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Abstract: Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) technology are two classical reprogramming methods. Donor cell types can affect the reprogramming results in the above two methods. We here used porcine embryonic fibroblasts (PEFs) and adult porcine ear skin fibroblasts (APEFs) and adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs) as donor cells for SCNT and source cells for iPSCs to study their in vitro developmental capability and colony‐formation efficiency, respectively. For SCNT, fusion and cleavage rate has no significant difference among PEFs, ADSCs and APEFs. The rate and total cell number of blastocysts in the APEF group were significant lower than that in PEFs and ADSCs. For transcription factor‐mediated reprogramming, the reprogramming efficiency of ADSCs were significantly higher than PEFs and APEFs and there is no significant difference between PEFs and APEFs. Furthermore, PEFs, APEFs and ADSCs can be used to generate iPSCs. Fianlly, somatic cloned pigs could still be successfully generated from APEFs, suggesting terminally differentiated aging adult somatic cells could be reprogrammed into a totipotent state. Considering the easy availability of animal tissue and the costs of establishing cell lines, aging porcine ear fibroblasts can support nuclear transfer‐mediated and transcription factor‐based reprogramming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brassica napus and Brassica juncea canola meal (CM) may replace soybean meal (SBM) in pig diets, but differ in fiber, glucosinolates content and profile. Preference of weaned pigs provided double-choice selections to diets containing 20% SBM, B. napus CM, or B. juncea CM was evaluated in two studies. In experiment 1, 216 pigs (9.4 ± 1.6 kg initial BW) were housed in 27 pens of 8 pigs (four gilts and four barrows). In experiment 2, 144 pigs (8.9 ± 1.1 kg) were housed in 36 pens of 4 pigs (two gilts and two barrows). Pigs were offered three dietary choices: B. napus CM with SBM as reference (B. napus CM [SBM]), B. juncea CM with SBM as reference (B. juncea CM [SBM]), and B. juncea CM with B. napus CM as reference (B. juncea CM [B. napus CM]) in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square. Diets were formulated to provide 2.4 Mcal NE/kg and 4.5 g standardized ileal digestible Lys/Mcal NE and were balanced using canola oil and crystalline AA. Each pair of diets was offered in two self-feeders per pen as mash (experiment 1) or pellets (experiment 2) during three test-periods of 4-d, followed by a 3-d non-test period when a common diet was offered in both feeders. Feeders with different diets were rotated daily among pens during preference periods for both experiments, and feeder positions (right or left) were switched daily in experiment 2. Prior to the study and between periods, pigs were fed non-test diets containing SBM (experiment 1) or without test feedstuffs (experiment 2). Overall in both experiments, pigs preferred (P < 0.001) SBM over B. napus and B. juncea CM diets, and preferred (P < 0.001) B. napus over B. juncea CM diet. Dietary choice did not affect (P > 0.05) growth performance in both experiments, except for greater G:F (P < 0.05) for pigs fed the B. juncea CM [B. napus CM] diets than pigs fed the B. napus CM [SBM] or B. juncea CM [SBM] diets in experiment 1. In conclusion, weaned pigs preferred SBM over CM diets when given a choice, and preferred B. napus over the B. juncea diet that contained more total glucosinolates especially gluconapin. Weaned pigs fed the B. juncea CM [B. napus CM] diets in the double-choice selection did not reduce feed intake, weight gain, and G:F compared to pigs fed the B. napus CM [SBM] or B. juncea CM [SBM] diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successful reproduction is strictly linked to metabolic cues. The orexins are a family of hypothalamic neurohormones, well known for their key role in the control of food intake and the involvement in several aspects of the reproductive process. The biological actions of both orexins are carried out through binding to the related Orexin 1 (OX1R) and Orexin 2 (OX2R) G-protein–coupled receptors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of orexin system components in the porcine ovaries, to contribute to expand the knowledge about their pleiotropic role. First, we investigated the localization of orexin A (OXA) and its receptors by immunochemistry in different ovarian districts. Thereafter, we evaluated the expression of the prepro-orexin (PPO) gene and OXA effects on granulosa cell functions. Immunohistochemical study revealed the presence of orexinergic system components in porcine ovarian follicles. Moreover, our data show the expression of PPO messenger RNA in swine ovarian follicles >5 mm. In addition, OXA influences proliferation ( P < 0.05), steroidogenic activity ( P < 0.05), and redox status of granulosa cells ( P < 0.05). Therefore, we hypothesize that OXA could exert a local physiological role in swine ovarian follicles even if further studies are required to deeply define the function of this pleiotropic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During corpus luteum formation, impressive biological events take place to guarantee the transition from original follicular to luteal cells and to support required massive angiogenesis. It has been demonstrated that these phenomena resemble those essential for wound healing. After ovulation, blood vessels release their content in the antral cavity and coagulation takes place. Involvement of platelets in corpus luteum growth has been hypothesized both in human and in rat. On this basis, using platelet lysate (PL), a blood derivative with a higher platelet concentration, we aimed to assess a potential involvement of platelets in swine granulosa cell luteinization and on new blood vessel growth. Our results demonstrate, for the first time in the swine, that platelets could be directly involved in granulosa cell physiological luteinization, since the treatment with PL shifted steroid production from estradiol 17β to progesterone. Moreover, PL stimulated angiogenesis. Nitric oxide could be involved in these effects. These results are important to clarify complex intrafollicular molecular machinery. A better understanding of these mechanisms can be useful to develop more focused therapeutic strategies to contrast sow infertility. In addition, since the pig represents a model for translational studies, collected data could be of interest for human medicine because reproductive pathologies such as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and endometriosis are often accompanied by platelet dysfunctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have been conducted on decomposition patterns and rates of surface remains; however, much less are known about this process for buried remains. Understanding the process of decomposition in buried remains is extremely important and aids in criminal investigations, especially when attempting to estimate the post mortem interval (PMI). The aim of this study was to compare the rates of decomposition between buried and surface remains. For this purpose, 25 pigs ( Sus scrofa; 45-80 kg) were buried and excavated at different post mortem intervals (7, 14, 33, 92, and 183 days). The observed total body scores were then compared to those of surface remains decomposing at the same location. Stages of decomposition were scored according to separate categories for different anatomical regions based on standardised methods. Variation in the degree of decomposition was considerable especially with the buried 7-day interval pigs that displayed different degrees of discolouration in the lower abdomen and trunk. At 14 and 33 days, buried pigs displayed features commonly associated with the early stages of decomposition, but with less variation. A state of advanced decomposition was reached where little change was observed in the next ±90-183 days after interment. Although the patterns of decomposition for buried and surface remains were very similar, the rates differed considerably. Based on the observations made in this study, guidelines for the estimation of PMI are proposed. This pertains to buried remains found at a depth of approximately 0.75 m in the Central Highveld of South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This experiment was to evaluate the effect of different inclusion levels and adaptation periods on digestible energy (DE) and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of chemical constituents in diets supplemented with wheat bran. Methods: Thirty-six crossbred barrows with an initial body weight of 85.0±2.1 kg were allotted to 6 diets in a completely randomized block design with 6 pigs per diet. Diets included a cornsoybean basal diet and 5 additional diets which were formulated by replacing corn and soybean meal in control diet with 15%, 25%, 35%, 45%, or 55% wheat bran. The experiment lasted for 34 d, and feces were collected from d 8 to 13, 15 to 20, 22 to 27, and 29 to 34 respectively. Results: The results showed no interaction effects between inclusion level and adaptation period on the concentration of DE and the ATTD of gross energy (GE) and crude protein (CP) in wheat bran. The DE value and ATTD of GE in wheat bran decreased (p<0.05) significantly as the inclusion level of wheat bran increased, but no difference in the ATTD of CP was observed. The ATTD of CP in wheat bran increased (p<0.10) significantly as the adaptation period for pigs was prolonged. In addition, the concentration of DE and the ATTD of GE in wheat bran decreased linearly (p<0.05) when pigs were fed either an increased level of wheat bran or given an increased adaptation period to the diets. Conclusion: Wheat bran showed a negative effect on the concentration of DE and ATTD of GE and CP as the inclusion level increased. A longer adaptation period can gradually increase the DE value and ATTD of GE and CP in wheat bran, and at least 14 to 21 d of adaptation might be recommended for growing-finishing pigs fed the high-fiber diets with wheat bran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decades, the number of studies employing the pig brain as a model for neurochemical studies has dramatically increased. The key translational features of the pig brain are the similarities with the cortical and subcortical structures of the human brain. In addition, the caudalmost part of the pig claustrum ( CL) is characterized by a wide enlargement called posterior puddle, an ideal structure for physiological recordings. Several hypotheses have been proposed for CL function, the key factor being its reciprocal connectivity with most areas of the cerebral cortex and selected subcortical structures. However, afferents from the brainstem could also be involved. The brainstem is the main source of catecholaminergic axons that play an important neuromodulatory action in different brain functions. To study a possible role of the CL in catecholaminergic pathways, we analyzed the presence and the distribution of afferents immunostained with antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase ( TH) and dopamine betahydroxylase ( DBH) in the pig CL. Here we show that the CL contains significant TH immunoreactive axons contacting perikarya, whereas projections staining for DBH are very scarce. Our findings hint at the possibility that brainstem catecholaminergic afferents project to the CL, suggesting (i) a possible role of this nucleus in functions controlled by brainstem structures; and, consequently, (ii) its potential involvement in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative pathologies, including Parkinson's disease ( PD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was undertaken to investigate the dynamics of protein ubiquitination in pig gametes and their micro-environments, as well as to explore the action of deubiquitinases (DUBs) in sperm-oocyte binding. Protein ubiquitination states were evaluated by in the ejaculated sperm, seminal plasma, epididymal sperm, oocytes, zona pellucida (ZP) and follicular fluid (FF) by western blotting. Different concentrations of PR-619, a non-selective inhibitor of DUBs, were used to treat oocytes during in vitro maturation (IVM), the maturation rate, amount of ubiquitinated ZP proteins, and ZP solubility were assessed. The PR-619 was also used to treat sperms during capacitation, then the ubiquitinated amounts of acrosin inhibitor (AI) proteins were evaluated. The number of sperm attached to the ZP of each oocyte was subsequently determined after gamete co-incubation. The study indicates the existence of ubiquitinated proteins (76 kDa) in sperm, seminal plasma, oocytes, and follicular fluid (FF). The amount of ubiquitinated ZP proteins changed as growth of follicles progressed. Treatment with PR-619 at 10 and 15 μM concentrations during IVM reduced the maturation rate of pig oocytes ( P < 0.05), while treatments with 10 μM of PR-619 extended the ZP dissolution time ( P < 0.05). Treatment with PR-619 enhanced AI ubiquitination and improved amounts of 30-kDa ubiquitinated proteins ( P < 0.05). Treatment with PR-619 at the 10 μM dose effectively reduced the number of sperm attached to per oocyte ( P < 0.05). Ubiquitinated proteins were present in gametes and their micro-environments. The DUBs were important in regulating pig gamete ubiquitination and sperm-oocyte binding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genomic prediction uses marker genotypes distributed throughout the genome to track the inheritance of chromosome fragments and quantify their contribution to the superiority or inferiority of breeding merit. It does this by using a so-called training population of historical animals with both genotype and phenotypic measures. Genotyping adds additional costs to an improvement program, so these costs must be offset elsewhere for there to be net benefit from adopting genomics in pig improvement. Genomic information is used implicitly or explicitly to predict the merit of young selection candidates more reliably than is the case when using only pedigree and phenotypic performance information. More accurate genomic prediction of index merit in young selection candidates results in faster genetic progress. Further, the technology allows good use to be made of phenotypic measures from non-traditional sources, including descendants of nucleus animals whose performance is measured in the commercial sector. This facilitates nucleus selection to include more reliable predictions for disease-resistance, and carcass and meat-quality traits, other traits with low heritability or those measured late in life, and to directly target selection for crossbred rather than purebred performance. Collectively, these features allow genomic prediction to provide a more balanced response to selection with respect to the entire portfolio of traits that influence income and costs in pig-production systems. Achieving the full cost–benefit potential from using genomics will not occur from simply genotyping nucleus animals and using this information in prediction, it requires innovation, ongoing phenotyping and genotyping, and re-examination of all the systems and processes involved in pig improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most common manifestations of seasonal infertility are delayed puberty, prolonged weaning to oestrus intervals and a reduced farrowing rate brought about by increased returns to oestrus, including a proportionally higher incidence of irregular returns to oestrus. Over the past 40 years, there has been considerable investment in Australian pig research that has generated extensive knowledge about the physiological mechanisms behind seasonal infertility. While some of the physiological mechanisms allowing the expression of seasonal infertility still remain unclear, a number of possible intervention strategies have been developed and investigated to ameliorate the effects of seasonal infertility in commercial production. For commercial pork producers, there is considerable information available that is based on both research and practical experience, which the farmers can use to identify strategies to minimise the impact of seasonal infertility on the farm. The industry still provides some support to research and development efforts to address seasonal infertility, although, in the future, it may be more targeted to identifying interventions to ameliorate the impact of seasonal infertility in affected herds, rather than undertaking intensive studies into the possible mechanisms and reasons behind this very complex syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 12-week trial with 120 [(Landrace×Yorkshire)×Duroc] pigs (45.65 ± 1.93 kg) was conducted to evaluate the effects of Astragalus membranaceus, Codonopsis pilosula and allicin mixture ( HM) supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, faecal microbial shedding, immune response and meat quality in finishing pigs. Pigs were allocated to one of three treatments with 0, 0.025% ( HM1) and 0.05% ( HM2) HM supplementation in a randomized complete block design according to sex and BW. Each treatment contained 10 replications with four pigs (two barrows and two gilts) per pen. Dietary HM resulted in a higher G:F (p < 0.05) than CON group during weeks 7 to 12 and the overall periods. Pigs fed HM2 diet had higher ADG than pigs fed CON diet. Pigs fed HM2 supplementation diet led to a higher (p < 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility ( ATTD) of dry matter ( DM) and gross energy ( GE) than pigs fed CON diet at week 6, while the supplementation of HM led to a higher (p < 0.05) ATTD of DM and GE than pigs fed CON diet at week 12. The faecal E. coli counts were reduced, and Lactobacillus counts were increased by increasing HM supplementation (p < 0.05). Pigs fed HM1 diet had higher (p < 0.05) WBC concentration than those fed CON and HM2 diets at week 6. Pigs fed HM-supplemented diet had higher (p < 0.05) IgG and IgA concentrations than those fed CON diet at week 12. Pigs fed HM diet noted better (p < 0.05) meat colour and redness value than pigs fed CON diet. Pig fed HM2 reduced (p < 0.05) the lightness value compared with CON group. In conclusion, dietary HM supplementation exerted beneficial effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal microbial balance (increased Lactobacillus counts and decreased E. coli counts), immune response and meat quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sixty-four barrows with an initial body weight of 59.8 ± 2.1 kg were allocated to one of the two feeding frequency regimes (had free access to diet and fed two meals per day). Pigs had free access ( FA) to feed were fed on an ad libitum basis during the 8-week experimental period. Pigs fed twice daily (M2) were allowed to consume their meals in 2 h. Pigs fed twice daily had lower average daily feed intake (p < 0.01) and average daily gain (p < 0.1), but a greater G:F (p < 0.05) than FA pigs. Lower perirenal fat deposition, hot carcass weight, intramuscular fat content (p < 0.05) and dressing percentage (p < 0.1) were found in M2 pigs compared with FA pigs. Activities of citrate synthase, β-hydroxylacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase were greater in the Longissimus muscle ( LM) of M2 pigs compared with FA pigs (p < 0.05). Proteomic analysis revealed that expression abundances of proteins involved in glucose metabolism, energy production and lipid utilization were upregulated, but expression levels of proteins participating in protein and amino acid metabolism, stress response and redox homeostasis were downregulated in the LM of M2 pigs than those in FA pigs (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the less meal frequency impairs growth rate, has marginal effects on carcass and meat quality traits and affects expression abundances of proteins in the LM of finishing pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional effect of tomato pomace, in combination with two distinct fat sources (lard or soya bean oil), on longissimus lumborum muscle, subcutaneous fat and liver of young pigs. Forty male pigs of 4 weeks old were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments using two fibre sources (wheat bran or 5.0% tomato pomace) and two fat sources (lard or soya bean oil), in a 2 × 2 factorial design for a 5-week trial. Tomato pomace did not improve colour, fatty acid profile, cholesterol content or lipid oxidation, nor did it yield detectable levels in lycopene or β-carotene in the meat (p > 0.05). However, a positive increase in α-tocopherol content of meat and liver was observed in pigs fed tomato pomace (p < 0.05). Compared with lard, soya bean oil increased MUFA and PUFA proportions and decreased the percentage of SFA (p < 0.05). Our results indicate that 5.0% of tomato pomace increases pork oxidative stability and that 5.0% of soya bean oil, compared with lard, improves its nutritional quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a member of the neurotrophin family binds to two transmembrane receptors; neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (NTRK2) with high affinity and p75 with low affinity. Although BDNF-NTRK2 signaling in the central nervous system is known, signaling in the female reproductive system is unknown. Therefore, we determined effects of BDNF on porcine endometrial luminal epithelial (pLE) cells isolated from Day 12 of pregnancy, as well as expression of BDNF and NTRK2 in endometria of cyclic and pregnant pigs. BDNF-NTRK2 genes were expressed in uterine glandular (GE) and luminal (LE) epithelia during early pregnancy. In addition, their expression in uterine GE and LE decreased with increasing parity of sows. Recombinant BDNF increased proliferation in pLE cells in a dose-dependent, as well as expression of PCNA and Cyclin D1 in nuclei of pLE cells. BDNF also activated phosphorylation of AKT, P70S6K, S6, ERK1/2, JNK, P38 proteins in pLE cells. In addition, cell death resulting from tunicamycin-induced ER stress was prevented when pLE cells were treated with the combination of tunicamycin and BDNF which also decreased cells in the Sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, tunicamycin-induced unfolded protein response genes were mostly down-regulated to the basal levels as compared to non-treated pLE cells. Our finding suggests that BDNF acts via NTRK2 to induce development of pLE cells for maintenance of implantation and pregnancy by activating cell signaling via the PI3K and MAPK pathways and by inhibiting ER stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of single-gender and mixed rearing on growth performance, backfat thickness and meat quality in crossbred [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] growing-finishing pigs. A total of 120 pigs were used in this 15-wk growth trial. Pigs were allotted to 3 treatments based on their initial BW (10 replications; 4 pigs per pen). The treatments included: T1: mixed rearing (2 barrows and 2 gilts per pen); T2: barrows; T3: gilts. Non significant variations in growth and meat quality traits were recorded amongst groups under study (P>0.05). However, barrows had significantly higher backfat thickness than gilts throughout the entire trial (P<0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to identify Helicobacter species with 2 different morphology (Helicobacter-like organisms and Gastrospirillumlike organisms) in gastric imprint of pig stomach. A total of 120 gastric specimens, (60 from intensive and 60 from extensive pig production) were analyzed. The presence of Helicobacter species was detected in 9 of total 60 (15%) pigs from intensive production and 6.67% (4/60) belong to „Helicobacter pylori morphotype", while 8.33% (5/60) belong to „Gastrospirillum-morphotype". Helicobacter species in pigs from extensive production was found in 14 of total 60 (23.33%). „Helicobacterpylori morphotype" were present in 5 of total 60 samples (8.33%), while bacteria with spiral appearance (Gastrospirillum-morphotype) were identified in 9 of total 60 samples (15%). Also, semi-quantitative evaluation of bacterial density was performed. The gastric imprint is useful, fast, simple and inexpensive method, widely used for confirmation of presence of Helicobacter species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Housing of pigs in barren, stimulus-poor housing conditions may influence their immune status, including antibody responses to (auto-)antigens, and thus affect immune protection, which will influence the onset and outcome of infection. In the present study, we investigated the effects of environmental enrichment versus barren housing on the level of natural (auto-)antibodies (NA(A)b) and their isotypes (IgM and IgG) binding keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), myelin basic protein (MBP), and phosphorycholine conjugated to bovine serum albumin (PC-BSA) in pigs co-infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A. pleuropneumoniae). Pigs (n = 56) were housed in either barren or enriched pens from birth to 54 days of age. They were infected with PRRSV on 44 days of age, and with A. pleuropneumoniae 8 days later. Blood samples were taken on 7 different sampling days. Housing significantly affected the overall serum levels of NA(A)b binding KLH, MBP and PC-BSA, and before infection barren housed pigs had significantly higher levels of NA(A)b than enriched housed pigs, except for KLH-IgM and PC-BSA-IgG. Infection only affected the IgM, but not the IgG isotype. Moreover, changes in MBP-IgM and PC-BSA-IgM following infection were different for enriched and barren housed pigs. These results suggest that the effect of infection on NA(A)b is influenced by housing conditions and that NA(A)b, especially IgM may be affected by infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To incorporate immune competence traits in swine breeding programs, association between immune responsiveness and susceptibility to specific infectious diseases must be established. In order to understand the differences in immune competence between indigenous (Zovawk) and exotic (Large White Yorkshire: LWY) pigs reared in India, we carried out a time course expression analysis of immune-regulating key cytokine genes ( interleukin ( IL)-2, interferon ( IFN)-γ, IL-4 and IL-10) in the phytohemagglutinin-P stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMCs). The IL-2 transcript levels in PBMCs increased several thousand-fold when compared to unstimulated cells in both the breeds, albeit the response in that of Zovawk was remarkably higher. Higher and earlier IFN-γ and IL-4 expression levels in Zovawk pigs suggest that both TH1 and TH2 immune responsiveness of this indigenous breed affords better preparedness for danger signals. Moreover, the low expression levels of IL-10 depict a regulated adaptive immune responsiveness. Remarkable difference between the two breeds of the pigs is evident showing a clear advantage of the Zovawk over LWY in terms of a shorter lag period of adaptive immune response. These findings provide a lead for understanding the genetic differences with respect to immune competence levels of indigenous pigs compared to exotic counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drip loss is an important meat quality trait of fresh meat affecting economic losses. The cytochrome P450c21 ( CYP21) protein has a role on cortisol production and depends on stress. This might affect meat quality. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of CYP21 protein in correlation with drip loss. The samples were taken from the Longissimus dorsi muscle to evaluate drip loss ( n = 300). Five muscles per group (low and high drip loss) were selected to evaluate CYP21 protein expression levels. Statistical analysis revealed that CYP21 protein expression levels were significantly difference between the drip loss groups. The high drip loss group had higher CYP21 protein expression levels than the low drip loss group ( P < 0.05). Moreover, the high drip loss group had higher optical density values of the CYP21 protein band than the low drip loss group ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, the expression of CYP21 protein will provide the basis for information and better understanding of the mechanisms related to drip loss in pork. Further study is warranted to validate these results in other populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone mineral is strongly correlated with performance and health of animal bodies. The mineral bioapatite (BAp) is the dominant component in bone tissue. This study investigated mineralogical changes of BAp in pig femur by Raman spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The pigs had been raised with various xylooligosaccharide (XOS) additions at two stages of growth (growing and fattening periods). The results show that XOS can decrease the degree of carbonate substitution for PO4 in BAp mineral and improve the mineral's crystallinity. ICP data is consistent with the Raman results, that is the low solubility of bone BAp for pigs fed with XOS. Additionally, the effect of XOS is much better in the growing period (before 65 kg) than in the fattening period (after 65 kg). Moreover, the high addition of XOS (within the range of 0.1-0.5 g/kg) would be appropriate to improve the crystallinity of bone BAp. This study sheds light on applying Raman and ICP techniques to investigate the delicate changes of mineral in pig bones undergoing different managements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusariummycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) are frequently occurring in feed of pigs together. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possiblein vitroeffects of DON and ZEA, alone or their combination on steroid secretion of porcine ovarian granulosa cells (GCs). A species-specific model with porcine ovarian GCs was used to study the potential endocrine disrupting effects of DON and ZEA alone and in co-exposure. Progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2) were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results of this study demonstrate that DON alone at the higher concentrations may act to stimulate P4 (at 1,000, 2,000, 3,000 and 5,000 ng mL−1but not 10 and 100 ng mL−1) and E2 (at 2,000, 3,000 and 5,000 ng mL−1but not 10, 100 and 1000 ng mL−1) secretion. The effects of ZEA on P4 and E2 secretion were not confirmed. DON in combination with the other fusariotoxin ZEA may impair steroidogenesis. Results aslo demonstrate different toxicological effects of fusariotoxins on follicle stimulating hormone-induced secretion of P4 and E2. All these results taken together suggest that fusariotoxin and their interactions can impact ovarian steroidogenesis, thereby demonstrating their potential reproductive effects in pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different dietary starch types on early postmortem muscle energy metabolism in finishing pigs. Ninety barrows (68.0 ± 2.0 kg) were randomly allotted to three experimental diets with five replicates of six pigs, containing pure waxy maize starch (WMS), nonwaxy maize starch (NMS), and pea starch (PS) (amylose/amylopectin were 0.07, 0.19 and 0.28 respectively). Compared with the WMS diet, pigs fed the PS diet exhibited greater creatine kinase activity, higher adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate contents, lower phosphocreatine (PCr), adenosine monophosphate and glycogen contents, and lower glycolytic potential ( P < 0.05). Moreover, the PS diet led to reduced percentage of bound hexokinase activity, decreased level of phosphorylated AKT ( P < 0.05) and increased level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, diet with high amylose content might promote PCr degradation and inhibit the rate of glycolysis, followed by attenuation of early postmortem glycolysis in finishing pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 239 pigs (initial BW 6.56 ± 0.87 kg, 21 d of age) were used in a 35-d study to investigate the effects of fish meal (FM) and spray dried plasma (SDP) in combination with a bioprocessed soybean meal (SBM) on growth performance and immune responses in weaned pigs. Equal numbers of barrows and gilts were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments (10 pens/treatment) according to initial BW and sex: positive control (CON; corn/SBM diet) containing SDP and FM, the CON with bioprocessed SBM replacing FM (BPSBM+SDP), the CON with bioprocessed SBM replacing SDP (BPSBM+FM), and the CON with bioprocessed SBM replacing both SDP and FM (BPSBM). Experimental diets were fed in Phase I (d 1-7 post-wean) and II (d 8-21) followed by a common Phase III diet (d 22-35); changes in BW and feed disappearance were determined accordingly. Pigs were sensitized against ovalbumin (OVA) and Candida albicans (CAA) on d 7 and 21. Assessment of immune response was based on lymphocyte proliferation in response to mitogens Concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin (d 14 post-wean), dermal hypersensitivity to OVA and CAA (% increase in local swelling at 2, 6, 24, and 48 h post-injection) on d 28, and primary and secondary anti-OVA IgG at d 21 and 28, respectively. Pigs fed CON were heavier (P < 0.01) than pigs fed BPSBM+FM and BPSBM, and not different from pigs fed BPSBM+SDP, at the end of Phase I and II (6.99, 6.80, 6.52, or 6.60 kg, pooled SEM 0.08, respectively in Phase I or 12.47, 12.18, 11.42, and 11.85 kg, pooled SEM 0.21, in Phase II, respectively). Hypersensitivity to OVA peaked at 2h in pigs fed CON, BPSBM+SDP, and BPSBM+FM or peaked at 6h in pigs fed BPSBM (121.4, 165.6, 139.0, and 144.1%, pooled SEM 22.9, respectively, at 2 h and 86.7, 114.5, 95.0, and 156.8%, pooled SEM 29.4, respectively at 6 h). Peak response to CAA occurred at 2h in all groups (42.6, 55.2, 48.2, and 50.6%, pooled SEM 11.9, respectively, in the CON, BPSBM+SDP, BPSBM+FM, and BPSBM, respectively). There was no difference in hypersensitivity due to experimental diet at any time point. Secondary anti-OVA IgG was 2-fold lower based on optical density values in pigs fed CON compared with BPSBM+FM and BPSBM (0.78 vs. 1.56 and 1.55 optical density at 405 nm, pooled SEM 0.42, respectively). Dietary treatment did not impact lymphocyte proliferation. The bioprocessed SBM is a suitable alternative for FM and/or SDP in Phase I and II nursery diets based on pig growth. The prolonged hypersensitivity to OVA indicate that bioprocessed SBM may have a positive impact on pig immune function and the 2-fold increase in anti-OVA IgG warrants further investigation on the impact of bioprocessed SBM on pig immune function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of viscosity and fermentability of purified nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) on intestinal nutrient and energy flow and hindgut fermentation in growing pigs. In Exp. 1, 15 ileal-cannulated pigs (50.5 ± 2.9 kg BW) were allotted to 5 diets in a 2-period incompletely randomized design. Pigs were provided a cornstarch N-free diet (CST) or a diet containing 5% inulin (INU), carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), or Solka-Floc (SFC). Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of DM, ash, and GE were greater (P < 0.05) in the MCC and SFC diets than in the INU and CMC diets. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM, carbohydrates (CHO), and GE and the DE content in the CST and INU diets were greater (P < 0.01) than in the CMC, MCC, and SFC diets. Hindgut disappearance of DM, CHO, and GE in the INU diet was greater (P < 0.05) than in the other N-free diets. The ileal endogenous flow of His, Ile, Leu, Met, Thr, Val, and all dispensable AA in the CMC diet was greater (P < 0.05) than in the other diets. In Exp. 2, 6 ileal-cannulated pigs were allotted to 3 diets containing either a corn-soybean meal control diet or the control diet with 5% INU or CMC in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. Standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of Ala, Arg, Asp, Cys, Gly, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Phe, Ser, Thr, and Val were greater (P < 0.05) in the CMC diet than in the control and INU diets. Incorporation of 5% INU or CMC in the control diet reduced (P < 0.01) the AID of arabinoxylan and insoluble and total NSP. The ATTD of NSP and cellulose and the hindgut disappearance of NSP, ß-glucan, and cellulose in the CMC diet were less (P < 0.01) than in the control and INU diets. Inclusion of 5% INU in the diet increased (P < 0.01) hindgut fermentation of insoluble and total NSP compared with the control and CMC diets. In conclusion, depending on the viscosity and fermentability of the NSP, different sources will have different effects on nutrient digestibility and hindgut fermentation. Addition of 5% INU to a corn-soybean meal diet reduced digestibility of the NSP component in the ileum and increased hindgut fermentation of total NSP. In contrast, the inclusion of CMC increased the AID and SID of the diet and reduced total tract digestion and hindgut fermentation of NSP component. Carboxymethylcellulose sodium is not recommended as a source of synthetic fiber in a N-free diet to determine the SID of AA of diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microcin J25 (MccJ25) is an antimicrobial peptide produced by a fecal strain of Escherichia coli containing 21 AA. This study was performed primarily to evaluate the effects of MccJ25 as a potential substitute for antibiotics (AB) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota, and intestinal barrier function in weaned pigs. In the present study, 180 weaned pigs (7.98 ± 0.29 kg initial BW) were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatments, including a basal diet (CON) and CON supplemented with AB (20 mg/kg colistin sulfate; ABD) or 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg MccJ25. On d 0 to 14, dietary supplementation with MccJ25 and ABD had positive effects on ADG, ADFI, diarrhea incidence, and G:F (P < 0.05). Pigs fed the 2.0 mg/kg MccJ25 diet had greater ADG (P < 0.05) and marginally greater G:F (P < 0.10) compared with pigs fed the ABD diet. Compared with the CON diet, the 2.0 mg/kg MccJ25 diet sharply improved (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F and decreased (P < 0.05) diarrhea incidence (d 15 to 28 and d 0 to 28). Apparent digestibility of nutrients in pigs fed 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg MccJ25 was improved (P < 0.05) compared with that of pigs fed CON and ABD. The serum cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-a levels in pigs fed MccJ25 were greater than in pigs fed CON (P < 0.05). Additionally, the IL-10 concentration in pigs fed MccJ25 was sharply increased (P < 0.05) compared with that of pigs fed CON. Pigs fed 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg MccJ25 diets had remarkably decreased d-lactate, diamine oxidase, and endotoxin concentrations and fecal E. coli numbers (P < 0.05) and improved fecal Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium numbers (P < 0.05). Compared with the ABD diet, the diet containing 2.0 mg/kg MccJ25 did not increase d-lactate, diamine oxidase, and endotoxin (d 14) concentrations (P < 0.05) or decrease the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium (d 28) numbers (P < 0.05). The diets containing 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg MccJ25 and ABD (d 28) improved lactate concentration and short-chain fatty acid concentrations, including acetate, propionate, and butyrate, in feces (P < 0.05). Moreover, the pigs fed 2.0 mg/kg MccJ25 had greater lactate, butyrate (d 14), and propionate concentrations than the pigs fed the ABD diet (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplemented MccJ25 effectively improved performance, attenuated diarrhea and systematic inflammation, enhanced intestinal barrier function, and improved fecal microbiota composition of weaned pigs. Therefore, MccJ25 could be a potential effective alternative to AB for weaned pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of dietary betaine on pig performance and serological and hematological indices during thermoneutral and heat-stressed conditions. Individually housed pigs (n = 64; 39.0 ± 1.5 kg BW) were assigned within weight blocks and sex to 1 of 8 treatments. Treatments consisted of 2 environmental conditions (thermoneutral or heat-stressed) and 4 levels of betaine (0, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20%). Room temperatures followed a daily pattern with a low of 14°C and a high of 21°C for the thermoneutral environment and a low of 28°C and a high of 35°C for the heat-stressed environment. Experimental diets were fed from d -7 (7 d prior to imposing temperature treatments; constant 21°C) until 28. Respiration rate and rectal temperature were measured on d 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28, and blood samples were collected on d 3 and 28. Heat stress reduced (P = 0.008) ADG (0.710 vs. 0.822 kg/d) and ADFI (1.81 vs. 2.27 kg/d) and increased G:F (P = 0.036; 0.391 vs. 0.365). Betaine tended to quadratically increase G:F (P = 0.071; 0.377, 0.391, 0.379, and 0.366 for 0, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20% betaine, respectively), regardless of environment. Heat stress increased (P = 0.001) respiration rate (48 vs. 23 breaths/30 s) and rectal temperature (39.47 vs. 38.94°C) throughout d 1 to 28. Betaine at 0.10% reduced rectal temperature in heat-stressed pigs but not in control pigs (interaction, P = 0.040). Heat stress increased serum cysteine and triglycerides and reduced Ca, alkaline phosphatase, and lipase, regardless of day of sampling (P = 0.048). Heat stress increased serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and K and reduced osmolarity, Na, urea N, methionine, homocysteine, the albumin:globulin ratio, and blood eosinophil count on d 3 but not on d 28 (interaction, P = 0.013). Heat stress increased serum Mg, globulin, creatinine, amylase, and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and reduced P, the urea N:creatinine ratio, alanine aminotransferase, NEFA, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cells on d 28 but not on d 3 (interaction, P = 0.034). Betaine increased serum osmolarity and NEFA and reduced CPK and K on d 3 but not on d 28 (interaction, P = 0.060) and increased serum creatinine and reduced amylase on d 28 but not on d 3 (interaction, P = 0.057). Heat stress reduced growth, disturbed ion balance, and increased markers of muscle damage. Betaine had a minor impact on alleviating heat stress with the possible exception of early days of heat exposure. The beneficial effect of betaine was diminished by pig adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Progeny of GPK-35 females mated to PIC 380 boars were blocked by initial BW, and within the 9 blocks, pens of pigs (3 gilts and 3 barrows/pen) were randomly assigned to dietary treatments where CP of finisher-I, -II, and -III diets was 1) 16.04, 14.55, and 16.23%, respectively (Ctrl); 2) 14.76, 13.48, and 15.27%, respectively (ILE); 3) 14.26, 12.78, and 14.28%, respectively (VAL); or 4) 12.65, 12.38, and 13.32%, respectively (NoSBM). All finisher-III diets included 10 mg/kg of ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) and a Lys:ME ratio of 2.79 g/Mcal. At slaughter, HCW and Fat-O-Meat'er data were recorded before carcasses were subjected to a rapid chilling process. A subsample of whole hams (2/pen) and whole loins (2/pen) were transported under refrigeration to the University of Arkansas. Hams were dissected with a knife into lean, fat, and bone, and 2.5-cm-thick chops from the semimembranosus (SM) and the LM were used to measure fresh pork quality characteristics. Both ADG and G:F decreased (linear, P = 0.05) as CP decreased in finisher-I diets, whereas ADFI was reduced (linear, P = 0.01) in response to decreasing CP in finisher-II diets. When RAC was included in the finisher-III diets, ADFI and BW decreased (linear, P = 0.03) with decreasing CP, and pigs fed the ILE diet had greater (cubic, P < 0.01) G:F than pigs fed the Ctrl and VAL diets. Across the entire finishing period, ADG and ADFI decreased (linear, P = 0.01) in response to reductions in dietary CP. Conversely, reducing CP in finisher diets did not (P = 0.13) affect carcass yield, fat depth, LM depth, or calculated fat-free lean yield, and dietary CP content did not (P = 0.09) alter the lean, fat, or bone composition of fresh hams. Moreover, there was no effect of dietary CP on the visual and instrumental color or firmness of the LM (P = 0.06) or SM (P = 0.12). However, there were linear increases in LM marbling scores (P = 0.02) and intramuscular fat content (P = 0.03) as CP was reduced in the finisher diets. Although reducing dietary CP decreased overall ADG and ADFI by approximately 6.1 and 4.9%, respectively, carcass composition was not impacted by dietary CP level. More importantly, reducing dietary CP, although meeting the standard ileal digestible requirements for Lys, Thr, Trp, Met, Ile, and Val with crystalline AA, did not impact pork color or water-holding capacity and actually increased the intramuscular fat content of the LM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the major prerequisites for the survival of pig xenograft. It states the need of the combination of genetic engineering of the pig and efficient immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory regiments. It mentions that the genetic manipulations that lead to the compatibility of pig and recipient major histocompatibility complex (MHC) will facilitate the induction of tolerance to pig organs.

The cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) protein family transports lysine and arginine in cellular amino acid pools. We hypothesized that CAT expression changes in pig skeletal muscles during rapid pig postnatal development. We aimed to investigate the tissue distribution and changes in the ontogenic expression of CATs in pig skeletal muscles during postnatal development. Six piglets at 1, 12, 26, 45, and 75 days old were selected from six litters, and their longissimus dorsi (LD), biceps femoris (BF), and rhomboideus (RH) muscles, and their stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, liver, kidney, heart, and cerebrum were collected. CAT-1 was expressed in all the 12 tissues investigated. CAT-2 (CAT-2A isoform) expression was highest in the skeletal muscle and liver and lowest in the jejunum, ileum, kidney, and heart. CAT-3 was expressed mainly in the colon and detected in the jejunum, ileum, and cerebrum. The CAT-1 expression was higher in the skeletal muscle of day 1 pigs than in that of older pigs ( P < 0.05). The CAT-2 mRNA level was lowest at day 1, but increased with postnatal development ( P < 0.05). There was no significant change in CAT-1 expression among the LD, BF, and RH during postnatal development ( P > 0.05); however, there was a change in CAT-2 expression. The CAT-2 expression was highest in the LD of 12-, 26-, 45-, and 75-day-old pigs, followed by the BF and RH ( P < 0.05). These results suggest that CAT-1 and CAT-2 play different roles in pig skeletal muscles during postnatal development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Kidney congestion is a common pathophysiologic pathway of acute kidney injury (AKI) in sepsis and heart failure. There is no noninvasive tool to measure kidney intracapsular pressure (KIP) directly.Methods: We evaluated the correlation of KIP with kidney elasticity measured by ultrasound surface wave elastography (USWE). We directly measured transcatheter KIP in three pigs at baseline and after bolus infusion of normal saline, norepinephrine, vasopressin, dopamine, and fenoldopam; infiltration of 2-L peritoneal dialysis solution in the intra-abdominal space; and venous, arterial, and ureteral clamping. KIP was compared with USWE wave speed.Results: Only intra-abdominal installation of peritoneal dialysis fluid was associated with significant change in KIP (mean (95% CI) increase, 3.7 (3.2-4.2)] mmHg; P < .001). Although intraperitoneal pressure and KIP did not differ under any experimental condition, bladder pressure was consistently and significantly greater than KIP under all circumstances (mean (95% CI) bladder pressure vs. KIP, 3.8 (2.9-4.) mmHg; P < .001). USWE wave speed significantly correlated with KIP (adjusted coefficient of determination, 0.71; P < .001). Estimate (95% CI) USWE speed for KIP prediction stayed significant after adjustment for KIP hypertension (-0.8 (- 1.4 to - 0.2) m/s; P = .008) whereas systolic and diastolic blood pressures were not significant predictors of KIP.Conclusions: In a pilot study of the swine model, we found ultrasound surface wave elastography speed is significantly correlated with transcatheter measurement of kidney intracapsular and intra-abdominal pressures, while bladder pressure overestimated kidney intracapsular pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guinea pigs are important zoo animals and have been recommended for animal-assisted activities or therapy, however there are problems concerning testosterone inducing aggressive or sexual behaviors in male guinea pigs. Testicular testosterone secretion is regulated by pulsatile gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)/luteinizing hormone (LH) release in mammals. The mechanism generating GnRH/LH pulses is thought to be governed by kisspeptin neurons, which coexpress neurokinin B (NKB) and dynorphin A (Dyn), in the arcuate nucleus (ARC). Kisspeptin neurons in the ARC are frequently referred to as KNDy neurons. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the antagonization of NKB-neurokinin-3 receptor (NK3R) signaling can manipulate testosterone secretion in male guinea pigs. A single subcutaneous administration or 7 days of oral administration of an NK3R-selective antagonist, SB223412 (50 mg/body), significantly decreased plasma testosterone levels in male guinea pigs. In vitro binding assays confirmed that SB223412 has a high affinity to guinea pig NK3R. These results suggest that SB223412 could be used as an orally-available compound to suppress testosterone levels in male guinea pigs. Double labeling in situ hybridization of kisspeptin and either NKB or Dyn showed that kisspeptin-expressing neurons contained NKB (77.9%) or Dyn (62.3%) in the ARC, suggesting the presence of KNDy neurons in the ARC of guinea pigs. In conclusion, the present study shows that SB223412 could be a candidate compound to suppress testosterone secretion in male guinea pigs for controlling sexual and aggressive behaviors in the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main issues related to entire male pigs is the occurrence of boar taint, an off-odour, which compromises meat consumability. In this study, odour thresholds (indole: 24–65 µg kg −1 , skatole: 44–89 µg kg −1 , androstenone: 121–342 µg kg −1 ) for the boar taint compounds were estimated in minced meat, dry fermented sausage and dry-cured ham. Afterwards, sensory evaluation of these products containing 10% tainted meat (minced meat and dry fermented sausage) or moderate boar taint compound levels (dry-cured ham) occurred. The beneficial effect of diluting tainted meat was demonstrated, as no significant difference in consumability was observed between gilts and 10% tainted meat by experts as well as consumers. Also dry-curing proved a promising technique for masking boar taint and preventing consumer dissatisfaction. The obtained results demonstrate the applicability of the estimated thresholds in meat as a tool for identifying masking and reducing strategies on the perception of boar taint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary chromium, CLA, and ractopamine on performance, carcass traits, and pork quality of finishing pigs slaughtered at 115 kg BW. Ninety-six crossbred barrows (initial BW = 70.21 ± 1.98 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments. There were 8 replicates per treatment (48 pens; 2 pigs/pen). A diet formulated according to the nutritional requirements was used as the control (CON). The other 5 diets were based on the CON and supplemented as follows: 0.4 mg/kg Cr yeast (CrY); 0.5% CLA; 0.4 mg/kg CrY and 0.5% CLA (CrY + CLA); 20 mg/kg ractopamine (RAC); 0.4 mg/ kg CrY and 20 mg/kg RAC (CrY + RAC). Lysine levels on diets containing ractopamine were raised by 20% compared to CON to meet the greater requirements of pigs fed ractopamine. Pigs fed RAC and CrY + RAC were fed CON for the first 17 d, and then the respective diets for the last 28 d on trial. Data were analyzed in a model including the fixed effect of treatment (6 levels) and initial BW as a covariate for all characteristics, with the exception of carcass traits, in which final BW was used as a covariate. Least-squares means were separated using Tukey-Kramer's method. Differences were considered when probability values were lower than 0.05. Pigs fed RAC and CrY + RAC had the greatest (P < 0.001) final BW and ADG. Pigs fed CrY + RAC had greater (P < 0.001) G:F than pigs within the other groups, except for those fed RAC. Pigs fed CrY + RAC and RAC had similar G:F, both greater (P < 0.001) than pigs fed CON. Average daily feed intake was similar (P = 0.83) for all diets. Pigs fed CrY + RAC had greater LM area (P = 0.01) and carcass yield (P < 0.02) than pigs fed CON, CrY, CLA, and CrY + CLA. Loin muscle area and carcass yield of pigs fed RAC were not different from pigs fed the others diets. Pigs fed CON diets had greater BF (P = 0.02) than pigs fed CLA diet. Additives did not affect (P > 0.05) pork quality, except for color. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed for carcasses pH and temperature. The L* values for pigs fed RAC were greater (P = 0.01) than pigs fed other diets. Pigs fed RAC had lower (P < 0.01) a* values compared to pigs fed other experimental diets. Serum urea nitrogen concentration (SUN) was lower (P = 0.02) in pigs fed CrY + RAC than in pigs fed CON and RAC and similar to pigs fed the other feeding additives. In summary, it was demonstrated that, when combined, CrY and RAC increase LM area and carcass yield, and reduce SUN, suggesting that chromium could improve nutrient utilization by muscle cells in RAC-fed pigs. Additionally, the additives have no major effects on pork quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pigs reared in barren conditions are exposed to many different stressors, compromising their welfare and producing physiological and behavioural changes. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of environmental enrichment (EE) consisting of natural hemp ropes, sawdust, rubber balls, and a herbal compound (HC) of Valeriana officinalis and Passiflora incarnata on the behaviour and performance of growing pigs. Fifty-six pigs were used to assess four different treatments divided in two pens of seven animals per treatment (14 pigs/treatment). The treatments tested were: (a) pigs reared with EE, (b) pigs supplemented with HC, (c) pigs provided with both EE and HC, and (d) control group (CG, neither EE nor HC). Body weight and lesions were measured before starting the experiments (week 15) and at 18, 20, 22 and 24 weeks of age. Weekly instantaneous scan and continuous focal sampling were used to record behavioural patterns of activity, social interactions and abnormal behaviours. Three novel tests were carried out at 16, 19 and 23 weeks of age. Body weight at the end of the experiment was found to be significantly lower for the pigs reared in the control group compared to the other treatments (p = 0.0009). Furthermore, pigs reared with EE presented less stereotypies (p = 0.016) and redirected behaviour (0.0188), but more exploratory behaviour (p = 0.008). However, pigs supplemented with HC presented less social interactions (p = 0.048), a trend to present less negative social behaviour (p = 0.09) and less skin lesions (P = 0.0433) than pigs not supplemented. Finally, no remarkable differences were reported in any of the three novel tests. Thus, both EE and HC positively influenced some animal welfare indicators and performance of growing pigs in the present experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weaning stress accompanied by outburst of aggression is a critical point in pig production as it compromises piglets’ welfare and leads to poor growth rate and health problems. Therefore, a weaning methods to smoothen the lactation–weaning transition are of great importance. In the present study a simple practical approach based on the imprinting phenomenon to improve weaned piglets’ welfare and growth performance was implemented. From birth, piglets were continually exposed to the simple 2D shapes, either a white circle on a black background (WC) or a black cross on a white background (BC). At weaning, piglets were allotted to weaning groups consisting of one WC and one BC litter, whereby test weaning pens, but not the control pens, were virtually divided using WC and BC signage on respective halves of the pen. The approach was tested in low- and high-density weaning groups, i.e. 10 or 20 individuals per pen (120 animals in total). The results revealed better growth performance of the test group (12–17% higher daily gain). On the whole, the number of post-weaning fights was lower in the test group and the majority of fights (62–75%) occurred among WC and BC. As regards the territoriality, piglets post-weaning tendency to remain in the area marked with a familiar sign was in general significant − i.e. more distinct grouping in the test pens (p < 0.05), comparing to the control pen. It appears that virtual splitting of weaning pens using simple 2D symbols to which pigs were exposed during lactation may decrease weaning aggression, promote distinct grouping and territorial behaviour, and promote growth performance of weaned piglets under farm conditions, especially in groups with lower stock density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by fungus belonging to Aspergillus and Penicillium genra. The aim of the present paper was to investigate if a low concentration OTA has toxic effect in pigs. Twelve piglets were fed with a control or an OTA (0.05 mg/kg feed) contaminated diet. After 30 days, animals were slaughtered and samples of blood and kidney were used for further analyses. The mycotoxin analyses showed a significant higher (6.25 times) concentration of OTA in the kidney of OTA intoxicated piglets than in control ones. While OTA has no effect on the urea and creatinine concentration, the microarray analysis of the effect of OTA on genome wide expression in the kidney of intoxicated piglets, revealed that approximately 105 different transcripts were significantly altered. As shown by the microarray results, 0.05 mg/kg of OTA can principally interfere with: i) canonical pathways (CD28 Signaling in T Helper Cells, Role of NFAT in Regulation of the Immune Response, Relaxin Signaling, IL-1 Signaling) ii) molecular and cellular function (cellular movement cellular function and maintenance, cellular growth and proliferation cellular assembly and organization, cell death and survival) etc. However, alteration of renal and urological system development and function and renal necrosis predicted through Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) were not supported by clinical pathological data. In conclusion, OTA toxicity was found even at low concentration of toxin, correlated with the activation of immune response pathways, oxidative stress response and early carcinogenic events. This effect need to be further investigated and analyzed in the context of human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are currently applied as probiotics due to their benefit to pig performance. This study aimed to identify candidate LAB from pig feces and determine their antimicrobial susceptibility following an international standard recommendation. A total of 204 LAB isolates from 60 fecal samples of 30 antibiotic-free healthy fattening indigenous pigs and 30 antibiotic-free healthy fattening commercial pigs were initially screened for viability in acidic and bile conditions. Thirty- four of the isolates as acid- and bile-tolerant LAB were selected for identification and determination of antimicrobial susceptibility. They were characterized and identified by a set of 26 phenotypic tests, whole- cell protein patterns (SDS-PAGE analysis), and 16S rDNA sequencing analysis. They were identified as Enterococcus faecium (11 isolates), E. hirae (nine isolates), Lactobacillus agilis (three isolates), L. plantarum (four isolates), Pediococcus acidilactici (one isolate) and P. pentosaceus (six isolates). The identification by 16S rDNA sequence analysis was strongly consistent with the whole- cell protein profiles, but not with the biochemical profiles. LAB presenting multidrug resistance could be found in antibiotic-free pigs. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values showed that among the 34 LAB isolates, only four (P. pentosaceus 77F, and L. plantarum 22F, 25F, 31F) from commercial pigs and one (P. acidilactici 72N) from an indigenous pig were susceptible to all eight antibiotics including ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, streptomycin and vancomycin according to EFSA criteria. In conclusion, five LAB strains derived from healthy pigs displayed potential as porcine probiotics and will be screened in further clinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 1,143 pigs (PIC 337 x 1050, initially 25.1 ± 0.03 kg BW) were used in a 111-d study to determine the effects of copper sulfate (CuSO4; Prince Agri-Products, Quincy, IL) or tribasic copper chloride (TBCC; IntelliBond C; Micronutrients, Indianapolis, IN) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and pen cleanliness. Pens of pigs were allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments, balanced on average pen weight in a randomized complete block design with 25 to 28 pigs per pen and 7 replications per treatment. Treatments included a corn--soybean meal--based diet (corn-soy), a high-by-product diet with 30% distillers dried grains with solubles and 15% bakery meal (byproduct diet), and the by-product diet with 75 or 150 mg/kg added Cu from CuSO4 or TBCC. All diets contained 20 mg/kg Cu from CuSO4 in the trace mineral premix. At the conclusion of the trial, a digital photo of each pen was taken to allow 3 independent observers to score manure texture and buildup and to assess pen cleanliness prior to power washing. Furthermore, the time required to power wash each pen was also measured. Overall, pigs fed the by-product diet tended to have increased ADFI (P = 0.083) and had decreased G:F (P = 0.005) compared to those fed the corn-soy diet. No Cu source x level interactions or Cu source differences were observed (P > 0.05). From d 0 to 71, pigs fed increasing Cu had increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) ADG, d 71 BW, and ADFI. From d 71 to 111, pigs fed increasing Cu tended to have increased ADFI (linear, P = 0.068) and decreased G:F (quadratic, P = 0.056). Overall (d 0 to 111), increasing Cu increased (linear, P < 0.01) ADG, final BW, and ADFI (quadratic, P = 0.026). Hot carcass weight increased (linear, P = 0.023) by 2.4 kg with increasing Cu. Increasing Cu also increased loin depth (linear, P = 0.019) and percentage lean (quadratic, P = 0.024). Manure buildup and wash time (s/pen) increased (P < 0.05) for by-product diet pens compared to corn-soy pens; however, neither wash time nor pen cleanliness were influenced by added Cu. In summary, increasing dietary Cu in high-by-product diets improved growth and feed intake, resulting in increased final BW and HCW for pigs fed both Cu sources, without influencing pen wash time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the effects of diet complexity and multicarbohydrase (MC) supplementation, 144 piglets (6.70 ± 0.81 kg of BW) weaned at 21 ± 2 d of age (1:1 male to female ratio) were assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement based on diet complexity (complex1, complex2, and simple) and MC addition (0 vs. 0.1% of MC). Diets were provided in a 2-phase feeding program with phase I (d 1 to 14) and phase II diets (d 15 to 28). Complex1 was formulated to mimic a conventional weaner diet with blood plasma, fish meal, dried whey, and skim milk powder, whereas complex2 partially or totally replaced these ingredients with various plant-based ingredients. The simple diet primarily comprised corn, wheat, and soybean meal. No interactions were found between diet complexity and MC supplementation (P > 0.10), except for apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of ash and globulin concentration on d 28 (P < 0.05). Pigs fed the complex1 diet had greater (P < 0.01) ADG, ADFI, and G:F than those fed the other diets during the first week after weaning. However, no differences in ADG or ADFI were observed for pigs fed the complex1 and simple diets throughout the 28-d experimental period (P > 0.10), whereas the complex2 diet led to lower ADG and ADFI compared with the complex1 diet (P < 0.05). Overall, G:F was greater for pigs fed the simple diet compared with those fed the complex1 diet (P < 0.01). Pigs fed the simple diet showed ATTD of DM, OM, GE, and ash comparable to those fed the complex1 diet on d 14 (P > 0.10). In contrast, greater ATTD of DM, OM, NDF, GE, and ash was observed (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the complex1 diet than in those fed the complex2 diet or the simple diet on d 28. The simple diet increased the lymphocyte proportion in serum compared with the complex1 diet (P < 0.01) on d 14. Pigs fed the complex1 diet had a greater (P < 0.05) ratio of villus height (VH) to crypt depth (CD) in the ileum compared with the other diets. The complex2 diet decreased (P < 0.05) the fecal score during 3 wk of the postweaning period compared with the complex1 diet. Dietary MC supplementation increased (P < 0.05) G:F during the overall experimental period, VH in the ileum, VH:CD ratio in the duodenum, and ATTD of DM and GE but it reduced fecal score (P < 0.05). In conclusion, feeding a simple diet resulted in BW comparable to feeding the complex1 diet, but it led to inferior intestinal morphology and ATTD of nutrients on d 28. Also, MC supplementation could be beneficial regardless of diet complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study was to estimate genetic co-variance parameters pertaining to live weight, feed intake, and 2 efficiency traits (i.e., residual feed intake and residual daily gain) in a population of pigs over a defined growing phase using Legendre polynomial equations. The data set used consisted of 51,893 live weight records and 903,436 feed intake, residual feed intake (defined as the difference between an animal's actual feed intake and its expected feed intake), and residual daily gain (defined as the difference between an animal's actual growth rate and its expected growth rate) records from 10,201 growing pigs. Genetic co-variance parameters for all traits were estimated using random regression Legendre polynomials. Daily heritability estimates for live weight ranged from 0.25 ± 0.04 (d 73) to 0.50 ± 0.03 (d 122). Low to moderate heritability estimates were evident for feed intake, ranging from 0.07 ± 0.03 (d 66) to 0.25 ± 0.02 (d 170). The estimated heritability for residual feed intake was generally lower than those of both live weight and feed intake and ranged from 0.04 ± 0.01 (d 96) to 0.17 ± 0.02 (d 159). The heritability for feed intake and residual feed intake increased in the early stages of the test period and subsequently sharply declined, coinciding with older ages. Heritability estimates for residual daily gain ranged from 0.26 ± 0.03 (d 188) to 0.42 ± 0.03 (d 101). Genetic correlations within trait were strongest between adjacent ages but weakened as the interval between ages increased; however, the genetic correlations within all traits tended to strengthen between the extremes of the trajectory. Moderate to strong genetic correlations were evident among live weight, feed intake, and the efficiency traits, particularly in the early stage of the trial period (d 66 to 86), but weakened with age. Results from this study could be implemented into the national genetic evaluation for pigs, providing comprehensive information on the profile of growth and efficiency throughout the growing period of the animal's life, thus helping producers identify genetically superior animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The anatomy and physiology of the pig nervous system is more similar to humans compared to traditional rodent models. This makes the pig an attractive model to answer questions relating to human health and disease. Yet the technical and molecular tools available to pig researchers are limited compared to rodent researchers. New method We developed simple and rapid methods to isolate the trigeminal, nodose (distal vagal), and dorsal root ganglia from neonatal pigs. We selected these ganglia due to their broad applicability to basic science researchers and clinicians. Results Use of these methods resulted in reproducible isolation of all three types of ganglia as validated by histological examination. Comparison with existing method(s) There are currently no methods that describe a step-by-step protocol to isolate these porcine ganglia. Conclusions In conclusion, these methods for ganglia collection will facilitate and accelerate future neuroscience investigations in pig models of human disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The development of antimicrobial resistance is triggered by the use of antibiotic drugs. Therefore, the consumption of antibiotics in livestock is monitored, and different measures may be applied if the usage of antibiotic drugs seems inappropriate. Unfortunately, the surveillance of antibiotic consumption is not standardised, and surveillance systems differ. In Germany, the food quality assurance system QS Qualität und Sicherheit GmbH (QS) began the documentation of antibiotic drug usage in pigs in 2012 in a private economic based database, and for its members, documentation has been mandatory in all pig age groups since 2014. In this investigation, we calculated the distribution of the antibiotics use per pig age group and half-year, and the percentage of the active substances used from overall treatments within German pig holdings from 1 July, 2013 to 30 June, 2015. In fattening pigs, the median of the treatment frequency is 4.3 in 2013–2 and exhibits a decreasing trend in this time period up to 2.1 in 2015–1. In weaners the median ranged between 11.3 in 2014–2 and 5.8 in 2013–2. The median of sucklers varies between 21.6 and 25.0. In sucklers and weaners, a clear temporal trend is not seen to date. The share of the active substances differs between the age groups. In fattening pigs, mostly tetracyclines and penicillines were used, occurring in approximately 60% of the total treatments. In weaners, amoxicillin and colistin have the highest shares of the treatment frequency, at approximately 60%. The treatment frequencies of macrolides and penicillines have the highest share in sucklers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) is an alternative strategy for preserving kidneys donated after cardiac death (DCD). The relative efficacy of prolonged NMP compared to hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) in DCD kidneys with moderate ischemic injury is undetermined. This study compares NMP and HMP kidney preservation in a porcine DCD model. Methods Ten porcine kidneys underwent NMP or HMP preservation following 45 minutes of warm ischemia and 5 hours of cold ischemia. After 8 hours of machine preservation, hemodynamic stability, renal function, perfusate biomarkers, and histologic integrity were assessed in a simulated reperfusion model. Results During simulated reperfusion, no differences were observed in oxygen consumption, urine production, creatinine clearance, fractional excretion of sodium, proteinuria, and perfusate levels of lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase. Resistance was no different after 30 minutes of simulated reperfusion. Histologically, NMP kidneys demonstrated increased vacuolization after preservation and greater loss of tubular integrity after simulated reperfusion. Perfusate levels of alkaline phosphatase (AP) and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) were higher in NMP kidneys during preservation, but upon simulated reperfusion, AP and GGT levels were higher in HMP-preserved kidneys. Peak AP and GGT during simulated reperfusion of HMP kidneys were over 14 times higher than peak AP and GGT during preservation of NMP kidneys. Conclusions NMP provided comparable preservation of renal function as HMP and minimized AP and GGT release upon reperfusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Clinical and experimental evidence strongly suggest that ischemia–reperfusion injury after intestinal transplantation has deleterious short- and long-term effects and finding means to reduce ischemia–reperfusion injury is a major research area. The anatomical and physiological similarities between the human and porcine digestive tract favor its use as a preclinical model for translational research. Intriguingly, no systematic appraisal of the development of the intestinal preservation injury in pigs is available. Materials and methods Intestinal procurement was performed in nine pigs using histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution as preservation fluid. Ileal biopsies were obtained after 8, 14, and 24 h of static cold storage (SCS), and the preservation injury was assessed morphologically (Chiu score) as well as on the molecular level. Tight junction (zonula occludens, claudin-3 and 4, tricellulin, and occludin) and adherens junctions (E-cadherin) proteins were studied using immunofluorescence and Western blot. Results Eight hours of SCS induced minimal mucosal changes (Chiu grade 1) that advanced to significant subepithelial edema (Chiu grade 3) after 24 h; progressive Goblet cell depletion was also noted. Apoptosis (studied by cleaved caspase-3 staining significantly increased after 24 h of SCS. Significant molecular changes with decreasing expression of zonula occludens, tricellulin, and occludin were evident already after 8 h of SCS and continuously worsened. Claudin-3 and Claudin-4 and E-cadherin expression remained relatively unaltered during SCS. Conclusions Important molecular alterations precede histologic changes during SCS of the porcine intestine and may be used as more sensitive injury markers than histologic changes in intestinal ischemia and transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Removal of internal organs such as lungs, liver, and kidneys is a key step required to compute the lean meat percentage from Computed Tomography (CT) scans of live animals. In this paper, we propose two segmentation techniques to remove these organs focusing on pigs. The first method is semi-automatic, and it starts with the first CT slice and a manually defined mask with internal organs. Then, it applies a four-step iterative process that computes the masks of the next CT slices by using the information of the previous one. To find the best boundary it uses a Dynamic Programming-based approach. At each iteration the user can check the correctness of the new computed mask. The second method is fully automatic, and segments each slice individually by using distance maps and morphological operators, such as dilation. It is composed of three main steps which detect the pig’s torso, pre-classify the voxels in different tissues, and segment the internal organs using the information of such classification. Although it has some parameters, user interaction is not required to obtain the results. The proposed approaches have been tested on CT data sets from 9 pigs, and compared with a manual segmentation. To evaluate the results, the precision, recall, and F-score measures have been used. From our test, we can observe that the performance of both methods is very high according to their average F-score. We also analyse how the accuracy of the results in the semi-automatic approach increases when more user interaction is applied. For the automatic approach, we evaluate the dependence of the results on the algorithm’s parameters. If robustness is enough, and high accuracy is not required, the automatic algorithm can be used to segment a whole pig in less than 50 s. However, if the user wants to control the level of accuracy, the semi-automatic algorithm is preferred. Both methods are useful to reduce the time needed to segment the internal organs of a pig from hours (manual segmentation) to minutes or seconds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was undertaken to detect the presence of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine parvo virus (PPV) in 54 porcine aborted foetuses, stillborns and mummified foetuses. Foetal tissues of heart, lung, spleen and lymphnodes were used for extraction of total DNA and the presence of viral pathogens were confirmed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Out of 54 samples, nine (16.6%) samples were positive for PCV2, eight (14.8%) samples were positive for PPV while co-infection with PCV2 and PPV was detected in four (7.4%) samples. The histopathological changes in the foetuses were found to be mostly necrosis in the cells of the developing organs viz. lungs, kidney, liver, heart, brain, spleen and lymphnodes. Lymphoid depletion was observed in the lymphoid follicles of the lymphnodes. Meningoencephalitis in the cerebrum was also seen in both PPV and PCV2 infected foetuses. The results indicated that PPV and PCV2 could be an important infectious agent in cases of porcine stillbirths, abortions and mummified foetuses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contents In recent decades, wild boars ( Sus scrofa) have increased in numbers and distribution in Europe. Compared to other wild ungulates of similar body size, wild boars have a high reproductive capacity. To increase the knowledge of wild boar reproduction, the objective of this study was to investigate characteristics of reproductive organs, and to provide information on the occurrence of abnormalities in reproductive organs from free-ranging female wild boars. Between December 2011 and December 2015, reproductive organs from female wild boars (>30 kg body weight), were collected during hunting in four Swedish counties at estates where supplementary feeding was applied. The organs were macroscopically examined and measured. The stage of the reproductive cycle was defined according to the ovarian structures and in relation to uterus characteristics. Observed abnormalities were noted. The results from 569 animals that met the requirements to be included in this study showed significant differences in weight and length of the uterus between the various reproductive stages. Sampling region had significant effect on these differences. Abnormalities in the reproductive organs were present in approximately 10% of the examined animals. The prevalence of abnormalities increased significantly with age and was significantly affected by sampling region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]