Matter, Prospective Studies, Mortality, Aged
Abstract

We conducted an extended follow-up and spatial analysis of the American Cancer Society (ACS) Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS-II) cohort in order to further examine associations between long-term exposure to particulate air pollution and mortality in large U.S. cities. The current study sought to clarify outstanding scientific issues that arose from our earlier HEI-sponsored Reanalysis of the original ACS study data (the Particle Epidemiology Reanalysis Project). Specifically, we examined (1) how ecologic covariates at the community and neighborhood levels might confound and modify the air pollution-mortality association; (2) how spatial autocorrelation and multiple levels of data (e.g., individual and neighborhood) can be taken into account within the random effects Cox model; (3) how using land-use regression to refine measurements of air pollution exposure to the within-city (or intra-urban) scale might affect the size and significance of health effects in the Los Angeles and New York City regions; and (4) what exposure time windows may be most critical to the air pollution-mortality association. The 18 years of follow-up (extended from 7 years in the original study [Pope et al. 1995]) included vital status data for the CPS-II cohort (approximately 1.2 million participants) with multiple cause-of-death codes through December 31, 2000 and more recent exposure data from air pollution monitoring sites for the metropolitan areas. In the Nationwide Analysis, the influence of ecologic covariate data (such as education attainment, housing characteristics, and level of income; data obtained from the 1980 U.S. Census; see Ecologic Covariates sidebar on page 14) on the air pollution-mortality association were examined at the Zip Code area (ZCA) scale, the metropolitan statistical area (MSA) scale, and by the difference between each ZCA value and the MSA value (DIFF). In contrast to previous analyses that did not directly include ecologic covariates at the ZCA scale, risk estimates increased when ecologic covariates were included at all scales. The ecologic covariates exerted their greatest effect on mortality from ischemic heart disease (IHD), which was also the health outcome most strongly related with exposure to PM2.5 (particles 2.5 microm or smaller in aerodynamic diameter), sulfate (SO4(2-)), and sulfur dioxide (SO2), and the only outcome significantly associated with exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2). When ecologic covariates were simultaneously included at both the MSA and DIFF levels, the hazard ratio (HR) for mortality from IHD associated with PM2.5 exposure (average concentration for 1999-2000) increased by 7.5% and that associated with SO4(2-) exposure (average concentration for 1990) increased by 12.8%. The two covariates found to exert the greatest confounding influence on the PM2.5-mortality association were the percentage of the population with a grade 12 education and the median household income. Also in the Nationwide Analysis, complex spatial patterns in the CPS-II data were explored with an extended random effects Cox model (see Glossary of Statistical Terms at end of report) that is capable of clustering up to two geographic levels of data. Using this model tended to increase the HR estimate for exposure to air pollution and also to inflate the uncertainty in the estimates. Including ecologic covariates decreased the variance of the results at both the MSA and ZCA scales; the largest decrease was in residual variation based on models in which the MSA and DIFF levels of data were included together, which suggests that partitioning the ecologic covariates into between-MSA and within-MSA values more completely captures the sources of variation in the relationship between air pollution, ecologic covariates, and mortality. Intra-Urban Analyses were conducted for the New York City and Los Angeles regions. The results of the Los Angeles spatial analysis, where we found high exposure contrasts within the Los Angeles region, showed that air pollution-mortality risks were nearly 3 times greater than those reported from earlier analyses. This suggests that chronic health effects associated with intra-urban gradients in exposure to PM2.5 may be even larger between ZCAs within an MSA than the associations between MSAs that have been previously reported. However, in the New York City spatial analysis, where we found very little exposure contrast between ZCAs within the New York region, mortality from all causes, cardiopulmonary disease (CPD), and lung cancer was not elevated. A positive association was seen for PM2.5 exposure and IHD, which provides evidence of a specific association with a cause of death that has high biologic plausibility. These results were robust when analyses controlled (1) the 44 individual-level covariates (from the ACS enrollment questionnaire in 1982; see 44 Individual-Level Covariates sidebar on page 22) and (2) spatial clustering using the random effects Cox model. Effects were mildly lower when unemployment at the ZCA scale was included. To examine whether there is a critical exposure time window that is primarily responsible for the increased mortality associated with ambient air pollution, we constructed individual time-dependent exposure profiles for particulate and gaseous air pollutants (PM2.5 and SO2) for a subset of the ACS CPS-II participants for whom residence histories were available. The relevance of the three exposure time windows we considered was gauged using the magnitude of the relative risk (HR) of mortality as well as the Akaike information criterion (AIC), which measures the goodness of fit of the model to the data. For PM2.5, no one exposure time window stood out as demonstrating the greatest HR; nor was there any clear pattern of a trend in HR going from recent to more distant windows or vice versa. Differences in AIC values among the three exposure time windows were also small. The HRs for mortality associated with exposure to SO2 were highest in the most recent time window (1 to 5 years), although none of these HRs were significantly elevated. Identifying critical exposure time windows remains a challenge that warrants further work with other relevant data sets. This study provides additional support toward developing cost-effective air quality management policies and strategies. The epidemiologic results reported here are consistent with those from other population-based studies, which collectively have strongly supported the hypothesis that long-term exposure to PM2.5 increases mortality in the general population. Future research using the extended Cox-Poisson random effects methods, advanced geostatistical modeling techniques, and newer exposure assessment techniques will provide additional insight.

186. Colloidal characterization and thermodynamic stability of binary eye lens protein mixtures

Author

Dorsaz, N., Thurston, G. M., Stradner, Anna, Schurtenberger, Peter, Foffi, G., Dorsaz, N., Thurston, G. M., Stradner, Anna, Schurtenberger, Peter, and Foffi, G.

Abstract

We present a study of binary mixtures of eye lens crystallin proteins. A coarse-grained model of aqueous α- and γ-crystallin mixtures based on molecular dynamics simulations and SANS experiments is proposed. Thermodynamic perturbation theory is implemented to obtain the stability boundaries, or spinodal surface, of the binary mixture in the full parameter space. The stability of these high-concentration crystallin mixtures was found to depend on the α−γ attraction in a manner that is both extremely sensitive and nonmonotonic; stronger or weaker attraction resulted in a spectacularly enhanced instability. The relevance of these mechanisms as possible sources of the alteration of the spatial distribution of the lens proteins encountered in cataract disease is discussed.

187. RIT Undergraduate Symposium 2006

Author

Aghayere, Osarhieme, Bedoukian, Matthew, Mortell, Bridget, Partin, Kathryn, Armbruster, C., Carter, D., Thurston, G., Braganza, Andrea, Ramon, Sesquile, Frisina, Robert, Eddins, David, Kohn, Julia, Calderwood, L., Mallonga, Jamie, Pellizzeri, Steven, Curtis, M., Pleuthner, Rachel, Pratts, M., Wilson, R., Smith, T., Vernarelli, L., Rech, G., Kholgade, Natasha, Wiandt, Tamas, Kremens, R., Pelz, J., Herbert, A., DeAngelis, C., Foster, K., Raqueno, N., Garrison, B., Brooks, Bernard, Bova, A., Dickinson, M., Doster, Tim, Schlamm, A., Messinger, D., Tower, Katie, Kowalski, Mylissa, Doolittle, R., Russo, J., Basener, W., Yon Yi, Hye, Ewbank, D., Callesano, C., Coppenbarger, M., Hinke, Emma, Ming Gan, Han, Lund, Jillian, Posman, Kevin, Frederick, Tom, Redino, C., Robinson, R., Nampalli, N., Newman, Dina, Hwang, VeeChee, Tokunaga, Kazuya, Hirschman, Karl, Whiting, P., DiLeo, Robert, Day, S., Landi, Brian, Raffaelle, Ryne, Reigel, K., Cress, C., Schaerman, C., Brothers, John, Watkins, Amanda, Tra, Yolande, Evans, Irene, Cheek, C., Donahue, Margret, Grant, D., Varble, A., Ferran, M., Haseley, N., Izzano, Jim, Jones, J., Jackson, J., Nau, P., Johnson, Mia, Techney, Stephanie, Abai, A., Kowalski, P., Tubbs, Laura, Craig, Paul, Ismail, Aziana, Lebowitz, Rebecca, McDyer, Jennifer, Buckley, Larry, Chin, S., Korfmacher, K., Merrill, D., Smith, J., Waud, J., Rapp, W., Pough, Harvey, Sanchez, Rhea, Parody, Robert, Pagano, Todd, Osier, Michael, Yong, T., Miri, M., Sze, C., Savka, M., Johnson, Aaron, Perry, Elizabeth, Skuse, Gary, Stevens, Eric, Edenzon, Kyle, Collision, Christopher, Fullana, M., Lee, A., Soucy, J., Vadhavkar, S., Greeson, Nikole, Hill, J., O'Handley, S., Aghayere, Osarhieme, Bedoukian, Matthew, Mortell, Bridget, Partin, Kathryn, Armbruster, C., Carter, D., Thurston, G., Braganza, Andrea, Ramon, Sesquile, Frisina, Robert, Eddins, David, Kohn, Julia, Calderwood, L., Mallonga, Jamie, Pellizzeri, Steven, Curtis, M., Pleuthner, Rachel, Pratts, M., Wilson, R., Smith, T., Vernarelli, L., Rech, G., Kholgade, Natasha, Wiandt, Tamas, Kremens, R., Pelz, J., Herbert, A., DeAngelis, C., Foster, K., Raqueno, N., Garrison, B., Brooks, Bernard, Bova, A., Dickinson, M., Doster, Tim, Schlamm, A., Messinger, D., Tower, Katie, Kowalski, Mylissa, Doolittle, R., Russo, J., Basener, W., Yon Yi, Hye, Ewbank, D., Callesano, C., Coppenbarger, M., Hinke, Emma, Ming Gan, Han, Lund, Jillian, Posman, Kevin, Frederick, Tom, Redino, C., Robinson, R., Nampalli, N., Newman, Dina, Hwang, VeeChee, Tokunaga, Kazuya, Hirschman, Karl, Whiting, P., DiLeo, Robert, Day, S., Landi, Brian, Raffaelle, Ryne, Reigel, K., Cress, C., Schaerman, C., Brothers, John, Watkins, Amanda, Tra, Yolande, Evans, Irene, Cheek, C., Donahue, Margret, Grant, D., Varble, A., Ferran, M., Haseley, N., Izzano, Jim, Jones, J., Jackson, J., Nau, P., Johnson, Mia, Techney, Stephanie, Abai, A., Kowalski, P., Tubbs, Laura, Craig, Paul, Ismail, Aziana, Lebowitz, Rebecca, McDyer, Jennifer, Buckley, Larry, Chin, S., Korfmacher, K., Merrill, D., Smith, J., Waud, J., Rapp, W., Pough, Harvey, Sanchez, Rhea, Parody, Robert, Pagano, Todd, Osier, Michael, Yong, T., Miri, M., Sze, C., Savka, M., Johnson, Aaron, Perry, Elizabeth, Skuse, Gary, Stevens, Eric, Edenzon, Kyle, Collision, Christopher, Fullana, M., Lee, A., Soucy, J., Vadhavkar, S., Greeson, Nikole, Hill, J., and O'Handley, S.

Abstract

The Undergraduate Research Symposium was founded to honor student achievement in scientific research and to further RIT's goal of combining traditional laboratory work and classroom instruction with experiential learning. The symposium now hosts over 40 presentations a year and includes representatives from industry leaders including Eastman Kodak and Xerox., Thomas Golisano Building, Inauguration: Auditorium, Sessions in 1435, 1445, 1455 and 1610

188. ExoClock Project. III. 450 New Exoplanet Ephemerides from Ground and Space Observations

Author

Kokori, A., Tsiaras, A., Edwards, B., Jones, A., Pantelidou, G., Tinetti, G., Bewersdorff, L., Iliadou, A., Jongen, Y., Lekkas, G., Nastasi, A., Poultourtzidis, E., Sidiropoulos, C., Walter, F., Wünsche, A., Abraham, R., Agnihotri, V. K., Albanesi, R., Arce-Mansego, E., Arnot, D., Audejean, M., Aumasson, C., Bachschmidt, M., Baj, G., Barroy, P. R., Belinski, A. A., Bennett, D., Benni, P., Bernacki, K., Betti, L., Biagini, A., Bosch, P., Brandebourg, P., Brát, L., Bretton, M., Brincat, S. M., Brouillard, S., Bruzas, A., Bruzzone, A., Buckland, R. A., Caló, M., Campos, F., Carreño, A., Carrion Rodrigo, J. A., Casali, R., Casalnuovo, G., Cataneo, M., Chang, C.-M., Changeat, L., Chowdhury, V., Ciantini, R., Cilluffo, M., Coliac, J.-F., Conzo, G., Correa, M., Coulon, G., Crouzet, N., Crow, M. V., Curtis, I. A., Daniel, D., Dauchet, B., Dawes, S., Deldem, M., Deligeorgopoulos, D., Dransfield, G., Dymock, R., Eenmäe, T., Esseiva, N., Evans, P., Falco, C., Farfán, R. G., Fernández-Lajús, E., Ferratfiat, S., Ferreira, S. L., Ferretti, A., Fiołka, J., Fowler, M., Futcher, S. R., Gabellini, D., Gainey, T., Gaitan, J., Gajdoš, P., García-Sánchez, A., Garlitz, J., Gillier, C., Gison, C., Gonzales, J., Gorshanov, D., Grau Horta, F., Grivas, G., Guerra, P., Guillot, T., Haswell, C. A., Haymes, T., Hentunen, V.-P., Hills, K., Hose, K., Humbert, T., Hurter, F., Hynek, T., Irzyk, M., Jacobsen, J., Jannetta, A. L., Johnson, K., Jóźwik-Wabik, P., Kaeouach, A. E., Kang, W., Kiiskinen, H., Kim, T., Kivila, Ü., Koch, B., Kolb, U., Kučáková, H., Lai, S.-P., Laloum, D., Lasota, S., Lewis, L. A., Liakos, G.-I., Libotte, F., Lomoz, F., Lopresti, C., Majewski, R., Malcher, A., Mallonn, M., Mannucci, M., Marchini, A., Mari, J.-M., Marino, A., Marino, G., Mario, J.-C., Marquette, J.-B., Martínez-Bravo, F. A., Mašek, M., Matassa, P., Michel, P., Michelet, J., Miller, M., Miny, E., Molina, D., Mollier, T., Monteleone, B., Montigiani, N., Morales-Aimar, M., Mortari, F., Morvan, M., Mugnai, L. V., Murawski, G., Naponiello, L., Naudin, J.-L., Naves, R., Néel, D., Neito, R., Neveu, S., Noschese, A., Öğmen, Y., Ohshima, O., Orbanic, Z., Pace, E. P., Pantacchini, C., Paschalis, N. I., Pereira, C., Peretto, I., Perroud, V., Phillips, M., Pintr, P., Pioppa, J.-B., Plazas, J., Poelarends, A. J., Popowicz, A., Purcell, J., Quinn, N., Raetz, M., Rees, D., Regembal, F., Rocchetto, M., Rocci, P.-F., Rockenbauer, M., Roth, R., Rousselot, L., Rubia, X., Ruocco, N., Russo, E., Salisbury, M., Salvaggio, F., Santos, A., Savage, J., Scaggiante, F., Sedita, D., Shadick, S., Silva, A. F., Sioulas, N., Školník, V., Smith, M., Smolka, M., Solmaz, A., Stanbury, N., Stouraitis, D., Tan, T.-G., Theusner, M., Thurston, G., Tifner, F. P., Tomacelli, A., Tomatis, A., Trnka, J., Tylšar, M., Valeau, P., Vignes, J.-P., Villa, A., Sureda, A. Vives, Vora, K., Vrašt’ák, M., Walliang, D., Wenzel, B., Wright, D. E., Zambelli, R., Zhang, M., Zíbar, M., Kokori, A., Tsiaras, A., Edwards, B., Jones, A., Pantelidou, G., Tinetti, G., Bewersdorff, L., Iliadou, A., Jongen, Y., Lekkas, G., Nastasi, A., Poultourtzidis, E., Sidiropoulos, C., Walter, F., Wünsche, A., Abraham, R., Agnihotri, V. K., Albanesi, R., Arce-Mansego, E., Arnot, D., Audejean, M., Aumasson, C., Bachschmidt, M., Baj, G., Barroy, P. R., Belinski, A. A., Bennett, D., Benni, P., Bernacki, K., Betti, L., Biagini, A., Bosch, P., Brandebourg, P., Brát, L., Bretton, M., Brincat, S. M., Brouillard, S., Bruzas, A., Bruzzone, A., Buckland, R. A., Caló, M., Campos, F., Carreño, A., Carrion Rodrigo, J. A., Casali, R., Casalnuovo, G., Cataneo, M., Chang, C.-M., Changeat, L., Chowdhury, V., Ciantini, R., Cilluffo, M., Coliac, J.-F., Conzo, G., Correa, M., Coulon, G., Crouzet, N., Crow, M. V., Curtis, I. A., Daniel, D., Dauchet, B., Dawes, S., Deldem, M., Deligeorgopoulos, D., Dransfield, G., Dymock, R., Eenmäe, T., Esseiva, N., Evans, P., Falco, C., Farfán, R. G., Fernández-Lajús, E., Ferratfiat, S., Ferreira, S. L., Ferretti, A., Fiołka, J., Fowler, M., Futcher, S. R., Gabellini, D., Gainey, T., Gaitan, J., Gajdoš, P., García-Sánchez, A., Garlitz, J., Gillier, C., Gison, C., Gonzales, J., Gorshanov, D., Grau Horta, F., Grivas, G., Guerra, P., Guillot, T., Haswell, C. A., Haymes, T., Hentunen, V.-P., Hills, K., Hose, K., Humbert, T., Hurter, F., Hynek, T., Irzyk, M., Jacobsen, J., Jannetta, A. L., Johnson, K., Jóźwik-Wabik, P., Kaeouach, A. E., Kang, W., Kiiskinen, H., Kim, T., Kivila, Ü., Koch, B., Kolb, U., Kučáková, H., Lai, S.-P., Laloum, D., Lasota, S., Lewis, L. A., Liakos, G.-I., Libotte, F., Lomoz, F., Lopresti, C., Majewski, R., Malcher, A., Mallonn, M., Mannucci, M., Marchini, A., Mari, J.-M., Marino, A., Marino, G., Mario, J.-C., Marquette, J.-B., Martínez-Bravo, F. A., Mašek, M., Matassa, P., Michel, P., Michelet, J., Miller, M., Miny, E., Molina, D., Mollier, T., Monteleone, B., Montigiani, N., Morales-Aimar, M., Mortari, F., Morvan, M., Mugnai, L. V., Murawski, G., Naponiello, L., Naudin, J.-L., Naves, R., Néel, D., Neito, R., Neveu, S., Noschese, A., Öğmen, Y., Ohshima, O., Orbanic, Z., Pace, E. P., Pantacchini, C., Paschalis, N. I., Pereira, C., Peretto, I., Perroud, V., Phillips, M., Pintr, P., Pioppa, J.-B., Plazas, J., Poelarends, A. J., Popowicz, A., Purcell, J., Quinn, N., Raetz, M., Rees, D., Regembal, F., Rocchetto, M., Rocci, P.-F., Rockenbauer, M., Roth, R., Rousselot, L., Rubia, X., Ruocco, N., Russo, E., Salisbury, M., Salvaggio, F., Santos, A., Savage, J., Scaggiante, F., Sedita, D., Shadick, S., Silva, A. F., Sioulas, N., Školník, V., Smith, M., Smolka, M., Solmaz, A., Stanbury, N., Stouraitis, D., Tan, T.-G., Theusner, M., Thurston, G., Tifner, F. P., Tomacelli, A., Tomatis, A., Trnka, J., Tylšar, M., Valeau, P., Vignes, J.-P., Villa, A., Sureda, A. Vives, Vora, K., Vrašt’ák, M., Walliang, D., Wenzel, B., Wright, D. E., Zambelli, R., Zhang, M., and Zíbar, M.

Abstract

The ExoClock project has been created to increase the efficiency of the Ariel mission. It will achieve this by continuously monitoring and updating the ephemerides of Ariel candidates, in order to produce a consistent catalog of reliable and precise ephemerides. This work presents a homogenous catalog of updated ephemerides for 450 planets, generated by the integration of ∼18,000 data points from multiple sources. These sources include observations from ground-based telescopes (the ExoClock network and the Exoplanet Transit Database), midtime values from the literature, and light curves from space telescopes (Kepler, K2, and TESS). With all the above, we manage to collect observations for half of the postdiscovery years (median), with data that have a median uncertainty less than 1 minute. In comparison with the literature, the ephemerides generated by the project are more precise and less biased. More than 40% of the initial literature ephemerides had to be updated to reach the goals of the project, as they were either of low precision or drifting. Moreover, the integrated approach of the project enables both the monitoring of the majority of the Ariel candidates (95%), and also the identification of missing data. These results highlight the need for continuous monitoring to increase the observing coverage of the candidate planets. Finally, the extended observing coverage of planets allows us to detect trends (transit-timing variations) for a sample of 19 planets. All the products, data, and codes used in this work are open and accessible to the wider scientific community.

189. New insight into cataract formation: enhanced stability through mutual attraction

Author

Stradner, Anna, Foffi, G., Dorsaz, N., Thurston, G., Schurtenberger, Peter, Stradner, Anna, Foffi, G., Dorsaz, N., Thurston, G., and Schurtenberger, Peter

Abstract

Small-angle neutron scattering experiments and molecular dynamics simulations combined with an application of concepts from soft matter physics to complex protein mixtures provide new insight into the stability of eye lens protein mixtures. Exploring this colloid-protein analogy we demonstrate that weak attractions between unlike proteins help to maintain lens transparency in an extremely sensitive and nonmonotonic manner. These results not only represent an important step towards a better understanding of protein condensation diseases such as cataract formation, but provide general guidelines for tuning the stability of colloid mixtures, a topic relevant for soft matter physics and industrial applications.

195. A Li-Particulate Blanket Concept for ITER

Author

Wong, C.P.C., primary, Cheng, E.T., additional, Creedon, R.L., additional, Schultz, K.R., additional, Thurston, G., additional, Gohar, Y., additional, Baker, C., additional, Attaya, H., additional, Billone, M., additional, Hassanein, A., additional, Johnson, C., additional, Majumdar, S., additional, Mattas, R., additional, Smith, D., additional, and Sze, D-K., additional

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1989
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