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Building on the resource-based view theory, the purpose of this study is to investigate the configurational relationship between green human resource management (GHRM) practices and supply chain integration. There were six dimensions of GHRM practices in our study. To investigate their configurational effects, a conceptual model was examined through a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. The responses from 76 production supervisors and managers in Indonesian footwear companies were collected. The results revealed three distinct combinations of GHRM practices to affect supply chain integration. The first configuration suggested that green development and training and teamwork would affect supply chain integration. The second configuration indicated that green recruitment and selective hiring and green performance evaluation also influence supply chain integration. In addition, achieving all GHRM practices was also important. This study provides implications from the complicated relationships between the dependent variable and independent variables other than structural equation modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufacturing companies nowadays are under constant pressure to deliver high-quality products at the lowest possible prices within the shortest possible time even under the most unpredictable economic situations. Supply chain integration has a critical impact on operational performance. Nevertheless, this impact has not been consistent and showed mixed results throughout the literature. This study aimed to examine the impact of technology management in terms of supply chain integration on operational performance. The research model was empirically validated using 317 valid survey responses from the Jordanian food and beverage industry, which were subjected to quantitative research design and regression analysis. Results showed that supply chain integration had a direct significant impact on operational performance, and all three dimensions of the theoretical model contributed significantly to operational performance. This study suggests the critical need to create and implement proper supply chain integration strategies and technologies, both internally and externally, to enhance their performance and competitive advantage. Moreover, future research needs to extend this work to other industries, cultures, and nations, while investigating the moderating or mediating effects of other key variables along with using alternative sampling strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many small and medium enterprises (SMEs) engage in dyadic information integration partnerships or partial integration with their direct suppliers and customers. They often utilize e-commerce or cloud computing technology platforms hosted by third-party providers to leverage such partnerships. However, information security breaches and disruptions caused by cyberattacks are commonplace in the information technology industry. The effects of said disruptions and breaches on e-commerce businesses under varied disruption conditions are still uncertain. Furthermore, the effect of security breaches on nonparticipating members of the supply chain is poorly understood, especially under various disruption profiles. Using discrete event modeling, in this article, we explore the impact of disruption caused by information security breaches on supply chain performance and the externality effect of partial integration on nonparticipants. We also examine the impact of breach disruption frequency and remediation length on supply chain performance with varying levels of information sharing. These impacts were studied under two typical inventory replenishment policies for SMEs. It was determined that remediation length should be a prioritized factor in impact management and that flexibility in the inventory replenishment policy can help mitigate the impact of information disruption on the inventory performance of businesses, especially that of nonparticipants, in information-sharing partnerships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ppuri industry continues to stagnate as it is interlocked with other industries and lacks the ability to respond to environmental changes. Structural equation model is adopted to analyze the effect of supply chain integration on supply chain risk management capability and firm performance. Results demonstrate that external integration might not have a direct effect on firm performance, whereas internal integration can directly help improve financial performance. Although integration with suppliers does not turn out to directly affect firm performance, it can help improve supply chain risk management capability, which in turn positively affects firm performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of blockchain technologies is transmuting the way conventional supply chains are being managed. Due to the complexity of dealing with many actors involved in the supply chain networks, contemporary supply chains have limited visibility, transparency, and accountability. Likewise, supply chains are increasingly facing the challenge of integration and sustainability. In this vein, blockchain technologies can play a groundbreaking role in improving the traceability, accountability, and sustainability of complex supply chain networks. The present study examines the instrumentality of blockchain technologies in enabling supply chain mapping and supply chain integration. The study also tests the direct impact of blockchain technologies on supply chain sustainability. Data are collected from 132 Malaysian Electrical and Electronics firms using a close‐ended questionnaire. The study employs Partial Least Squares‐Structural Equation Modelling (PLS‐SEM) and Partial Least Squares‐Multi Group Analysis (PLS‐MGA) for analyzing the hypothesized relationships. The results show that blockchain technologies do not have a direct impact on supply chain sustainability. Nevertheless, this finding reveals a robust indirect effect of BT, through SC integration and SC mapping, on the SC sustainability. The study's findings imply that the notion of the sustainable supply chain can be significantly attained by mapping upstream, midstream, and downstream supply chains. The well‐mapped supply chain can further improve supply chain sustainability. The findings of the study also suggest the adoption of blockchain technologies as a broad‐based strategy to attain multi‐tier goals, for example, supply chain mapping, sustainability, and integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have been done on supply chain risk management and identification, but there have been few works done on risk analysis, departmental integration, and mitigation framework design. The goal of this study is to help enhance risk management cooperation amongst supply chain departments. A questionnaire survey was conducted in a case automotive company and analyses were performed using Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) to find department-wise risk priorities so that integration between these departments can be improved. The findings demonstrated that some hazards were substantial for all departments and that problems related to their domain were frequently given top priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hacettepe University Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences / Hacettepe Üniversitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Hacettepe University, Faculty of Economic & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Digital transformation provides companies with a productive approach to transforming and upgrading enterprise resources and capabilities and to exploiting external subject forces to unleash and magnify their potential, thus advancing high-quality enterprise development. Therefore, using regression analysis of the data of China's non-financial listed firms from 2007-2019 obtained by Python, this paper finds that digital transformation has enormously improved enterprise performance. Furthermore, digital transformation has powerfully boosted supply chain integration, which has played a mediation role in the impact of digital transformation on enterprise performance. Finally, entrepreneurship plays a positive moderating effect on enterprise performance through supply chain integration during digital transformation. The further heterogeneity analysis finds that digital transformation performs better in large, public, state-owned, mature, and non-manufacturing (service industry) enterprises. However, the positive effect of digital transformation on enterprise performance and supply chain integration is not significant in small and medium-sized enterprises. Therefore, supply chain integration cannot play a mediating role in the impact of digital transformation of manufacturing enterprises upon their performance. This paper probes the realization mechanism and micro-foundation of digital transformation, and its conclusion contributes to high-quality digital transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nankai Business Review is the property of Nankai Business Review Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study explores the effect of supply chain integration on the operational performance of an internet-based online business based in China. The study is based on primary data collected through a questionnaire distributed to supply chain professionals of the stated companies. After distributing the questionnaire and collecting the responses, an exploratory factor analysis is conducted to validate the instrument. Afterward, the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) analysis is conducted, and finally, the structural equation modeling (SEM) technique is used to determine the validity of the research hypotheses. The results indicate that integrating different aspects of the supply chain positively impacts the operating performance, improving the financial performance of the companies involved in the integration process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of market orientation on firm performance, as well as the roles of supply chain integration and firm innovativeness in mediating the relationship in the food and beverage sector, micro, small-medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Bekasi Regency Indonesia. Design/Methods/Approach: This study conducts the analyses based on 150 samples that were obtained through questionnaires. To analyze the data, this study employs Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS 3. Findings: The results of this study indicate that market orientation and firm innovativeness have a positive and significant effect on firm performance. Supply chain integration has a positive and insignificant effect on firm performance. Firm innovativeness has a positive and significant effect on firm performance. Supply chain integration is not significant in mediating the relationship between market orientation and firm performance. Firm innovativeness is significant in mediating the relationship between market orientation and firm performance. Originality: This study Contributes to enriching research of firm innovativeness and supply chain integration on MSMEs in Indonesia

• From relational view, supplier integration improves SC resilience, whereas customer integration improves SC robustness. • From information processing perspective, BDA-enabled agility complements supplier integration in improving SCRM practices. • From information processing perspective, BDA-enabled agility substitutes customer integration in improving SCRM practices. • SC resilience and SC robustness significantly improve SC performance. • SC robustness mediates the relationship between SC resilience and SC performance. Drawing upon the relational view and information processing perspective, we investigate how supply chain integration (SCI) comprising supplier integration and customer integration influence supply chain risk management (SCRM) practices embracing supply chain (SC) resilience and supply chain (SC) robustness , and subsequently influence supply chain (SC) performance. We further examine how big data analytics (BDA)-enabled agility moderates the impacts of SCI on SC resilience and SC robustness. Based on data collected from 121 match-paired surveys of manufacturing firms in China, we find that supplier integration positively impacts SC resilience, whereas customer integration positively impacts on SC robustness. BDA-enabled agility complements supplier integration while substitutes customer integration to improve SC resilience and SC robustness. Besides, our results reveal that SC resilience and SC robustness both improve SC performance, and SC robustness mediates the relationship between SC resilience and SC performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integration management is a significant factor of success in different types of organizations. Yet, the definition of integration management and ways to measure performance in a comprehensive framework need to be investigated in different environments. This paper analyzes the impact of integration management practices on company performance in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The study uses a questionnaire that was designed with constructs and dimensions following the literature review. The components of integration management are supply chain integration, supplier integration, customer integration, knowledge transfer with customers, and managing knowledge transfer channels with customers. A questionnaire was distributed among organizations in the UAE. Statistical analysis methods were employed to analyze 94 responses, e.g. reliability tests, ANOVA, and correlation analysis. The results show that integration management improves organizational performance to a considerable degree in the UAE. The impact of these practices was positive and significant on the performance of organizations, with an average correlation coefficient of 0.81. The comprehensive assessment for integration best practices and performance and their relationship are done for the first time in the context of the UAE organizations.

The research evaluated the dimensions that compose the supply chain integration - SCI and their impact on the performance of companies’ operational processes. SCI was evaluated based on the Resource Orchestration Theory, and the performance was measured in the level of business processes of the Supply Chain Operation Reference (SCOR) model. A quantitative approach was used, and a questionnaire was applied in Brazilian companies of different sectors. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling, and the results confirmed the premise that SCI is a multidimensional construct composed by the constructs synchronized planning, strategic partnership, operational coordination and information integration, that have a complementary and interdependent relation. Moreover, SCI has a significant and considerable impact on the operational performance, supporting the assumption that this effect should be examined in the level of business processes, where first-order results are frequently observed.

This study evaluates the multidimensional role of supply chain integration on supply chain performance. The modern environment is more uncertain than ever before. Organizations need to identify the capabilities needed to gain a competitive advantage under these uncertain conditions. This study considered supply chain integration as a dynamic capability consisting of three dimensions: internal integration, customer integration, and supplier integration which helps firms gain sustainable competitive advantage. The moderating role of supply chain flexibility between different dimensions of supply chain integration and supply chain performance is also considered. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses and the data was collected from manufacturing firms in Pakistan. The results show internal integration and supplier integration have a positive impact on supply chain performance. However, the moderating role of only supply chain flexibility was significant only in the case of customer integration. The study didn’t find any significant moderating role of supply chain flexibility between supplier integration and supply chain performance and between internal integration and supply chain performance.

Companies are facing numerous pressures and challenges in order to be competitive in the market and meet the requirements of their customers which require an improvement in the supply chain practices of the firms to be more effective and efficient for sustainable competitive advantage. This study examines the use of a multi-criteria decision making method using analytic network process (ANP) to estimate the how supply chain activities of the selected manufacturing firms’ influences its firm performance in other to enhance the satisfaction of customers. The population of the study is the manufacturing firms quoted in the Nigeria stock exchange. An ANP-based questionnaire was administered to Managers of selected manufacturing firms for pairwise comparison of supply chain factors relative influences and dependencies on their customers. A nonlinear network model was built to capture all the factors of supply chain practices and firms performance into clusters, nodes and dependences for the purpose of estimating various influences supply chain practices on the performance of the various companies studied.. Data collected were analysed using software of Super decision 3.0version. The results revealed factors of supply chain practices that have a great connection with one another and strong relationship indicating that without the implementing the key factors of supply chain there would not be a significant improvement in the performance of the organisation which will also affects the desire of the customers. The ANP model has helped to show the interdependencies and feedback among the various factors of practices of supply chain to augment the level of performance of the firms.

Background Information is crucial in enhancing partnership, reducing uncertainties and inventory costs, improving order fulfillment, and increasing customer satisfaction. However, there is a scantiness of studies on how information sharing affects pharmaceutical supply chain practices and performance. Hence, this study aimed to examine the mediating effect of information sharing between supply chain integration and operational performance. Method We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study complemented with a qualitative assessment between May and July 2021. The study populations (n = 343) were selected employees working at the Ethiopian pharmaceutical supply agency’s head office and selected hubs. The quantitative data were collected by self-administered five-point Likert-scale questions and analyzed using SPSS®-version 23. The mediation effect was determined using sequential linear regression based on the Baron and Kenny stepwise approach. A 95% confidence interval and a p-value less than 5% were used to determine statistical significance. We gathered the qualitative data through in-depth face-to-face interviews with nine key informants and analyzed them using a thematic analysis technique. Results Among 320 completed questionnaires returned (with a response rate of 93%), we used 288 in the analysis. Of the respondents, 97 (33.7%) disagreed that information sharing with the agency is simplified. One hundred seventeen (40.6%) disagreed that customers share information via an online system. Most respondents (76.4%) agreed that internal integration in the agency reduced total order time. Information sharing (β = 0.270, p

With the advent of the Industry 4.0 era, the manufacturing industry realizes the importance of developing information and communications technology (ICT). Based on organizational information processing theory and resource-based view, this study constructs the conceptual model with the framework of "information-integration-performance," uses survey data from Chinese manufacturing enterprises, and investigates the impact of ICT alignment on supply chain performance using a structural equation model with supply chain integration as the mediation variable. The study found that ICT alignment has no direct effect on supply chain performance, but its indirect effect is significant under the mediation effect of supply chain integration. In the relationship between supply chain integration and financial performance, operational performance plays a good mediation effect. These findings help companies to implement Industry 4.0 and ICT strategies that apply ICT alignment rationally and innovatively to ensure good organizational operations and improve supply chain performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineering design has a major impact on the downstream performance, but is often guided, in both procurement and solution type, by intuition rather than a solid science base. Engineering is also increasingly collaborative, crossing organizational boundaries. However, the long-term close partnerships, as often proposed, are difficult to achieve in the context of individual engineering projects. Building on the concepts related to investments in specific assets, in this article, we describe the underlying characteristics of engineering design investments and then prescribes the relational investment and contract forms to select them, thereby contributing to our understanding of the engineering design and relational investments that can and should be made. We undertook multiple case study research articles, which are presented in two phases. The descriptive phase identifies the positive outcomes for solutions based on off-the-shelf designs with fixed price mechanisms, for solutions based on the adaptive designs with target cost mechanisms, and for bespoke solutions contracted either on cost-plus mechanisms or, if in bite-sized pieces, on fixed price mechanisms. Negative performance outcomes were found for adaptive solutions with fixed price mechanisms. A prescriptive phase, yielding a visualized model, then offers guidance for relational investments and contract mechanisms that are suitable for different engineering designs. Applicability zones and three potential transitions to challenge and guide current practice are developed to inform decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buyer–supplier (B–S) relationships are dynamic. Nevertheless, research on external supply chain integration (SCI) has largely adopted a static‐snapshot perspective and has failed to grasp SCI's dynamic reality. The scant research devoted to SCI's dynamic perspectives suggests that the strength and scope of ties between buyers and suppliers differ based on integration levels. However, ambiguity persists regarding the relational behaviors exhibited across integration levels, as well as the stimulants that motivate firms to evolve their relationships. With buyers increasingly relying upon suppliers (and vice‐versa) and compounded by the knowledge that nearly half of SCI initiatives end up as failures, the need for a holistic framework that takes into account the underlying dynamics of relational behaviors and stimulants cannot be overstated. Using a mixed‐methods approach, six relational behaviors that differ in their saliency across SCI levels are identified, and eight stimulants that motivate B–S relationships to evolve are extracted. Specifically, we note that once a stimulant is activated, it remains influential across SCI levels, though its potency may vary. Our research significantly extends the contemporary understanding of SCI by (i) providing a holistic framework to comprehend SCI from a behavioral perspective, and (ii) noting that the highest integration levels do not necessarily typify successful B–S relationships. In doing so, we combine an evolutionary perspective with a relationship portfolio perspective for examining B–S relationship dynamics, thereby offering a comprehensive view to yield finer‐grained insights into B–S relationship dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the direct effect of environmental uncertainty on competitive advantage and its indirect effect through the sequential mediator variables of supply chain integration and supply chain agility were investigated. The sample of the study consists of company managers operating in the manufacturing sector in Turkey. An online survey was sent to company managers through connections established on LinkedIn and an analysis was carried out with the data collected from 414 participants. As a result of the analysis, it has been determined that environmental uncertainty has a direct, significant and positive effect on competitive advantage. In addition, the results of the research show that supply chain integration and supply chain agility have a partial mediating role in the relationship between environmental uncertainty and competitive advantage. According to the results of this study, in conditions of high environmental uncertainty, companies can increase their supply chain agility capabilities by establishing a more integrated structure with their supply chain partners, and thus gain a unique competitive advantage over their competitors. It has been observed that the relationships between the concepts, which are the subject of the study, have been investigated separately in different studies in the literature. This study will contribute to the literature by investigating the relationships between concepts in a holistic way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Information is crucial in enhancing partnership, reducing uncertainties and inventory costs, improving order fulfillment, and increasing customer satisfaction. However, there is a scantiness of studies on how information sharing affects pharmaceutical supply chain practices and performance. Hence, this study aimed to examine the mediating effect of information sharing between supply chain integration and operational performance. Method: We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study complemented with a qualitative assessment between May and July 2021. The study populations (n = 343) were selected employees working at the Ethiopian pharmaceutical supply agency's head office and selected hubs. The quantitative data were collected by self-administered five-point Likert-scale questions and analyzed using SPSS®-version 23. The mediation effect was determined using sequential linear regression based on the Baron and Kenny stepwise approach. A 95% confidence interval and a p-value less than 5% were used to determine statistical significance. We gathered the qualitative data through in-depth face-to-face interviews with nine key informants and analyzed them using a thematic analysis technique. Results: Among 320 completed questionnaires returned (with a response rate of 93%), we used 288 in the analysis. Of the respondents, 97 (33.7%) disagreed that information sharing with the agency is simplified. One hundred seventeen (40.6%) disagreed that customers share information via an online system. Most respondents (76.4%) agreed that internal integration in the agency reduced total order time. Information sharing (β = 0.270, p < 0.001), customer integration (β = 0.265, p < 0.001), and internal integration (β = 0.151, p < 0.001) were predictor variables that had a direct positive effect on operational performance. Information sharing posited a partially mediating role between customer integration and operational performance with β = 0.136 at p < 0.001. Data quality problems, human-resource-related issues, and natural and human-made calamities were the major challenges affecting information sharing and the overall supply chain practices. Conclusion: Customer integration, internal integration, and information sharing influenced operational performance positively. Although coordination among the units in the agency is reasonable, there was a lack of communication and quick response from partners, as well as data quality problems and the absence of an automation system in most health facilities. The key informants suggested end-to-end supply systems connections with partners through Enterprise Resource Planning and other means. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to understand the characteristics of Supply Chain Integration (SCI) in home industries. This research used qualitative with a descriptive approach. Data was obtained by doing interviews with selected subjects. This study shows that not all home industries need a specific SCI platform, but sometimes home industries are less responsive to the needs of more advanced SCI. Therefore, we recommend that each home industry be able to carry out an independent assessment to measure the level of SCI’s system and management needs. Also, it begins to implement knowledge sharing as an initial effort to increase the quality of human resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to develop and test a framework for the role that supply chain strategy (SCS) and supply chain integration have in a firm’s financial performance and to increase the understanding of the role that these factors play in supply chain design. Structural equation modeling was used to test these relationships based on data obtained from small and medium exporting enterprises in Peru. This study responds to a gap in understanding the role of supply chains in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and how firms in Latin America, especially in Peru, apply supply chain concepts. Findings indicate that companies should prioritize their integration efforts depending on the type of supply chain strategy. Likewise, results show that customer integration is directly related to a firm’s financial performance. This study responds to the need to understand the development of supply chain strategies and the generation of competitive advantage in Peruvian export-manufacturing SMEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Given the widespread disruptions to supply chains in 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic, questions such as how health systems are shaping strategies to restore the supply chain disruptions are essential to have confidence in health systems' supply chain model strategies. Plausibly, health systems have an opportunity for redesign, growth, and innovation by utilizing collaborative strategies now, compared to the usual strategies of integrating their existing supply chains to reduce inefficiencies. Objective: This study focuses on teasing out the nuance of supply chain integration versus collaborative redesign strategies for health systems in the post-COVID-19 new normal. We focus on 2 research questions. First, we explore the impact of perceived supply chain challenges and disruptions on health systems' supply chain integration (SC-INTEGRATION) and collaborative redesign (SC-REDESIGN) strategies. Second, we examine the outcomes of integration and collaborative redesign strategic choices on growth and service outcomes. Methods: We used data for this study collected through a consultant from a robust group of health system chief executive officers (CEOs) across the United States from February to March 2021. Among the 625 health system CEOs contacted, 135 (21.6%) responded to our survey. We considered supply chain-relevant strategy and outcome variables from the literature and ratified them via expert consensus. We collected secondary data from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Compendium of the US Health Systems, leading to a matched data set from the 124 health systems. Next, we used ordered logit model estimation to examine CEO preferences for partnership strategies to address current supply disruptions and the outcomes of strategy choices. Results: Health systems with higher disruptions would choose integration (positive, P<.001) over redesign, indicating that they still trust the existing partners. Integration strategy is perceived to result in better service outcomes (P<.01), while collaborations are perceived to lead to greater growth opportunities (P<.05); however, the role of integration in growth is not entirely ruled out (combined model, P<.001). Plausibly, some health systems would choose integration and collaborative redesign models, which have a significant relationship with both services (combined model, P<.01) and growth, establishing the importance of mixed strategies for health systems. Conclusions: The cost of health care continues to rise, and supply-related costs constitute a large portion of a hospital's expenditure. Understanding supply chain strategic choices are essential for a health system's success. Although collaboration is an option, focusing on and improving existing integration dynamics is helpful to foster both growth and services for health systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research evaluated the dimensions that compose the supply chain integration - SCI and their impact on the performance of companies' operational processes. SCI was evaluated based on the Resource Orchestration Theory, and the performance was measured in the level of business processes of the Supply Chain Operation Reference (SCOR) model. A quantitative approach was used, and a questionnaire was applied in Brazilian companies of different sectors. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling, and the results confirmed the premise that SCI is a multidimensional construct composed by the constructs synchronized planning, strategic partnership, operational coordination and information integration, that have a complementary and interdependent relation. Moreover, SCI has a significant and considerable impact on the operational performance, supporting the assumption that this effect should be examined in the level of business processes, where first-order results are frequently observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zarqa Journal for Research & Studies in Humanities is the property of Zarqa Journal for Research & Studies in Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)