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The article focuses on the causes and prognostic factors causing eye injuries during agriculture related activities including accidental direct trauma with farming instruments, injury through animal attack injury, and assault injuries in conflicts between crop farmers and herdsmen.

The article describes the case of a 52-year-old male with limited left eyelid ocular elevation and ptosis after colliding with a school of fish while swimming on the Red Sea. Topcis covered include an upper eyelid granuloma revealed in the magnetic resonance imaging and two foreign bodies detected near the orbital apex during the surgical procedure on excising the granuloma. The article discusses taxonomic analysis of halfbeak fish mandibles and healing of ptosis three months after surgery.

Examines the modern treatment of eye injuries. Development and widespread use of binocular operating microscopes, associated microinstruments and ultrafine sutures; Complications leading to delayed visual loss results from scar tissue; Ways of reducing the risk of retinal detachment.

Excerpts of articles in "Science" journals are presented including one on cell signalling research by Selimkhanov et al. within the issue, one on research of spin hall effects in transition metal dichalcogenides by Qian et al. within the issue, and one on a cell-based approach to prevent corneal scarring by Basu et al. in "Science Translational Medicine."

A panel convened to develop an evidence-based set of guidelines for the recognition and treatment of eye injuries and illnesses that may occur in the wilderness. These guidelines are meant to serve as a tool to help wilderness providers accurately identify and subsequently treat or evacuate for a variety of ophthalmologic complaints. Recommendations are graded on the basis of the quality of their supporting evidence and the balance between risks and benefits according to criteria developed by the American College of Chest Physicians. This is an updated version of the original guidelines published in Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 2012;23(4):325–336. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that conglomerate company Honeywell released a whitepaper on best practices for emergency eyewash equipment and procedures, including choice of wash solution ingredients, wash station features, and attention to expiration dates.

Introduction: Transorbital Alternating Current Stimulation (RTACS) has been studied in clinical trials for rehabilitation on patients with lesions in the visual system and significant beneficial effects have been demonstrated. In animal studies it appeared that RTACS may also induce neuroprotection early post lesion. To further investigate this effect we used In Vivo Confocal Neuroimaging (ICON) of the retina to follow individual cells with microscopic (cellular) resolution in live animals and by this to analyse influences of RTACS on neuronal survival and morphology. Objectives: We investigated whether RTACS treatment early after traumatic axonal lesion increased the survival of Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGC) and whether the protective effect was sustainable over 2–3weeks. Furthermore, we quantified the influence of RTACS on trauma-induced swelling and shrinkage. We also analysed neuronal activity with an indicator of cellular free calcium. As post-traumatic neuronal death develops over weeks, these experiments will indicate which pathophysiological phase is most responsive to RTACS and what may be the mechanisms underlying protection. Material and methods: Fluorescent markers were injected into the superior colliculus of rats and baseline ICON was conducted one week afterwards. We then performed optic nerve crush according to standard protocol. RTACS (biphasic square wave pulses; 1ms/phase; 100–200μA) was applied immediately after the crush and then several stimulation schedules were tested: (i) rare stimulation (2×) (ii) regular stimulation (5×; 2weeks) (iii) regular, sustained stimulation (7×; 3weeks). With ICON we quantified the number of surviving cells at different post-lesional time points and in study (i) and (iii) we also measured the cell size. In experiment (iii) we used a marker of intracellular free calcium (Oregon Green BAPTA) and quantified the fluorescent intensity which is an indicator of neuronal activity. Results: Our experiments suggest that RTACS increased survival of RGC when applied directly after traumatic damage. However, we did not see sustained neuroprotection in study (i) and (ii) but a very late protective effect in experiment (iii) [Fig. 1]. This indicates that for long-term neuroprotection frequent stimulations are necessary. Morphological analyses showed that RTACS decreases the trauma-induced morphological changes (swelling/shrinkage) and that intracellular Ca concentrations are influenced after the first week in which the death rate is highest. Conclusions: RTACS protects neurons early after a traumatic axonal lesion and there is a significant effect on cell morphology which suggests that the RGC do react less to a traumatic challenge when they are stimulated with biphasic currents. However, the effect seems to be only sustained when the treatment is continued. In this case, also the very delayed neuronal death can be reduced. Interestingly, neuronal activity is affected after the first week of massive cell loss in surviving neurons and we hypothesize that this may be associated with post-lesional neuronal plasticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the 3-month-old boy diagnosed with acute corneal hydrops on the left eye with infantile glaucoma who underwent an initial combined trabeculectomy and trabeculotomy.

The article discusses physical injuries to the eye in the form of blunt, penetrating or perforating injuries that can cause devastating damage. Penetrating injuries are usually associated with foreign objects, perforating injuries are those that disrupt globe integrity in two places, while blunt injuries can lead to a closed globe or open globe injury. The authors explain that the intraocular lens (IOL) may be expelled through the cataract incision, leading to a pseudophacocele.

A chart is presented that shows average annual rate of eye-related emergency department visits for injuries and medical conditions by age group in the U.S. from 2007-2010.

The article presents questions and answers related to posterior segment intraocular foreign body removal which include the management of a patient with sclera laceration without uveal prolapsed and the case of a patient who sustained trauma to the left eye resulting in a corneal laceration.

The article presents research that indicates the effectiveness of amniotic membrane transplantation for quick epithelial defect healing of patients with moderate ocular burns.

Purpose: To evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of patients treated for open globe injuries sustained at work and to compare these results to patients injured outside of work. Design: Retrospective chart review of 812 consecutive patients with open globe injuries treated at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary between 1999 and 2008. Methods: A total of 146 patients with open globe injuries sustained at work were identified and their characteristics and outcomes were compared with the rest of the patients in the database. Results: Of the patients injured at work, 98% were men, and the average age of the patients was 35.8 years (17–72 years). The most common mechanism of injury was penetrating trauma (56%); 38 patients examined had intraocular foreign bodies (IOFB). Nine work-related open globe injuries resulted in enucleation. There was a higher incidence of IOFBs (P = .0001) and penetrating injuries (P = .0005) in patients injured at work. Both the preoperative (P = .0001) and final best-corrected visual acuity (P = .0001) was better in the work-related group. The final visual acuity was better than 20/200 in 74.1% of cases of work-related open globe injuries. However, there was no difference observed in the rate of enucleations (P = .4). Conclusions: Work-related injuries can cause significant morbidity in a young population of patients. Based on average patient follow-up and final visual acuity, those injured at work do at least as well as, if not potentially better than, those with open globe injuries sustained outside of work. While the statistically higher rate of IOFB in the work population is not surprising, it does emphasize the importance of strict adherence to the use of eye protection in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the percentage of patients in whom endophthalmitis developed after open globe injury. Design: Retrospective, noncomparative, consecutive case series. Methods: Charts of all patients (675 in total) treated surgically for open globe injury at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary (MEEI) between January 1, 2000 and July 31, 2007 were reviewed. Cases with at least 30 days of follow-up were included in statistical analyses (558 in total). A standardized treatment protocol was used in all cases. Intravenous vancomycin and ceftazidime were started on admission and were stopped after 48 hours. Patients were discharged on topical antibiotics, corticosteroids, and cycloplegia. Surgical repairs were performed by the chief of trauma, a full-time position rotating yearly, who is on call for all open globe trauma. Data collection variables included timing of injury and repair, mechanism of injury, details of surgical repair, and details of follow-up such as duration, presence of complications, and vision. A primary outcome measure of endophthalmitis and secondary outcome measure of risk factors for endophthalmitis were studied. Results: During 7.5 years, 675 open globe injuries were treated at MEEI. Of these, 558 had at least 30 days of follow-up (mean, 11 months) and were used in statistical analyses. The overall percentage of endophthalmitis was 0.9% (3 culture-positive cases and 2 culture-negative cases). Four of the 5 cases achieved final acuity of 20/80 or better. Risk factors for endophthalmitis included intraocular foreign body (P = .03; odds ratio, 7.52) and primary intraocular lens placement (P = .05). Conclusions: A standardized protocol including surgical repair by a dedicated eye trauma service and 48 hours of intravenous antibiotics was associated with a posttraumatic endophthalmitis percentage of less than 1%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Purpose: To report the experience of enucleation after open globe at an ophthalmic trauma referral center. Design: Retrospective, observational study. Methods: In an ophthalmic trauma referral center the charts of all patients having suffered an open globe injury between January 1, 2000 and June 30, 2007 were reviewed. Variables assessed were age, gender, type of injury (rupture or laceration [penetrating, intraocular foreign body, or perforating]), ocular trauma score, visual acuity, subsequent enucleation, indication for and timing of enucleation, presence of sympathetic ophthalmia, and length of follow-up. Results: Among 660 open globe injuries, 55 have undergone enucleation (including 4 eviscerations), 11 primarily and 44 secondarily. Eyes with ruptures were significantly more likely to be enucleated than those with injuries attributable to lacerations (P < .001). The most common reason for secondary enucleation was a blind, painful eye. Two patients (0.3%) developed sympathetic ophthalmia and have maintained good vision in the sympathizing eye. Conclusions: The vast majority of open globes can be repaired without requiring primary enucleation. Secondary enucleation is most commonly carried out for pain. Eyes with no light perception can be closely observed if the patient chooses. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Reports that topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may offer a small benefit in patients with a corneal abrasion, but that cycloplegics and narcotics may be more effective treatment. Randomized studies comparing the value of opthalmic NSAIDs in the treatment of pain associated with corneal abrasions; Use of standard English language databases to find information on the drugs; Finding that the decrease of pain by NSAIDs may not be relevant to all patients; Study which allowed eye patching if pain was unbearable, even though studies of unilateral patching have shown slightly worsened pain when the affected eye is patched.

Compares patching with topical antibiotics in traumatic corneal abrasions. Information on corneal abrasions; Treatment given to adults with traumatic corneal abrasions; Discussion on the participants of the research.

Presents guidelines to ambulatory nurses on how to handle common eye emergencies. Avoidance on the use of steroids; Caution on orbital cellulitis among children; Immediate visual acuity test to black-eye; Use of anesthetic drops on ultraviolet burns caused by sunlamps and corneal abrasions.