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Background: Quadrupole moments of excited nuclear states are important observables for geometrically interpreting nuclear structure in terms of deformed shapes, although data are scarce and sometimes ambiguous, in particular, in neutron-rich nuclides. Purpose: A measurement was performed for determining the spectroscopic quadrupole moment of the 21+ state of 140Ba in order to clarify the character of quadrupole deformation (prolate or oblate) of the state in its yrast sequence of levels. Method: We have utilized a new combined technique of lifetime measurement at REX-ISOLDE and MINIBALL using the Doppler-shift attenuation method (DSAM) and a reorientation analysis of Coulomb-excitation yields. Results: On the basis of the new lifetime of τ(21+)=10.4-0.8+2.2 ps the electric quadrupole moment was determined to be Q(21+)=-0.52(34) eb, indicating a predominant prolate deformation. Conclusions: This finding is in agreement with beyond-mean-field calculations using the Gogny D1S force and with results from the Monte Carlo shell-model approach, This experiment was supported by the BMBF (06DA9036I, 06DA9041I, 06DA7046, 06MT238, 06MT9156, 06ML234, 06KY205I, 06KY9136I), RII3-EURONS (Contract No. 506065), HIC for FAIR, Grants-in-Aid for Young Scientists (20740127) from JSPS, the SPIRE Field 5 from MEXT (Japan), and the MINIBALL and ISOLDE Collaborations

The evolution of the one-quadrupole phonon mixed-symmetry state is important for understanding the role of the quadrupole proton-neutron interaction in the valence shell. To study the evolution of the ${2}_{1,\mathrm{ms}}^{+}$ mixed-symmetry state in the $N=78$ isotones above $Z=50$, a Coulomb excitation measurement was performed to identify the ${2}_{1,\mathrm{ms}}^{+}$ state in ${}^{136}$Ce by measuring absolute transition strengths. The ${2}_{1,\mathrm{ms}}^{+}$ state was found to be predominantly concentrated in the ${2}_{4}^{+}$ state of this nucleus. The simple picture of shell stabilization given to account for the fragmentation of the strength observed in ${}^{138}$Ce does not seem to apply to ${}^{136}$Ce.

As part of an ongoing collaboration between student groups at high schools and professional astronomers, we have searched for the presence of circum-binary planets in a bona-fide unbiased sample of twelve post-common envelope binaries (PCEBs) from the Catalina Sky Survey (CSS) and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Although the present ephemerides are significantly more accurate than previous ones, we find no clear evidence for orbital period variations between 2005 and 2011 or during the 2011 observing season. The sparse long-term coverage still permits O-C variations with a period of years and an amplitude of tens of seconds, as found in other systems. Our observations provide the basis for future inferences about the frequency with which planet-sized or brown-dwarf companions have either formed in these evolved systems or survived the common envelope (CE) phase., Comment: accepted by A&A

The one-quadrupole phonon excitation of mixed symmetry, the 2+1,ms state, is a fundamental building block of nuclear structure. This article gives a summary of our recent experimental research on this excitation mode in the A = 90 and A = 130 mass regions.

With the first X-ray free-electron laser (FEL), the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), multiphoton ionization has been pushed to a new regime, where atoms and molecules are not just ionized by a series of valence ionizations but "from the inside out". At unprecedented high intensities and short pulse durations in the soft X-ray regime, a series of inner-shell photoionizations followed by cascades of Auger decays was observed to lead to highly charged final states in rare gases such as Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe. Ion time-of-flight and fluorescence spectra were recorded for different FEL pulse energies and pulse lengths and compared to theoretical models to explain the underlying processes that lead to unexpectedly high charge states in Xe.

This study investigated the incidence of depression, posttraumatic stress symptomatology, anger, and guilt in a sample of 40 battered women in a shelter. Analysis indicated that 63% of the 40 scored moderate to severe on depression, 59% manifested high posttraumatic stress symptoms, while 38.4% and 54.5% reported problems with anger and guilt, respectively. Frequency and severity of physical abuse were not correlated with depressive or posttraumatic stress symptomatology.

The crystal structure and magnetic structure of the chromate series $A$CrO${}_{3}$ ($A$ $=$ Ca, Sr, Pb) where Cr exhibits the unusual Cr${}^{4+}$ oxidation state have been studied by comprehensive diffraction experiments. In addition we present a detailed analysis of the infrared optical properties of polycrystalline CaCrO${}_{3}$ which is found to be metallic along all crystallographic directions. CaCrO${}_{3}$ forms the rare case of a three-dimensional antiferromagnetic and metallic transition-metal oxide in which the occurrence of magnetic ordering is closely coupled to a flattening of the lattice. The same $C$-type magnetic order is also found in the Sr material and again is coupled to a structural distortion associated with lattice flattening. However, in SrCrO${}_{3}$ only a part of the sample transforms into the antiferromagnetic distorted phase. In contrast to CaCrO${}_{3}$ and SrCrO${}_{3}$, PbCrO${}_{3}$ clearly is insulating with a significantly larger unit-cell volume and exhibits $G$-type magnetic order.

Low-lying collective states in $^{126}\mathrm{Xe}$ have been investigated via the $^{12}\mathrm{C}$($^{126}\mathrm{Xe}$,$^{126}\mathrm{Xe}$${}^{*}$) projectile Coulomb excitation reaction at 399 MeV. The $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ decays were detected with the Gammasphere array. Coulomb excitation cross sections relative to the ${2}_{1}^{+}$ state were obtained. Twenty-two absolute $E2$ transition strengths have been deduced. An $\mathit{sd}$-- interacting boson model (IBM-1) fit agrees well with the new experimental data. This makes a quantitative test of O(6)-symmetry breaking in $^{126}\mathrm{Xe}$ possible. The measured absolute $B(E2)$ values indicate a preservation of O(5) symmetry, while the O(6) symmetry is broken. The evolution of O(6)-symmetry breaking and of O(5)-symmetry conservation in the $^{124,126,128}\mathrm{Xe}$ isotopic chain is discussed.

The present investigation deals with the validation of the experimentally obtained biaxial true stress—true strain curves of the HCT 780 C sheet material from the bulge test with the help of the FEA. Furthermore the investigation handles the consideration of the bending influence via the blank curvature evaluation with an optical measurement system Gom ARAMIS.

Young individuals of the bottom-biting (i.e. sediment-ingesting) common carp Cyprinus carpio and gudgeon Gobio gobio consumed significant amounts of nematodes in laboratory experiments, whereas the selective-feeding roach Rutilus rutilus did not. In mesocosm enclosure experiments in the field, C. carpio strongly decreased the nematode abundance within 4 days, whereas the bottom-biting bream Abramis brama did not affect the abundance until after 14 days. In controlled experiments with a known number of prey, C. carpio but not A. brama significantly reduced the number of nematodes, and G. gobio reduced the nematode abundance dependent on the size of the fish, with smaller fish causing a greater reduction. Cyprinus carpio consumed the nematodes and did not just mechanically kill them in the sediment, as shown by dissection of the fish intestine. Morphometric analysis of the branchial baskets indicated that the mesh width of C. carpio, but not of A. brama, is suitable for consuming meiobenthos. The results indicate that the meiobenthos is a food resource for certain bottom-feeding freshwater fishes. (C) 2010 The Authors

International audience; FLASH, the first FEL operating at short wavelength, has paved the way for novel types of experiments in many different scientific disciplines. Key questions for the first experiments with this new type of light source are linked to light – matter interaction and ionisation processes. This paper gives an overview of the ultrafast ionisation dynamics and electron emission of pure and doped rare gas clusters illuminated with intense short-wavelength pulses by summarizing the findings of recent years work at FLASH. Atomic clusters are ideal for investigating the light – matter interaction because their size can be tuned from the molecular to the bulk regime thus allowing to distinguish between intra and interatomic processes. The ionisation processes turned out to be strongly wavelength dependent. Plasma absorption, while dominant at 13 eV becomes insignificant at photon energies above 40 eV. The cluster ionisation and disintegration proceeds in several steps on a time scale from fs to ps. Insight into the involved processes can be obtained with ion and electron spectroscopy. The high intensity of FLASH pulses opens the door for a new imaging approach to study nanoparticles. Scattering patterns of single and few clusters can be recorded in a single shot. Initial results of scattering experiments and their comparison to Miecalculations show that two and three dimensional structural information of gas phase particles can be obtained this way.

The problem of finding a simple, generally applicable description of worldwide measured ambient dose equivalent rates at aviation altitudes between 8 and 12 km is difficult to solve due to the large variety of functional forms and parametrisations that are possible. We present an approach that uses Bayesian statistics and Monte Carlo methods to fit mathematical models to a large set of data and to compare the different models. About 2500 data points measured in the periods 1997-1999 and 2003-2006 were used. Since the data cover wide ranges of barometric altitude, vertical cut-off rigidity and phases in the solar cycle 23, we developed functions which depend on these three variables. Whereas the dependence on the vertical cut-off rigidity is described by an exponential, the dependences on barometric altitude and solar activity may be approximated by linear functions in the ranges under consideration. Therefore, a simple Taylor expansion was used to define different models and to investigate the relevance of the different expansion coefficients. With the method presented here, it is possible to obtain probability distributions for each expansion coefficient and thus to extract reliable uncertainties even for the dose rate evaluated. The resulting function agrees well with new measurements made at fixed geographic positions and during long haul flights covering a wide range of latitudes.

We have remeasured and have redetermined the $g$ factor for the ${4}_{1}^{+}$ state in $^{68}\mathrm{Zn}$ following inconsistencies between earlier measurements and a recent result. We have reanalyzed several former measurements by applying an alternative analysis procedure, which allows for determining the precession effect separately for each gamma detector implying less uncertainties in the background subtraction for the relevant spectra. In addition, all measured $g$-factor and $B(E2)$ data for the first ${2}^{+}$ and ${4}^{+}$ states in all stable even-$A$ Zn isotopes and the radioactive $^{62}\mathrm{Zn}$, are compared with new large-scale shell model calculations based on the most advanced effective interaction in the $\mathit{fpg}$-shell model space.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of outpatient medical rehabilitation (OMR) mainly composed of exercise therapy and sports for patients with asbestosis. Following the Hamburg model, the OMR focuses on keeping up lasting effects.In the frame of a pre-experimental study, 113 male asbestosis patients aged 66.1+/-5.8 years participated 6 hrs. a day five times a week over a period of three weeks in phase 1 of the OMR consisting of evidence-based contents of the pulmonary rehabilitation. Directly after that further therapeutic applications with the main focus on exercise therapy and sports were applied for 3 hrs. once a week over a period of twelve weeks (phase 2). After phase 2 the rehabilitation centre led the patients into sports groups near their places of residence (phase 3). The effects of the OMR were evaluated at the beginning (T1), at the end of phase 1 (T2) and phase 2 (T3) as well as 6 (T4) and 18 months (T5) after T3 by means of a suitable assessment.Compared to T1 physical fitness (6-minute Walk Test, Hand-Force Test) as well as health-related quality of life (SF-36), dyspnea (BDI/TDI) and oxygen partial pressure (pO2) were significantly improved in T2. These positive effects could be confirmed in T3. 89 patients (79%) were doing health-related sports regularly 6 and 18 months after T3 and could preserve their health outcome in T4 and T5, while the effects of rehabilitation of the 24 patients breaking off any sporting activities wore off again down to and even below the starting condition at T1.In spite of a restrictive pulmonary disease, specific exercise therapy and sports are able to mobilize physical reserves of performance and induce an increasing quality of life as well as a higher resilience in activities of daily living. These positive effects could be stabilized persistently by a regular training once a week. Thus, the results emphasize the necessity to include strategies of aftercare in the concept of rehabilitation.

We have observed CH absorption lines ($J=3/2, N=1 \leftarrow J=1/2, N=1$) against the continuum source Sgr~B2(M) using the \textit{Herschel}/HIFI instrument. With the high spectral resolution and wide velocity coverage provided by HIFI, 31 CH absorption features with different radial velocities and line widths are detected and identified. The narrower line width and lower column density clouds show `spiral arm' cloud characteristics, while the absorption component with the broadest line width and highest column density corresponds to the gas from the Sgr~B2 envelope. The observations show that each `spiral arm' harbors multiple velocity components, indicating that the clouds are not uniform and that they have internal structure. This line-of-sight through almost the entire Galaxy offers unique possibilities to study the basic chemistry of simple molecules in diffuse clouds, as a variety of different cloud classes are sampled simultaneously. We find that the linear relationship between CH and H$_2$ column densities found at lower $A_V$ by UV observations does not continue into the range of higher visual extinction. There, the curve flattens, which probably means that CH is depleted in the denser cores of these clouds., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A, HIFI Special Issue

Low‐lying collective excited states of 126Xe have been investigated via the 12C(126Xe, 126Xe*) Coulomb excitation reaction. Absolute E2 transition strengths have been obtained. These data are compared to the Interacting Boson Model near the O(5) symmetry. The agreement between the measurements and the model, enables us to understand the decay of the low‐lying collective states in terms of O(6) and O(5) selection rules and to quantify the amount of O(6)‐symmetry breaking in 126Xe.

Intercomparisons of dosemeters used in radiation protection are performed routinely in reference radiation fields under well-defined conditions. In the case of the radiation protection of aircrew members, such reference fields either do not exist or they can be partially simulated by accelerator-based fields. Another method is to perform simultaneous measurements on board an aircraft under constant flight conditions, i.e. at defined latitude, longitude and altitude. The intercomparison presented in this work is the second one of its kind. As reference instruments, two types of tissue-equivalent proportional counters (TEPC) were used in comparison with different silicon detector systems. The excellent agreement of the FDOScalc code, which is based on measurements made by PTB during different phases of solar cycle 23 with the TEPC measurements and the results of the preceding project "Coordinated Access to Aircraft for Transnational Environmental Research" (CAATER) even allows the in-field calibration of the Si dosemeters.

IDDRG - Conference Proceedings - Tools and Technologies for the Processing of ultra high strength steels

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an outpatient medical rehabilitation (OMR) mainly composed of exercise therapy and sports for patients with asbestosis. Following the model of Hamburg the OMR focuses on keeping up lasting effects.In the frame of a pre-experimental study 104 male patients aged 65.7 +/- 5.5 years suffering asbestosis carried out over a period of three weeks 5 times weekly 6 h at a time phase 1 of the OMR consisting of evidence-based contents of the pulmonary rehabilitation. Directly after that further therapeutic applications with the main focus on exercise therapy and sports were applied over a period of 12 weeks one time weekly 3 h at a time (phase 2). After phase 2 the rehabilitation centre led the patients into sports groups near at place of residence (phase 3). The effects of the OMR were evaluated at the beginning (T1), at the end of phase 1 (T2) and phase 2 (T3) as well as 6 (T4) and 18 months (T5) after T3 by means of a suitable assessment.Compared to T1 physical fitness (6-minute Walk Test, Hand-Force Test, PWC Test) as well as health-related quality of life (SF-36) of the patients were significantly improved in T2. Whereas the parameter "vital capacity" and "forced expiratory volume" showed no change over the period of investigation data of "oxygen partial pressure" was significantly increased, too. These positive effects could be confirmed in T3. 82 patients (79%) were doing sports due to health regularly still 6 and 18 months after T3 and could preserve their health outcome in T4 and T5, while the effects of rehabilitation of the 22 patients breaking off any sporting activities wore off again to and even below starting condition in T1.In spite of a restrictive pulmonary disease specific exercise therapy and sports are able to mobilize physical reserves of performance and induce an increasing quality of life as well as a higher resilience in activities of daily living. These positive effects could be stabilized persistently by a regular training one time weekly. That way the results emphasize the necessity to put strategies of aftercare into the concept of rehabilitation.

Kinetic Boltzmann equations are used to model the ionization and expansion dynamics of xenon clusters irradiated with short, intense VUV pulses from free-electron-laser (FEL). This unified model includes all of the predominant interactions that contribute to the cluster dynamics induced by this radiation. The dependence of the evolution dynamics on cluster size and pulse fluence is investigated. It is found that the highly charged ions observed in the experiments are mainly due to Coulomb explosion of the outer shell of the cluster while ions formed in the interior of the cluster predominantly recombine with plasma electrons. As a result, a large fraction of neutral atoms is formed within the core, the proportion depending on the cluster size. The predictions of ion charge distribution, average ion charge and average energy absorbed per ion made with our model are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. To our knowledge, our model is the first and only one that gives a full and quantitatively accurate description of all of the experimental data collected from irradiated atomic clusters at 100 nm photon wavelength.

26th International Conference on Photonic, Electronic and Atomic Collisions, ICPEAC 2009, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA, 22 Jul 2009 - 28 Jul 2009; Journal of physics / Conference Series 194, 032066 (2009). doi:10.1088/1742-6596/194/3/032066, Charge recombination in a nanoplasma produced by a short soft x-ray pulse from the FLASH freeelectron laser has been observed. XeAr core-shell clusters have been used to follow charge migration and frag-mentation dynamics. After multiple ionization of the Xe core, the charge is transferred to the outer Ar shells.While the shells explode the inner nanoplasma expands and recombines slowly. This delayed expansion of thecore could be of major importance for future imaging experiments at x-ray FELs., Published by IOP Publ., Bristol

Microglia are the resident immune cells of the CNS. In the steady state, microglia are constantly surveilling their environment and facilitating the maintenance of synapses. These cells are characterized by a small cell body with fine, ramified processes and low expression of surface antigens. Microglia can be activated by a variety of factors during CNS injury or degeneration, and once activated, retract their branches, and present a different antigenic profile. Both morphological and physiological properties have been used to identify microglial cells. Here we review commonly used methods for identifying microglia.

26th International Conference on Photonic, Electronic and Atomic Collisions, ICPEAC 2009, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA, 22 Jul 2009 - 28 Jul 2009; Journal of physics / Conference Series 194, 022106 (2009). doi:10.1088/1742-6596/194/2/022106, Published by IOP Publ., Bristol

Kinetic Boltzmann equations are used to model the ionization and expansion dynamics of xenon clusters irradiated with short intense VUV pulses. This unified model includes predominant interactions that contribute to the cluster dynamics induced by this radiation. The dependence of the evolution dynamics on cluster size, Natoms = 20–90000, and pulse fluence, F = 0.05–1.5 J/cm2, corresponding to intensities in the range, 1012–1014 W/cm2 and irradiation times, ⩽50 fs, is investigated. The predictions obtained with our model are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. We find that during the exposure the cluster forms a shell structure consisting of a positively charged outer shell and a core of net charge equal to zero. The width of these shells depends on the cluster size. The charged outer shell is large within small clusters (Natoms = 20, 70), and its Coulomb explosion drives the expansion of these clusters. Within the large clusters (Natoms = 2500, 90000) the neutral core is large, and ...

Coulomb excitation experiments in inverse kinematics on beams of stable {sup 134,132,130,128,126,124}Xe ions impinging on a carbon target at energies of 82% of the respective Coulomb barriers have been performed. The one-phonon 2{sub 1,ms}{sup +} states have been tracked and identified in {sup 134,132,130,128}Xe from the 2{sub i,ms}{sup +}{yields}2{sub 1}{sup +} M1 strength distributions and from 0{sub 1}{sup +}{yields}2{sub i,ms}{sup +} E2 strength distributions responsible for the one-step Coulomb excitation processes. The evolution of the one-phonon 2{sub 1,ms}{sup +} state within the seven even-even stable Xe isotopes is here presented.

To test the hypothesis that relationship beliefs are related to marital adjustment, 46 married couples completed the Relationship Belief Inventory (RBI) and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS). Significant correlations were found between the DAS scores and the D and S subscales of the RBI. It was shown that the low dyadic adjustment group made significantly more extreme evaluations compared to the high adjustment group. It also was found that individuals' perceptions of their spouses' relationship beliefs did not display the same trends observed with traditional personality questionnaires, in which marital adjustment was related to female accuracy and greater real similarity between spouses.

M. Hoener, C. Bostedt,* S. Schorb, H. Thomas, L. Foucar, O. Jagutzki, H. Schmidt-Bocking, R. Dorner, and T. Moller Institut fur Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universitat Berlin, Eugene-Wigner-Building EW 3-1, Hardenbergstrasse 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany Institut fur Kernphysik, Universitat Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany Received 10 June 2008; revised manuscript received 9 July 2008; published 18 August 2008

Resonant 2p x-ray absorption spectra of size-selected transition metal ions and clusters consisting of 1or=nor=200 atoms are reported. Remnants of atomic multiplet splitting in L(2,3)-edge x-ray absorption can be resolved up to the trimer, above which the overall line shape is already bulklike. A strong cluster size dependence of the L(2,3) branching ratio was found for titanium, vanadium, and cobalt clusters. While 3d electron delocalization increases with cluster size, the apparent 2p spin-orbit splitting remains constant within the error bars. The size dependence of the L(2,3) branching ratio can be attributed to cluster size specific screening of the 2p-3d Coulomb interaction by 3d/4s valence electrons.

Doctors are often confronted with end-of-life decisions. When deciding on the withdrawal of medical treatment physicians have to consider the legal position. This study was done to evaluated how far doctors at the university medical center in Düsseldorf had acted in conformity with the established case law in Germany.Between April and August 2006 doctors at the university medical center in Düsseldorf filled in a standardized questionnaire about the decisions they had taken to withdraw life-support treatment.128 of a total of 512 doctors questioned replied (25 %; 32,8 % females and 67,2 % males) . The survey showed that the judicial decision (that it is not necessary to provide treatment if life-support measures are not indicated) is largely determined by non-medical criteria. The clinical decision by doctors depended mainly on his personal opinion. Furthermore the survey showed that only a few doctors made use of the - lawful - option to withdraw medical treatment when this was not indicated. Finally the survey revealed that, in case of conflict between indication and perceived patients' wishes, the vast majority of doctors behaved in contravention of the decisions established by case law.There is the need to discuss what non-medical issues should be taken into account when determining the indication of withdrawal of life-support measures. The results also highlighted the uncertainties that exist regarding a doctor's decisions about it. Not only should legislation clarify whether "passive euthanasia" is allowed, but it would also be useful to delegate end-of-life decisions to a review board.

The caging effect of the host environment on photochemical reactions of molecular oxygen is investigated using monochromatic synchrotron radiation and spectrally resolved fluorescence. Oxygen doped clusters are formed by coexpansion of argon and oxygen, by pickup of molecular oxygen or by multiple pickup of argon and oxygen by neon clusters. Sequential pickup provides radially ordered core-shell structures in which a central oxygen molecule is surrounded by argon layers of variable thickness inside large neon clusters. Pure argon and core-shell argon-neon clusters excited with ∼ 12 eV monochromatic synchrotron radiation show strong fluorescence in the vacuum ultraviolet (vuv)spectral range. When the clusters are doped with O 2 , fluorescence in the visible (vis) spectral range is observed and the vuv radiation is found to be quenched. Energy-resolved vis fluorescence spectra show the 2 Σ + 1 → 1 Σ + 1 ( Ar O ( S 1 ) → Ar O ( D 1 ) ) transition from argon oxide as well as the vibrational progression A Δ u ′ 3 ( ν ′ = 0 ) → X Σ g − 3 ( ν ″ ) of O 2 indicating that molecular oxygen dissociates and occasionally recombines depending on the experimental conditions. Both the emission from ArO and O 2 as well the vuv quenching by oxygen are found to depend on the excitation energy, providing evidence that the energy transfer from the photoexcited cluster to the embedded oxygen proceeds via the O 2 + ground state. The O 2 + decays via dissociative recombination and either reacts with Ar resulting in electronically excited ArO or it recombines to O 2 within the Ar cage. Variation of the Ar layer thickness in O 2 – Ar – Ne core-shell clusters shows that a stable cage is formed by two solvation layers.

figuration 10Dq= 1.2 eV, eg= 1.4 eV, and t2g = 0.2 eV. The spectral weight of the lowest absorption feature at 1 – 2 eV changes by a factor of 2 as a function of temperature, which can be attributed to the change of the nearest-neighbor spin-spin correlation function across the Neel temperature TN = 133 K. Interpreting LaSrMnO4 effectively as a Mott-Hubbard insulator naturally explains this strong temperature dependence, the relative weight of the different absorption peaks, and the pronounced anisotropy. By means of transmittance measurements, we determine the onset of the optical gap opt = 0.4– 0.45 eV at 15 K and 0.1– 0.2 eV at 300 K. Our data show that the crystal-field splitting is too large to explain the anomalous temperature dependence of the c-axis lattice parameter by thermal occupation of excited crystal-field levels. Alternatively, we propose that a thermal population of the upper Hubbard band gives rise to the shrinkage of the c-axis lattice parameter.

Combining infrared reflectivity, transport, susceptibility, and several diffraction techniques, we find compelling evidence that CaCrO3 is a rare case of a metallic and antiferromagnetic transition-metal oxide with a three-dimensional electronic structure. Local spin density approximation calculations correctly describe the metallic behavior as well as the anisotropic magnetic ordering pattern of C type: The high Cr valence state induces via sizable pd hybridization remarkably strong next-nearest-neighbor interactions stabilizing this ordering. The subtle balance of magnetic interactions gives rise to magnetoelastic coupling, explaining pronounced structural anomalies observed at the magnetic ordering transition.

A cohort of 1020 rotogravure printers exposed to toluene and employed for a minimum period of three months in eight plants during 1925-85 was studied. Air levels of toluene were available since 1943 in one plant and since 1969 in most. Based on these measurements and on present concentrations of toluene in blood and subcutaneous fat, the yearly average air levels in each plant were estimated. They reached a maximum of about 450 ppm in the 1940s and 1950s but were only about 30 ppm by the mid-1980s. Exposure to benzene had occurred up to the beginning of the 1960s. Compared with regional rates, total mortality did not increase during the observation period 1952-86 (129 observed deaths v 125 expected; SMR = 1.03). There was no increase in mortality from non-malignant diseases of the lungs, nervous system, or gastrointestinal and urinary tracts. There was no overall excess of tumours 1958-85 (68 v 54, SMR = 1.26; 95% confidence interval, CI = 0.95-1.7). Among the specific cancers, only those of the respiratory tract were significantly increased (16 v 9; SMR = 1.76, CI = 1.03-2.9). Statistical significance was not attained, however, when only subjects with an exposure period of at least five years and a latency period of at least 10 years were considered. Further, there were no dose response relations with cumulated toluene dose (ppm years). There were no significant increases of tumours at other sites, including leukaemias/lymphomas/myelomas.

We do not agree with the conclusion of the Comment by Charalambidis et al. questioning our observation of two-photon ionization of helium by intense radiation with 13eV photons from a vuv free-electron laser. Two-photon ionization is clearly established by the detection of low-energy photoelectrons at ∼1.7eV, which agrees very well with the expected energy for a two-photon ionization process.

Physical review / A 74(2), 027402 (2006). doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.74.027402, Published by APS, College Park, Md.

The Type A behavior pattern (TABP) was first described in 1959 by two cardiologists, Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman [1],as “an action-emotion complex that can be observed in any person who is aggressively involved in a chronic, incessant struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time, and if required to do so, against the opposing effects of other things or persons” (p. 67). More recently, Rosenman, Swan and Carmelli [2] summarized individuals with TABP in terms of: intense, sustained drive to achieve self-selected but often poorly defined goals; profound eagerness to compete and need to “win”; persistent desire for recognition and advancement; li]• habitual tendency to increase the rate of doing most physical and mental activities; extreme mental and physical alertness; and pervasive aggressive and hostile feelings.

The interaction of He atoms with intense vacuum-ultraviolet light of a free-electron laser is investigated using time-of-flight mass spectroscopy and photoelectron spectroscopy. The atoms were irradiated with $100\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{fs}$ pulses at $95\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ wavelength, which corresponds to $\ensuremath{\sim}13\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ photon energy. The ionization of He atoms is observed at a peak intensity of ${10}^{10}--{10}^{13}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{W}∕{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, which is due both to nonlinear multiphoton ionization with the fundamental wavelength and single-photon ionization with third harmonic radiation of the free-electron laser. The observation of two sharp photoelectron peaks in the kinetic energy spectra, that are separated by the photon energy, is in agreement with the numerical solution of the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation. The calculation was done using the fully quantized field and a limited but representative set of basis states. The ionization rate dependence on the laser peak intensity indicates that: (a) The low-energy peak in the photoelectron spectra is mainly due to two-photon absorption of the fundamental, but (b) the high-energy peak at $15.4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ is probably due to third harmonic FEL radiation. The theoretically predicted contribution from three-photon absorption of the fundamental is of about the same order of magnitude and could not be separated from the third harmonic background signal. Particularly, the photoelectron spectra and ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ time-of-flight data give evidence that the intensity of third harmonic light is high enough to perform single-shot spectroscopy on gas phase samples.

This study investigated the hypothesis that posttraumatic stress is associated with a judgement of risk bias, defined as an overestimation of the likelihood of the occurrence of adverse events, as proposed by information-processing theories of posttraumatic stress disorder. Emergency medical service personnel with high PTSD symptomatology ( n = 27) and without PTSD symptoms ( n = 74) completed the PTSD Symptom Scale: Self-report version, the Work Experiences Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, and an Event Probability Questionnaire. Analysis showed that individuals with high PTSD symptomatology exhibited significantly more judgement of risk bias, that this cognitive bias was towards a wider range of threats than those involving only the threat of external harm, and that intrusion was its best predictor.

Physical review letters 94, 023001 (2005). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.023001, Published by APS, College Park, Md.

We present a detailed study of the phonon modes of the monoclinic compound BiB3O6 based on polarized reflectivity measurements on single crystals. The spectra are analysed by means of a generalized Drude-Lorentz model, which allows us to resolve the modes of A and B symmetry., Comment: 3 pages, 1 figure, revised version

The formation of the electronic structure of small Kr m clusters (m ≤ 150) embedded inside Ne N clusters (1200 ≤ N ≤ 7500) has been investigated with the help of fluorescence excitation spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation. Electronically excited states, assigned to excitons at the Ne/Kr interface, 1i and 1'i were observed. The absorption bands, which are related to the lowest spin-orbit split atomic Kr 3 P 1 and 1 P 1 states, initially appear and shift towards lower energy when the krypton cluster size m increases. The characteristic bulk 1 t and 1't excitons appear in the spectra when the cluster radius exceeds some critical value R c 1 > δ l i . The Kr m clusters comprising up to 70 atoms do not exhibit bulk absorption bands. We suggest that this is due to the penetration of the interface excitons into the krypton cluster volume, because of the negative electron affinity of surrounding Ne atoms. From the energy shift of the interface absorption bands with cluster size an unexpectedly large penetration depth of δ l i = 7.0′0.1 A is estimated, which can be explained by the interplay between the electron affinities of the guest and the host cluster.