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Coatings on a titanium alloy are prepared by electrospark deposition with a non-localized anode consisting of titanium and aluminum granules with addition of chromium diboride powder. With increase of the CrB2 concentration from 2 to 10 vol.%, the gain in the weight of the cathode increases monotonically from 4.10 to 9.56 mg/cm2. According to the data of polarization tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the Ti – Al – Cr – B coatings reduce the corrosion rate of the VT3-1 alloy. The highest oxidation resistance of the coatings is observed for a CrB2 concentration of 2 vol.%. Deposition of Ti – Al – Cr – B coatings makes it possible to increase the surface hardness of the VT3-1 alloy by a factor of 2.7 – 4. The deposited Ti – Al – Cr – B coatings increase the wear resistance of the surface of titanium alloy VT3-1 by up to a factor of 6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The glass fiber cloth is a kind of composite material made of graphene and glass fiber. The covering rate of graphene on glass fiber is more than 99 %, so it is an excellent electric heating material. Tn order to study the electrical heating properties of the glass cloth made of montmorillonite and promote its application in related fields, the electrical heating properties of the glass cloth made of montmorillonite with different surface resistance values were tested. The results show that, on the macroscopic level, the monofilament fiber is 7.5/. tm in diameter. The color of the monofilament fiber is uniform and the color difference is not obvious. There are 312 monofilaments in a single tow, the space between square holes is 430.27-438.34/im, and the twist is controlled at about 70 twist. At the micro-level, shown by the scanning electron microscope, the surface of the tow is covered evenly by graphene, not flaky, incomplete or wrinkled, and the surface of the monofilament is smooth and clean while the obvious 2T) and G peaks were observed by Raman spectroscopy. The results show that the lower the surface resistance is, the faster the heating rate is, and the higher the stability of the electric heating temperature is. The electrical heating temperature of 150 fl/1 I graphene-skinned glass fiber cloth can be rapidly stabilized at 543 °C, and the heating rate can reach 185.1 °C/s. For the graphene-skinned glass fiber cloth with large surface resistance, both the temperature stability and the temperature rise rate show a significant downward trend at the same voltage, and the surface resistance of different surface resistance specifications of graphene-skinned glass fiber cloth is negatively correlated with the electric heating temperature. There is a positive correlation between the input voltage and the electric heating temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyoxymethylene (POM) fiber is a new type of reinforcement material developed in recent years, which provides a new way and choice for the modification and reinforcement of cement-based materials. In order to improve the application of POM in the construction field, fiber-reinforced cementitious materials were prepared using 6- and 12-mm POM fibers. The effects of at two lengths of POM fibers on fluidity, compressive strength, flexural strength, flexural toughness, and tensile strength of cement mortar were investigated, and the bonding interface between fibers and the cement mortar matrix was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the addition of POM fibers reduced the fluidity and 7-day compressive strength of cementitious composites, but had little effect on 28-day compressive strength. With the increase of POM fiber volume fraction and length, better flexural toughness and ultimate tensile strength can be obtained. When the POM fiber length was 12 mm and the volume fraction was 0.90%, the equivalent flexural strength and ultimate tensile strength of the POM fiber–reinforced cement-based composite (POM-FRCC) increased by 46.3% and 13.5%, respectively, compared with the control group. Microscopic analysis revealed that the POM fibers were tightly bonded to the cement mortar matrix, and the fibers had a severe surface scraping in the resistance to damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industria Textila is the property of Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Textile si Pielarie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study has developed a surface modified titanium carbide (TiC)–titanium (Ti) composite for application in dry press working. This material was synthesized through mechanical alloying using Ti and graphite powder, followed by spark plasma sintering, and subsequently surface-modified via oxidation/carburization treatment. The oxidation/carburization behavior was investigated to determine the treatment conditions that formed a hard coating layer, and its wear resistance was evaluated. The activation energy for the isothermal oxidation of this composite material was 271 kJ/mol, with the rate primarily determined by the O and Ti diffusion in titanium dioxide (TiO2). In contrast, the activation energy for the growth of the carburized layer growth was 261 kJ/mol, with the rate determined by the carbon diffusion in TiC. The oxide film of the TiC–Ti composite material, oxidized by holding at 1073 K for 300 s, exhibited porous rutile TiO2 with a thickness of approximately 1.7 µm and hardness of 11 GPa. The carburized layer of the TiC–Ti composite material, carburized at 1073 K and held for 2400 s, had a thickness of approximately 3 µm and hardness of 20 GPa. During a wear test utilizing a stainless-steel pin as the mating material, stainless steel adhered to the surface of the unmodified sample. The oxidized sample experienced wear due to the peeling of the oxide film. However, the carbonized sample neither adhered to nor wore the mating material, suggesting that the carbonization treatment helps to improve the wear characteristics. This study offers valuable insights into the fabrication of TiC-based cermets as mold materials for realizing dry press working. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural and spatial aspects of cell degradation are studied using a combination of diffraction-and imaging-based tools applying laboratory X-rays, neutron scattering and synchrotron radiation with electrochemical and thermal characterization. Experimental characterization is carried out on cylindrical cells of 21700-type, where four regimes of cell degradation are identified, which are supplemented by an increased cell resistance and surface temperature during cell operation. The amount of intercalated lithium in the fully charged anodes in the fresh and aged states is determined by ex situ X-ray diffraction radiography and in situ X-ray diffraction computed tomography. The qualitatively similar character of the results revealed a loss of active lithium along with the development of a complex heterogeneous distribution over the electrode stripe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efforts made all over the world towards the fact of decreasing the environmental pollution have been enormously demanding now a days. Therefore the increase in caution towards a sustainable environment has restricted the use of materials which may have huge impact towards environment pollution. The geosynthetic is a cost-effective and corrosive resistant material which can be used in the most exposed conditions to mitigate the anticipated excessive settlement in case of soft soil. The present study investigated the behaviour of a geocomposite material in a layered soil system. Three types of geocomposite were manufactured by changing the tensile stiffness of the components viz. GCBX-40, GC-BX-60, and GC-BX80. The basic configuration of every geocomposite was same and was made by sandwiching a geotextile layer in between the two geogrid layers which have significantly improved the surface frictional resistance due to the increase in the surface cover ratio and also the improvement in the interlocking effect on the soil grains due to the geogrid layers on both sides. The various layouts of geocomposite were introduced in this study besides the general planar layout and it was found that the confinement effect was increased with in the soil layers. Therefore, the cohesion (c) between the soil grains and the frictional angle (ϕ) was modified due the increased confinement which not only improved the bearing capacity factor but the settlement reductions factor was also improved. The results revealed that the load carrying capacity was improved from 33.8 to 40.59% by using different types of geocomposite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electroplating & Finishing is the property of Electroplating & Finishing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Constructing an ecological network can help mitigate the habitat fragmentation caused by urban expansion, as well as facilitate the survival and migration of species, which is beneficial for biodiversity conservation. We selected Wanyuan, China, for our study, and three different comprehensive resistance surfaces were generated by applying the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the entropy method (EM), and the spatial principal component analysis (SPCA). Based on these three comprehensive resistance surfaces, three ecological networks were constructed. Then, the ecological networks were quantitatively evaluated to provide a more reasonable theoretical method for the construction of ecological networks in Wanyuan. Meanwhile, the differences between different resistance weighting methods in ecological network construction were discussed. The results indicated that: (1) It was more reasonable to use the SPCA to construct an ecological network in Wanyuan. (2) The weight values generated by the three methods differed significantly. The highest proportion of the AHP was land cover type, consistent with previous research results. However, the weights generated by the SPCA and the EM differed from previous research results. (3) Although the weight proportions of the three methods differed, the distribution areas of high and low values of the three comprehensive resistance surfaces were roughly the same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extremely low field emergence rates for canola are primarily attributed to soil compaction from field traffic during and after planting. This study aimed to determine the critical compaction level for canola emergence across different soil types. A laboratory experiment was conducted using sandy loam, silt clay, and clay soils, compacted to five levels (zero to four) using Proctor hammer drops after sowing canola (Brassica napus L.). The lab results were validated through two years of field experiments in sandy loam, applying four compaction levels (zero to three) using a tractor. Soil properties (bulk density and surface resistance) and canola growth parameters (plant emergence rate, count, height, and above-ground biomass) were measured. Zero compaction resulted in lower bulk density and surface resistance across all soil types. Laboratory results showed maximum emergence rates of 95% for sandy loam, 100% for silt clay, and 60% for clay, while field emergence rates were 63% and 87.59% in the first and second years, respectively, both at zero compaction. Recommendations include light or no compaction for sandy loam, and zero compaction for silt clay, while clay soil did not achieve the 80% emergence target at any compaction level. These results can assist agricultural producers in optimizing their seeding equipment setup and managing field traffic for canola production.

The shielded pair resonator method is a useful tool in the measurement of accelerator components, such as the beam screens used in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the High-Luminosity (HL) LHC, or future accelerators. It can measure the resistive losses at several frequency points by separating the resistive losses on the sample from other sources of losses. We built a new resonator to be inserted into a superconducting dipole magnet (peak magnetic field of 9.5 T) and to measure the surface resistance of beam screens, such as LHC beam screens coated with amorphous carbon (a-C). The device can measure surface resistance at any temperature between 4.2 K and 300 K, in the frequency range of 400 MHz to 1600 MHz. We conducted the first surface resistance measurements of two a-C coated beam screens at 4.2 K and showed that the 200 nm to 400 nm titanium underlayer plus 50 nm a-C only has a limited effect on the surface resistance. This first result supports the choice of this coating as baseline for the HL-LHC triplets magnets upgrade. The resonator will have an important role in the characterization of next-generation beam screens, such as a beam screen with laser-engineered surface structure (LESS). Further measurements of the LHC beam screen in the presence of magnetic fields up to 9.5 T and throughout the full temperature range are going to be reported separately.

High Q-factors are of utmost importance to minimize losses of superconducting radio-frequency cavities deployed in continuous wave particle accelerators. This study elucidates the surface treatment that can maximize the Q-factors in high-beta 650 MHz elliptical niobium cavities. State-of-the-art surface treatments are applied in many single-cell cavities, and surface resistance studies are performed to understand the microwave dissipation at this unexplored frequency. The nitrogen doping treatment is confirmed to be necessary to maximize the Q-factors at medium RF fields. We applied this treatment in five-cell high-beta 650 MHz cavities and demonstrated that extremely high Q-factors were obtained at medium RF fields with this treatment. We also demonstrated that adding a cold electropolishing step after N-doping is crucial to push the quench field of multicell cavities to higher gradients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wettability of the membrane surface is very important for the separation of oil-in-water emulsion. In this paper, the hydrophilic NH2-CAU-1 was added to the membrane surface by interfacial polymerization, which greatly improved the separation efficiency of oil-in-water emulsion. The effect of the amount of NH2-CAU-1 on the separation efficiency of TFN membrane was studied, and it was determined that TFN-1 membrane had ultra-high separation efficiency of oil-in-water emulsion (> 97.60%). TFN-1 membrane has a high underwater oil contact angle (higher than 139.53°), resulting in excellent oil adhesion resistance on the membrane surface. The universality and cycling performance of TFN-1 membrane were tested, and UWOCA had good stability under strong acid, strong base and different NaCl concentrations, and the separation efficiency did not change significantly after 8 cycles. The results show that TFN-1 membrane has excellent performance in separating oil-in-water emulsions and has broad application prospects in separating oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by surfactants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a 1D/2D two-phase structure of ZnO single-crystal nanosheets/ZnO–SnO 2 nanorods was constructed, and the hydrogen gas sensing properties including selectivity have been enhanced by this low-cost way without noble metal doping. It was proved that hydrogenation effect on ZnO (0001) single crystal facets was the key to forming the low resistance surface in hydrogen gas, leading significantly enhancement in response and selectivity. The response (R a /R g) to 200 ppm hydrogen gas exceeded 400 at a low operating temperature of 150 °C, response/recovery time in 100 ppm H 2 was only 30 s/8 s. The sensor also has good selectivity for hydrogen detection. The enhancement in gas sensing properties due to dual mechanism of the hydrogenated low-resistance surface and the resistance modulation of ZnO/SnO 2 heterojunctions, which proposed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the development of conductive polymer-textile composites with outstanding electric heating properties achieved through the in-situ polymerization of polypyrrole on wool-felt fabrics, renowned for their superior thermal insulation. Employing successive layer-by-layer (LBL) cycles facilitated precise control over the uniform deposition of polypyrrole with the fabrics. The investigation focused on the interaction between wool fiber and polypyrrole, evaluating appearance, add-on, and electrical heating performance with varying LBL cycles. The polymerization process resulted in the formation of spherical polypyrrole particles on the wool-felt, with deposition increasing alongside LBL cycle numbers. Mechanical properties, including tensile strength and bending rigidity, exhibited enhancement with polypyrrole deposition, while strain reduction was noted, with minimal influence from LBL cycles. Electrical properties, particularly surface resistance, displayed a rapid decrease up to the second LBL cycle. Concerning electrical heating performance, the application of a 12 V voltage resulted in a linear increase in surface temperature with increasing LBL cycles, peaking at 15.5 ℃. Notably, this sustained electrical heating effect persisted even after voltage removal, attributed to the low thermal conductivity of wool fiber. Moreover, the polypyrrole conductive layer maintained exceptional conductivity following repeated abrasion and washing, credited to improved uniformity through LBL cycles. The synergy of wool's insulating properties and polypyrrole's conductivity, as confirmed in this study, presents the potential for a highly efficient heating fabric. These developed materials exhibited improved heating performance, energy conservation, and minimal change in mechanical properties, making them suitable for applications such as electrical heating smart clothing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piezoelectric semiconductors (PSs) possess both semiconducting properties and piezoelectric coupling effects, making them optimal building blocks for semiconductor devices. PS fiber-like structures have wide applications in multi-functional semiconductor devices. In this paper, a one-dimensional (1D) theoretical model is established to describe the piezotronic responses of a PS fiber under gradient temperature changes. The theoretical model aims to explain the mechanism behind the resistance change caused by such gradient temperature changes. Numerical results demonstrate that a gradient temperature change significantly affects the physical fields within the PS fiber, and can induce changes in its surface resistance. It provides important theoretical guidance on the development of piezotronic devices that are sensitive to temperature effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene oxide can connect sheets to other materials with covalent bonds due to the presence of oxygen groups and has medical applications due to its biocompatibility properties. In this research, TiO2-MgO dual layer coatings were applied on AZ91D magnesium alloy by magnetron sputtering method. After that, graphene oxide layer was applied as a filler to increase the surface resistance to cracks using the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed the presence of GO peaks and the Raman spectrum showed good and defect-free GO scattering. Microstructural investigations showed that the GO layer diffused the cracks on the surface of the layers and connected the cracks like a bridge. According to the results of the in vitro test, the TiO2-MgO-GO multilayer coating can provide the properties of biocompatibility optimally for the AZ91D alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to coastal storm surge and wave or man-made activities, widespread coastal erosion events are emerging. In this study, the feasibility of bio-carbonation of reactive magnesium cement (RMC) to mitigate coastal erosion was investigated by conducting laboratory-scale wave erosion tests. The accumulative erosion volume (V), erosion resistance duration (Dre), and volume erosion rate (VIS) were calculated to evaluate the erosion resistance of sand dunes with the different cement thickness (T = 3 mm, 4 mm, and 5 mm) and RMC content (R = 1%, 1.5%, and 2%). The surface penetration resistance and the cementation product content (brucite/hydrated magnesia carbonates (HMCs)) were also measured to assess the effectiveness of bio-carbonation in sand dunes. Results show that in comparison with RMC hydration, the VIS decreased by 77%, Dre increased by 333%, and peak penetration resistance increased by 42% after the bio-carbonation treatment of sand dunes. Further improvements in these results were obtained with increasing T or R. Given varying T or R, we identify two types of erosion process responses under wave action. For bio-carbonation treatment with higher T or R, the erosion process response follows four phases. In contrast, for hydration treatment, or bio-carbonation treatment with lower T or R, Phase II does not exist because of small crust thickness or weak bond. The presentation of Phase II effectively delays the slope failure depending on larger erosion volume (V ≥ 93 cm3) and turns sudden into flexible failure. Scanned electron microscopy observations further revealed that HMCs formed by RMC bio-carbonation provided better filling and cementation effects than brucite formed by RMC hydration, however, massive amounts of HMCs concentrated in the shallow surface layer, causing hindered penetration and reducing the number of cementation products at higher depths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate simulation of evapotranspiration (ET) is essential to enhance efficient irrigation management in the maize field. Here, we evaluated the performance of four mathematical models for estimating the ET of maize. The four models based on surface resistance calculate ET from different vapor sources, which are Penman‐Monteith (PM) through the "big leaf" model, the Shuttleworth‐Wallace (SW) model for distinguishing between soil and canopy, the clumping (C) model for distinguishing between canopy, soils under the canopy and bare soil, and the seasonal clumping (Cj) model for dividing ET into transpiration of sunlit leaves and shaded leaves, evaporation of bare soil surface, sunlit soil surface of canopy gap fraction, and canopy shaded soil surfaces. The models were calibrated by ET measured from a weighing lysimeter, transpiration by the sap flux method, and soil evaporation by micro‐lysimeters in 2014, 2015, and 2017. Results showed that the measured daily transpiration was 3.32 mm/day during the full‐grown stage of maize, and the mean measured daily soil evaporation was 1.46 mm/day. The performance of the sap flow for transpiration plus micro‐lysimeter for soil evaporation method was consistent with the large‐weighted lysimeter method in measuring daily ET. For simulating versus measuring hourly transpiration, the Cj model performed better than the C model with a slope of 0.94, determination coefficient (R2) of 0.85, mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.08 mm/h, and modified agreement index (d) of 0.81. In simulating daily soil evaporation, the Cj model also had a higher slope and less MAE than the C and SW models. Nevertheless, the Cj model yielded increased slope and d and decreased MAE between simulated and measured daily ET. The most sensitive environmental factor in the Cj model is temperature. With a 50% increase in temperature, ET, transpiration, and evaporation increase by 45%, 36%, and 69%, respectively. In summary, the Cj model improved the accuracy for hourly and daily ET of maize and helped separate plant transpiration and soil evaporation, thus giving an available approach for precision irrigation in water management of maize planting systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through observations of NO, NO2, NOY and O3 in the Rambouillet forest near Paris, France, (as part of the ACROSS campaign, 2022) we have gained insight into nighttime processes controlling NOX in an anthropogenically impacted forest environment. O3 mixing ratios displayed a strong diel profile at the site, which was driven by a variable but generally rapid deposition to soil and foliar surfaces. The O3 diel profile was strongly influenced by relative humidity, which impacted the surface resistance to uptake, and temperature inversion, which influenced the rate of entrainment of O3 from above the canopy. Only when the O3 mixing ratio was sufficiently low (and thus the NO lifetime sufficiently long), were sustained NO peaks observed above the instrumental detection limit, enabling derivation of average NO emission rates from the soil of ~1.4 ppbv h‑1. Observations of the lack of increase in NO2 at night, despite a significant production rate from the reaction of NO with O3, enabled an effective lifetime of NO2 of ⁓0.5–3 h to be derived. As the loss of NO2 was not compensated by the formation of gas- or particle-phase reactive nitrogen species it was presumably driven by deposition to soil and foliar surfaces, or any products formed were themselves short-lived with respect to deposition. By comparison, the daytime lifetime of NO2 with respect to loss by reaction with OH is about 1 day. We conclude that the nighttime deposition of NO2 is a major sink of boundary layer NOX in this temperate forest environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 Fe 1−x Cu x O 3−δ (BSFCu) and BSFCu–Ce 0.8 Sm 0.15 Ca 0.05 O 1.875 (SCDC) were prepared by solid-state reaction and sol-gel method, respectively. The possibility of BSFCu−SCDC composites as cathodes for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs) was investigated. The results show that BSFCu has a cubic BaFeO 3 structure and no secondary phase. BSFCu−SCDC has cubic BaFeO 3 and Ce 0.8 Sm 0.2 O 1.9 structures, and BaCeO 3 secondary phase. The polarization surface specific resistance (ASR RP) of BSFCu increases with increasing Cu doping. For BSFCu–SCDC, 7BSFCu10–3SCDC has the smallest ASR RP (0.106 Ω cm2, 800 °C) at 800 °C–750 °C; at 600 °C − 700 °C, 6BSFCu10–4SCDC has the smallest ASR RP (1.043 Ω cm2, 600 °C). The maximum exchange current densities of 7BSFCu10–3SCDC and 6BSFCu10–4SCDC are about 0.219 and 0.083 A cm−2 at 800 °C and 700 °C, respectively. Compared with BSFCu, 6BSFCu10–4SCDC has a lower overpotential, which shows better electrocatalytic activity, so it can increase the energy efficiency when applied to IT-SOFC. • BSFCu–SCDC cobalt-free material has less element volatility and lower cost. • 7BSFCu10–3SCDC has the smallest ASR RP (0.106 Ω⸱cm2, 800 °C) at 800 °C–750 °C. • 6BSFCu10–4SCDC has the smallest ASR RP (1.043 Ω⸱cm2, 600 °C) at 600 °C–700 °C. • 6BSFCu10–4SCDC has the highest exchange current density at 600 °C − 700 °C. • BSFCu–SCDC has higher TEC compatibility with CeO 2 -based electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate identification of key areas for ecological restoration is an important foundation for orderly promotion of ecological restoration of territorial space. This study identified the key areas for ecological restoration in Kangbao County according to the research paradigm of "source identification -- resistance surface construction -- corridor extraction". First, ecological source sites were identified and screened based on habitat quality modeling, morphological spatial pattern analysis and landscape connectivity analysis. Then, the base resistance surface was constructed using ArcGIS software and nighttime light data. Thereafter, ecological corridors were extracted and ecological pinch points and ecological barrier points identified with the Linkage Mapper plug-in. Forty ecological source sites with a total area of 68.06 km2 were identified in Kangbao County. These sites were dominated by woodland and grassland, and the integrity of these ecological source sites still needed to be improved. The 96 ecological corridors (total length of 743.81 km) were identified, which were densely distributed in the south and east parts of the study area, and there is still much room for improvement of the habitat connectivity. Additionally, 75 ecological pinch points (total area of 31.72 km2) and 69 ecological obstacles (total area of 16.42 km2) were identified. The key areas to be restored were mainly distributed in Yan Yufang, Har Chimega, Tuchengzi, Zhangji, and Danchenghe Townships. This study can lay a firm foundation for the ecological restoration in Kangbao County. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation of the features of laser control over the state of nanoscale objects in solid materials is an urgent task of condensed matter physics. We experimentally established the potential for the simultaneous enhancement of hardness and resistance to surface cracking in a titanium alloy due to selective laser irradiation. The regularities of selective heating near nanopores and the influence of the nanopore system on the features of isotherm propagation have been revealed. A physical model is proposed for the healing of nanopores situated in the surface layer of the sample. According to this model and as a result of laser irradiation and laser plasma, a brief transition of the material surface to extreme conditions is initiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid urbanization negatively affects the eco-land. The topic of accurate zoning and control of ecological space has become a challenge for many countries. This paper uses the idea of ESP to delineate the control system of China's coastal area. First, three types of ecological sources were identified from the aspects of landscape functions' importance, landscape sensitivity, and landscape connectivity. Then, ecological corridors and nodes were identified using the model of minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) based on the resistance surface. Finally, an ecological control zoning system was constructed by using a "bottom-up" transmission mechanism. The results show that: (1) Most of the landscape function-oriented sources and connectivity-oriented sources are located in the south, where habitat quality is superior. Urban construction and agricultural production are the main threat factors to sensitivity-oriented sources. (2) 81.24% of ecological corridors are reticulated, indicating good structural connectivity, and 11 fragile corridors should be specially protected. (3) Among the three second-level of strictly protected areas, the percentage of restoration area and landscape structure maintenance area are 40.19% and 28.47%, indicating the high threat to eco-land and low landscape connectivity; measures are needed to enhance eco-connectivity and increase the resilience of eco-lands. The research constructs a point-line-plane integrated ecological control zoning system, which can provide a scientific basis for the spatial prioritization of coastal ecological protection in China's coastal areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimates of gene flow resulting from landscape resistance inferences frequently inform conservation management decision‐making processes. Therefore, results must be robust across approaches and reflect real‐world gene flow instead of methodological artefacts. Here, we tested the impact of 32 individual‐based genetic distance metrics on the robustness and accuracy of landscape resistance modelling results. We analysed three empirical microsatellite datasets and 36 simulated datasets that varied in landscape resistance and genetic spatial autocorrelation. We used ResistanceGA to generate optimised multi‐feature resistance surfaces for each of these datasets using 32 different genetic distance metrics. Results of the empirical dataset demonstrated that the choice of genetic distance metric can have strong impacts on inferred optimised resistance surfaces. Simulations showed accurate parametrisation of resistance surfaces across most genetic distance metrics only when a small number of environmental features was impacting gene flow. Landscape scenarios with many features impacting gene flow led to a generally poor recovery of true resistance surfaces. Simulation results also emphasise that choosing a genetic distance metric should not be based on marginal R2‐based model fit. Until more robust methods are available, resistance surfaces can be optimised with different genetic distance metrics and the convergence of results needs to be assessed via pairwise matrix correlations. Based on the results presented here, high correlation coefficients across different genetic distance categories likely indicate accurate inference of true landscape resistance. Most importantly, empirical results should be interpreted with great caution, especially when they appear counter‐intuitive in light of the ecology of a species. see also the Perspective by William E. Peterman [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The human sacroiliac joint (SIJ) in vivo is exposed to compressive and shearing stress environment, given the joint lines are almost parallel to the direction of gravity. The SIJ supports efficient bipedal walking. Unexpected or unphysiological, repeated impacts are believed to cause joint misalignment and result in SIJ pain. In the anterior compartment of the SIJ being synovial, the articular surface presents fine irregularities, potentially restricting the motion of the joints. OBJECTIVE: To clarify how the SIJ articular surface affects the resistance of the motion under physiological loading. METHODS: SIJ surface models were created based on computed tomography data of three patients and subsequently 3D printed. Shear resistance was measured in four directions and three combined positions using a customized setup. In addition, repositionability of SIJs was investigated by unloading a shear force. RESULTS: Shear resistance of the SIJ was the highest in the inferior direction. It changed depending on the direction of the shear and the alignment position of the articular surface. CONCLUSION: SIJ articular surface morphology is likely designed to accommodate upright bipedal walking. Joint misalignment may in consequence increase the risk of subluxation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is aimed at investigation of electrical properties inherent to zinc oxide (ZnO) nanofilms prepared using the sol-gel method. The experimental samples consisted of a substrate (25×25×1 mm) made of microscopic glass brand "Voles" covered with the above films of the thickness ranging from 50 to 150 nm. Optical characterization was performed to calculate the bandgap width and to confirm the presence of zinc oxide in the nanofilms and demonstrate their optical activity. An oscillographic method was used to measure the surface resistance of nanofilms by using a galvanic elastic contact, which allowed determining their high electrical quality and resistance. Simultaneously, the high mechanical strength of these nanofilms was ascertained under the action of the elastic contact, enduring a series of 5 to 10 measurements without noticeable changes in resistance. Measurements were also carried out to observe the change in the electrical resistance of ZnO films, when they were heated from 25 up to 100 °C. The obtained results have indicated the potential of these nanofilms for applications in the fields of electronics, photoelectronics and sensor technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of mechanical and ultrasound-assisted stirring methods for varnish systems on the varnish layer's surface hardness and surface scratch resistance. The study focused on polyurethane, acrylic, and polyester varnish systems, which were applied to three distinct wood types: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Turkish beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), and African mahogany (Khaya ivorensis A. Chev.). The mixing processes included mechanical stirring for 3 and 5 minutes, as well as ultrasound-assisted stirring with differing power levels (80 W and 120 W) for 3 and 5 minutes. The highest surface hardness (175.10) was achieved using polyester varnish obtained by mechanical stirring for 3 minutes and applied to Turkish beech, while the lowest surface hardness (66.80) was observed for acrylic varnish obtained by 120 W ultrasound-assisted stirring for 5 minutes and applied to African mahogany. The highest surface scratch resistance (0.760 N) was observed with polyester varnish obtained by mechanical stirring for 5 minutes and applied to Scots pine, and also with acrylic varnish obtained by 80 W ultrasound-assisted stirring for 3 minutes and applied to Turkish beech. Overall, the findings suggested that the ultrasound-assisted mixing method generally fell short in terms of enhancing the varnish properties compared with the mechanical mixing technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure and properties of surface layers of billets from steel 12Kh18N9T formed by vacuum electron beam surfacing of powder mixtures are studied. The main alloying component is molybdenum in an amount of 40 wt.%. The structural and phase studies are made using optical and electron microscopes and an x-ray diffractometer. The microhardness and the wear resistance of the deposited layers are determined. The structure of the hardened surface layer is shown to contain phases Mo0.08Fe0.92, Mo0.9Fe0.1, Mo0.1Fe0.9, α-Fe and γ-Fe. The alloying with molybdenum raises the wear resistance of the steel by a factor of 1.8 and the heat resistance by a factor of 6.7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The restoration of worn parts is an important aspect in the field of machine repair and maintenance of machinery. It allows you to significantly reduce repair costs and is a priority issue in the development of a machine maintenance and repair system. The main causes of performance loss products are abrasive wear, fatigue breakdowns, corrosion and other types of destruction. When choosing a recovery method, the type of coupling, types of friction and operating conditions of the machines are important factors. An increase in wear resistance can be achieved by changing the chemical composition of the material, mechanical influences and the application of wear-resistant coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a polarization‐independent optical transparent absorber with a notch band has been designed, fabricated, and experimented. The proposed structure is composed of three layers made of indium tin oxide (ITO) films with different surface resistances separated by polydimethylsiloxane substrates, which can realize ultra‐wideband absorption. The absorber presents two discrete absorption bands in the frequency range of 3.65–28.82 and 37.72–43.69 GHz, and reflective behavior from 31 to 36.57 GHz. Compared with existing notched band absorbers, this proposed structure has obvious advantages such as structure stability, polarization insensitivity, simple structure, and ultra‐wide absorption bandwidth up to 155%. The prototype was fabricated and a reasonable agreement was obtained between the simulated and measured results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-crystalline diamond (SCD) tools are widely used in machining ultraprecision molds made of nonferrous metallic materials. However, the quality of natural and synthetic SCDs varies from higher to lower, and the tool life varies from longer to shorter. Therefore, in this study, the qualities of natural and synthetic SCDs were measured and analyzed crystal-optically and quantitatively by measuring the birefringence of the SCD. In the experiment, the electroless Ni P molds were single-point turned using each SCD tool to clarify the effects of the SCD crystalline quality on the tool wear resistance and surface roughness of the workpieces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart and electronic textiles are rapidly advancing with technological progress. Numerous studies have explored the synthesis and application of carbon and graphene-based inks on various substrates. However, there remains a critical need to examine the parameters affecting the fabrication of carbon-based printed designs for e-textiles. This study investigates the effects of weave structure, ink type, and flow rate on the electric resistance and surface characteristics of textile fabrics used as substrates. Two fabric types, plain weave and twill weave, were used with three various types of inks including carbon, graphene-based, and textile reference inks. The best six samples from each weave type were washed and re-evaluated for electric resistance and surface properties, with plain weaves showing superior results. ANOVA statistical analysis revealed that ink type significantly impacts the electrical resistance of printed circuits. A printed patch from a reference ink sample was stitched onto a casual knitted t-shirt, demonstrating the potential for smart textile applications in embodied sensors, piezoelectric materials, and energy harvesting. These printed patches may be used in various smart and e-textile applications for various fields ranging from health, sports, leisure, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper reports the microstructure and corrosion behavior of a Nb-containing stainless steel surfacing layer prepared by tungsten inert gas (TIG) powder surfacing. The focus was to achieve a clear understanding of the relationships between the Nb-addition and cavitation erosion behavior. In order to eliminate the microstructure inhomogeneity of as-welded samples, solution heat treatment was carried out. It is considered to set the heat treatment temperature at 1150 °C and 1250 °C to minimize the precipitation phase. Results showed that due to the Nb addition the as-welded 22Cr9Ni3MoNb surfacing layer had higher hardness, a lower pitting potential, and better cavitation erosion resistance. Because of the existence of a great quantity of precipitates, heat treatment at 1250 °C had an adverse effect on the mechanical properties and cavitation erosion resistance of surfacing layer samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nickel carbon conductive HTV silicone rubber was prepared by additional silicone rubber as the base rubber, nickel carbon particles as conductive fillers, with coupling agent, thickening agent, and hydrogen containing silicone oil. The optimal formula for silicone rubber was explored and its performance was tested. The results showed that the optimal formula was that 100 parts of additional cured silicone rubber, 150 parts of nickel carbon particle A, 1. 5 parts of TTS coupling agent, 1 part of tackifier and 3 parts of hydrogen containing silicone oil. The silicone rubber by this formula has the surface resistance of 29. 47 mΩ, the adhesion of 23. 66 N, the density of 1. 93 g/ cm3, Shore A hardness of 65, the tensile strength of 1. 21 MPa, the elongation at break of 119%, and the resistance remains stable after 1,000 hours of double "85" aging test, which can meet the basic requirements for the conductive silicone rubber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high conductivity silicone rubber prepared by filling silicone rubber with silver plated aluminum powder was studied, and the environmental adaptability of high conductive silicone rubber was analyzed by comparing the performance of the initial and the airborne equipment in the environmental tests. The results show that the high temperature, low temperature, temperature shock, humid heat, salt spray mold, acidic atmosphere, ozone and solar irradiation are nondestructive on the density and hardness of the high conductive silicone rubber. The tensile strength and elongation at break of the rubber decreases after solar irradiation and ozone environment. After 56 days solar irradiation, the surface resistance increases from 0. 028 to 0. 156 Ω, and the electrical performance decreases significantly. Therefore, when designing and using the highly conductive silicone rubber filled with silver-coated aluminum powder, it is necessary to reserve a margin for its conductivity to meet the durability requirements of the equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abrasion resistance of currently prepared superhydrophobic surfaces is generally poor, which limit the applications in various fields. Studied results found that micro-nano structure and low surface energy were the key factors to achieve superhydrophobic properties. Firstly, based on the mechanism of superhydrophobic surface, the superhydrophobic surface texture was summarized, aiming to solve the wear-prone challenge of micro-nano structures by optimizing the surface texture. Secondly, the superhydrophobic surface processing technology was summarized, and measures to reduce surface energy were analyzed in terms of cost and efficiency which might provide ideas for expanding the superhydrophobic surface processing system. Then, the means of analyzing the abrasion resistance of superhydrophobic surfaces were concluded in detail and the methods of improving the abrasion resistance of superhydrophobic surfaces were described. Finally, the future development prospects of abrasion resistant superhydrophobic surfaces was prospected, with a view to promote the largescale applications of superhydrophobic surfaces in engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manipulation and patterning of diamond surface chemistry is of interest for a wide range of diamond-based technologies. We report the patterned oxidation of hydrogen-terminated diamond surfaces with sub-monolayer (ML) precision by a deep-UV two-photon process performed in air. Using focused laser pulses of photon energy 4.66 eV (266 nm; below the diamond bandgap of 5.47 eV), hydrogen-terminated (001) surfaces were exposed with calibrated doses to remove carbon with a precision of 0.02 ML. The measurement of the electrical properties of the laser-exposed zone between ohmic electrodes enabled monitoring of the transition from a conducting H-terminated surface to insulating O-terminated. The surface resistance increases by more than 7 orders of magnitude for doses corresponding to 0.5 ML, and the I–V characteristics show a transition from linear to nonlinear for doses above 0.30 ML. We show that this behavior agrees well with a surface percolation model for carrier diffusion in which the laser etch rate for the H-terminated top layer is the same as for O-terminated. Hence, this work reveals an ultra-precise method for modifying the sub-monolayer surface chemistry with the practical advantages of a laser-induced mechanism compared to conventional plasma or chemical processing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The goal of this study was to evaluate consistency among multiple connectivity models for jaguar and puma across Panama to evaluate the plausible current patterns of habitat connectivity for these and potentially other species in this critical biogeographic linkage zone. Approach: We compared 72 different models of landscape connectivity for both large felids using both empirically based and expert opinion derived resistance layers. We conducted resistant kernel modeling with different dispersal abilities to reflect uncertainty in the movement potential of the two species. We applied three transformations to the resulting connectivity surfaces to account for uncertainty about the shape of the dispersal kernel function. We then evaluated the similarities and differences among these connectivity models, identifying several factors that drive their differences. We quantified the factors that drive differences in connectivity predictions using surface correlation, Mantel testing, and agglomerative hierarchical clustering. Results: We found that the main differences among predicted connectivity surfaces were related to species and resistance modeling approach, with relatively little consistent difference related to dispersal ability and nonlinear kernel transformation. Based on the ensemble connectivity prediction across the 72 models, we identified two major core areas, corresponding to the eastern and western portions of the central mountain range, significant attenuation of connectivity in lowland and developed areas of Panama, a major breakage in connectivity in the Canal Zone spanning the width of the country, and weak but potentially critical movement routes connecting the two core areas across the Canal Zone. Implications: This paper contributes to both a theoretical and practical understanding of the functional connectivity of large felids, confirming the strong effect of differences in source points and resistance surfaces on connectivity predictions and identifying and mapping key core areas, barriers, and potential corridors for carnivore movement across the critical Pan-American linkage of the Isthmus of Panama. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problems of difficult compaction and poor durability of ultrathin overlays, the performance of easy-compaction and high-durability (ECHD) modified asphalt and mixtures were studied. Taking matrix asphalt and SBS modified asphalt as the control group, the high- and low-temperature rheological properties of the asphalt were analysed by MSCR and BBR. The asphalt samples were observed and analysed by fluorescence microscope and infrared spectrometer, and the road performance, compaction performance and surface functional durability of the asphalt mixture were tested. The results show that the ECHD asphalt has the best high- and low-temperature properties. The modifier particles are uniformly dispersed in the asphalt, which can form a dense network structure and a stable system. The ECHD asphalt mixture has good low temperature and water stability, and the high-temperature stability is slightly lower than that of the SBS-modified asphalt mixture, but meets the requirements of the specification. It has the smallest compaction energy index CEI, and the largest compaction rate K. Before and after wearing 30,000 times, the asphalt mixture has the best wear resistance and surface texture, and the surface functional durability is the best. This paper provides a reference for material selection of ultrathin overlays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide due to the inability of existing methods for early diagnosis. Tumor-derived exosomes are nano-scale vesicles released from tumor cells to the extracellular environment, and their investigation can be very useful in both biomarkers for early cancer screening and treatment assessment. This research detected the exosomes via an ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensor containing gold nano-islands (Au-NIs) structures. This way, a high surface-area-to-volume ratio of nanostructures was embellished on the FTO electrodes to increase the chance of immobilizing the CD-151 antibody. In this way, a layer of gold was first deposited on the electrode by physical vapor deposition (PVD), followed by thermal annealing to construct primary gold seeds on the surface of the electrode. Then, gold seeds were grown by electrochemical deposition through gold salt. The cell-derived exosomes were successfully immobilized on the FTO electrode through the CD-151 antibody, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods were used in this research. In the CV method, the change in the current passing through the working electrode is measured so that the connection of exosomes causes the current to decrease. In the EIS method, surface resistance changes were investigated so that the binding of exosomes increased the surface resistance. Various concentrations of exosomes in both cell culture and blood serum samples were measured to test the sensitivity of the biosensor, which makes our biosensor capable of detecting 20 exosomes per milliliter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The special wettability of superhydrophobic metal surface endows it with considerable application potential in various fields, but the vulnerability of its surface structure is the biggest obstacle to its extensive application. Herein, a robust superhydrophobic structure on steel surface was prepared using electrospark deposition and electrochemical etching. Electrospark deposition greatly improved the wear resistance of the steel surface, and electrochemical etching further prepared the hierarchical micro-nano-superhydrophobic structure. Besides, the morphology, element distribution, chemical composition, roughness and wettability of the superhydrophobic surface were characterized by SEM, EDS, XPS, FTIR, roughness meter and contact angle meter, respectively. The results showed that the superhydrophobic surface had high roughness and that the structure was beneficial to air storage. Electrospark deposition successfully introduced elements to form alloys on the surface of steel and improved the surface wear resistance. After modification with myristic acid, the prepared rough surface was equipped with excellent superhydrophobicity, and the contact angle of water reached 159° ± 2°. The robustness of the superhydrophobic surface was carefully investigated by carrying out different tests over items including linear friction, sand impact, tape peeling, knife tip scratch, knife edge scratch and hammering. It had been verified that the surface of superhydrophobic steel prepared by electrochemical etching was fragile, and the use of electrospark deposition before electrochemical etching contributed to the higher-level robustness of the superhydrophobic surface structure. In addition, the contact angle of the superhydrophobic surface remained unchanged at a temperature of 250 °C for 24 h, and it showed excellent self-cleaning performance in both chalk and dirty water tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic technology has great potential in water pollution treatment. Prepared Fe3+‐doped Cu2O photocatalyst using solvothermal method successfully in this paper. Analyze and test the prepared samples and study their photocatalytic performance. The prepared samples have high purity and their morphology has undergone changes. By introducing Fe3+, the specific surface area of the sample increases and the absorption of visible light significantly increases. Further research found that the degree of hole separation of photogenerated electrons is obviously improved, this is due to a significant reduction in the surface resistance of the sample. The R2‐Cu2O degradation rate reached 80.5 % and it shows excellent photocatalytic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the study of the effects of carbon nanoparticles on fibrous cellulosic webs. The handsheets were coated with coating colours containing graphene oxide (GO), carbon nanotube (CNT) and super conductive black carbon (SCBC) nanoparticles at different concentrations. The Raman method was used to assess the quality of the carbon materials and the changes in the band gap of the nanoparticles deposited on the handsheets. The influence of the type and content of the nanoparticles on the structural, mechanical, chemical and electrical properties of the composites was investigated and discussed. It was found that the range of failure modes and fracture surfaces seen in the SEM image is due to the influence of the different carbon materials as the main source of coating colour. The experimental percolation threshold curve and the total surface electrical resistivity of the samples were investigated. The SCBC coated samples exhibited low percolation threshold and comparatively high electrical conductivity at a certain maximum concentration. Each composite exhibited a pronounced stress distribution along the surface layer and the nanoparticle distribution was uniform. The surface resistance of the coated handsheets declined by about 14.103 times with the addition of only 1.0 wt% SCBC compared to the control sample. The composites coated with GO and SCBC nanoparticles at a concentration of 1.0 wt% had the highest tensile strength values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Struvite (MgNH 4 PO 4 ·6 H 2 O，MAP), a type of high-quality, slow-release fertilizer, is the main component of urinary stones in animals and humans and causes scale formation in industrial pipes. Therefore, MAP dissolution is an important research topic. Herein, MAP dissolution experiments are performed and a thermodynamic model is developed to evaluate the influences of pH, temperature (T), and particle size (P s) on surface reaction resistance (1/k s) and diffusion resistance (1/k d). The results show that MAP solubility decreases with an increase in pH and the effects of pH change are more obvious than those of T or P s. The total resistance (1/k T) of MAP dissolution increases with pH increase, P s growth, or T reduction. The comparison of 1/k s and 1/k d reveals surface reaction as the MAP dissolution control step and indicates a linear relation among 1/k s , 1/k d , and the natural logarithm of P s at pH 7.0. [Display omitted] • The solubility of struvite is more affected by pH than temperature and particle size. • The resistances during the dissolution process of struvite were calculated. • Surface reaction is the controlling step in the dissolution of struvite. • The resistance was found to have a linear relationship with particle size at pH 7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PEGylation is the gold standard for constructing protein resistance surfaces. Herein, grafting mPEG-SH and SH-PEG-SH with varied molecular weights (Mw=5K, 10K, and 20K) on a gold chip, and the subsequent lysozyme adsorptions of the PEG layers are evaluated using quartz-crystal microbalance based on dissipation (QCM-D). The lysozyme resistance depends on the features of grafting density and chain conformation, i.e., linear and looped conformation. However, long-chain PEG (Mw≥10K) is insufficient to form a dense layer to resist protein due to large steric hindrances. Short-chain PEG (Mw=1K) with linear and looped structures is used to refill onto the long-chain PEG layer to increase the grafting density of PEGs and improve protein resistance. The refilling process and the subsequent protein adsorption depend on conformation rather than the density of the long-chain PEG substrate. Notably, the long-chain PEG looped substrates significantly improve protein resistance, attributing to the high viscoelasticity of the looped substrate and an increase in grafting density after refilling. Thus, refilling short-chain PEG improves protein resistance and the substrate conformation-dependence gives insight into the impact of topology, providing new ideas for how to increase chain density and select suitable topology to resist protein adsorption and demonstrating a potential application in biomedical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of the boreal forest poleward is a potentially important driver of feedbacks between the land surface and Arctic climate. A growing body of work has highlighted the importance of differences in evaporative resistance between different possible future Arctic land covers, which in turn alters humidity and cloudiness in the boundary layer, for these feedbacks. While thus far this problem has been studied primarily with complex Earth system models, we turn to a locally focused, idealized model capable of diagnosing and testing the sensitivity of first-order processes connecting vegetation, the atmospheric boundary layer, and low clouds in this critical region. This allows us to benchmark the mechanisms and results at the center of predictions from larger-scale simulations. A surface dominated by broadleaf trees, characterized by higher albedo and lower surface evaporative resistance, drives cooling and moistening of the boundary layer relative to a surface of needleleaf trees, characterized by lower albedo and higher surface evaporative resistance. Differences in evaporative resistance between these hypothetical Arctic vegetation covers are of equal importance to changes in albedo for the initial response of the boundary layer to boreal expansion, even with our idealized approach. However, compensation between the elevation of the lifting condensation level (LCL) and more rapid growth of the mixed layer over higher evaporative resistance surfaces can minimize changes in the favorability of shallow clouds over different land cover types under some conditions. We then perform two tests on the sensitivity of this compensating effect, to changes in water availability, represented first by a reduction in boundary layer humidity and then by both a reduction in humidity and soil moisture available to our vegetation surface. Finally, given the importance of this potential LCL–mixed-layer height compensation in our idealized modeling results, we look to determine its relevance in observational data from a field campaign in boreal Finland. These observations do confirm that such a coupling plays an important role in cumulus-topped boundary layers over a needleleaf forest surface. While our results confirm some underlying mechanisms at the center of prior work with Earth system models, they also provide motivation for future work to constrain the impact of boreal forest expansion. This will include both large eddy simulations to examine the impact of processes and feedbacks not resolved by a mixed-layer model, as well as a more systematic evaluation and comparison of relevant observations at the site in Finland and sites from prior boreal field campaigns. Significance Statement: Clouds and vegetation are both important components of the climate system that interact across a range of scales. These interactions are central to understanding how changes at the land surface feedback on climate. For example, if a forest expands or recedes, diagnosing how that will impact clouds will determine whether you predict warming or cooling temperatures from that shift in the forest area. These predictions are often made with complex Earth system models, but we look to a more idealized representation of the land–atmosphere system to diagnose how shallow clouds should respond to changes in surface properties with different scenarios of boreal forest expansion at a more foundational level. This both grounds our understanding of previous analysis and provides helpful direction for future studies of this relevant and impactful land cover change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]