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Having a significant role in communication, speaking skill is an inborn and improvable ability. Since their existence, human beings have consistently improved this ability in order to communicate with others. Besides, one of the most fundamental keystones of making a healthy contact and living in harmony with different societies are no doubt being a proficient speaker of this language. Therefore, the need of speaking Turkish for Syrian refugees forced them to migrate to Turkey, because some political reasons come out and Turkish instruction become vital. Evaluating the speaking skills of Syrian students learning Turkish as a foreign language, through the views of Turkish instructors, is aimed in the present study. The research data were obtained through semi-structured interview questions directed to 11 Turkish language instructors in Adana Turkish Language Education Centres. The gathered data were analysed by content analysis method. The findings of the study suggest that instructors have such difficulties in improving the speaking skill of Syrian students learning Turkish as a foreign language as having pronunciation problems during speaking activities and anxiety while speaking Turkish. Thus, instructors fail to asses Turkish speaking skill despite carrying out various speaking activities to overcome these problems.

This study seeks to determine the problems faced by the Turkish instructors serving in the primary education institutions and camps within the framework of the project PICTES in teaching Turkish as a foreign language to Syrian students and to provide insights into their opinions on their participation in the certification program for teaching Turkish as a foreign language created by Turkish Language Teaching, Research and Application Centre (TÖMER). Following a qualitative research model, this case study employs purposive sampling and there are 25 Turkish instructors serving in the city of Mersin and Adana in the sample of the study. The data are collected through personal information forms and interview forms. The data are analyzed by means of content analysis, using QDA (Qualitative Data Analysis) Miner Lite program. The analysis yields 14 themes and 37 codes grouped under these 14 themes. The results of this study are mostly congruent with previous research in the literature; the study concludes that most of the instructors do not benefit from instructional technologies and that the certification program created by TÖMER is not useful at the desired level in helping instructors use teaching methods and techniques.

Living in a competitive world requires teachers to be aware of their potentials and reflect them on their daily practices. Autonomous teachers can think and act on their own rather than sticking to the established patterns. Current studies mostly deal with perceptions about learner autonomy and focus on local environment. However, what teachers understand from autonomy and their classroom practices are very important. Therefore, this study aims to investigate teachers' autonomy perceptions from cross-cultural perspective. The data was collected by using (1) Repertory Grid Technique with three teachers, (2) semi-structured interviews with 15 teachers and (3) classroom observations of 24 lessons for data triangulation to validate each other. Findings suggest that teachers from various cultural backgrounds interpret autonomy with different constructs, yet these differences complete each other in classroom practises. This is also corroborated with semi-structured interviews and classroom observations.

In this study, the effect of resilience, perceived social support, life satisfaction and self-regulation variables on the academic self-efficacy of Syrian refugee undergraduate students were examined with a path analysis model. The sample consisted of Syrian undergraduate students living in Turkey. The sample of the research was randomly selected and participation was voluntarily. Data collection tools used were demographic information form, Arabic versions of academic self-efficacy, resilience, perceived social support, life satisfaction and self-regulation scales. In the data analysis, self-regulation and perceived social support selected as the exogenous variables, academic self-efficacy was selected as the endogenous variable, and resilience and life satisfaction were selected as the mediator variables. In the study, the direct and indirect effects from exogenous variables to academic self-efficacy were examined. The findings of the research revealed that self-regulation and perceived social support directly affected academic self-efficacy, life satisfaction had a mediating effect on perceived social support, and resilience had self-regulation. It is concluded that in order to increase the academic self-efficacy of refugee students, self-regulation and social support from the society should be increased, as well as life satisfaction and resilience against difficulties.

Due to the intensification of global migration movements, the importance of studies in the field of acculturation has been increasing. In order to develop a healthy adaptation process between the migrant community and the host society, it is especially necessary to conduct studies on the acculturation processes of young migrants. Exploring the acculturation orientation of migrant students in Turkey, one of the leading countries experiencing the migration movements intensively, this study collected data from a total of 110 migrant students, 69 females and 41 males. "Vancouver Index of Acculturation", "Revised Social Contact Scale", "Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support", "Turkish Proficiency Level Questionnaire" and "Personal Information Form" were employed as data collection tools. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the data. The analyses results revealed that the level of perceived social support of migrant students from their families and the quality of social contact significantly predicted their heritage culture orientation and explained 18% of them. In addition, the quantity of migrant students' social contact and the quality of social contact significantly predicted their mainstream culture orientation and explained 25% of them. As a result, the present study put forth that in order to support the heritage culture orientation of migrant students, the perceived social support from the family should be improved, and the quantity and quality of social contact should be increased to reinforce their mainstream culture orientation and to facilitate the acculturation processes. [This study was presented at the International Eurasian Educational Research Congress (EJER) (7th, Eskisehir, Turkey, September 10-13, 2020).]

The present study aimed to determine the definition of war and peace by the migrant Syrian students at tertiary level; their image of war via their artistic drawings, as well as to reveal their expectations from peace. For this purpose, the study was conducted in the 2018- 2019 academic year with an art-based research approach, employing art as a method, a form of analysis and as an object. The participants comprised 25 Syrian students between the age range of 17-20 years old who emigrated from Syrian war zones to Turkey. The analysis of the data focused on the definitions of war and peace, Syrian students' drawings, and their verbal expressions about the drawings that help develop an analytical framework. The findings of the study demonstrated that most of the drawings reflected real images of war and peace; the participants rendered both visual and verbal symbolizations as the main expression of their suffering during the war and longing for peace. The drawings provided clues that could help them cope with the possible traumatic incidents they could experience at the present or in the future, and preserve their identity destructed by factors out of their control.

Recent studies on language acquisition and motivation have targeted Japanese language learners in a formal educational context, with less attention paid to learners who study Japanese informally. The current study aims to investigate the impact of Japanese animations in the context of informal third language acquisition. It targets the native speakers of Arabic who are interested in learning Japanese as a third language (L3), and investigates the motivations of Arab teenagers and young adults to learn Japanese. Further, the paper also focuses on examining aspects of Japanese language proficiency among teenagers and young adults, including vocabulary enhancement and grammar competence. The methodology used in the current study is twofold: an online survey questionnaire adopted from Armour and Iida (2016), followed by an engaging experiment in which participants were divided into two groups (reality anime group vs. action anime group) in order to examine the effectiveness of anime selection in boosting proficiency level. The findings of the online survey indicate that Arabic native speakers are highly motivated to learn Japanese, while the experiment results confirm that the type of anime and consistency of exposure do support the acquisition process. Further, the study concluded that consumption of anime series contributes to the learning process and facilitates learners' proficiency in general and vocabulary learning in particular. However, it remains unknown whether or not Arabic native speakers' motivations lead to their enrollment into formal Japanese foreign language education. Avenues for future research and implications are also presented toward the end of the paper.

Humans have had to immigrate from one country to another throughout the history because of economic problems, warfare, safety, etc. Warfare and migration definitely bring about traumatic incidents for all humanity. However, they are much more destructive for children. The current study aims to review the warfare-and-migration-themed drawings of the Syrian and Palestinian children living in Turkey as refugees in comparison to the Turkish children's drawings. A case study design was employed as a qualitative methodology. 19 Syrian, 6 Palestinian and 25 Turkish children aged between 6-10 years studying in various primary schools in City of Istanbul made up the study sample. Children were asked to draw pictures of warfare and migration, observed and interviewed for data collection. Content analysis was used to determine the themes present in the qualitative data. The themes identified in the drawings were discussed referring to the literature and recommendations were made.

The purpose of this study is to explore the challenges and needs of teachers' who offer language support to young refugees within the framework of formal education in Greece. In a field where research is limited and at an initial stage, a qualitative inquiry was conducted in a public school, which host classes of reception for refugee students, in the region of Fthiotida, in Greece. In particular, an exploratory case study was conducted through semi-structured interviews and observations in formal educational environments. Five participants were engaged in semi-structured interviews while observations occurred in two of their classrooms. The findings of the inquiry demonstrated that within the framework of refugee teaching environments in Greece teachers faced several challenges regarding practical, sociocultural, religious, ethical and emotional issues. The findings of the study highlight the need for teacher education to help them cope with diversity issues in their classrooms.

Although the refugee problem has been on the agenda of the world for centuries, it has increased its influence gradually due to the conflicts and wars in the Middle East especially after the 2000s. In this sense, after the civil war that erupted in Syria in 2011, there has been an influx of refugees into Turkey, and today millions of Syrians are forced to emigrate to Turkey. Most of the refugees coming through migration are under the age of 18, defined as "school age". Therefore, one of the basic problems faced by the school-age refugees, who had to come to Turkey from Syria, is access to education. Thanks to immediate actualization of the efforts of the Republic of Turkey, immigrant students were placed in public schools to achieve necessary orientation. The aim of this research is to determine the attitudes of secondary school students towards refugee students. The study was attended by 5, 6, 7 and 8th grade students studying in schools affiliated to the Ministry of National Education in Keçiören district of Ankara, in the 2018-2019 academic year. In the research, quantitative research method was used to collect data. "Attitude Scale towards Refugee Students" developed by Kilcan, Çepni and Kilinç (2017) was used as data collection tool. Within the framework of the purpose of the research, SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) program was used for the necessary statistical analyses of the collected data regarding students' responds to the attitude scale. It was revealed that the attitudes of the participants towards refugee students showed a significant difference according to the variables of gender, grade, having a refugee neighbor and refugee friends. Based on these results, it is recommended to provide awareness training for students studying in the same environment with refugee students to prevent secondary school students from developing negative attitudes towards refugees. Based on the positive attitude of secondary school students who have both a refugee neighbor and a refugee friend, it is suggested that different studies, especially cultural adaptation trainings, should be conducted for the social acceptance of Syrians who are in a sense guests in our country due to immigration.

Education is the most effective tool for enabling immigrants' integration into the country they live in. The aim of this research is to determine teachers' views related to the education of Syrian students attending state schools. By presenting them through the experiences of their teachers, this paper deals with how the educational experiences at school of Syrian children of school age are shaped in state schools. The research is planned with a qualitative approach as a case study design. The participants of the research were 34 teachers working in state schools and having Syrian students in their classes. The research data were collected via focus group interviews and semi-structured interviews in Rize, Turkey between the years 2017-2019. The data in the focus group and semi-structured interviews were supported by means of observations. The research findings reveal that the biggest problem in teachers' opinions was the language problem and the communication and academic barriers resulting from this, that Syrian students suffered from depression and trauma because of war and migration, that they had a feeling of loneliness, and that nevertheless, they were happy at school. Therefore, this research reveals that teachers working with Syrian students are in need of vocational training and development consolidation in order to provide academic and psychological support for these students. Successfully addressing the educational needs of Syrian students in school will be especially beneficial for enabling Syrian children's integration into society. [This research was presented at the International Conference on New Horizons in Education (INTE), 3-5 July 2019 Prague, Czech Republic.]

The purpose of this study is to provide a better understanding of the experiences of foreign-born students (FBSs) studying at a Turkish public university. The study attempted to provide useful findings for student services, faculty, policy makers, and other stakeholders to effectively address the needs, interests, and aspirations of FBSs, thereby helping them better adapt to school and community life in Turkey. The researcher collected the data in the winter of 2019 by utilizing an open-ended interview protocol with a snowball sampling of seven FBSs. Three themes emerged from the students' spoken words: first days' experience, balancing period through social experiences, and the lived academic experiences. Findings from this study suggest that FBSs have lived many positive and negative social and academic experiences. For most, negative experiences were transformed into positive ones with various facilitators that brought FBSs personal growth and better adaptation.

In the present study, perceptions of Turkish school administrators and teachers towards Syrian refugee children were examined through metaphors. 71 school administrators and 242 teachers from 27 different provinces of Turkey participated in the study. As a result of the study, the metaphors produced by school administrators were grouped into four categories: "child with cultural adaptation and belonging problems", "fragile and needy child", "child who is no different from other children" and "problematic child". The metaphors produced by teachers were grouped into six categories: "child with cultural adaptation and belonging problems", "child who is no different from other children", "fragile and needy child", "problematic child", "child who can reveal her/his potential with interest" and "compatible child". Participants' perceptions of refugee children were not related to gender but there was a significant relationship between professional seniority and the number of refugee children at school. Although school administrators and teachers have positive perceptions about refugee children, their negative perceptions are largely due to the lack of professional experience and the high number of students at school. Providing vocational support to teachers and administrators, planning the number of students in schools, and providing resources to schools will improve positive perceptions about refugee children.

Displacing the largest number of refugees in recent time is one of the devastating impacts of the Syrian war. Turkey hosts over 3.6 million Syrian refugees. Almost half of them are children in the preschool or primary school stage. Because refugee children are five times more likely to miss schooling than nonrefugee children, the provision of high-quality education in refugee settings is emphasized in the literature, as it offers children and their community protection, security, social cohesion, and it also prevents conflicts. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to report some key findings of a qualitative study that primarily examined Syrian refugee teachers' perceptions of quality education and their experiences of pedagogical change, which included adoption of more learner-centered practices in line with the standards set by the International Network for Education in Emergencies (INEE), an organization that guides the delivery of quality education in emergencies. This paper explores teachers' beliefs about learning, their education, training, and their perceptions of learner-centered education (LCE) and the implementation of LCE in an urban Syrian refugee school in Turkey. In addition, the paper investigates teachers' vision of good pedagogy within their realities and capacities. The findings from this study showed complex contextual influences affecting the educational provision for Syrian refugees and LCE implementation challenges. A key implication that arises from this study relates to the suitability of LCE as "best practice" in the refugee context.

The study aims is to determine the experiences of primary school teachers in terms of teaching Turkish to the students who are not native Turkish speakers. In the study, phenomenology pattern, one of the qualitative research patterns, was used. Participants were determined by the criterion-based sampling method. The participants of the research consisted of 36 primary school teachers who had Syrian and Afghan refugees in their class. The research data were collected through a semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers. Content analysis technique was used in the analysis of the data. It was observed that most of the participants felt insufficient in teaching Turkish to students who had different native languages, had problems in applying, measuring and evaluating teaching methods and course activities, and had language problems with them. In the study, the difficulties experienced in teaching Turkish to Syrian and Afghan refugee students who were not native Turkish speakers were presented and the suggestions about what to do in the education process related to these difficulties were provided. It was concluded that in the education process of the teachers, students and families should take Turkish language courses. Moreover, in addition to the Turkish courses in teaching Turkish, it was reported that the primary school teachers stated that it would be helpful to do social activities with students who have language problems, to provide counseling services for them, and to prearrange distribution of the students to each classroom. It was concluded that special activities should be carried out in the verbal communication learning area.

One of the biggest obstacles to learning a language as a foreign language is the perception developed against that language. The obligation to learn the foreign language to be learned determines how the perception towards language is. In this context, Syrian refugees, who took refuge in Turkey leaving their country due to war and especially wish to continue their education in Turkey, had to learn Turkish. In this sense, knowing the perceptions of the relevant audience towards Turkish will directly affect many issues from developing a language education program to preparing books, from teacher training to redesigning methods and techniques to be used in lessons. In this connection, Turkish perceptions of Syrian refugees were tried to be determined through metaphors with this study. The study group of the study consists of 235 Syrian students who learn Turkish at Aydin TÖMER, Istanbul Aydin University. While collecting the data of the study using phenomenology approach, one of the qualitative research methods, students were asked to complete the sentence "Turkish is like ..............., because ...............". Based on the findings obtained in the research, it was determined that 46% of Syrian students learning Turkish consider Turkish as a need, 25% have a positive feeling towards Turkish, 8% find it confusing, 7% find it easy, 6% find it difficult and 5% find a similarity between another language and Turkish. When the themes are examined in terms of their effect on the Turkish learning process, it is possible to say that the themes of need, positive feeling, finding it easy and similarity between languages have a supportive effect on students' motivation to learn Turkish, whereas the themes of finding it difficult and finding it confusing have an inhibitory effect on the learning process. When an evaluation is made in this respect, it is possible to say that nearly 90% of the students have a supportive perception of their own learning processes.

The aim of this research is to identify the problems experienced by the classroom teachers who have Syrian students in their classes. This research was designed according to the survey model. The population of the research consisted of classroom teachers working in Nizip district of Gaziantep within 2019-2020 academic year. Criterion sampling, one of the purposeful sampling methods, was used to determine the sampling. The sampling of the study consisted of 361 classroom teachers working in Nizip district and having Syrian students enrolled in their classes. The data of the research were collected by a survey with 33 items that was prepared by the researchers and consisted of classroom management, communication, academic achievement, and family dimensions. The data collected within the scope of the research were analyzed using the SPSS program. Percentage, frequency, arithmetic mean and standard deviation calculations were made in the analysis of the data. In the classroom management dimension, teachers were identified to have problems due to the registering of Syrian students in the middle of the semester, enrolling of Syrian students in classes that did not comply with their development levels, and increase in their class sizes due to Syrian students. In the communication dimension, it was determined that Syrian students had a problem of understanding and being understood due to language differences, which was problem for teachers. In terms of academic success, teachers were found to experience problems due to the inability of Syrian students to internalize subjects as well as because of their absenteeism. In the family dimension, It was determined that teachers were not provided with adequate support due to the education levels of parents of Syrian students. In the light of the findings and results obtained, suggestions were developed for implementers and researchers.

COVID-19-related school closures and the need for millions of learners to learn at home created additional pressures for parents and caregivers who were suddenly responsible for their children's education, often with limited support or resources. When schools closed, a flood of home learning materials and activities circulated online, but too few of these solutions focused on the home learning needs of learners with disabilities in low-income contexts, where online learning is rarely an option. The Enabling Education Network and Norwegian Association of Disabled developed guidance materials for all learners that encouraged appropriate, achievable, and low-stress learning activities in easy-to-read and visual formats, which are now available in online and printed formats. These materials were informed by an online survey that captured a snapshot of the extent to which home learning support and resources were provided, and recorded the perspective of parents, families, and education professionals about learners' situations in 27 countries in the months leading up to July 2020. In this paper, we focus on survey responses from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and northern Syria that describe the inclusive home learning provision available. We compared these findings with responses from other countries and identified four key areas of learning that emphasize the importance of localized approaches to inclusive education, drawing on community networks, and positioning teachers and parents as important community resources for education in emergencies.

Jusoor's Refugee Education Program helps Syrian refugee children living in Lebanon integrate back into formal schooling. When schools closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the refugee program adapted to distance learning by developing Azima, a novel program that used WhatsApp to enable children to keep learning. Azima had to respond immediately to the emergency context while maintaining high education standards, and it also needed to find an effective way to test and refine its content quickly. To do this, the Azima program adopted an innovative experimental approach called a sandbox. A sandbox model operates in rapid iterative cycles and uses multiple methods to quickly test a program's assumptions about how it will meet its goals. In this field note, we use Azima as a case study to report on our experience of applying the sandbox model. We reflect on the benefits and limitations of this novel approach in supporting the use of education technology in a crisis situation.

This research aims to examine behavioral reactions that victims display against cyberbullying through a crosscultural comparison standpoint. The research data have been collected from 161 participants from different countries such as Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Syria; and all of them continue their undergraduate studies in Turkey. Some of the noteworthy findings are as follows: revenge behaviors adopted by victims of cyber-bullying differ at a statistically significant level across the gender variable. On the other hand, reactions such as precautions, dialogue, and avoidance do not vary significantly across genders. Comparisons among nationalities indicate that seeking vengeance from the bully, looking for ways to build dialogue with the bully, and avoiding behaviors employed by victims from different cultures also differ at a statistically significant level. However, one reaction, precautions, does not bear a statistically significant variance value across different nationalities. Based on the findings of the current study, strategies to overcome cyber aggression can be associated with cultural aspects.

This study examines the construction, navigation, and contestation of belonging for Syrian refugee youth in the context of inclusive refugee education in Jordan, where refugee students study alongside Jordanian nationals. I demonstrate how belonging is always in flux and constantly being negotiated across local, national, and transnational scales, at times reinforcing belonging and at other times contradicting and challenging it. I argue that these contradictions comprise the ongoing process of navigating and negotiating belonging.

In this study, we evaluated the effect of the Future Center Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention program on children's skills longitudinally by sex, age, and diagnoses as dependent variables. Sixty-seven children ages 1-6 years and diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder were followed up for 2 years in Syria. They were assessed twice across the 2-year program: at their first visit and at the end of the program. Assessments included the Autism Behavior Checklist, Childhood Autism Rating Scale, and Adaptive Behavioral Scale--Arabic version. Results showed that the changes in participants' scores from pre- to post-test were statistically significant, and the treatment group showed significantly larger gains on all scales. No significant differences were found by sex and age between the pre- and post-test on all scales, while there were significant differences regarding diagnoses. The limitations of this study and suggestions for future research are described.

This study aimed to adapt the Sense of School Belonging Scale and Social Contact Scale that can be utilized in studies conducted with Syrian refugee children. The study data were collected from 182 Syrian refugee children for the Turkish versions and from 658 for the Arabic versions. 42% of the refugee children were females and 58% were males. The children's age range was 11-18. Statistical analysis involved tests of confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and reliability (Cronbach's alpha). Like the original scales, CFA revealed a one-factor structure for the Sense of School Belonging Scale and a two-factor structure for the Revised Social Contact Scale for both Turkish and Arabic versions. The analyses determined that the Turkish version ([alpha] = 0.76) and Arabic version ([alpha] = 0.72) of the Sense of School Belonging Scale and the Turkish version (the quantity of social contact [alpha] = 0.79, the quality of social contact [alpha] = 0.77) and the Arabic version (the quantity of social contact [alpha] = 0.85, the quality of social contact [alpha] = 0.71) of the Revised Social Contact Scale had adequate reliability. Consequently, the Turkish and Arabic versions of the Sense of School Belonging Scale and the Revised Social Contact Scale had adequate psychometric qualities to be used in determining the sense of school belonging levels and social contact features of the Syrian refugees, respectively.

This article explores the education experiences of Syrian and Iraqi refugee children, specifically girls, enrolled in high schools in Australia, Lebanon and Sweden. Symbolic interactionism frames the analysis of in-depth interviews, demonstrating the adolescent girls' ability to take perspectives on their home environment, school, community and life experiences. Influenced by socialisation to these environments, the article asserts that refugee girls have defined their situations, developed their own personal perspectives and adjusted their behaviour in line with others. Additionally, this paper reinforces the analytical framework regarding refugee girls' schooling experiences through critical pedagogy by recognising the nature of their educational disadvantage.

Despite growing research on individual differences in child bilinguals, few studies have focused on the development of syntax, included both languages, and studied newly arrived school-age migrant children. Accordingly, this study investigated the syntactic development of heritage language (HL) Syrian Arabic and L2 English by Syrian refugee children (N = 119) recently arrived in Canada using a sentence repetition task. Regression analyses showed that a partially overlapping set of child-level (input and cognitive skills) and language-level (syntactic structure) factors accounted for performance in each language. HL performance was particularly sensitive to language, cognitive, and input variables indexing cumulative HL exposure. L2 performance, however, was sensitive to cognitive and environmental variables indexing current and cumulative L2 use. Finally, despite stronger performance in Arabic than in English, results revealed interdependence between the two languages, indicating that participants with stronger syntactic abilities in their HL tended to have stronger syntactic abilities in their emerging L2.

Experimental evidence on strategies to support refugee children's integration into host-country public schools is needed. We employ a three-arm, site-randomized controlled trial to test the impact of short-term access to two versions of nonformal remedial programming infused with social-emotional learning (SEL) among Syrian refugee children in Lebanese public schools. Remedial programming with classroom climate-targeted SEL practices improved children's perceptions of public schools (effect sizes [ES] = 0.48-0.66) only. The remedial program with both classroom climate-targeted SEL and skill-targeted activities had positive impacts on children's perceptions of public schools (ES = 0.43-0.50) and on certain basic academic skills (ES = 0.08-0.14), and marginally significant positive and negative impacts on some SEL outcomes (ES = 0.16-0.31). We found no impacts of either version on children's global literacy or numeracy competence.

As of 2021, more than 80 million people worldwide have been displaced by war, violence, and poverty. An estimated 30 to 34 million of these are under age 18, and many are at risk of interrupting their education permanently--a situation aggravated in recent years by the global COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, we adopt an intersectional conceptual framework to explore the roles gender and other social inequalities have played in shaping adolescents' access to education during the COVID-19 pandemic. We examine two refugee populations: the Rohingya, who have been excluded from formal education opportunities in Bangladesh, and Syrian refugees in Jordan, who have access to formal education in their host country. We provide novel empirical data, as well as insights into the adolescent refugee experience and the short-term consequences for education resulting from the pandemic. In the article, we draw from quantitative survey data on 3,030 adolescents, and from in-depth qualitative interviews we conducted in the spring of 2020 with a subset of 91 adolescents who are part of an ongoing longitudinal study. We also conducted 40 key informant interviews with community leaders and service providers.

How has education for refugees been shaped by broader dynamics of educational privatization? This paper argues that the invoking of the 'refugee crisis' narrative has been a crucial force in facilitating the privatization of this sector. The urgency of crisis helps to naturalize private actors' participation in refugees' education as equal partners to host governments, multilateral agencies, and civil society. Consistent with Stephen Ball's (2012) distinction between privatization in and of education, the privatization of refugee education also advances through two dimensions: the creation of a new space -- a new 'market' -- for private actors, and the infusion of market and business principles such as 'innovation' into all aspects of education. The crisis narrative has created a new 'horizon of taken-for-granted' (Hall, 1993), where it is simply natural that private actors must participate in the assumption of the traditional responsibilities of the state in providing education for refugees.

Reflective practice in TESOL is widely used in pre-service and in-service teacher education contexts and is regarded as beneficial for ongoing professional learning. While models of reflective language teaching vary, they all aim to improve classroom outcomes for teachers and students. A holistic approach to reflective practice includes teachers' beliefs, philosophies and the interaction of their teaching practices with moral and social issues outside the classroom as part of the self-reflective teaching process (Farrell, 2015; Larrivee, 2000). Reflecting on the teaching journey in this way can help teachers make sense of how individual beliefs about teaching interact with professional experiences, and how these interactions inform decisions in the classroom. The aim of this narrative paper is to describe the developmental process I went through during my first year as a teacher of beginner, refugee-background students in an adult migrant English language teaching program in Australia. Self-reflective data primarily sourced from teaching journals kept during my first year of teaching were analysed using Farrell's (2015) Framework for Reflecting on Practice. Following a brief introduction of the framework, its application to this current study is discussed. Findings highlight the important roles philosophy, theory, critical reflection and mentors played in my pedagogical decision-making and overall learning processes. The paper concludes with a discussion about implications for ESOL teachers, graduate students and educators in TESOL teacher education programs.

The aim of the present paper is examining the mental representations activated by semantic networks in media discourse. It studies the cognitive frames that are mentally constructed and activated about illegal immigrants, in general, and Syrian refugees in particular. Any word class can evoke frames, but to limit the scope of analysis, Fairclough's socio-cultural approach is implemented to work out the experiential, relational and expressive values of only nouns and adjectives in media discourse. The corpus consists of articles released by "The Guardian" newspaper during and after the Syrian refugee crisis between 2015 and 2019. The results of the research show that cognitive frames are used to enhance the stereotypical categorizations of refugees as dislocated, uprooted and oppressed communities. This paper focuses on the mental mapping of such disadvantaged people and how they are categorized and presented in media discourse. It also analyses nouns and adjectives as generators or builders of cognitive frames in the human mind via discourse. This study is original because it relates semantic networks, mental lexicon and cognitive frames to analyze media discourse.

This study aimed to evaluate educational services offered for Syrian gifted refugee students in Jordanian schools from the point of view of schools' principals or educational supervisors. The researchers extracted validity and reliability indicators from the Arabic translated form of the National Association for Gifted Children (NAGC) standards. 72 schools were evaluated in terms of the use, importance, and availability of the four gifted education standards: identification, curriculum, programs, and professional development. The findings showed that there are differences in the numbers of gifted Jordanian students compared with Syrian students enrolled in gifted programs in Jordanian schools. Moreover, there is a gap between types of gifted educational programs and services provided in the schools inside and outside the refugee camps. The findings also showed that the overall gifted education services provided for Syrian gifted refugee students were low with an average of 2.34 for the use, 2.15 for the importance, and 2.44 for the availability of these practices. Finally, suggestions and recommendations are provided to develop the gifted educational services in these schools.

The aim of the study was to shed light on the situations of teachers and students and their perception of the atmosphere in a school where Turkish children were educated in the morning while Syrian refugee students were educated in the afternoon. In this study, the features of the school, and the scope of curriculum applied to Syrian children, and the problems within the education process were examined according to teachers' as well as to students' views. Interviews were conducted with 12 refugee students and 4 Syrian teachers at the school. It was found that teaching had not been the original job of most of the teachers who were teaching due to their economic difficulties. It was also ascertained that teachers had problems, especially with the curriculum as well as with teaching materials; their students had forgotten some part of what they had learned due to several years of gap in their education; and that most of these students carried with them the psychological effects of the war. Based on the results of the study, it is suggested that refugees' education be carried out along with the students of the hosting country, that the curricula be prepared according to their needs, and that teachers working at these schools be equipped with an acceptable level of teaching skills.

This study aims to examine and compare the opinions and expectations of Turkish and Syrian parents about pre-school education. The descriptive method was used in the study. The sample of the study consisted of 410 parents (220 Turkish and 190 Syrian). The data of the study were collected by using a Personal Information Form, Questionnaire for Determining Opinion and Expectation for Pre-school Education, and Open-ended Question Form. Frequency and percentage calculation was done in the analysis of the quantitative data and the content analysis for the qualitative data. It is concluded that opinions of Turkish and Syrian parents on pre-school education are mostly similar though they come from different cultural backgrounds and educational experiences; however, there is differentiation in their expectations of pre-school education. Their opinions on preschool education indicate that preschool education should be compulsory and will have positive reflections on the child's future education.

The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of psychological factors on Syrian refugees' participation in lifelong education. The ex post facto co-relational causal design was employed in this research. A questionnaire form consisted of four scales was used to collect data from 297 refugees participated in lifelong education. The structural equation modeling analysis revealed that psychological factors affect participation in lifelong education and learning approaches played the biggest role in this effect. It was claimed that learning approach is a strong predictor of participation in lifelong education. The effect of locus of control on participation in lifelong education was medium while the effects of self-efficacy and self-worth were weak. Recommendations to education providers, decision-makers and researchers to align both formal and lifelong education curricula with the results were given.

This study examines the role of m-learning in decreasing speaking anxiety for EFL learners. The researchers believe there is a relationship between Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL) and anxiety. In other words, using mobiles to learn speaking can decrease the amount of anxiety the learners have and motivates them to speak in public. The study included 9 participants (6 females and 3 males); they are either students or graduates of different departments at Aleppo University. First, the learners took a FLCAS pretest. Then, they joined a group on WhatsApp for four weeks, where they had to respond to three tasks a week. At the end of the course, the learners took the FLCAS posttest. Then, 4 participants were interviewed to see their opinions, feedback, and notes about the experience they underwent. The results show that m-learning has significantly decreased the learners' anxiety in speaking English as a foreign language.

The study aiming to evaluate dictation texts of A2 level Syrian students is carried out with 19 students learning Turkish in university, 7 female and 12 male, whose age range between 20-24. In this qualitative pattern study, dictation papers written by students were considered as data collection tool. The book of Forsa from Omer Seyfettin was utilized in the study. Texts dictated by the researcher were written down by the students and resulting research data was analyzed in various aspects. In the study lasting 4 weeks; on 1st week a text of 117 words consisting of 3 paragraphs, on 2nd week a text of 121 words consisting of 4 paragraphs, on 3rd week a text of 92 words consisting of 2 paragraphs and on 4th week a text of 152 words consisting of 3 paragraphs was worked on. To minimize the mistakes, resarch data was inspected twice. In the end of the study, it was found that students were completing dictation practices with an increasing pace, the amount of correct words written by the students was higher than expected, dictation practice accelerated students' writing swiftness and students developed their writing skills. Also in the research, it was observed that students fell short of writing Arabic-rooted words in dictation texts, on the contrary to the expectations.

The aim of this study is to reveal awareness level and self-efficacy beliefs of pre-service primary school teachers about the education of Syrian students in Turkey. In the research, 20 participants were determined on a voluntary basis among the senior students attending education faculty of a state university. The research was conducted with the focus group interview. Findings indicate that the participants are not aware of the current statistics and educational policies about Syrian students. However, they are aware of the problems that may be encountered in multicultural classrooms. As for the attitudes of participants towards Syrian students, it is revealed that some participants have positive attitudes towards Syrian students and emphasize the concepts of empathy and tolerance but some have negative attitudes. The vast majority of the participants do not feel themselves capable of carrying out educational activities in a multicultural environment. Similarly, they think that the faculties of education do not prepare teacher candidates in this respect. Consequently, it is important for pre-service teachers to have positive attitudes towards Syrian students. It is necessary to provide pre-service teachers with necessary pedagogical background to make them feel professionally competent in multicultural settings.

This study aims to identify the level of satisfaction with family life and self-satisfaction among sample of Syrian refugees in Jordan in the light of some variables. The study consisted of 427 Syrian refugees. The result shows an average level of satisfaction with family life and self-satisfaction. In addition, it indicates that there are statistically significant differences in the satisfaction with the family life and self-satisfaction according to the following variables: gender in the favor of females. Moreover, the results show differences in the level of satisfaction with family life according to the age variable in the favor of less than 15 years, and there are differences in the level of self-satisfaction according to the age variable in the favor of 16-30 years and 31-45 years.

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which the Trump administration ban on individuals from 7 Muslim-majority countries (i.e., Executive Order 13769), influenced prospective international graduate applicants to two Texas institutions. Inferential statistical procedures revealed the presence of a statistically significant, sharp decline in international graduate applicants, particularly from Muslim-majority countries. From Fall 2016 to Fall 2018, international graduate applicants from non-Muslim-majority countries declined 18.36%. Over this same time period, applicants from Muslim-majority countries declined 33.37%. Most notably, applicants from the 7 countries targeted in the travel ban declined 53.93%. Concerns clearly exist regarding the effects of this travel ban on international student mobility. Implications of these findings and recommendations for future research are discussed.

This study aims to determine whether items in the Ankara University Examination for Foreign Students Basic Learning Skills Test function differently according to country and gender using the Recursive Partitioning Analysis in the Rasch Model. The variables used in the recursive partitioning of the data are country and gender. The population of the study is composed of 2476 individuals. Since the study includes comparisons across countries, the country is accepted as a criterion in determining the sample group. Thus, the sample of the study consists of 615 individuals selected from Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, and Syria. To investigate differential item functioning (DIF) of the items of the test, the Rasch tree method was used. As a result of the analysis, DIF has been detected in 16 items at the 0.001 significance level. However, these items have been identified to have similar difficulty parameters in all countries. Finally, items have not shown DIF according to gender.

The field of game design for educational content lacks a focus on methodologies that merge gameplay and learning. Existing methodologies typically fall short in three ways: they neglect the unfolding of gameplay through players' actions over a short period of time as a significant unit of analysis; they lack a common consideration of game and learning mechanics; and they falsely separate the acts of playing and learning. This paper recommends the gameplay loop methodology as a valuable tool for educational game design, as it addresses these major shortcomings. Furthermore, this paper outlines how this methodology can be supported by knowledge from subject-specific didactics--considering both the curriculum and its mediation (contributed by experts from educational practice) as well as methods of player-centered design--in order to ensure the appropriateness of learning objectives and techniques of mediation in the context of a particular field of knowledge, the game's appeal to its target group, and the effectiveness of the learning mechanics. A case study of the design and production phases of Antura and the Letters, a literacy game for Arabic refugee children, illustrates the uses of the gameplay loop methodology situated in the described broader approach to educational game design. Finally, this paper explains the results of an impact study revealing that the approach indeed provides the opportunity to merge playing and learning.

This article underlines the challenges refugees experience in accessing higher education in both first-asylum and resettlement countries. It focuses specifically on Turkey's higher education system, and the policies and practices in place to respond to the educational requirements of Syrian refugees. Our analysis reveals that accommodating the influx of Syrian higher education students into the Turkish system presents a huge challenge for policy makers and higher education institutions. The case study conducted at Istanbul University further emphasizes the common barriers that refugees face when trying to access higher education in host countries -- financial hardship, language issues, non-recognition of prior learning and a lack of information or guidance. Restrictive regulations and legal precarity, on the other hand, tend to be less of a challenge when it comes to accessing higher education. Our findings support that central regulating body's immediate action and its commitment to provide higher education for refugees are crucial to prevent a short-term crisis. However, we also argue that despite the flexibility introduced for refugees in the legal and regulatory framework, implementation depends on institutional policies and practices that are mainly constrained by their capacity and resources.

This study evaluates the effectivity of school management according to the perceptions of Turkish school principals of Syrian refugee students through the lenses of complex adaptive leadership, which was conceptualized from complexity theory and complex adaptive leadership. This was qualitative research designed as a phenomenological study. The participants of the study were identified via a snowball sampling strategy. Nineteen school principals working at public schools in Turkey during the summer term of 2016-2017 and the fall term of 2017-2018 were selected as the participants. Data were collected using the interview technique and descriptive analysis was employed. The results showed that school principals commented on resource management, risk, decision making, and planning and control when functioning as managerial leaders. Secondly, they touched on network dynamics, change and innovation, and safe schools in terms of their adaptive leadership skills. Lastly, they pointed out interaction, win-win interdependency, and ethical values of enabling leadership. Overall, it was found that the structure of the Turkish Ministry of National Education is strictly centralized, and complex adaptive leadership does not function properly in this context. However, school principals do make ceaseless efforts to meet the educational and humanitarian needs of Syrian refugees.

This study aims to identify the obstacles of learning chemistry for ninth grade students in Syrian Arab Republic-Idlib Suburb Refugee camps and suggest solutions to overcome these obstacles. The study followed an analytical descriptive approach using two questionnaires of (58) items of questions for teachers and (18) for students. The population of the study included (27) teachers of chemistry and (91) ninth grade in schools in students in Idlib Refugee camps between 2016 and 2018. The SPSS program adopted for the analysis of data and the statistical study showed the following results: the obstacles identified by teachers included tools, materials, and structures of laboratories as the most significant, as well as the situation of schools and the education environment in the camps. Students also identified obstacles related to tools, materials, and the structure of laboratories, then difficulties with teachers, availability and content of chemistry textbooks, and finally personal or interpersonal difficulties. The results showed there are no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the estimates of chemistry teachers or students regarding obstacles related to gender. Similarly there were no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the estimates of chemistry teachers regarding the variable number of years of experience or degree of university qualification or variable number of schools in which teachers teach, and statistically significant difference at the level (0.01) due to variable number of schools in which teachers teach.