1,187 results on '"Tactile display"'
Search Results
152. Communication System for the Blind Using Tactile Displays and Ultrasonic Pens – MIMIZU
- Author
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Kobayashi, Makoto, Watanabe, Tetsuya, Kanade, Takeo, editor, Kittler, Josef, editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., editor, Mattern, Friedemann, editor, Mitchell, John C., editor, Naor, Moni, editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, editor, Pandu Rangan, C., editor, Steffen, Bernhard, editor, Sudan, Madhu, editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, editor, Tygar, Dough, editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., editor, Weikum, Gerhard, editor, Miesenberger, Klaus, editor, Klaus, Joachim, editor, Zagler, Wolfgang L., editor, and Burger, Dominique, editor
- Published
- 2004
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153. A New Haptic Sensor Actuator System for Virtual Reality Applications in Medicine
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Khaled, Walaa, Reichling, Stefan, Bruhns, Otto T., Boese, Holger, Baumann, Mario, Monkman, Gareth, Egersdoerfer, Stefan, Freimuth, Herbert, Ermert, Helmut, Goos, Gerhard, editor, Hartmanis, Juris, editor, van Leeuwen, Jan, editor, Ellis, Randy E., editor, and Peters, Terry M., editor
- Published
- 2003
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154. MOTUS
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Sijie Zhu, Rong-Hao Liang, Verindi Vekemans, Ward Leenders, Industrial Design, Future Everyday, Signal Processing Systems, and EAISI Health
- Subjects
Shape display ,business.industry ,Computer science ,InformationSystems_INFORMATIONINTERFACESANDPRESENTATION(e.g.,HCI) ,Texture (music) ,Wrist ,emotions ,Tactile display ,smartwatch ,Rendering (computer graphics) ,Smartwatch ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,tactile patterns ,medicine ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDSOCIETY ,Computer vision ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,guessability - Abstract
This paper investigates whether tactile texture patterns on the wrists can be interpreted as particular emotions. A prototype watch-back tactile display, MOTUS, was implemented to press different texture patterns in various frequencies onto a wrist to convey emotions. We conducted a preliminary guessability study with the prototype. The result reveals the wearers' agreement in interpreting the emotional states from the tactile texture patterns.
- Published
- 2021
155. Low-Resolution Supplementary Tactile Cues for Navigational Assistance
- Author
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Sokoler, Tomas, Nelson, Les, Pedersen, Elin R., Goos, Gerhard, editor, Hartmanis, Juris, editor, van Leeuwen, Jan, editor, and Paternò, Fabio, editor
- Published
- 2002
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156. A Tactile Display System Equipped with a Pointing Device — MIMIZU
- Author
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Kobayashi, Makoto, Watanabe, Tetsuya, Goos, Gerhard, editor, Hartmanis, Juris, editor, van Leeuwen, Jan, editor, Miesenberger, Klaus, editor, Klaus, Joachim, editor, and Zagler, Wolfgang, editor
- Published
- 2002
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157. Inside Touch: Presentation of Tactile Feeling Inside Virtual Object Using Finger-Mounted Pin-Array Display
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Sho Sakurai, Yusuke Ujitoko, Yusuke Ota, Takuya Nojima, and Koichi Hirota
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General Computer Science ,business.industry ,Computer science ,InformationSystems_INFORMATIONINTERFACESANDPRESENTATION(e.g.,HCI) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,General Engineering ,Pin array ,Haptics ,tactile presentation ,Object (computer science) ,Tactile display ,Impression ,TK1-9971 ,Presentation ,pin-arrays ,3d space ,Virtual image ,Contrast (vision) ,General Materials Science ,Computer vision ,Artificial intelligence ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,business ,media_common - Abstract
Previously, tactile displays focused on the tactile presentation of the surface of a virtual object. In contrast, this study attempts to provide a tactile feeling on the space inside a virtual object when fingers penetrate it. Our previous study developed a finger-mounted pin-array display with the smallest pin pitch, representing the highest spatial resolution. Using the display, we attempt to present the tactile impression of “Rough,” “Grainy,” and “Sparse” which correspond to Japanese onomatopoeia of “Zara-Zara,” “Tsubu-Tsubu,” or “Chiri-Chiri” with simple patterned stimuli arranged in 3D space. A series of experiments were conducted in this study to determine the following: (1) the stimuli that can provide users with different tactile impressions inside objects and (2) the effect of tactile display spatial resolution on the recognition of tactile impressions inside objects. The results clarified that we could provide three different tactile impressions in space with certain stimuli configurations. Besides, the results demonstrated that participants recognized the tactile impression better with a larger spatial resolution configuration of the device. This study reveals a new field of tactile presentation, that is, tactile presentation inside an object.
- Published
- 2021
158. Implementing Tactile Display via Electromagnetic Actuator
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Hyeon Cheol Park, Ah Rum Choi, Ki Kwang Sung, Ji Ho Kim, and Ju Yoon Kim
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Computer science ,Electromagnetic actuator ,Assistive technology ,General Medicine ,Braille ,Simulation ,Tactile display ,Haptic technology - Published
- 2020
159. Tactile information presentation in the cockpit
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van Veen, Henricus A. H. C., van Erp, Jan B. F., Goos, Gerhard, editor, Hartmanis, Juris, editor, van Leeuwen, Jan, editor, Brewster, Stephen, editor, and Murray-Smith, Roderick, editor
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- 2001
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160. Minimally Invasive Robotic Telesurgery
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Tendick, Frank, Sastry, S. Shankar, Willich, Stefan N., editor, and Elm, Susanna, editor
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- 2001
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161. Enhanced Design of a Soft Thin-Film Vibrotactile Actuator Based on PVC Gel.
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Won-Hyeong Park, Eun-Jae Shin, and Sang-Youn Kim
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THIN film devices ,ACTUATORS ,CONDUCTING polymers - Abstract
We fabricated a soft thin-film vibrotactile actuator, which can be easily inserted into wearable devices, based on an electroactive PVC gel. One of the most important factors in fabricating a soft and thin vibrotactile actuator is to create vibrational force strong enough to stimulate human skin in a wide frequency range. To achieve this, we investigate the working principle of the PVC gel and suggest a new structure in which most of electric energy contributes to the deformation of the PVC gel. Due to this structure, the vibrational amplitude of the proposed PVC gel actuator could considerably increase (0.816 g (g = 9.8 m/s²) at resonant frequency). The vibrotactile amplitude is proportional to the amount of input voltage. It increased from 0.05 g up to 0.416 g with increasing applied voltages from 200 V to 1 kV at 1 Hz. The experimental results show that the proposed actuator can create a variety of haptic sensations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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162. Encapsulation of Piezoelectric Transducers for Sensory Augmentation and Substitution with Wearable Haptic Devices.
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Sorgini, Francesca, Mazzoni, Alberto, Massari, Luca, Caliò, Renato, Galassi, Carmen, Kukreja, Sunil L., Sinibaldi, Edoardo, Carrozza, Maria Chiara, and Oddo, Calogero M.
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POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE ,PIEZOELECTRIC devices ,PLASTIC embedment of electronic equipment - Abstract
The integration of polymeric actuators in haptic displays is widespread nowadays, especially in virtual reality and rehabilitation applications. However, we are still far from optimizing the transducer ability in conveying sensory information. Here, we present a vibrotactile actuator characterized by a piezoelectric disk embedded in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) shell. An original encapsulation technique was performed to provide the stiff active element with a compliant cover as an interface towards the soft human skin. The interface stiffness, together with the new geometry, generated an effective transmission of vibrotactile stimulation and made the encapsulated transducer a performant component for the development of wearable tactile displays. The mechanical behavior of the developed transducer was numerically modeled as a function of the driving voltage and frequency, and the exerted normal forces were experimentally measured with a load cell. The actuator was then tested for the integration in a haptic glove in single-finger and bi-finger condition, in a 2-AFC tactile stimulus recognition test. Psychophysical results across all the tested sensory conditions confirmed that the developed integrated haptic system was effective in delivering vibrotactile information when the frequency applied to the skin is within the 200-700 Hz range and the stimulus variation is larger than 100 Hz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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163. A nonlinear rheological model for the ultrasonically induced squeeze film effect in variable friction haptic displays.
- Author
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Son, Kwon
- Abstract
A squeeze film induced by ultrasonic vibration between two solid surfaces in contact can dramatically reduce the friction between them. This phenomenon, so-called the squeeze film effect, has been utilized in variable friction tactile displays for texture rendering purposes. Such tactile displays can provoke a haptic sensation to a finger pad in a controllable way. A real-time adjustment of the coefficient of lateral friction between the human finger pad and the tactile display can be accomplished by modulating the vibration amplitude of the tactile panel. Therefore, driving a reliable friction model is a key step towards designing and controlling tactile displays utilizing the squeeze film effect. This paper derives a modified Herschel- Bulkley rheological model to express the lateral friction exerted on a human fingertip via an air squeeze film as a function of the operating parameters such as the driving voltage amplitude, the finger sliding speed, and the contact pressure. In contrast to the conventional Coulomb friction model, such a rheology model can account for the sliding velocity dependence. This modeling work may contribute to the optimal control of the ultrasonic variable friction tactile displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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164. Encoding and presentation of surface textures using a mechanotactile display.
- Author
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Kawazoe, Makoto, Kosemura, Yumi, and Miki, Norihisa
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TACTILE sensors , *MICROELECTROMECHANICAL systems , *ENCODING , *SURFACE texture , *PERCEPTION testing , *ACTUATORS - Abstract
Tactile displays can present virtual tactile sensations to the user by stimulating tactile receptors, which are distributed spatially within the skin and are classified into four types based on their characteristic temporal pattern of impulses. The mechanotactile displays can stimulate different types of the receptors selectively by changing the displacement and frequency of the skin deformation. In our previous work, we developed an array of large-displacement microactuators composed of hydraulic amplification mechanism (HDAM) and piezoelectric actuators, which is capable of stimulating all the four types of the tactile receptors. We controlled the driving parameters that were the driving voltage, vibration frequency, and actuation patterns of the actuators, and successfully presented various surface textures. However, in practical applications, the control parameters are to be tuned according to the surface textures that we want to present. In addition, the input signals to the piezoelectric actuators would consist of multiple frequency components and are difficult to create through trial and errors. To solve this inverse problem, in this work, we encoded the sample surface textures to voltage signals by sliding the sample over the HDAM and using the piezoelectric actuators as sensors. First, we attempted to reproduce the surface textures. The encoded signals were amplified to drive the mechanotactile display. The perception tests indicated that this approach was effective. Secondly, we attempted to correlate the encoded signals with hardness of the samples. The encoded signals were investigated among the samples of different hardness. In addition, we fabricated moicropatterned tactile samples that have the same physical properties except Young’s modulus to isolate hardness from other parameters. The encoded signals were compared to extract the characteristic signals to determine the hardness. These signals were used to drive the tactile display in the perception tests, which verified the effectiveness of the approach. These two approaches that were proposed and experimentally verified in this paper are readily applicable to solve the inverse problem in tactile display applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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165. Electrotactile display composed of two-dimensionally and densely distributed microneedle electrodes.
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Tezuka, M., Ishimaru, K., and Miki, N.
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- *
MICROELECTRODES , *TACTILE sensors , *THRESHOLD voltage , *MICROELECTROMECHANICAL systems , *ELECTRIC impedance , *TWO-dimensional models ,ELECTRODE design & construction - Abstract
The present paper describes a thin and flexible electrotactile display having an array of microneedle electrodes that present tactile sensation on the forearm in a two-dimensional manner at low voltages. Tactile displays elicit tactile sensation by artificially stimulating tactile receptors. Electrotactile displays stimulate tactile receptors electrically and can be designed to be thin, light, and flexible, and therefore wearable. We developed an electrotactile display having microneedle electrodes that penetrate the high-impedance stratum corneum, thereby decreasing the threshold voltage to provide tactile sensation. Stimulation at a point and in a line was successfully demonstrated in our prior work. In this paper, we demonstrate an electrotactile display that can present tactile sensation in a plane with two-dimensionally distributed microneedle electrodes. The display is expected to increase the variety of tactile sensation and the amount of available information. We conducted experiments to determine the optimal gap between the microneedles to efficiently present a plane-like sensation. When the gap is too large, the subjects do not perceive a plane-like tactile sensation but only point-like stimulations at the electrodes, whereas the small gap leads to difficulties in manufacturing. A gap of 3 mm was experimentally found to be optimal. Using the manufactured electrotactile display, smooth/rough sensation in a plane was successfully presented on the forearm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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166. Development of a smart handheld surgical tool with tactile feedback.
- Author
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Lee, Choonghan, Kim, Uikyum, Lee, Dong-Hyuk, Nguyen, Canh, Nguyen, Dat, Phung, Hoa, Park, Joonwoo, Jung, Hosang, and Choi, Hyouk
- Abstract
This paper presents a handheld surgical tool adapting a tactile feedback system. The tool consists of a 3-degree-of-freedom (DOF) force sensor and three tactile displays. The sensor is easily embedded in the tool by adopting the capacitive transduction principle. The sensor measures the direction and magnitude of the 3-DOF force applied to the tool tip. The fingertip grasping the tool is stimulated by the tactile display to transmit the contact force information measured by the sensor. The tactile display is actuated by employing a soft actuator technology based on a dielectric elastomer actuator such as a type of electroactive polymer actuator. In this work, a prototype of the tool is designed and fabricated. Its performance is experimentally validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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167. Deformable Model-Based Methods for Shape Control of a Haptic Jamming Surface.
- Author
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Stanley, Andrew A. and Okamura, Allison M.
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CELL phone jamming ,HAPTIC devices ,HUMAN-computer interaction ,SURFACE topography ,DATA extraction ,TOPOGRAPHIC maps - Abstract
Haptic Jamming, the approach of simultaneously controlling mechanical properties and surface deformation of a tactile display via particle jamming and pneumatics, shows promise as a tangible, shape-changing human-computer interface. Previous research introduced device design and described the force-displacement interactions for individual jamming cells. The work in this article analyzes the shape output capabilities of a multi-cell array. A spring-mass deformable body simulation combines models of the three actuation inputs of a Haptic Jamming surface: node pinning, chamber pressurization, and cell jamming. Surface measurements of a 12-cell prototype from a depth camera fit the mass and stiffness parameters to the device during pressurization tests and validate the accuracy of the model for various actuation sequences. The simulator is used to develop an algorithm that generates a sequence of actuation inputs for a Haptic Jamming array of any size in order to match a desired surface output shape. Data extracted from topographical maps and three-dimensional solid object models are used to evaluate the shape-matching algorithm and assess the utility of increasing array size and resolution. Results show that a discrete Laplace operator applied to the input is a suitable predictor of the correlation coefficient between the desired shape and the device output. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
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168. Haptic Perception of Edge Sharpness in Real and Virtual Environments.
- Author
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Park, Jaeyoung, Provancher, William R., and Tan, Hong Z.
- Abstract
We investigate the accuracy with which the haptic sharpness perception of a virtual edge is matched to that of a real edge and the effect of the virtual surface stiffness on the match. The perceived sharpness of virtual edges was estimated in terms of the point of subjective equality (PSE) when participants matched the sharpness of virtual edges to that of real edges with a radius of 0.5, 2.5, and 12.5 mm over a virtual stiffness range of 0.6 to 3.0 N/mm. The perceived sharpness of a real and a virtual edge of the same radius was significantly different under all but one of the experimental conditions and there was a significant effect of virtual surface stiffness on the accuracy of the match. The results suggest that the latter is presumably due to a constant penetration force employed by the participants that influenced the penetration depth and perceived sharpness of virtual edges at different surface stiffness levels. Our findings provide quantitative relations for appropriately offsetting the radii of virtual edges in order to achieve the desired perceived sharpness of virtual edges. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
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169. Force Reflecting Graspers
- Author
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Faraz, Ali, Payandeh, Shahram, Kanade, Takeo, editor, Faraz, Ali, and Payandeh, Shahram
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- 2000
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170. Haptic surface exploration
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Okamura, Allison M., Costa, Michael A., Turner, Michael L., Richard, Christopher, Cutkosky, Mark R., Thoma, M., editor, Corke, Peter, and Trevelyan, James
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- 2000
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171. Dielectric Electroactive Polymer Membrane Actuator with Ring-type Electrode as Driving Component of a Tactile Actuator.
- Author
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Zhu, Rui, Wallrabe, Ulrike, Wapler, Matthias C, Woias, Peter, and Mescheder, Ulrich
- Subjects
ACTUATORS ,POLYMERIC membranes ,DIELECTRIC materials ,CONDUCTING polymers ,ELECTRODES ,TACTILE sensors ,FLUIDIC amplifiers - Abstract
We present a driving concept of a tactile actuator based on a dielectric electroactive polymer using a ring-type electrode. This electrode is located around a deflectable membrane. The fabrication process and tests of the tactile actuator including integration into a hydraulic amplifier design are presented proving the concept of the novel actuation. The tactile actuator exhibits a maximum measured deflection of 124±7 μm for an applied voltage of 4200 V. The membrane thickness and the total thickness of the actuator including hydraulic amplifier were 30 and about 570 μm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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172. Attentional resource allocation in visuotactile processing depends on the task, but optimal visuotactile integration does not depend on attentional resources
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Basil eWahn and Peter eKönig
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visual search ,multisensory integration ,attentional resources ,Attentional load ,visual modality ,Tactile display ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 ,Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system ,RC346-429 - Abstract
Humans constantly process and integrate sensory input from multiple sensory modalities. However, the amount of input that can be processed is constrained by limited attentional resources. A matter of ongoing debate is whether attentional resources are shared across sensory modalities, and whether multisensory integration is dependent on attentional resources. Previous research suggested that the distribution of attentional resources across sensory modalities depends on the the type of tasks. Here, we tested a novel task combination in a dual task paradigm: Participants performed a self-terminated visual search task and a localization task in either separate sensory modalities (i.e., haptics and vision) or both within the visual modality. Tasks considerably interfered. However, participants performed the visual search task faster when the localization task was performed in the tactile modality in comparison to performing both tasks within the visual modality. This finding indicates that tasks performed in separate sensory modalities rely in part on distinct attentional resources. Nevertheless, participants integrated visuotactile information optimally in the localization task even when attentional resources were diverted to the visual search task. Overall, our findings suggest that visual search and tactile localization partly rely on distinct attentional resources, and that optimal visuotactile integration is not dependent on attentional resources.
- Published
- 2016
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173. P‐127: Multi‐touch Tactile Display with Segmented Electrode Structure and Driving Method for Presenting Tactile Free‐shape Localized Textures
- Author
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Koji Shigemura, Haga Hiroshi, Harue Sasaki, Shin Takeuchi, and Takuya Asai
- Subjects
Materials science ,business.industry ,Electrode ,Multi-touch ,Computer vision ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,Tactile display - Published
- 2020
174. The impact of size and position of reference electrode on the localization of biphasic electrotactile stimulation on the fingertips
- Author
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Milica Isakovic, Jovana Malesevic, Milos Kostic, Strahinja Dosen, and Matija Strbac
- Subjects
Fingers ,body regions ,Human-Computer Interaction ,Tactile Display ,Touch Perception ,Touch ,Perception and Psychophysics ,Virtual Reality ,Humans ,Electrodes ,Electric Stimulation ,Computer Science Applications - Abstract
Development of haptic interfaces to enrich augmented and virtual reality with the sense of touch is the next frontier for technological advancement of these systems. Among available technologies, electrotactile stimulation enables design of high-density interfaces that can provide natural-like sensation of touch in interaction with virtual objects. The present study investigates the human perception of electrotactile sensations on fingertips, focusing on the sensation localization in function of the size and position of reference electrode. Ten healthy subjects participated in the study, with the task to mark the sensations elicited by stimulating the index fingertip using an 8-pad electrode. The test systematically explored several configurations of the active (position) and reference (position and size) electrode pads. The results indicated that there was a spreading of perceived sensations across the fingertip, but that they were mostly localized below the active pad. The position and size of the reference electrode were shown to affect the location of the perceived sensations, which can potentially be exploited as an additional parameter to modulate the feedback. The present study demonstrates that the fingertip is a promising target for the delivery of high-resolution feedback. The work in this study was performed within the TACTILITY project, which has received funding by European Union’s Horizon 2020 framework programme for research and innovation H2020-ICT-2018-2020/H2020-ICT 2018-3 under grant agreement no. 856718
- Published
- 2022
175. Mechanical design and control of a high-bandwidth shape memory alloy tactile display
- Author
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Wellman, Parris S., Peine, William J., Favalora, Gregg, Howe, Robert D., Thoma, M., editor, Bensoussan, A., editor, Grimble, M. J., editor, Kokotovic, P., editor, Kwakernaak, H., editor, Massey, J. L., editor, Tsypkin, Y. Z., editor, Casals, Alicia, editor, and de Almeida, Anibal T., editor
- Published
- 1998
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176. VE and Training, Limitations, and Opportunities
- Author
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Lotens, W. A., Riemersma, J. B. J., Seidel, Robert J., editor, and Chatelier, Paul R., editor
- Published
- 1997
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177. Evaluation of Electrovibration Stimulation with a Narrow Electrode
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Hiroki Ishizuka, Seiya Komurasaki, Kunihiro Kato, and Hiroyuki Kajimoto
- Subjects
tactile display ,electrovibration ,MEMS ,micro-actuator ,Mechanical engineering and machinery ,TJ1-1570 - Abstract
Recently, electrovibration tactile displays were studied and applied to several use cases by researchers. The high-resolution electrode for electrovibration stimulus will contribute to the presentation of a more realistic tactile sensation. However, the sizes of the electrodes that have been used thus far are of the millimeter-order. In this study, we evaluated whether a single narrow electrode was able to provide the electrovibration stimulus adequately. The widths of the prepared electrodes were 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 μm. We conducted a sensory experiment to characterize each electrode. The electrodes with widths of 50 μm or less were not durable or suitable for the applied signal, although the subjects perceived the stimulus. Therefore, we conducted the experiment without using these non-durable electrodes. The voltage waveform condition affected perception, and the subjects were not sensitive to the electrovibration stimulus at low frequencies. In addition, the stroke direction of the fingertip had a significant effect on perception under certain conditions. The results indicate that electrovibration stimulation requires an electrode with a width of only a few hundred micrometers for stimulation.
- Published
- 2018
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178. An Outdoor Navigation System for Blind Pedestrians Using GPS and Tactile-Foot Feedback
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Ramiro Velázquez, Edwige Pissaloux, Pedro Rodrigo, Miguel Carrasco, Nicola Ivan Giannoccaro, and Aimé Lay-Ekuakille
- Subjects
assistive technology ,blind pedestrian ,GPS localization ,mobile computing ,navigational system ,tactile display ,tactile-foot stimulation ,wearable system ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
This paper presents a novel, wearable navigation system for visually impaired and blind pedestrians that combines a global positioning system (GPS) for user outdoor localization and tactile-foot stimulation for information presentation. Real-time GPS data provided by a smartphone are processed by dedicated navigation software to determine the directions to a destination. Navigational directions are then encoded as vibrations and conveyed to the user via a tactile display that inserts into the shoe. The experimental results showed that users were capable of recognizing with high accuracy the tactile feedback provided to their feet. The preliminary tests conducted in outdoor locations involved two blind users who were guided along 380–420 m predetermined pathways, while sharing the space with other pedestrians and facing typical urban obstacles. The subjects successfully reached the target destinations. The results suggest that the proposed system enhances independent, safe navigation of blind pedestrians and show the potential of tactile-foot stimulation in assistive devices.
- Published
- 2018
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179. Dynamic Characteristics of a Hydraulic Amplification Mechanism for Large Displacement Actuators Systems
- Author
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Xavier Arouette, Yasuaki Matsumoto, Takeshi Ninomiya, Yoshiyuki Okayama, and Norihisa Miki
- Subjects
hydraulic amplification ,liquid encapsulation ,dynamic actuation ,tactile display ,MEMS ,Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 - Abstract
We have developed a hydraulic displacement amplification mechanism (HDAM) and studied its dynamic response when combined with a piezoelectric actuator. The HDAM consists of an incompressible fluid sealed in a microcavity by two largely deformable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes. The geometry with input and output surfaces having different cross-sectional areas creates amplification. By combining the HDAM with micro-actuators, we can amplify the input displacement generated by the actuators, which is useful for applications requiring large deformation, such as tactile displays. We achieved a mechanism offering up to 18-fold displacement amplification for static actuation and 12-fold for 55 Hz dynamic actuation.
- Published
- 2010
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180. A Review of Smart Materials in Tactile Actuators for Information Delivery
- Author
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Xin Xie, Sanwei Liu, Chenye Yang, Zhengyu Yang, Tian Liu, Juncai Xu, Cheng Zhang, and Xianglin Zhai
- Subjects
smart materials ,actuators ,tactile display ,Organic chemistry ,QD241-441 - Abstract
As the largest organ in the human body, the skin provides the important sensory channel for humans to receive external stimulations based on touch. By the information perceived through touch, people can feel and guess the properties of objects, like weight, temperature, textures, and motion, etc. In fact, those properties are nerve stimuli to our brain received by different kinds of receptors in the skin. Mechanical, electrical, and thermal stimuli can stimulate these receptors and cause different information to be conveyed through the nerves. Technologies for actuators to provide mechanical, electrical or thermal stimuli have been developed. These include static or vibrational actuation, electrostatic stimulation, focused ultrasound, and more. Smart materials, such as piezoelectric materials, carbon nanotubes, and shape memory alloys, play important roles in providing actuation for tactile sensation. This paper aims to review the background biological knowledge of human tactile sensing, to give an understanding of how we sense and interact with the world through the sense of touch, as well as the conventional and state-of-the-art technologies of tactile actuators for tactile feedback delivery.
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- 2017
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181. Computer-aided Instruction with blind persons on an audio-tactile basis
- Author
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Nater, Paul, Thale, Thomas, Goos, Gerhard, editor, Hartmanis, Juris, editor, van Leeuwen, Jan, editor, Zagler, Wolfgang L., editor, Busby, Geoffrey, editor, and Wagner, Roland R., editor
- Published
- 1994
- Full Text
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182. Multimodal Soft Tactile Display
- Author
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Tural Allahverdiyev and Riza Ilhan
- Subjects
Internet shopping ,Computer science ,Tactile device ,Electronics ,Surface finish ,Tactile display ,Simulation ,Haptic technology - Abstract
Developing a multimodal tactile display is a real challenge for haptic scientists. Users can perceive hardness, roughness, stickiness, and temperature on this display. To achieve maximum realism, all these surface qualities must be provided. In this paper, a tactile device is developed which is capable of providing these surface qualities. The softness is rendered using a pneumatically actuated balloon. The roughness is created by employing a stretchable conductive fabric. A Peltier is used to provide temperature feedback. A psychophysical test is conducted to test the performance of the display. Results show the feasibility of using the proposed display in internet shopping of fruits and similar materials which are simulated in 2D on electronic devices.
- Published
- 2021
183. SuP-Ring: A pneumatic tactile display with substitutional representation of contact force components using normal indentation
- Author
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Yoshihiro Tanaka, Hoang Hiep Ly, and Michitaka Fujiwara
- Subjects
Computer science ,Acoustics ,Shear force ,ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION ,Biophysics ,Tactile display ,Computer Science Applications ,Contact force ,Feedback ,Shear (sheet metal) ,Touch Perception ,Touch ,Indentation ,TUMOUR DETECTION ,Invasive surgery ,Humans ,Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures ,Surgery ,Representation (mathematics) ,ComputingMethodologies_COMPUTERGRAPHICS ,Mechanical Phenomena - Abstract
BACKGROUND Shear force is important for tumour detection and can contribute to minimally invasive surgery (MIS). A popular method uses lateral skin stretch to produce shear force but has some limitations. METHODS We have developed a ring-type pneumatic tactile display that employs normal indentation substituted for lateral skin stretch to represent normal and shear feedback, called SuP-Ring. Psychophysical experiments were conducted to evaluate how users perceive the provided feedback and the effectiveness of SuP-Ring in tumour localisation. RESULTS The experimental results show that the participants could perceive the provided normal and shear feedback well. Shear feedback enables users to enhance their performance in localising the tumour and normal feedback could contribute to ensuring the safety requirements in MIS. CONCLUSIONS The proposed tactile display could be useful for intraoperative tumour localisation and has the potential to be used in a wide variety of applications.
- Published
- 2021
184. Friction model of fingertip sliding over wavy surface for friction-variable tactile feedback panel.
- Author
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Fujii, Yohei, Okamoto, Shogo, and Yamada, Yoji
- Subjects
- *
VIRTUAL reality , *TOUCH screens , *FEEDBACK control systems , *FORCE ratio ,MATHEMATICAL models of sliding friction - Abstract
A friction-variable touch panel is capable of presenting virtual bumps and holes on its flat surface through the control of the surface friction when a fingertip slides over it. To improve the presentation, we developed a friction model of a fingertip sliding over a sinusoidal surface with an amplitude of 0.5–2.5 mm and a spatial wavelength of 20–50 mm. When a metal ball rolls over a wavy surface with a low friction and contact area, the ratio of the horizontal force to the normal force is equal to the gradient of the surface (this is referred to as the ball bearing model) and is hardly affected by the normal load and rolling speed. In contrast, the profile of the force ratio of a sliding finger is substantially skewed and affected by the sliding direction and normal force exerted by the finger. To model this skewed force ratio, we formulated the asymmetric pressure distribution in the finger-surface contact area and used the effects of the adhesion friction to model the dependency of the force ratio on the normal force and sliding direction. The developed model of a bare finger with these features was found to sufficiently simulate the experimentally observed force ratios. The model can be easily applied to friction-variable touch panels and enables the achievement of a wide variety of haptic contents with macroscopically concave or convex surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
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- View/download PDF
185. 图像局部纹理特性的静电力触觉渲染.
- Author
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王婷婷, 陈建, and 孙晓颖
- Abstract
Copyright of Journal of Image & Graphics is the property of Editorial Office of Journal of Image & Graphics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2016
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- View/download PDF
186. Vibrotactile Spatial Acuity and Intensity Discrimination on the Lower Back Using Coin Motors.
- Author
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Stronks, H. Christiaan, Parker, Daniel J., and Barnes, Nick
- Abstract
Tactile vision substitution devices are assistive devices for the blind that redirect visual information to the skin. The amount of visual information that can be presented on a tactile display is limited mainly by the spatial resolution of the skin and the ability to distinguish between various vibration intensities. In this study, we have determined the two-point discrimination (TPD) threshold and intensity-discrimination threshold (just-noticeable difference, or JND) on the lower back using coin motors. Given the importance of stimulus timing, we have determined TPD threshold and JND at different stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). The JND was determined between two coin motors with a distance equal to the TPD threshold. In this way, we could establish the contrast sensitivity at the maximal theoretical resolution. TPD thresholds tended to decrease at longer SOAs, from 52 mm edge-to-edge at an SOA of 0 ms, to 28 mm at 200 ms. The JND did not depend on SOA, and the average Weber fraction was 0.14. A median of 5 JNDs was available across the available dynamic range. Together, these data provide the predicted spatial resolution and contrast resolution achievable with a back-worn tactile display based on coin motors. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
187. Tactile mouse generating velvet hand illusion on human palm.
- Author
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Nadar Rajaei, Masahiro Ohka, Hironaga Nomura, Hiraku Komura, Shojiro Matsushita, and Tetsu Miyaoka
- Subjects
VIRTUAL reality ,ROBOT kinematics ,ROBOT control systems ,INFORMATION & communication technologies ,HUMAN-robot interaction - Abstract
To enhance virtual reality (VR) generated by tactile displays, we have focused on a novel tactile illusion, called the Velvet Hand Illusion (VHI). In VHI, moving two parallel wires back and forth between the two hands leads humans to perceive a velvet-like surface between their hands. In earlier studies, we revealed that the intensity of VHI could be controlled by a ratio (r/D), where r and D are the wire stroke and wire distance, respectively. According to these findings, we investigate in this study whether a common tactile display is able to produce VHI, and whether the ratio can also control VHI intensity. We prepare a dot-matrix display as a tactile display in which moving one line of the display's pins is considered as a wire pattern. We investigate the VHI intensity with regard to changing the stroke r and the line distance D using paired comparison. Experimental results show that the VHI intensity is increased or decreased by changing r and D. We conclude that VHI can be created by the tactile display, and the intensity of VHI is controlled by changing the ratio of r/D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
188. Multi-Section Sensing and Vibrotactile Perception for Walking Guide of Visually Impaired Person.
- Author
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Gu-Young Jeong and Kee-Ho Yu
- Abstract
Electronic Travel Aids (ETAs) improve the mobility of visually-impaired persons, but it is not easy to develop an ETA satisfying all the factors needed for reliable object detection, effective notification, and actual usability. In this study, the authors developed an easy-to-use ETA having the function of reliable object detection and its successful feedback to the user by tactile stimulation. Seven ultrasonic sensors facing in different directions detect obstacles in the walking path, while vibrators in the tactile display stimulate the hand according to the distribution of obstacles. The detection of ground drop-offs activates the electromagnetic brakes linked to the rear wheels. To verify the feasibility of the developed ETA in the outdoor environment, walking tests by blind participants were performed, and the evaluation of safety to ground drop-offs was carried out. From the experiment, the feasibility of the developed ETA was shown to be sufficient if the sensor ranges for hanging obstacle detection is improved and learning time is provided for the ETA. Finally, the light-weight and low cost ETA designed and assembled based on the evaluation of the developed ETA is introduced to show the improvement of portability and usability, and is compared with the previously developed ETAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
189. Head-Mounted Sensory Augmentation Device: Designing a Tactile Language.
- Author
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Kerdegari, Hamideh, Kim, Yeongmi, and Prescott, Tony J.
- Abstract
Sensory augmentation operates by synthesizing new information then displaying it through an existing sensory channel and can be used to help people with impaired sensing or to assist in tasks where sensory information is limited or sparse, for example, when navigating in a low visibility environment. This paper presents the design of a 2nd generation head-mounted vibrotactile interface as a sensory augmentation prototype designed to present navigation commands that are intuitive, informative, and minimize information overload. We describe an experiment in a structured environment in which the user navigates along a virtual wall whilst the position and orientation of the user's head is tracked in real time by a motion capture system. Navigation commands in the form of vibrotactile feedback are presented according to the user's distance from the virtual wall and their head orientation. We test the four possible combinations of two command presentation modes (continuous, discrete) and two command types (recurring, single). We evaluated the effectiveness of this ‘tactile language’ according to the users’ walking speed and the smoothness of their trajectory parallel to the virtual wall. Results showed that recurring continuous commands allowed users to navigate with lowest route deviation and highest walking speed. In addition, subjects preferred recurring continuous commands over other commands. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
190. Amplitude Control of an Ultrasonic Vibration for a Tactile Stimulator.
- Author
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Ben Messaoud, Wael, Giraud, Frederic, Lemaire-Semail, Betty, Amberg, Michel, and Bueno, Marie-Ange
- Abstract
This paper describes the control in a (d-q) frame of the vibration amplitude of a tactile stimulator based on ultrasonic vibrations. The goal is to fulfill simultaneously two objectives: maintain a constant level of the vibration amplitude and excite the system at the resonance frequency. A new modeling approach is presented in order to facilitate the control and to fulfill the two objectives simultaneously. Then, thanks to an experimental setup, the validation of the new model is performed. Finally, the result of the closed-loop control over a wide range of disturbing factors is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
191. Multisensory teamwork: using a tactile or an auditory display to exchange gaze information improves performance in joint visual search.
- Author
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Wahn, Basil, Schwandt, Jessika, Krüger, Matti, Crafa, Daina, Nunnendorf, Vanessa, and König, Peter
- Subjects
ANALYSIS of variance ,AUDITORY perception ,EXPERIMENTAL design ,SENSORY perception ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,RESEARCH funding ,USER interfaces ,VIBRATION (Mechanics) ,VISUAL perception ,TEAMS in the workplace ,REPEATED measures design ,DATA analysis software - Abstract
In joint tasks, adjusting to the actions of others is critical for success. For joint visual search tasks, research has shown that when search partners visually receive information about each other’s gaze, they use this information to adjust to each other’s actions, resulting in faster search performance. The present study used a visual, a tactile and an auditory display, respectively, to provide search partners with information about each other’s gaze. Results showed that search partners performed faster when the gaze information was received via a tactile or auditory display in comparison to receiving it via a visual display or receiving no gaze information. Findings demonstrate the effectiveness of tactile and auditory displays for receiving task-relevant information in joint tasks and are applicable to circumstances in which little or no visual information is available or the visual modality is already taxed with a demanding task such as air-traffic control. Practitioner Summary: The present study demonstrates that tactile and auditory displays are effective for receiving information about actions of others in joint tasks. Findings are either applicable to circumstances in which little or no visual information is available or when the visual modality is already taxed with a demanding task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
192. Attentional Resource Allocation in Visuotactile Processing Depends on the Task, But Optimal Visuotactile Integration Does Not Depend on Attentional Resources.
- Author
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Wahn, Basil, König, Peter, Arrighi, Roberto, and Hagura, Nobuhiro
- Subjects
PERCEPTUAL motor learning ,TACTILE sensors ,TOUCH - Abstract
Humans constantly process and integrate sensory input from multiple sensory modalities. However, the amount of input that can be processed is constrained by limited attentional resources. A matter of ongoing debate is whether attentional resources are shared across sensory modalities, and whether multisensory integration is dependent on attentional resources. Previous research suggested that the distribution of attentional resources across sensory modalities depends on the the type of tasks. Here, we tested a novel task combination in a dual task paradigm: Participants performed a self-terminated visual search task and a localization task in either separate sensory modalities (i.e., haptics and vision) or both within the visual modality. Tasks considerably interfered. However, participants performed the visual search task faster when the localization task was performed in the tactile modality in comparison to performing both tasks within the visual modality. This finding indicates that tasks performed in separate sensory modalities rely in part on distinct attentional resources. Nevertheless, participants integrated visuotactile information optimally in the localization task even when attentional resources were diverted to the visual search task. Overall, our findings suggest that visual search and tactile localization partly rely on distinct attentional resources, and that optimal visuotactile integration is not dependent on attentional resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
193. Warning Drivers about Impending Collisions Using Vibrotactile Flow.
- Author
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Ahtamad, Mujthaba, Spence, Charles, Ho, Cristy, and Gray, Rob
- Abstract
Vibrotactile collision warning signals that create a sensation of motion across a driver's body result in faster brake reaction times (BRTs) to potential collision events. To date, however, such warnings have only simulated linear motion. We extended this research by exploring the effectiveness of collision warnings that incorporate vibrotactile patterns or “vibrotactile flow”. In Experiment 1, expanding and contracting vibrotactile flow warnings were compared with a static warning (all tactors activated simultaneously) and a no warning condition in a car following scenario. Both vibrotactile flow warnings produced significantly faster BRTs than the static and no warning conditions. However, there was no directional effect. That is, there was no significant difference between contracting and expanding signals. Warnings that utilize vibrotactile flow therefore appear to provide an effective means of informing drivers about potential collision events. However, unlike comparable warnings utilizing linear motion, their effectiveness does not seem to depend on the precise relationship between the warning and collision events. Experiment 2 demonstrated that a tactile warning incorporating linear motion produced significantly faster BRTs than an expanding vibrotactile flow warning. Taken together, these results suggest that vibrotactile warnings that simulate linear motion may be more effective than vibrotactile flow warnings. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
194. Sharp Tactile Line Presentation Using Edge Stimulation Method.
- Author
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Sakurai, Tatsuma, Konyo, Masashi, and Shinoda, Hiroyuki
- Abstract
We provide supplemental data to a vibrator array tactile display, as well as additional data for application of the edge stimulation (ES) method proposed in our previous study. By vibrating two surfaces in different phases and touching their boundary, a strong continuous line sensation, not on the vibrators themselves, but along the boundary, is obtained. This vibrotactile edge is suitable for presenting virtual lines, areas, and shapes on a rigid flat surface. We investigated the fundamental performance of the ES method through psychophysical experiments. The effects on the vibrotactile detection thresholds were investigated for three mechanical parameters, i.e., the vibratory frequency, the phase difference between the vibrations, and the gap distance between adjoining vibratory surfaces. Two-line discrimination thresholds for lines presented by the ES method were also determined. We found that the detection thresholds under the ES method was lower than 10 $\mu$
m even at the low frequencies (lower than 50 Hz), which is significantly lower than that under simply touching to a single vibratory surface. A comparison of the perceived widths revealed that the ES method provides a more localized tactile image than a single-pin vibrator or a flat-top vibrator. A 3 $\times$ 3 vibrator array display was developed using the ES method based on the properties obtained from the experiments. Seven categories of display patterns were presented with the ES array display and the participants’ responses matched at 95 percent. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
195. A flexible multimodal tactile display for delivering shape and material information.
- Author
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Gallo, Simon, Son, Choonghyun, Lee, Hyunjoo Jenny, Bleuler, Hannes, and Cho, Il-Joo
- Subjects
- *
PHILOSOPHY of science , *THERMISTORS , *ISOTHERMAL processes , *METEOROLOGY , *REMOTE control - Abstract
The growing complexity of telemanipulation tasks calls for increased realism and intuitiveness of the interaction between the user and the master control. Humans perceive multiple haptic features of an object such as its stiffness, temperature, and shape, and rely on this multimodal information to achieve dexterous manipulation. However, to date, remote manipulators rarely provide haptic information to the operator. Moreover, current multimodal displays are often too rigid and bulky to be integrated into the manipulator. Thus, to improve the quality of teleoperation, there is a high demand for flexible devices that are capable of matching the skin's curvature while delivering multimodal haptic information to the operator. In this paper, we present a flexible tactile display delivering tactile and thermal stimuli to the user’s skin. We propose a hybrid electromagnetic-pneumatic actuation to operate a 2 × 2 array of tactile cells. Each cell provides a repetitive stimulation with a force and an indentation that are above the human perception threshold for the finger, palm, and forearm. In addition, the temperature of the display’s surface is controlled using a Peltier element attached to an air-cooled heatsink. By providing a reproducible cooling gradient, our display simulates common materials encountered in the daily environment. User study results show that (1) the tactile stimulation is perceived well and (2) the identification rates of objects simulated with the display were comparable to those obtained with real objects. Unlike previous devices, the thermal stimulation is delivered while the display is in constant contact with the user’s skin, a necessary requirement for teleoperation. These results demonstrate the potential of our device as a promising tactile display for providing haptic feedback in teleoperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
196. Design and Evaluation of a Thermal Tactile Display for Colour Rendering.
- Author
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Zhen Jia, Jianqing Li, and Congyan Chen
- Subjects
ROBOTICS ,TEMPERATURE effect ,AUTOMATION ,LIGHT sources ,PERFORMANCE evaluation - Abstract
This paper proposes a novel method of manipulating both thermal change rate and thermal intensity to convey colour information by using a thermal tactile display. The colourspace transformation from {red, green, blue} to {hue, saturation, intensity} is introduced, and the mapping between colour and temperature is established based on warm and cold colours. Considering the lower resolution of the tactile channel, six limited stimulation levels are generated to represent colours. Based on the semi-infinite body model, the thermal response within the skin for each stimulation form is investigated. The Peltier element of the display is designed to convey different thermal stimuli to the human finger. Two experiments are performed to evaluate the performance of the display: colour identification and discrimination. Experimental results indicate that there is a response bias among the perceived colours for the traditional method of only employing thermal intensity, but there is no response bias for the proposed method; subjects' mean recognition accuracy with the proposed method is significantly higher than that gained using the traditional method. Furthermore, colour information of the captured images can be reliably discriminated by using this devised thermal tactile display. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
197. Tactile display with rigid coupling based on soft actuator.
- Author
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Phung, Hoa, Nguyen, Canh, Nguyen, Tien, Lee, Choonghan, Kim, Uikyum, Lee, Donghyouk, Nam, Jae-do, Moon, Hyungpil, Koo, Ja, and Choi, Hyouk
- Abstract
The tactile display is a device which physically stimulates the human skin to reproduce the feel of touch. This paper presents a novel tactile display device driven by a dielectric elastomer actuator. The device adopts an indirect actuation method by using a rigid coupling, which aims to avoid direct contact of the human skin with the actuator. The rigid coupling is made of silicone to transmit the movement of the actuator to the touch layer located on the top surface of the coupling and provides the feeling of softness on contact. The device produces displacement about 350-140 μm at 0.3-10 Hz, which meets frequency requirements for simulating the Merkel cells as well as Meissner corpuscle. The force to simulate the fingertips can be exerted over 44 mN. This work describes its design, analysis and fabrication method in details with its experimental evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
198. Towards a Portable, Affordable Tactile Display
- Author
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Mark Witkowski, Xin Zhou, James Mardell, and Joshua Brown
- Subjects
Simple (abstract algebra) ,Human–computer interaction ,Computer science ,Visually impaired ,Experimental validation ,Tactile display ,Small form factor - Abstract
This work-in-progress project describes the evolution of a design for a small form factor, affordable tactile display using simple, easily obtainable motors and mechanical linkages. Performance characteristics of each display are given, as are plans for experimental validation of their potential to support visually impaired smartphone users.
- Published
- 2021
199. Electro-Tactile Display Kit for Fingertip
- Author
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Hiroyuki Kajimoto
- Subjects
InformationSystems_MODELSANDPRINCIPLES ,Hardware_GENERAL ,InformationSystems_INFORMATIONINTERFACESANDPRESENTATION(e.g.,HCI) ,business.industry ,Computer science ,Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS ,Electrical engineering ,Miniaturization ,business ,GeneralLiterature_MISCELLANEOUS ,Tactile sensor ,Tactile display ,Haptic technology - Abstract
An electro-tactile display is a compact, lightweight, and low-energy device that provides distributed tactile feedback. In this study, we reviewed the components of an electro-tactile display, such as the high-voltage source and switching circuit, to realize sufficient miniaturization to be embedded in other haptic devices.
- Published
- 2021
200. Selective and Divided Attention for Vibrotactile Stimuli on Both Arms
- Author
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Juan S. Martinez, Hong Z. Tan, and Gina M. Clepper
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Vibrotactile stimulus ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Forearm ,business.industry ,Divided attention ,medicine ,Selective attention ,Audiology ,Stimulus (physiology) ,business ,Tactile display - Abstract
The present study investigates how reliably one can selectively attend to vibrotactile stimuli, as well as what characteristics of the attended and unattended stimuli affect attention. Participants wore one tactile display on the forearm and another on the opposite upper arm. They were trained to identify nine stimuli varying in location and frequency and tested on stimulus identification under various conditions: attending to one arm when only one arm was stimulated, selectively attending to one arm when both were stimulated, or attending to both arms when both were stimulated. The results demonstrate 92% accuracy for the single-arm stimulated conditions, 82% accuracy for the selective attention conditions, and a significantly lower accuracy of 50% when attending to both arms. Accuracy was higher for the slightly delayed stimulus when selectively attending. Estimates of information transfer indicate that participants can selectively attend to three locations and two frequencies with high accuracy when attending to a single arm. About 24 combinations of stimulus alternatives on the left and right arms could be reliably identified when attending to both arms.
- Published
- 2021
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