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In the treatment of children/adolescents with diabetes medical rehabilitation plays an important role. It was the aim of the survey to analyze trends in the number of patients admitted to rehabilitation, the quality of diabetes care, the incidence of acute complications, risk factors for cardiovascular co-morbidities like lipids and blood pressure and the familial status nationwide and over a period of 13 years. Methods: Currently seven hospitals offer in-patient rehabilitation for children/adolescents with diabetes in Germany. Six hospitals participated in the survey. All children/adolescents (n=7.163) who participated in an in-patient rehabilitation 01/01/2004-31/12/2016 were included. Clinical/familial data were assessed: age, sex, family situation, type/duration of diabetes, insulin dosage, self-monitoring, acute complications, height, body weight, blood pressure and laboratory parameters. For collecting and storage of data the computer software DPV® (Diabetes-Patienten-Verlaufsdokumentation, University of Ulm, Germany) was used. Statistical analyses were performed using the programme SAS (Statistical Analysis Software 9.4, SAS Institute Inc, Cary, North Carolina, USA). Results: During the study period 7.163 patients took part in 10.987 in-patient rehabilitation procedures. The yearly number of patients participating in rehabilitation remained stable. There was no change in the quality of diabetes control (HbA1c: p=0.30, fasting blood glucose: p=0.80). The incidence of severe hypoglycaemia decreased (p

The two research questions of this paper are: How does the rhetorical situation trigger the accounting communication in a case of conflict? Which persuasive strategies are chosen to alter the situation? The paper accordingly combines Bitzer's theory of the rhetorical situation with the Aristotelian framework of persuasive appeals and insights from argumentation theory. The paper empirically demonstrates the usefulness of this framework to deepen our understanding of accounting communication in a historical case study. The historical case is the change of monetary policy of a public financial institution, the Bank deutscher Länder BdL, and its conflict with the government in 1955/56. The analysis of the rhetorical discourse focuses on the narrative part of BdL's Annual Report 1955, the Gürzenich hall speech of German Chancellor Adenauer on 23 May 1956, and the Monthly Report of May 1956. The paper demonstrates how the rhetorical situation triggers the accounting communication of the BdL. It also reveals changes in the argumentation strategy and the affective appeals as reactions to the new rhetorical situation created by the Chancellor's speech.

International audience; Dodonea viscosa(L.) Jacq from Reunion Island (Indian Ocean) was investigated for itsleaf essential oil composition. The plant was extracted by hydrodistillation and its essential oilanalysed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. This study revealed that oxygenatednor-diterpenes and diterpenes were one of the major chemical classes (>50%) mainly consisting ofthree modified cyclopropylclerodanes containing a bicyclo[5.4.0]undecane ring system: one newfuranoid norditerpene, dodovisate C, and two furanoid diterpenes, the known methyl dodovisate Aand the new methyl iso-dodovisate A. These three compounds were isolated by liquid chromatographyand their structures established on the basis of spectroscopic studies. The absolute configurationof dodovisate C was elucidated through a joint experimental and theoretical (B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p))electronic circular dichroism study. The relative configurations of methyl dodovisate A and methyliso-dodovisate A were determined using linear regressions of theoretical chemical shifts versusexperimental values with the (B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)) method.

Self-assembly of nucleic acid nanostructures is driven by selective association of oligonucleotide modules through base pairing between complementary sequences. Herein, we report the development of RNA–DNA hybrid nanoshapes that conditionally assemble under the control of an adenosine ligand. The design concept for the nanoshapes relies on ligand-dependent stabilization of DNA aptamers that serve as connectors between marginally stable RNA corner modules. Ligand-dependent RNA–DNA nanoshapes self-assemble in an all-or-nothing process by coupling adenosine binding to the formation of circularly closed structures which are stabilized through continuous base stacking in the resulting polygons. By screening combinations of various DNA aptamer constructs with RNA corner modules for the formation of stable complexes, we identified adenosine-dependent nanosquares whose shape was confirmed by atomic force microscopy. As a proof-of-concept for sensor applications, adenosine-responsive FRET-active nanosquares were obtained by dye conjugation of the DNA aptamer components.

Background: International guidelines recommend psychosocial care for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Objective: To assess psychological care in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in a real-world setting and to evaluate associations with metabolic outcome. Methods: Delivery of psychological care, HbA1c, and rates of severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes from 199 diabetes care centers participating in the German diabetes survey (DPV) were analyzed. Results: Overall, 12 326 out of 31 861 children with type 1 diabetes were supported by short-term or continued psychological care (CPC). Children with psychological care had higher HbA1c (8.0% vs 7.7%, P

The use of Personal Voice Assistants (PVAs)1 such as Alexa and the Google Assistant is rising steadily, but there is a lack of research investigating common issues and requests of PVAs in the context of smart home control. We address this research question with an online survey (n = 65), using a qualitative evaluation of users’ problems and improvement requests. Our analysis leads to a partly hierarchic clustering of issues & recommendations for interaction capabilities of PVAs into seven basic categories, allowing us in turn to derive implications and to condense them into design guidelines for future Human-Agent Interaction (HAI) with PVAs. Specifically, we formulate and elaborate the concepts Authentication & Authorization, Activity-Based Interaction, Situated Dialogue, and Explainability & Transparency as key topics for making progress towards smooth interaction with smart homes.

A suite of DFM enablement is enhanced to address the unique needs of analog, RF, and mmWave designs in the custom design flow. The DFM rules and patterns are made stricter beyond baseline requirements, and new DFM rules and patterns are added to further reduce layout-dependent device variability. Auto-fixing in the custom design flow is enhanced to meet these new requirements. New DFM enablement is developed for device matching for differential circuits and sensitive devices. Lastly, novel DFM fill strategies are implemented to reduce the variability of passive devices operating at high frequencies. Using DFM-aware fill, a 2% quality-factor loss for a mmWave inductor operating at 30 GHz is shown to be sufficient for meeting manufacturing planarity requirements.

Comprehensive understanding of the structure–function relationship of RNA both in real time and at atomic level will have a profound impact in advancing our understanding of RNA functions in biology. Here, we describe the first example of a multifunctional nucleoside probe, containing a conformation‐sensitive fluorophore and an anomalous X‐ray diffraction label (5‐selenophene uracil), which enables the correlation of RNA conformation and recognition under equilibrium and in 3D. The probe incorporated into the bacterial ribosomal RNA decoding site, fluorescently reports antibiotic binding and provides diffraction information in determining the structure without distorting native RNA fold. Further, by comparing solution binding data and crystal structure, we gained insight on how the probe senses ligand‐induced conformational change in RNA. Taken together, our nucleoside probe represents a new class of biophysical tool that would complement available tools for functional RNA investigations.

Crystal structure analysis revealed key interactions of a 2-amino-benzimidazole viral translation inhibitor that captures an elongated conformation of an RNA switch target in the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of hepatitis C virus (HCV). Here, we have designed and synthesized quinazoline derivatives with improved shape complementarity at the ligand binding site of the viral RNA target. A spiro-cyclopropyl modification aimed at filling a pocket in the back of the RNA binding site led to a 5-fold increase of ligand affinity while a slightly more voluminous dimethyl substitution at the same position did not improve binding. We demonstrate that precise shape complementarity based solely on hydrophobic interactions contributes significantly to ligand binding even at a hydrophilic RNA target site such as the HCV IRES conformational switch.

CardioScope is a sonification/auditory augmentation tool intendedto support cardiac diagnosis and monitoring. It allows usersto record and visualize synchronized Electrocardiogram (ECG)and Phonocardiogram (PCG) signals, to sonify the electrical activityof the heart or to augment the sound produced by its mechanicalbehaviour. As first step towards a realtime-interactive auditoryaugmentation, we here propose an auditory augmentation methodusing amplitude modulation that allows users to accentuate specificsegments of the heart sound in order to make pathologicalsignals from the heart sound more salient. We present a set ofsound examples illustrating the proposed method, and discuss resultsof a preliminary qualitative test with two physicians who aredoing their residency in cardiology.

The largest area of intact vegetation in the Mascarene Archipelago is found on La Reunion Island. In 2007, a national park has been established where most protected habitats and rare species are targeted by some conservation actions. Invasions by exotic plants are the main threat to the biodiversity within this park and several management programs aim at controlling the main invasive alien plant species. For decades, inventories of alien species have been carrying out at La Reunion, constituting a large amount of data but these data never been synthetized, assembled and exploited to assess the level of invasion. Here, data from different organizations were combined to quantify the overall level of invasion by exotic plants island-wide. These data were extrapolated to grid cells of 250 x 250 m and categorized into four invasion categories ranging from intact to heavily invaded areas. Here, we present the spatial pattern of invasion on La Reunion Island. Only 12% of the island remain intact while 60%is moderately to heavily invaded. Inside the national park, more than 55% is lightly invaded or intact. We then discuss the invasion rate according to several factors: altitude, habitats, geomorphology, land cover and the presence of pathways or streams.

Biological invasions threaten biodiversity worldwide, especially on tropical islands such as Reunion Island. Here we present the results of a collaborative effort to map biodiversity priorities and to prioritise alien plant clearing. We first combined all existing data on habitats, threatened and endemic species and the distribution of alien plant species. Using expert-knowledge where necessary, we provide the first map of invasion level for the whole island. We developed a decision-making process using Zonation, a conservation-planning tool, to identify biodiversity conservation priorities. Conservation priority areas were selected to maximise biodiversity levels in areas lightly invaded. We then included criteria to identify priority areas for alien plant clearing based on clearing costs, accessibility and history of previous clearing programmes. Almost 40% of the remaining natural habitats on Reunion Island are moderately to heavily invaded. We identify 58,500 ha as conservation priority areas of which 30%are considered to be not invaded at all. We discuss how this will impact future alien plant clearing programmes and propose the basis for an integrated clearing and restoration plan for Reunion Island.

Every day, we rely on the information that is encoded in the auditory feedback of our physical interactions. With the goal to perceptually enhance those sound characteristics that are relevant to us -- especially within professional practices such as percussion and auscultation, we introduce the method of real-time Auditory Contrast Enhancement (ACE). The method is derived from algorithms for speech enhancement as well from the remarkable sound processing mechanisms of our ears. ACE is achieved by individual sharpening of spectral as well as temporal structures contained in a sound. It is designed for real-time application with low latency. The discussed examples illustrate that the proposed algorithms are able to significantly enhance spectral and temporal contrast. ### Sound examples and interaction examples #### **ACE of Impact Sounds** ##### **S1.0-xxx.wav** see article for further details.

In Germany, inpatient rehabilitation is a well-established additive option in the therapeutic concept for children and adolescents with diabetes. However, its contribution in pediatric diabetes care is not known exactly. Our objective was to analyze inpatient rehabilitation in pediatric diabetes over eight years in Germany.We requested secondary data from the German Statutory Pension Insurance Scheme to evaluate all completed inpatient rehabilitations for children and adolescents with diabetes (ICD-code E10-14) reimbursed by this institution between 2006 and 2013. For each type of diabetes, we analyzed the distribution of admissions by year, age-group, sex, nationality, and other documented diagnoses. All analyses were conducted via remote computing with IBM SPSS Version 24.Between 2006 and 2013, 5,403 admissions to inpatient rehabilitation for 4,746 children and adolescents with diabetes were documented. For type 1 diabetes (T1D; 88.5% of admissions), the number of yearly admissions increased from 458 in 2006 to 688 in 2013 (p=0.013), especially for age-group5-10. The increase for type 2 diabetes (T2D) was not significant. Admissions were more frequent for girls (53.6%, p≤0.001), age10-15 years (42.8%, p=0.001), and German nationality (98.5%). Obesity (T1D: 11.1%; T2D: 87.9%) and mental disorders (T1D: 11.6%; T2D: 27.4%) were the most frequent documented diagnoses in addition to diabetes.This study provides a comprehensive overview of inpatient rehabilitation for children and adolescents with diabetes over many years in Germany. Until 2013, inpatient rehabilitation remained important in pediatric diabetes care, especially for children with mental disorders or obesity.

Objectives We compared the spatial concepts given to sounds' directions by blind football players with both blind non-athletes and sighted individuals. Method Participants verbally described the directions of sounds around them by using predefined spatial concept labels, under two blocked conditions: 1) facing front, 2) pointing with the hand towards the stimulus. Results Blind football players categorized the directions more precisely (i.e., they used simple labels for describing the cardinal directions and combined labels for the intermediate ones) than the other groups, and their categorization was less sensitive to the response conditions than blind non-athletes. Sighted participants' categorization was similar to previous studies, in which the front and back regions were generally more precisely described than the sides, where simple labels were often used for describing directions around the absolute left and right. Conclusions The differences in conceptual categorization of sound directions are a) in sighted individuals, influenced by the representation of the visual space b) in blind individuals, influenced by the level of expertise in action and locomotion based on non-visual information, which can be increased by auditive stimulation provided by blind football training.

Self-induced aquatic propulsion is an effect of interaction of the limbs and water mass (LWI) which change the energy-density per volume and the momentum of water mass, simultaneously. The change of volumetric energy-density of water can be measured via pressure tap probes detecting static pressure of unsteady flow via pressure sensors. The data of elite breaststroke swimmers wearing gloves with pressure taps on both sides of the hands were presented as pressure difference per hand (p-diff) in real-time in a split screen video together with the hand action. The purpose of this preliminary study was to check a) the stability of the setup including the data collection under pool condition with various swimmers and b) to answer coaches’ questions concerning the relation of peak pdiff-data and hand action. Among others it is shown that p-diff(max) coincides with a) deepest hand penetration at the end of the inward sweep of the hands and b) max body acceleration during hand action, shortly before max body velocity occurs.

The function of RNA switches involved in the regulation of transcription and translation relies on their ability to adopt different, structurally well-defined states. A new class of ligand-responsive RNA switches, which we recently discovered in positive strand RNA viruses, are distinct from conventional riboswitches. The viral switches undergo large conformational changes in response to ligand binding while retaining the same secondary structure in their free and ligand-bound forms. Here, we describe FRET experiments to study folding and ligand binding of the viral RNA switches. In addition to reviewing previous approaches involving RNA model constructs which were directly conjugated with fluorescent dyes, we outline the design and application of new modular constructs for FRET experiments, in which dye labeling is achieved by hybridization of a core RNA switch module with universal DNA fluorescent probes. As an example, folding and ligand binding of the RNA switch from the internal ribosome entry site of hepatitis C virus is studied comparatively with conventional and modular FRET constructs.

This paper is a continuation and extension of our previous work [1]. CardioSounds is a portable system that allows users to measure and sonify their electrocardiogram signal in real-time. The ECG signal is acquired using the hardware platform BITalino and subsequently analyzed and sonified using a Raspberry Pi. Users can control basic features from the system (start recording, stop recording) using their smartphone. The system is meant to be used for diagnostic and monitoring of cardiac pathologies, providing users with the possibility to monitor a signal without occupying their visual attention. In this paper, we introduce a novel method, anticipatory mapping, to sonify rhythm disturbances such as Atrial Fibrillation, Atrial flutter and Ventricular Fibrillation. Anticipatory mapping enhances perception of rhythmic details without disrupting the direct perception of the actual heart beat rhythm. We test the method on selected pathological data involving three of the most known rhythm disturbances. A preliminary perception test to assess aesthetics of the sonifications and its possible use in medical scenarios shows that the anticipatory mapping method is regarded as informative discerning healthy and pathological states, however there is no agreement about a preferred sonification type.

Mit der interaktiven Sonifikation werden strömungsbasierte Signale der Hand-Wasser-Interaktion (HWI) von Schwimmern gemessen, in Klänge transformiert und in Echtzeit über Kopfhörer dem Athleten wiedergegeben. Andere Methoden zur Bewertung des Strömungsdrucks sind meist nur nach der Schwimmperformance für den jeweiligen Athleten zugänglich. Bei der interaktiven Sonifikation hört dieser während des Schwimmens die HWI der linken Hand auf seinem linken Ohr und die der rechten Hand auf seinem rechten Ohr. Mit der zeitlich feinen Abstimmung des menschlichen Gehörs, kann der Schwimmer nun über einen weiteren (augmented) Feedbackkanal hören, ob dieser mit seinen Händen Aktionen ausführt, die einen ähnlichen Effekt im Bewegungsraum Wasser haben. Zeitliche Unterschiede, sowie die Höhen des aufgewandten Impulses können verglichen und gegebenenfalls angepasst werden. Athlet und Trainer unterhalten sich im Folgenden über Klänge von Effekten, welche üblicherweise über die Afferenzen der Hände durch Mechanorezeptoren aufgenommen und subjektiv bewertet werden. Durch Interventionen mit diesem interaktiven Sonifikationsystem könnte die Schwimmtechnik des Athleten effizienter gestaltet werden, da z.B. ausgleichende Korrekturen der Muskulatur durch ungleichstarke HWI entfallen. Diese neu gewonnenen Ressourcen können anderweitig wie zur Steigerung bzw. Aufrechterhaltung der mittleren Schwimmgeschwindigkeit verwendet werden.

This paper introduces Wave Space Sonification (WSS), a novel class of sonification techniques for time- (or space-) indexed data. WSS doesn’t fall into the classes of Audification, Parameter- Mapping Sonification or Model-based Sonification and thus constitutes a novel class of sonification techniques. It realizes a different link between data and their auditory representation, by scanning a scalar field – defined as wave space – along a data-driven trajectory. This allows both the highly controlled definition of the auditory representation for any area of interest, as well as subtle yet acoustically complex sound variations as the overall pattern changes. To illustrate Wave Space Sonification (WSS), we introduce three different WSS instances, (i) the Static Canonical WSS, (ii) Data-driven Localized WSS and (iii), Granular Wave Space Sonification (GWSS), and we demonstrate the different methods with sonification examples from various data domains. We discuss the technique and its relation to other sonification approaches and finally outline productive application areas.

Der Beitrag fragt nach dem Pacioli‐Bild in deutscher Betriebswirtschaftslehre und italienischer Economia Aziendale und untersucht deren Narrative auf einer breiten Basis ideengeschichtlicher Werke beider Lander. Methodisch wird eine synchronische (Abschn. 2 und 3) und diachronische Sicht (Abschn. 4) unterschieden.

Efficient feedback on energy consumption is regarded as one step towards a more sustainable lifestyle. Sonification is very apt to convey such information continuously in an ambient and effective way. This paper presents a pilot system for sonifying the electric power consumption of an institute’s kitchen. The reverberation of the kitchen is changed depending on the actual consumption and its difference to a weekly baseline. If the actual consumption is low, it is mapped to a plausible kitchen reverberation. If it is high compared to the baseline, the reverberation becomes unnatural. Evaluating the system gave insights on perceptibility and acceptance of auditory augmentation in a semi-home context.

Today's computing technology is radically different from that of 10 years ago. Devices such as smartphones, tablets, and even wearable devices are found wherever we are. Researchers and developers can take advantage of this new era by knowing that the public has personal access to highly interactive multimedia devices. Interfaces involving sound are already in the hands of millions of people. For information display, sound promises an alternative to squeezing information through small screens that then force us to attend to them, thus making us lose awareness of our immediate environment. This special issue looks at some of the upcoming research on how such interaction with sound can be used in a variety of areas and applications.

Biological RNA architectures are composed of autonomously folding modules which can be tailored as building blocks for the construction of RNA nanostructures. Designed base pair interactions allow complex nano-objects to self-assemble from simple RNA motifs. X-ray crystallography plays an important role in both the design and analysis of such RNA nanostructures. Here, we describe methods for the design and X-ray crystallographic structure analysis of an RNA square and two different triangles, which self-assemble from short oligonucleotides and serve as a platform for building functional nano-sized nucleic acid architectures.

In this paper, we revisit, explore and extend the Particle Trajectory Sonification (PTS) model, which supports cluster analysis of high-dimensional data by probing a model space with virtual particles which are ‘gravitationally’ attracted to a mode of the dataset’s potential function. The particles’ kinetic energy progression of as function of time adds directly to a signal which constitutes the sonification. The exponential increase in computation power since its conception in 1999 enables now for the first time to investigate real-time interactivity in such complex interweaved dynamic sonification models. We speeded up the computation of the PTS model with (i) data optimization via vector quantization, and (ii) parallel computing via OpenCL. We investigated the performance of sonifying high-dimensional complex data under different approaches. The results show a substantial increase in speed when applying vector quantization and parallelism with CPU. GPU parallelism provided a substantial speedup for very large number of particles comparing to using CPU but did not show enough benefit for a low number of particles due to copying overhead. A hybrid OpenCL implementation is presented to maximize the benefits of both worlds.

A series of 2-aminobenzimidazole analogues have been synthesised and tested for binding to a previously established RNA target for viral translation inhibitors in the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Synthesis of new inhibitor compounds followed a highly convergent strategy which allowed for incorporation of diverse tertiary amino substituents in high overall yields (eight-steps, 4–22%). Structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies focussed on the tertiary amine substituent involved in hydrogen bonding with the RNA backbone at the inhibitor binding site. The SAR study was further correlated with in silico docking experiments. Analogous compounds showed promising activities (half maximal effective concentration, EC50: 21–89µM). Structures of the synthesised analogues and a correlation to their mode of binding, provided the opportunity to explore parameters required for selective targeting of the HCV IRES at the subdomain IIa which acts as an RNA conformational switch in HCV translation.

Significance RNA viruses, including the human pathogenic hepatitis C virus (HCV), use a structured untranslated region of their genome to hijack host cell ribosomes for the synthesis of viral proteins. These genome regions are termed internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements and are encoded by distinct sequences in different viruses but share common functional RNA motifs. This study shows that viral IRES elements contain conformationally flexible RNA switches, whose state can be captured by the binding of a common ligand. Conformational switching plays a role in the function of the IRES elements. These new RNA switches are smaller than previously discovered “riboswitches” and may be the simplest form of ligand-responsive mechanical modules in nucleic acids.

2-Aminobenzoxazoles have been synthesized as ligands for the hepatitis C virus (HCV) internal ribosome entry site (IRES) RNA. The compounds were designed to explore the less basic benzoxazole system as a replacement for the core scaffold in previously discovered benzimidazole viral translation inhibitors. Structure-activity relationships in the target binding of substituted benzoxazole ligands were investigated.

The internal ribosome entry site (IRES) in the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome initiates translation of the viral polyprotein precursor. The unique structure and high sequence conservation of the 5′ UTR render the IRES RNA a potential target for the development of selective viral translation inhibitors. Here, we provide an overview of approaches to block HCV IRES function by nucleic acid, peptide, and small molecule ligands. Emphasis will be given to the IRES subdomain IIa, which currently is the most advanced target for small molecule inhibitors of HCV translation. The subdomain IIa behaves as an RNA conformational switch. Selective ligands act as translation inhibitors by locking the conformation of the RNA switch. We review synthetic procedures for inhibitors as well as structural and functional studies of the subdomain IIa target and its ligand complexes.

The highly conserved internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) regulates translation of the viral RNA genome and is essential for the expression of HCV proteins in infected host cells. The structured subdomain IIa of the IRES element is the target site of recently discovered benzimidazole inhibitors that selectively block viral translation through capture of an extended conformation of an RNA internal loop. Here, we describe the development of a FRET-based screening assay for similarly acting HCV translation inhibitors. The assay relies on monitoring fluorescence changes that indicate rearrangement of the RNA target conformation upon ligand binding. Screening of a small pilot set of potential RNA binders identified a benzoxazole scaffold as a ligand that bound selectively to IIa IRES target and was confirmed as an inhibitor of in vitro viral translation. The screening approach outlined here provides an efficient method to discover HCV translation inhibitors that may provide leads for the development of novel antiviral therapies directed at the highly conserved IRES RNA.