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The mitogenic response of human peripheral lymphocytes to lectins can be decreased by brief treatment of the cells with lecithin-cholesterol liposomes. This fact indicates that the temporary increase of membrane fluidity, which occurs within 30 min after addition of mitogenic lectins, is an important early event for the subsequent activation of lymphocytes. This temporary increase of membrane fluidity is accompanied by neither a decrease in cellular cholesterol level nor by particular acceleration of the incorporation of polyunsaturated fatty acids into phospholipids. These facts suggest that this change in membrane fluidity is not due to the alteration of membrane lipid composition, but can be regarded as a result of temporary perturbation of membrane lipid bilayers induced by binding of the lectins to their membrane receptors.

Natural thymocytotoxic autoantibody (NTA) developed spontaneously in New Zealand Black (NZB) mice consists of two autoantibodies in terms of target cell specificity. One of the autoantibodies, NTA-2, is strongly cytotoxic only against desialized lymphocytes, whereas the other one, NTA-1, is cytotoxic against both intact thymocytes and asialolymphocytes. To study the pathogenic role of NTA in murine autoimmunity, DBA/2 mice were injected every other day with affinity-purified NTA (NTA-1, NTA-2). Control mice received normal mice sera (NMS) or saline. After 20 days of treatment, spleen cells from DBA/2 mice treated with NTA-1 or NTA-2 showed a significant increase in the number of anti-ssDNA plaque-forming cells and IgM-producing cells. Sera from NTA-treated mice showed greater DNA binding than sera from control mice did. The levels of proteinuria were moderately increased in NTA-2-treated mice. Con A responsiveness of thymocytes was markedly reduced in NTA-2-treated mice. On the other hand, Con A-activated spleen cells from both control and NTA-treated mice equally suppressed anti-SRBC antibody production in vitro, suggesting that NTA treatment didn't affect the direct precursors of suppressor T cells. Finally, prior absorption of NTA-1 by thymocytes prevented its ability to induce anti-DNA antibodies; however, prior absorption of NTA-2 by thymocytes didn't affect its activity.

The properties of a metal-polymer contact have been investigated using photoinjection of electrons from the metal into the PET. Contact barrier heights were determined from the Fowler's plot of photo-injection currents in PET. The barrier heights for Cu-PET and Al-PET were 2.90 and 2.83 eV respectively; however, the workfunctions of Cu and Al were 4.54 and 3.44 eV respectively. The difference in the barrier height between Cu and Al (0.07 eV) is much smaller than that in the workfunction (1.1 eV). This indicates the existence of surface states on PET. From a simplified contact model with a uniform density of surface states Ns, the value of the Ns was estimated as 1.7*1014 cm-3 eV-1. The barrier height was strongly affected by atmospheric conditions. O2 molecules adsorbed on PET can act as electron traps, i.e. surface states, because of their large electron affinity.

The dispersion dipole moment on three well-separated atoms is formulated with perturbation theory and evaluated for the Drude model. Then the dispersion force contribution to the adsorption dipole, composed of moments on the adatom and on the substrate, is calculated as a sum of two atom and three atom collision dipoles. The relation to electrostatic results for driven polarization is shown ; comparison is made with image theory analyses of the adsorption dipole.

The major glycoproteins that bind pokeweek B-cell mitogen (Pa-1) and pokeweed T-cell mitogen (Pa-2) were isolated and identified from bone-marrow-derived lymphocytes (B-cells) and thymus-derived lymphocytes (T-cells) of C3H/He mice. The surfaces of the cells were 125I-labelled by using the enzyme lactoperoxidase, and the plasma membranes were isolated from the 125I-labelled cells. These membranes were solubilized with Triton X-100 and subjected to affinity chromatography on the affinity adsorbent prepared by coupling mitogen Pa-1 or Pa-2 to activated Sepharose 4B. The glycoproteins specifically eluted with di-N-acetylchitobiose from the affinity adsorbents were analysed according to their mobility on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate. These glycoproteins were further identified by immunoprecipitation with specific antisera. Immunoglobulins, possibly immunoglobulins M and D, were identified in the eluate from the B-cell membranes, but they were not detected in the eluate from the T-cell membranes. The histocompatibility-2-complex proteins (H-2D, H-2K and Ia antigens) were found to be major receptor sites for the pokeweed mitogens on both B-cells and T-cells. However, mitogen Pa-1 (B-cell) has a stronger affinity to Ia antigens than does mitogen Pa-2 (T-cell).

Generalised oscillator strength for the dipole-forbidden quadrupole-allowed transition X1 Sigma g+ to a1 Pi g in molecular nitrogen by electron impact has been obtained from inelastic differential cross sections measured for incident electron energies of 500 to 2000 eV and scattering angles form 4.75 to 133.5 degrees . Relative measurements were made absolute by comparison with absolute elastic differential cross sections. The total cross sections for the transition X1 Sigma g+ to a1 Pi g have also been derived for various impact energies in two ways, by using the generalised oscillator strength and by directly integrating the measured differential inelastic collision cross sections.

A belt type high pressure apparatus was constructed with a chamber volume of about 1000 cc and an hydraulic press to operate the apparatus. The maximum pressure generated in the chamber is 6 GPa for a first step and 10 GPa for the final goal. The 6 GPa apparatus (FB120) was designed by the use of high speed steel anvils and a cylinder core. To prevent plastic deformation of the inner wall of the core special cell and inner sleeve materials of smaller thermal conductivity were adopted. A 30 000 ton wire winding frame type press was constructed for this purpose. The design and analysis of the press frame deformation during wire winding is presented.

Concanavalin A (Con A)-activated cells were fractionated by separating cells that agglutinate with peanut agglutinin (PNA) which binds preferentially to the sugar sequence beta-D-Gal-(1 leads to 3)-D-GalNAc. PNA-agglutinable cells were found to exert a significant suppressor effect on the primary antibody response to sheep red blood cells, whereas PNA-nonagglutinable cells did not affect the antibody response. It was also found that PNA-agglutinable suppressor cells were sensitive to treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 and complement (C), anti-I-J antiserum and complement, and anti-Ly 2.2 antiserum and complement. These results suggest that the PNA-agglutinable suppressor cells, separated from Con A-activated cells, were T cells and that these suppressor T cells possess abundant beta-galactosyl residues exposed on the cell surface, not masked by sialyl residues. Furthermore, it was found that antigen-specific suppressor cells were also separable by use of the agglutinability with PNA. The PNA-agglutinable suppressor T cell activity was eliminated by treatment of the Con A-activated PNA-agglutinable cells with anti-asialo GM1 and complement, anti-Forssman antiserum and complement, and anti-globoside antiserum and complement, but not by treatment with anti-GM1 antiserum and complement. Conversely, the helper T cell activity that was induced by Lens culinalis agglutinin and separated by Limulus polyphemus agglutinin, was eliminated by treatment of the cells with anti-GM1 and complement, but not by the treatment with the other anti-glycolipid antisera and complement.

Two lectins were isolated from Wistaria floribunda seeds. One is a strong mitogen against human peripheal lymphocytes and has been purified in the previous paper (Toyo-Shima S., Y., Nakano K., Tonomura, A., and Osawa T. (1971) Biochemistry 10, 4457). The other, which is a strong hemagglutinin being devoid of mitogenic activity against normal lymphocytes, has been purified in this paper by affinity chromatography on a Sepharose 6B column followed by DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography. Both lectins were found to be glycoproteins and their molecular weights were estimated to be 136,000 for the equilibrium. The hemagglutinin is composed of four apparently identical subunits of a molecular weight of 35,000 and the mitogen is adimer of 32,000 molecular weight subunit. Binding experiments with 125-I-labeled W. floribunda mitogen revealed that the maximal incorporation of [6-3H]thymidine or 32-PO4 occurred when only 5.2% of the avaliable receptor sites on normal lymphocytes were occupied by the mitogen. Furthermore, the mobility of W. floribunda lectins as well as other lectins bound to the cell receptor sites of normal lymphocytes was determined by fluorescence polarization of fluorescein-labeled lectins. The mitogen lectins tested, have high mobility and Lens culinaris hemagglutinin, have high mobility whereas the nonmitogenic lectins, W. floribunda hemagglutinin, Sophora japonica hemagglutinin, and eel serum anti-H hemagglutin show relatively low mobility. However, W. floribunda hemagglutinin bound to neuraminidase-treated lymphocytes showed relatively high mobility in accord with the fact that this hemagglutinin exerted weak but definite mitogenic activity against neuraminidase-treated lymphocytes. The change of membrane fluidity upon binding of the lectins to normal lymphocytes was also measured by fluorescence polarization of fluorescent hydrocarbon, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene, embedded in the membrane. The mitogenic lectins, W. floribunda mitogen and L. culinaris hemagglutinin, increased the membrane fluidity upon binding to lymphocyte cell surface within 30 min, whereas the non-mitogenic lectins, W. floribunda hemagglutinin and S. japonica hemagglutinin, did not effect the membrane fluidity. We suggest that the increase of membrane fluidity is one of the common biochemical events in the earliest stage of lymphocytes transformation.

Spinach, Chinese cabbage, celery, turnip, and carrot were grown in sand culture under glass and were supplied with NO3 (a mixture of nitrates of K, Ca, and Mg), NH4+NO3 (ammonium nitrate), or NH4 (ammonium sulfate) in the absence and presence of NaCl, to study the sodium chloride injury of these crops in relation to the form of nitrogen supplied. The nitrogen concentration of any nutrient solution was equally 10m.e./l (140ppm), and the concentration of NaCl added to the solution was 8000ppm for spinach and Chinese cabbage, 6000ppm for celery, 2500ppm for turnip, and 4000 ppm for carrot. The pH of the solutions was adjusted to 6.2-6.4 in all cases.1. Both in the absence and presence of NaCl, plant growth was much better with NO3 than with NH4. And NH4+NO3 plants showed growth similar to or less than that shown by NO3 plants. Effect of NaCl on the yield of crops was not always constant with each nitrogen form.2. The dry weight percentage of plants generally incresed with the increasing supply of NH4-N.3. In the absence of NaCl, plants supplied with NO3 developed no specific symptoms; but NH4+NO3 plants produced darker green foliage than NO3 plants in some crops, and produced uneven or leathery leaves in Chinese cabbage. The supply of NH4 alone generally caused various specific symptoms, such as entire or interveinal chlorosis, burn, or withering of leaves. The rate of dead leaves increased as the amount of NH4-N increased. Some crops supplied with NH4 alone had brownish or purplish rootlets.In the presence of NaCl, the supply of NH4-N crops caused serious symptoms of malnutrition more markedly than in the absence of NaCl with NH4 alone chlorosis was developed markedly in general, and leaves of some crops were fragile. In Chinese cabbage, NH4+NO3 caused marginal rot of younger leaves, symptom of Ca deficiency, more markedly than NO3; and plants supplied with NH4 alone were severely stunted in growth showing entire chlorosis, marginal rot, and burn of leaves. In carrot, branched roots occurred to a high degree with NH4+NO3 or NH4.4. In the absence of NaCl, as the proportion fo NH4-N in the solution increased, N content of both leaves and roots tended to increase; and P content of leaves similarly increased, while that of roots showed an irregular tendency. Content of K, Ca, or Mg of both leaves and roots generally decreased with the increasing supply of NH4-N.In the presence of NaCl, similar tendencies as mentioned above were obtained for each element, except for N in leaves which mostly decreased with the supply of NH4-N, and the content of any essential cation was generally depressed by the interaction with Na. Moreover, Cl or Na content of leaves increased with the increasing supply of NH4-N, while that of roots showed a variable tendency with crop species.5. It is concluded that NO3-N is much more favourable than NH4-N as the nitrogen source for the crops tested, especially in the presence of excess NaCl. Application of NH4-N in the presence of excess NaCl may cause marked interference in absorption of essential cations, especially of Ca, and increased accumlation of Cl or Na in leaves.

Chard, Japanese hornwort, pak-choi and spinach were grown in sand culture under glass, in order to investigate the effect of the stage of growth on the salt tolerance of these vegetable crops. Seeds of each vegetable were sown twice at an interval of about four weeks and were grown with HOAGLAND′S No. 2 solution. The salinization was started when plants of 2nd sowing were at the stage of cotyledon and was continued for four weeks. HOAGLAND′s solution of about 0.6 atmosphere osmotic concentration was used as the base nutrient solution(control), to which NaCl was added at 3 or 6 atmospheres osmotic concentration. Further, the osmotic concentration of the base nutrient solution was raised as high as that of these solutions containing NaCl, that is 3.6 or 6.6 atmospheres. (Tables 1, 2 and 3)Tolerance of each vegetable to NaCl at different stage of growth was evaluated in terms of the osmotic concentration of the culture solution associated with 25 per cent decrease vs. control in the increase in dry weight of tops during the period of the salinization treatment. Pak-choi and chard were considerably less tolerant at the early stage of growth (plants of 2nd sowing) than the later stage (plants of 1st sowing), while no marked difference of salt tolerance was observed in spinach and Japanese hornwort refering to the stage of growth. (Tables 4 to 7; Fig. 1)On an equal osmotic basis, the NaCl treatment much more restricted the growth of chard than the concentrated base nutrient solution, irrespective of the stage of growth. From these results NaCl seems to be toxic to chard especially in the early stage of growth. (Fig. 1)Pak-choi and chard showed the characteristics to regulate the excessive accumulation of Na or Cl in leaves at the later stage of growth, at which these vegetables were evaluated to be more tolerant to NaCl. (Table 8; Fig. 2)

From 1957 to 1960, vegetable crops were grown in sand culture under glass at various concentrations of NaCl to study their relative salt tolerance, visual symptoms of salt injury, and effect of NaCl on absorption of nutrient elements and carbohydrate content of plants. HOAGLAND's solution was used as the basic solution (control), and 1000, 2000, 4000 8000, or 16000 ppm of NaCl was added to it. The present paper, as a part of the studies, deales with the results of experiments on six fruit vegetables, namely, tomato, pepper, cucumber (the 1000 ppm treatment was omitted), broad bean, snap bean (the 100 and 16000 ppm were omitted), and strawberry. 1. With increasing concentration of NaCl, plants were dwarfed and the emergence of lateral shoots was restricted. Concentrations of NaCl above 8000 ppm in cucumbers, broad beans, and snap beans, and above 4000 ppm in strawberries caused severe dying off of older leaves and finaly death of entire plant. With the increase of NaCl, the fresh weight of tops (vines) was reduced, excpet that tomatoes showed the greatest weight at the 1000 ppm treatment The yield of fruits, however, was reduced in any crop with the increase of NaCl. The concentrations of NaCl in the solution corresponding to a 50 percent reduction in yield of fruits of tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, broad beans, and strawberries were about 3500, 3000, 3000, 2500, 2000, and 1000 ppm, respec-tively. In tomatoes, and peppers, the reduction in yield of fruits was more significant than that of vines. The dry weight percentage of tops generally decreased in high salt treatments. 2. The number of flowers tended in general to parallel declining vegetative growth as salinity in-creased. The rate of fruit setting was reduced mark-edly in the treatments above 8000 ppm in tomatoes and above 4000 ppm in peppers. In most crops, the dates of first flower opening and of first harvesting were not so remarkably affected by NaCl treatments, but in peppers, severe shedding of early fruits in higher salt treaments retarded the first harvest. No apparently harmful effects of NaCl treatments were observed on the fertility or germination percentage of pollens, and on the seed set. 3. Symptoms of salt injury were as follows: In tomatoes, leaves were dark green from 1000 to 8000 ppm, but were chlorotic at the 16000 ppm. In pep-pers, leaves were chlorotic and leaf margins incurl-ed at the 16000 ppm. In cucumbers, above 8000 ppm, leaf margins incurled and interveinal chlorosis occurred starting from older leaves before the death of the plant. In snap beans, leaves were dark green at the 2000 and 4000 ppm, while at the 8000 ppm older leaves developed severe burn between veins before the death of the plant. In strawberries, severe mar-ginal burn occurred in older leaves and petals were greenish at the 2000 and 4000 ppm. Blossom-end rot occurred to a high degree at the 1000 ppm and above 8000 ppm in tomatoes, and at the 2000 ppm in pep-pers. Broad beans developed no specific symptoms. 4. With increasing concentration of NaCl, the accumulation of Na in leaves increased almost linearly, except in peppers and snap beans, while Cl accumu-lated linearly in any crop. Cl accumulated in leaves in greater equivalent amounts than Na except in broad beans. Antagonistic relations between Na and other cations, i. e. K, Ca, and Mg, varied with ions or vegetables, and the total amount of these four cations in leaves decreased in peppers and snap beans and increased in the others with the increase of NaCl. The variation in the content of N or P was rather slight as compared with cations and was variable with the vegetable species. There was no definite tendency in the contents of carbohydrates.

In order to investigate the mechanism of salt injury of vegetable crops, spinach, turnip, celery, welsh onion, kidney bean, and chard were grown in sand culture under glass. HOAGLAND'S solution (about 0.6 atmosphere osmotic concentration) was used as the base nutrient solution, to which the mixture of NaCl, MgCl2, Na2SO4, CaCl2, and KCl at the same ratio in sea water, or each of NaCl, Na2SO4, CaCl2, or MgCl2, was added at 2 and 4 atmospheres osmotic concentration (4 and 8 atm. only for chard). Further, the osmotic concentration of HOAGLAND's solution was raised as high as that of these solutions containing excess salts.1. In most cases, growth reduction was almost linear with the increasing osmotic concentration of the substrate, and the reduction was independent of the kind of salts on an equal osmotic basis. Therefore, the inhibitory effect of excess salts on the plant growth is considered to be primarily due to the osmotic effects in general. However, MgCl2, was generally more toxic than the other salts, and chloride salts were definitely toxic for chard. Sodium salts had favourable effects on the fresh weight yield of spinach and celery, but in the latter crop severe blackheart, a calcium deficiency symptom, developed.2. Effects of excess salts on the calcium absorption by plants were recognized as follows: The increase of the osmotic concentration of nutrient solution markedly inhibited the calcium absorption in celery which easily developed calcium deficiency symptom. In most of the other crops, however, such osmotic inhibition of calcium absorption was not or only slightly observed. In NaCl, Na2SO"4 or MgCl2, treatments, antagonistic relation was observed between Ca and any other cations added; and on an equal osmotic basis, MgCl2, had most marked inhibitory effect on the calcium absorption. The inhibitory effect of excess NaCl on the Ca absorption by plants was recognized to be due to the interaction between Na and Ca in most crops except for celery. In general, sea water salts resulted in slightly lower Ca content in leaves than NaCl, which fact seems to be due to the effect of Mg++ ion in sea water salts.3. Direct toxic effects of Na or Cl were not observed in most crops except for the chloride toxicity in chard.4. On an equal osmotic basis, sea water salts and NaCl produced similar results as to the plant growth, visual symptoms and inorganic composition of leaves except for the Mg content. This fact shows that the ion effects of sea water salts are principally due to N+ and Cl- ions. This point was discussed further on the basis of the composition of real sea water.

Experiments were carried out in order to investigate the effects of NaCl content in he culture solution on the vegetative growth and on the uptake of nutrient elements on ome vegetables in solution and sand culture under the greenhouse condition. For he solution culture of strawberry in the spring of 1951, KASUGAI'S solution was sed as control and various concentrations of NaCl from 500 to 3, 000ppm were added, and or the sand culture of welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.) and Taisai (Brassica hinensis L.) in the autumn of 1952, HOAGLAND solution was used as control and arious concentrations of NaCl from 2, 000 to 10, 000ppm were added.The strawberry seemed to be the most sensitive showing fairly severe leaf scorch, blackish brown root and poor growth in solution containing 3, 000ppm of NaCl. The welsh onion showed no specific symptoms of injury except dwarfing, while in the case of Taisal, dark green and curled leaves were observed in the NaCl treatments.Growth of these three vegetables was reduced according to the increasing amounts of salt in the culture solution and growth depression curves showed no evidence of an brupt point at which the effect of increasing concentration of NaCl became pronounced.Total sugar contents of each crop were measured and the results suggested that xcessive amounts of chloride interfere with carbohydrate metabolism.Leaves of each crop were analysed for their inorganic constituents and the following esults were obtained as the concentrations of NaCl increased. The contents of Na and Cl of any crop were almost in proportion to the amounts of salt in the substrate, but hese crops seemed to accumulate Cl larger than Na. In the strawberry, N, P, K, Ca, Mg tc. decreased in the treatments containing high concentrations of NaCl, and in the elsh onion, these elements showed rather small increase, while in the Taisai, P and specially K. Ca, Mg decreased except N which showed the tendency of increase.

During late July and early August in 1950, leaf samples of Jonathan and Rall's Janet, the two lea-ding varieties in the Nagano Prefecure, were collected from commercial orchards, and their chemical com-position was determined in order to obtain some informations about the nutritional condition of the trees from which the samples were collected. The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the leaves of the two varieties were as follows: Jonathan (121 samples) Rall's Janed (102 samples) Lowest Highest Mean Lowest Highest Mean N 1.91% 2.79 2.34 2.30 2.98 2.59 P 0.12% 0.23 0.164 0.12 0.24 0.181 K 0.69% 2.14 1.35 0.76 2.33 1.37 Comparison of chemical composition in twenty pairs of the two varieties in which the ages of the trees, cultural practices and other conditions seemed to be corresponding, revealed that N, P and K contents of Rall's Janet were significantly higher than the ones of Jonathan. (Table 2) The age of trees affected slightly the N and P content in Jonathan and P content in Rall's, the trees the older, the contents in the leaves the less. Potassium content in the leaves was low in Kamitakai county, and was decidedly high in Nagano city and Ina district. Twelve out of 223 samples were less than 1.0% in potassium content, most of which were found in the Kamitakai county. Phosphorus content was low in northern part of Kamitakai county, and was generally high in Higashi-Chikuma county and Nagano city There was no correlation between the content of natritional elements in the apple leaves and the amount of the elements applied in the year as fertilizers. There was no ceifference between the leaf composition of apples grafted on Malus Sieboldii (Mitsuba-kaido) stock and the ones grafted on M. prunifolia (Maruba-kaido) stock. Positive correlation was found between nitrogen and phosphorus content in the apple leaves in both, varieties.

"東海地方産のAphyllophorales目,Phylacteriaceaeに属するSarcodon aspratusをFruit bodyの菌傘部,傘柄上部・中部・石付部の各部分に分けて,成分を分析した結果について,つぎのように報告を行なった.1)Sarcodon aspratusの各部分別を比較検討した結果,大きく二つの共通する傾向が認められた.2)菌傘部は粗タンパク質・純タンパク質・粗脂肪・粗繊維・粗灰分・Ergosterinが,他の部分に比較して多く含有されている.3)これらの成分は傘柄部の上部より石付部にいたるにしたがい減少の傾向を示している.4)炭水化物, Mannite, Trehaloseは傘柄部に多く含有される傾向が認められた.", "Chemical component of the fruit body of Sarcodon aspratus (Aphyllophorales, Phylacteriaceae) was analized. The results of the analysis were compared among pileus, upper part of stalk, middle part of stalk and lower part of stalk. 1) The analysis of each part of Sarcodon aspratus proved the two common tenddencies of the component. 2) When the pileus compared with the other parts of the fruit body, it contained more crude protein, true protein, crude fat, crude fiber, crude ash and ergosterin. 3) These components have the trend of decreasing from the upper part to the lower part of the fruit body. 4) It was recognized that the stalk contained more carbohydrate, mannite and trehalose than the pileus."

1. Experiments were carried out in 1955 in order to study the effects of the concentration of NaCl in the culture solution on the growth, flowering, fruit bearing and chemical composition of the egg-plant, in sand culture under the glasshouse condition. HOAGLAND's nutrient solution was used as the basic solution, and in the NaCl treatment, the concentrations of Nacl added ranged between 2, 000 and 14, 000ppm at intervals of 2, 000ppm. “Shinkuro” variety was sown on Feb. 1 in the sand seed bed, and young plants were transfered on May 7 to the washed river sand in 5-gallon glazed crocks. Nacl treatments were initiated on May 23 and continued till July 23. 2. The growth of plants was reduced almost in inverse proportion to the increasing concentration of NaCI, bu tno other specific symptoms appeared in the NaCl treatments. 3. No harmful effects of NaCl treatments on the fertility of pollen and its rate of germination were observed. 4. Both the number of flowers and the rate of the occurrence of perfect (long-styled) flowers decreased with the increase of NaCl concentration, but the influence of NaCl on the rate of fruit bearing was not evident. 5. With the increase of NaCl, the yield of fruits was reduced markedly, while the quality of fruits and the seed set appeared not to be affected. 6. Leaf analyses gave the following results. The contents of both Na and Cl increased almost in proportion to the concentration of NaCl in the solution, but Cl accumulated at the higher rate than Na. With the increasing concentration of NaCl. the contents of N and P increased slightly, while Mg and Ca, especially the latter, decreased markedly. The content of K showed the peak at 4, 000ppm of Nacl. Carbohydrates decreased with the increase of NaCl.

"Grifola albieans Imazekiの成分を分析した結果について報告した.1)各成分とも産地の別による差はほとんどみられず,他の食用菌類と同様の結果がみられた.2)成熟段階に伴なう成分の変化にはかなり顕著なものがみられた.すなわち粗たんぱく質および純たんぱく質はかなり減少したが,炭水化物,粗脂肪,粗灰分および水分も減少する傾向がみられた.粗せんい,マンニット,トレハロースおよびエルゴステリンは成熟につれて増加の傾向がみられた.4)粗脂肪,マンニットおよびエルゴステリンの変化については,Sarcodon aspratusは逆の傾向がみられた.", "The chemical components of the fruit bodies of Grifola albieans Imazeki were anayzed. 1) There was no difference in chemical component among fruit bodies grown in different district. Similar result was obtained about other esculent Basidiomycetes. 2) The difference of chemical component was clear among fruit bodies in various stages of ripening. When the ripe fruit body was compared with younger ones, it contained less crude protein, pure protein, carbohydrate, crude fat, crude ash and moisture. Crude fiber, manmt, trehalose and ergosterin were contained more in ripe fruit body than in unripe one. 3) In G albieans, manmt and ergosterin increased and crude fat decreased as fruit body ripened, but opposite results were obtained about Sarcodon aspratus."

"The excellent esculent fungi such as Tricholoma matsutake and others were observed to grow in the Pinus densiflora forest. The authors observed the fungi growing in P. densiflora forest of Suzuka mountains. 1) From the viewpoint of Faciation, the forest of Suzuka mountains belong to the forest of Rhodoreto-Pinetum densiflorae. These forests were classified into following six Subassociations, i. e. Subass rhodoretosum, Subass quercetosum, Subass cyclobalanopsidetosum, Subass micanetosum, Subass sasetosum and Sabass dicranoptendetosum. 2) In P. densiflora forest, Tricholoma pinetorum and other fungi grew even in snowdrift season. Mycena pura and other fungi grew in spring. Russula and other many species of fungi were observed in summer. From late summer to autumn, the excellent esculent fungi such as Tricholoma matsutake were observed. 3) Thirty species of the esculent fungi were on the forest floor and four species were on the woods. 4) The fungi to be observed in P. densiflora forest were three species in winter, seven species in spring, fortyone species from summer to autumn and twentysix species in autumn. 5) The distinctive species of fungi were observed in every Faciations."

1. Studies were carried out in 1955, in order to investigate the dormancy of seeds of domestic and wild udos (Aralia cordata THUNB.) gathered in Japan. 2. Udo seeds scarecely germinated immediately after harvesting and when they had been in dry storage, while seeds stored in the cold wet sand germinated well. Domestic udo seeds germinated more easily than wild ones. 3. Chilling treatments (0_??_2°C) were very effec-tive to break the dormancy of udo seeds in dry storage. In this case also, domestic udo seeds germinated more easily than wild ones. Varietal differences were observed in the dormancy of do-mestic udo seeds, while there were wide variations in wild ones. 4. Injuring seed coats, soaking in the concen-trated sulphuric acid, thiourea treatment (0.2%), alternating temperature, and washing in the running water were not effective to break the dormancy. Light had no decisive effect on the germination.

A sialoglycoprotein with an approx. mol.wt. of 95000 was isolated from human lymphoblastoid cells of a MOLT-4B cell line, which was of human T-lymphocyte origin, by ion-exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography on a column of wheat-germ agglutinin-Sepharose and preparative slab-gel electrophoresis. The localization of this glycoprotein on the cell surface was indicated by surface labelling by the periodate/NaB3H4 and lactoperoxidase-catalysed iodination methods. Carbohydrate analyses of this glycoprotein revealed that its total carbohydrate content is 28% (w/w), and it contains fucose, galactose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine and sialic acid in molar proportions 1.0:4.0:3.7:3.5:1.2:2.5, suggesting that it has two types of sugar chain, i.e. sugar chains like those of serum glycoproteins and sugar chains of the type found in mucins. Actually, alkaline borohydride treatment of this glycoprotein yielded tri- and tetra-saccharide, the latter containing 1 molecule of fucose in addition to each molecule of galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine and sialic acid. This glycoprotein bound to Ricinus communis agglutinin and concanavalin A as well as to wheat-germ agglutinin.

We have found a simple procedure to convert epoxy-activated agarose into amino derivatives using ammonia solution. The amino derivatives of agarose were succinylated with succinic anhydride and then activated with N-hydroxysuccinimide according to the method of Cuatrecasas and Parikh. Formula: (See Text). Coupling of the ligand to the activated agarose (shown above) was performed under mild conditions. The adsorbent thus obtained has no charged group in the linkage region between the ligand and agarose, thus reducing the nonspecific adsorption, and the bonds formed (ether and amide bonds) are stable even in an alkaline medium. Lens culinaris hemagglutinin-Sepharose 4B prepared by this method was successfully used for the affinity chromatography of solubilized human red blood cell membrane in detergent solution and was stable when elution was performed with borate buffer, pH 9.8.

A 45-60 kDa Gal/GalNAc-specific macrophage lectin was found to participate in the interaction between tumor cells and tumoricidal macrophages activated by an antitumor streptococcal preparation, OK-432, and in the tumoricidal activity of the activated macrophages. The binding between OK-432-elicited activated macrophages and murine mastocytoma P-815 cells was inhibited on preincubation of the macrophages with a neoglycoprotein (Gal-BSA) or a complex-type glycopeptide (unit B) which was a specific inhibitor of the macrophage lectin. This binding of the macrophages to P-815 cells was also inhibited on the addition of anti-macrophage lectin antiserum. Contrary to the case of OK-432-elicited macrophages, the binding of thioglycolate-elicited (responsive) macrophages to P-815 cells was inhibited only a little by Gal-BSA and unit B, and not inhibited by the antiserum. Furthermore, the tumoricidal activity of the activated macrophages was inhibited by the addition of the anti-macrophage lectin antiserum. These results suggest that the binding of activated macrophages to tumor cells through the Gal/GalNAc-specific macrophage lectin is an important part of the tumor cell killing mechanism.

The interactions among the major sialoglycoprotein and peripheral proteins of human erythrocyte membranes were investigated by the long range resonance energy transfer between different fluorescent moieties separately conjugated to proteins. Consequently, direct association between the major sialoglycoprotein and spectrin was observed and divalent cations were required for their association.

A material that enhances the glucose consumption of oil-induced peritoneal macrophages of guinea pig, the activity being named MAF-G activity, was purified approximately 780-fold from human T cell hybridoma conditioned medium. A material showing growth-promoting activity was co-purified with that showing the MAF-G activity from the same conditioned medium. The two materials showed an identical isoelectric point of pH 4.7. When the partially purified MAF-G increased glucose consumption, it did not induce glucose carbon-1 oxidation. MAF-G activity was inhibited by mitomycin C and colchicine, which inhibit DNA synthesis and mitosis, respectively, but not by 2-deoxy-D-glucose, an inhibitor of glucose metabolism. The partially purified MAF-G also enhanced the glucose consumption and proliferation of human monocytes. These observations suggest that MAF-G may be identical with the growth-promoting factor for macrophages.

In order to use, as hapten inhibitors against various galactose-binding lectins, the derivatives of O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)-L-serine, which is the common core structure of sugar chains of most mucins, the synthesis of these compounds was investigated. Koenigs-Knorr condensation of the 4,6-O-benzylidene derivative of O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-tosyl-L-serine methyl ester with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl bromide gave O-(2,3,4,L-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1 leads to 3)-O-(2-acetamido-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-tosyl-L-serine. Deacetylation, followed by acid hydrolysis of the benzylidene group, gave O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-O-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-tosyl-L-serine. A beta anomer at the glycoside linkage of the 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose residue was also synthesized by the same procedure. Agaricus bisporus (mushroom) hemagglutinin was found to recognize the O-alpha-glycosyl linkage between 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose and L-serine, in addition to the O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose sugar sequence, for which Arachis hypogaea (peanut) and Bauhinia purpurea hemagglutinins were found to be specific. Ricinus communis hemagglutinin is more specific for the O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose (commonly found in serum glycoproteins) than for the O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 linked to 3)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose sequence. With Wistaria floribunda hemagglutinin, not much difference in the inhibitory activities of these two sugar sequences was observed, and O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-tosyl-L-serine was the strongest inhibitor against this lectin.

As a model experiment for the preparation of cancer chemotherapeutic agents, a disulfide-linked conjugate of rabbit anti-mouse IgG (RaMIgG) and ricin A-cahin was synthesized. Activated sulfhydryl groups were first introduced into RaMIgG and then the modified RaMIgG was reacted with ricin A-chain. The fraction containing the conjugate was obtained from the reaction mixture by gel filtration through Sephadex G-150 and was characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion in agar. The inhibitory activity of A-chain against protein synthesis in a cell-free system and the binding activity of RaMIgG to mouse B lymphocytes were both fully retained. The purified conjugate selectively inhibited protein synthesis in mouse B lymphocytes possessing cell surface Ig, but not that in thymocytes. The cytotoxicity was inhibited by adding mouse IgG and an excess amount of RaMIgG to the cell culture. The effects of unlinked RaMIgG and A-chain on the cytotoxicity were negligible even when the two were used as a mixture.

We investigated the cytotoxic activity of recombinant human lymphotoxin (rHuLT) against Meth A sarcoma in vitro and in vivo. In direct cytotoxic assay, Meth A cells showed very low, if any, sensitivity to rHuLT. However, rHuLT was found to be strongly cytotoxic for subcutaneously implanted Meth A cells. In order to explain this discrepancy, we examined the indirect effects of rHuLT on Meth A cells particularly through macrophages. rHuLT showed macrophage chemotactic activity in vitro and also in vivo. Thus, injection of rHuLT into the mouse peritoneal cavity caused migration of macrophages to the peritoneal cavity. In addition, histologic analysis revealed that 6 h after intratumor injection of rHuLT, nonspecific esterase-positive cells started to migrate into Meth A tumor tissues, and after a further 24 h, a larger number of nonspecific esterase-positive cells had migrated into the Meth A tumor tissues. Moreover, peritoneal exudate cells induced by rHuLT showed considerably higher cytotoxic activity against Meth A cells than proteose peptone- or phosphate-buffered saline-induced peritoneal exudate cells. Furthermore, the cytotoxic activity of peritoneal exudate cells was found to reside in macrophages. Investigation of the mechanism of macrophage activation by rHuLT revealed that rHuLT can activate macrophages for cytotoxicity synergistically with mouse interferon-gamma. These results strongly suggest that rHuLT, when injected into the tumor, can induce the migration of macrophages into the tumor and activate macrophages in situ to kill tumor cells.

Two hundred and seventy eight absence seizures were recorded from 60 patients by an intensive monitoring device. They were divided into two subtypes, typical and atypical absences based on their ictal discharges whether the spike-wave rhythm was at 3 cps or not. These two absence seizures did not differ so much with regard to loss of consciousness except that: 1) the durations of discharge in atypical absences were longer than those of typical ones, 2) the recovery from clouded consciousness to a state of full-awareness was apparently delayed in atypical absences after the termination of epileptic discharges, 3) the oral automatisms were more associated with typical absences and the decreased postural tones with atypical absences. By a numerical analysis of two parameters of spike-wave, that is, its frequency ad rhythmicity, it was shown that absences with spike-waves slower than 30 cps and with poor rhythmicity which roughly corresponded with atypical absences were more therapy-resistant in comparison with those having 3 cps spike waves and good rhythm which were usually typical absences. Sodium valproate was more effective on typical absences, however, there was no difference between typical and atypical absences in the therapeutic maintenance concentrations of serum valproate acid. We would like to emphasize that the comparison of the symptomatology between typical and atypical absences is of significance not only for understanding the etiology of the epilepsies but for the guideline of practical pharmacotherapy.

2-Methyl-[3,6-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-alpha D-glucopyrano]-[2,1-d]-2oxazoline (4) was prepared from 2-acetamido-3,6-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl chloride. Condensation of 3,4:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-mannose dimethyl acetal with 4 in the presence of a catalytic amount of p-toluenesulfonic acid afforded O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1 linked to 4)-O-(2-acetamido-3,6-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1 linked to 2)-3,4:5,6-di-O-ispropylidene-D-mannose dimethyl acetal (6) in 8.6% yield. Catalytic deacetylation of 6 with sodium methoxide, followed by hydrolysis with dilute sulfuric acid, gave O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 linked to 4)-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1 linked to 2)-D-mannose (7). The inhibitory activities of 7 and related sugars against the henagglutinating activities of various lectins were assayed, and 7 was found to be a good inhibitor against Phaseolus vulgaris hemagglutinin.

The lymph node (LN) T cells from autoimmune MRL/MpJ-lpr/lpr (lpr) mice and control MRL/MpJ-+/+ (+/+) mice were compared as to their cell surface lectin binding sites and the glycoproteins responsible for the lectin binding. T cells from enlarged lymph nodes of lpr mice were found to express more binding sites for lectins which are reactive to poly[N-acetyl-lactosamine]-type sugar chains than normal +/+ mouse lymph node T cells. Furthermore, we found that high mol. wt (180,000-220,000) glycoproteins on lpr T cells were strongly stained with these poly [N-acetyl-lactosamine]-binding lectins on Western-blotting. These glycoproteins were found to belong to the CD45 family on immunoprecipitation and absorption with monoclonal anti-CD45 antibody. Thus, aberrant expression of high mol. wt CD45 (CD45R) antigens on lpr T cells may contribute greatly to the strong reaction of these cells with poly[N-acetyl-lactosamine]-binding lectins. We also found that poly[N-acetyl-lactosamine]-type sugar chains are more abundant on B cells than on lpr T cells, and that the molecular weights and the carbohydrate moieties of CD45R antigens on lpr T cells are different from those of CD45R antigens on +/+ spleen B cells.