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The influence of UV-Vis and monochromatic radiation (λ = 408 nm) on the reactions of copper sulfate (CuSO4) and copper(II) oxide (CuO) with β-diketones, chelators, and dicarboxylic acids was studied. The reactions of CuSO4 and CuO with Trilon B and succinic acid in aqueous media in the presence of urea occurred faster by using UV-Vis radiation. UV radiation accelerated the reaction of CuSO4 with H4edta in aqueous MeCN. Monochromatic radiation hastened the reaction of CuO with Trilon B and H4edta in aqueous and MeCN media. Eight reactions that were significantly accelerated by electromagnetic radiation were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucormycosis is known to be a rare opportunistic infection caused by fungal organisms belonging to the Mucorales order, which includes the Syncephalastrum species. These moulds are rarely involved in clinical diseases and are generally seen as contaminants in clinical laboratories. However, in recent years, case reports of human infections due to Syncephalastrum have increased, especially in immunocompromised hosts. In this study, we described two new Syncephalastrum species, which were isolated from human nails and sputum samples from two different patients. We used several methods for genomic and phenotypic characterisation. The phenotypic analysis relied on the morphological features, analysed both by optical and scanning electron microscopy. We used matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and BiologTM technology to characterise the proteomic, chemical mapping, and carbon source assimilation profiles, respectively. The genomic analysis relied on a multilocus DNA sequence analysis of the rRNA internal transcribed spacers and D1/D2 large subunit domains, fragments of the translation elongation factor-1 alpha, and the β-tubulin genes. The two novel species in the genus Syncephalastrum, namely S. massiliense PMMF0073 and S. timoneanum PMMF0107, presented a similar morphology: irregular branched and aseptate hyphae with ribbon-like aspects and terminal vesicles at the apices all surrounded by cylindrical merosporangia. However, each species displayed distinct phenotypic and genotypic features. For example, S. timoneanum PMMF0107 was able to assimilate more carbon sources than S. massiliense PMMF0073, such as adonitol, α-methyl-D-glucoside, trehalose, turanose, succinic acid mono-methyl ester, and alaninamide. The polyphasic approach, combining the results of complementary phenotypic and genomic assays, was instrumental for describing and characterising these two new Syncephalastrum species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Intensifying chemotactic rhizocompetence is an effective approach to improving PGPR colonization in the plant rhizosphere and promoting plant growth. Whether increasing the efficient adaptational methylation modification of chemoreceptors enhances chemotactic rhizocompetence is unknown. Pseudomonas sp. UW4 is a typical PGPR, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is the strong chemoattractant that directs it to the rhizosphere. Methods: The chemoreceptor pentapeptide involved in UW4 chemotaxis were identified through molecular docking and methylation reactions in vitro. The pentapeptide was identified as PEKPR residing in the C-terminus of the chemoreceptor Mcp14 and shows no sequence conservation with that of other bacteria. Two chemoreceptor mutants were constructed: in one, the pentapeptide was additionally grafted to the ACC chemoreceptor McpACC (UW4-1); in the other, the pentapeptide was transferred to McpACC (UW4-2). Results: UW4-1 and UW4-2 showed unchanged chemotactic responses to arginine and succinic acid compared to UW4, whereas the chemotactic responses of UW4-1 to ACC were 36.0% and 17.2% higher than those of UW4 and UW4-2, respectively. Wheat rhizosphere colonization by UW4-1 in nonaxenic pot trials was 62.0% and 14.3% higher than rhizosphere colonization by UW4 and UW4-2, respectively, and the root and shoot dry weights of wheat inoculated with UW4-1 were 10.3% and 5.5% and 16.5% and 13.2% higher, respectively, than those of wheat inoculated with UW4 and UW4-2. Conclusion: Grafting the pentapeptide to the chemoreceptor corresponding to the strong rhizosphere chemoattractant for PGPR increases PGPR chemotactic response to the strong rhizosphere chemoattractant, increases plant rhizosphere colonization, and leads to higher plant growth promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strategies for clean energy are important components of the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). To this end, we have studied the conductivity of a Cd(II)-based 3D coordination polymer, [Cd(succ)(pcih)(H2O)]n (1) (H2succ = succinic acid; pcih = pyridine-4-carboxaldehyde iso-nicotinoyl hydrazone). Compound 1 was structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The bridging groups, succ2− and pcih, self-assembled via H-bonding and π∙∙∙π interactions. The optical band gap calculated from a Tauc's plot was determined to be 3.71 eV which is consistent with semiconducting behavior. The experimental barrier height, 0.71 eV (dark phase); 0.49 eV (light phase) and series resistance, 358.48 Ω (dark); 133.73 Ω (light), also support the photoinduced enhancement of conductivity. The non-ohmic relation, I α V2, showed an enhancement of conductivity by 2.5 times upon light irradiation [3.36 × 10−6 S m−1 (dark) and 8.37 × 10−6 S m−1 (light)]. DFT computations employing the crystallographic parameters of 1 indicated a HOMO/LUMO energy gap of 4.06 eV, within the range of semiconducting materials. The optical stability of 1 was examined by fluorescence measurements and lifetime data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increased incidence of metabolic syndrome has been observed in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. In contrast, gut dysbiosis is involved in various pathogeneses, including vascular endothelial disorders. Organic acids, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), are essential for maintaining gut homeostasis. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the gut microbiome profile and organic acids in a Japanese population infected with HIV. Forty-nine patients with HIV infection on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) were enrolled and divided into the high and low CD4 groups based on a CD4 cutoff of 350 cells/μL. Stool samples were analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA next-generation sequencing and high-performance liquid chromatography. The association between the gut microbiome, including bacterial taxa and organic acids, was statistically analyzed. The fecal microbial community composition was significantly different between HIV patients with CD4 counts above and below 350 cells/μL. The relative abundance of Roseburia , Prevotella , Prevotella_9 , and [Clostridium]_methylpentosum_group were significantly enriched in the high CD4 group. Fecal succinic acid tended to be more abundant in the low CD4 group, and acetic, propionic, and butyric acids tended to be more abundant in the high CD4 group. Roseburia was positively correlated with butyric acid levels. Prevotella_9 and Prevotella were negatively correlated with succinic acid levels and positively correlated with acetic and propionic acid levels. This study showed intestinal dysbiosis bordering on a CD4 count of 350 in patients with HIV infection undergoing cART. These findings might help in understanding intestinal damage and systemic inflammation in HIV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysaccharide-based nanosystem is an umbrella term for many areas within research and technology dealing with polysaccharides that have at least one of their dimensions in the realm of a few hundreds of nanometers. Nanoparticles, nanocrystals, nanofibers, nanofilms, and nanonetworks can be fabricated from many different polysaccharide resources. Abundance in nature, cellulose, starch, chitosan, and pectin of different molecular structures are widely used to fabricate nanosystems for versatile industrial applications. This review presents the dissolution and modification of polysaccharides, which are influenced by their different molecular structures and applications. The dissolution ways include conventional organic solvents, ionic liquids, inorganic strong alkali and acids, enzymes, and hydrothermal treatment. Rheological properties of polysaccharide-based nano slurries are tailored for the purpose functions of the final products, e.g., imparting electrostatic functions of nanofibers to reduce viscosity by using lithium chloride and octenyl succinic acid to increase the hydrophobicity. Nowadays, synergistic effects of polysaccharide blends are increasingly highlighted. In particular, the reinforcing effect of nanoparticles, nanocrystals, nanowhiskers, and nanofibers to hydrogels, aerogels, and scaffolds, and the double network hydrogels of a rigid skeleton and a ductile substance have been developed for many emerging issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In rhizosphere, root exudates act as food and chemo-attractants for the microbes, whereas microbes help in plant growth. The present study investigated the chemical changes in the rhizosphere of 10 contrasting wheat genotypes each for heat and drought stress at two stages of plant growth under stress conditions, and their root exudates profiles under semi-hydroponic conditions. The heat-tolerant genotypes exhibited significantly higher content of P by 1.59 fold, while drought-tolerant genotypes exhibited Mg and P by 1.22 and 1.24 fold, respectively compared to sensitive genotypes. Further, the heat stress tolerant genotypes exhibited significantly higher contents of Fe, Cu and Zn at anthesis by 1.53, 1.31 and 1.44 fold, respectively than at the booting stage, while the drought stress tolerant genotypes exhibited higher contents of Na, K, Mg and P at booting by 1.27, 3.05, 1.32 and 2.45 fold, respectively than at anthesis stage. Both heat and drought-tolerant genotypes exuded higher concentrations of most of the studied root exudates, and it ranged between 1.34 fold higher for succinic acid to 12.96 fold for sucrose in drought-tolerant genotypes. Similarly, in heat-tolerant genotypes, it varied from 1.01 fold for D-galactose to 10.39 fold for malic acid. Overall, the study revealed that the tolerant genotypes modulated their rhizosphere composition with respect to higher contents of Na, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and P, and exuding higher quantities of sugars and organic acids than the sensitive genotypes, which could contribute to their survival under abiotic stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The organosilicon terpolymer scale inhibitor (EAVT) was synthesized by copolymerization of epoxy succinic acid, vinyl triethoxysilane and acrylic acid as starting materials and azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator. The influence of polymerization conditions on the performance of EAVT calcium scale inhibition was explored, and the performance of EAVT on single scale and composite scale was evaluated. The results show that the optimal synthesis conditions are that under the temperature of 65, 4 hours, 6 wt% of initiator, and the ratio of 0. 810. 8(epoxy succinic acid, acrylic acid, and vinyl triethoxysilane). When EAVT is 100 mg/ L, its scale inhibition rates for calcium magnesium scale and barium strontium scale in the formation water of a certain oilfield are 88. 28% and 87. 26%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate conditions clearly influence the concentration of important substances in grapes, generating chemical reactions that will determine the final wine aromas. Three different regions were chosen to cover the most important viticultural areas from Romania. The aim of this study was to highlight, for the first time, the volatile profile for two Romanian white wines, Feteasca regala and Feteasca alba, from three different vineyards (Silagiu, Aiud, and Sarica Niculițel). The results showed that wine's aromatic profile was directly proportional with the area of origin for the grapes, directly correlated to the climate. The obtained values for alcohols, esters, aldehydes, and terpenoid compounds were also related to the oenoclimatic aptitude index, a significant accumulation of aroma compounds being observed mainly for the Feteasca regala wine. A total of 17 superior alcohols were evidenced within the two types of wines, among them, 2-phenyl ethanol being distinguished by its higher level in all samples, varying from 7692 up to 11,783 µg/L. Together with some aromatic esters, it offers one of the most pleasant aromas, resembling rose flavour. Of all the acids found in wines, the succinic acid has the most intense flavour, tasting somehow bitter and salty, imprinting to wine a certain "juiciness" and "vinosity". Diethyl succinate was one of the main esters in all six samples, with concentrations from 777 up to 1200 µg/L. Also, two terpenoid compounds and two aldehydes were found in all samples. The data obtained from PCA evaluation suggested that there is a significant variance among wine varieties. Nevertheless, hierarchical clustering was applied to explain the relationship between the six samples of wines, the smallest clusters that included Silagiu and Aiud winegrowing regions suggesting an increased similarity of the compositional profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is an abundant agricultural waste, rich in cellulose and hemicellulose, that could be used as an ideal raw material for succinic acid (SA) production. A two-step chemical pretreatment, involving alkali extraction and alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment, was utilized to treat SCB, followed by multi-enzyme hydrolysis to obtain a reducing sugar hydrolysate mainly composed of glucose and xylose. Optimization of the multi-enzyme hydrolysis of pretreated SCB resulted in a final reducing sugar concentration of 78.34 g/L. In order to enhance the bioconversion of SCB to SA and to reduce the production costs, the initial reducing sugar concentration, nitrogen source, and MgCO3 content were further optimized. The results demonstrated that the inexpensive corn steep liquor powder (CSLP) could be utilized as an alternative nitrogen source to yeast extract for the production of SA; and the optimal concentrations of initial reducing sugar, CSLP, and MgCO3 were 70 g/L, 18 g/L, and 60 g/L, respectively. When fed-batch fermentation was conducted in a 2 L stirred bioreactor, approximately 72.9 g/L of SA was produced, with a yield of 83.2% and a productivity of 1.40 g/L/h. The high SA concentration, yield, and productivity achieved in this study demonstrate the potential of SCB, an agricultural waste, as a viable alternative substrate for Actinobacillus succinogenes GXAS137 to produce SA. This lays a solid foundation for the resource utilization of agricultural waste and cost-effective industrial-scale production of SA in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate changes in metabolomic expression in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) and thalamus during a Tuina session, aiming to elucidate the mechanism of immediate analgesia.Methods: The rats were randomly divided into three groups: the Sham group, the Model group, and the Tuina group. A minor chronic constriction injury (minor CCI) model was established in both the Model group and the Tuina group. The therapeutic effect of Tuina was determined using the mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) tests. Differential metabolites of the SDH and thalamus were detected using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Bioinformatic analysis was performed using CV, PCA, Venn, and KEGG.Results: The therapeutic effect of MWT and TWL after instant Tuina intervention was significant. The therapeutic effect of Tuina instant was significantly better compared to the Model group. In the Veen analysis, it was found that Tuina instantly regulates 10 differential metabolites in the SDH and 5 differential metabolites in the thalamus. In the KEGG enrichment analysis, we found that differential metabolites were enriched in 43 pathways in the thalamus and 70 pathways in the SDH.Conclusion: Tuina therapy may have analgesic effects by metabolizing neurotransmitters such as 2-Picolinic Acid, 5-Hydroxy-Tryptophan Glutathione Betaine-aldehyde-chloride Leucine Lysine Methionine Sarcosine Succinic Acid Histidine Acetylcholine and 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid through the cAMP pathway. It also affects pathways of neurodegeneration-multiple diseases, butanoate metabolism, tyrosine metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Agroindustrial Science is the property of Agroindustrial Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In experiments on mice, rats, guinea pigs, and dogs, the effectiveness of metabolic correction of cerebral radiation syndrome with nicotinic and succinic acids and Essentiale was evaluated. The animals were totally exposed to 5–8 and 16–20 MeV pulsed electron flux at doses of 85–110 or 500–570 Gy or to gamma irradiation at a dose of 100 Gy. The frequency and time of ataxia and convulsions, as well as the dynamics of animal death after radiation, were recorded. Nicotinic and succinic acids (500 mg/kg each) and Essentiale (20 mg/kg by nicotinamide) reduced the frequency and delayed the onset of ataxia and seizures equally in both small laboratory animals and dogs. In experiments on rats after exposure at a dose of 100 Gy under the influence of radiation and Essentiale, there was no significant change in the animal cognitive function according to the decision-making test at the first presentation of a new deposit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Succinic acid (SA) is an important C4-dicarboxylic acid. Microbial production of SA at low pH results in low purification costs and hence good overall process economics. However, redox imbalances limited SA biosynthesis from glucose via the reductive tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in yeast. Here, we engineer the strictly aerobic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica for efficient SA production without pH control. Introduction of the reductive TCA cycle into the cytosol of a succinate dehydrogenase-disrupted yeast strain causes arrested cell growth. Although adaptive laboratory evolution restores cell growth, limited NADH supply restricts SA production. Reconfiguration of the reductive SA biosynthesis pathway in the mitochondria through coupling the oxidative and reductive TCA cycle for NADH regeneration results in improved SA production. In pilot-scale fermentation, the engineered strain produces 111.9 g/L SA with a yield of 0.79 g/g glucose within 62 h. This study paves the way for industrial production of biobased SA. Redox imbalance limits succinic acid (SA) biosynthesis from glucose via the reductive tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in yeast. Here, the authors engineering the aerobic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica for efficient SA production without pH control via coupling the oxidative and reductive TCA cycle for NADH regeneration in mitochondria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of bio-succinic acid (SA) from renewable feedstocks is a promising and sustainable approach to mitigating the high carbon emissions associated with the current energy crisis. Actinobacillus succinogenes was recognized as one of the most promising SA producers; however, lack of genetic background and the scarcity of genetic manipulation tools hinder the improvement in A. succinogenes by metabolic engineering. Here, for the first time, we successfully developed a series of A. succinogenes base editors (BEs) mediated by the fusion of Cas9 nickase and deaminase, including CBE, ABE, Td-GABE, and Td-CBE. Among these, ABE and Td-CBE based on a fusion of Cas9 nickase and TadA-8e variant (Escherichia coli TadA) can efficiently convert A to G and C to T, respectively, with editing efficiencies of up to 100%. We also investigated the multiplex base editing of ABE and Td-CBE, and the results showed that the editing efficiency of ABE reached 100% for six sites and 10% editing efficiency of Td-CBE for two sites. In addition, cytosine base editors were applied to inactivate hypothetical sugar and SA transporters of A. succinogenes. We found that the inactivation of Asuc_0914 encoding sucrose-specific IIBC subunit enhanced SA production, while the inactivation of hypothetical SA transporters Asuc_0715 and Asuc_0716 significantly reduced SA production. Therefore, the tools have great application potential in the metabolic engineering of A. succinogenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum dots (QDs) are nanocrystal semiconductors that feature unique optical properties. However, they have a high density of dangling bonds on their surface, causing defects that can compromise their fluorescence. Their superficial passivation using another semiconductor is an alternative to reduce these defects. Herein, CdTe QDs stabilized with mercaptusuccinic acid (MSA) and cysteamine (CYA) were synthesized in water and coated with a ZnSe layer, forming a core–shell heterostructure. An improvement in photoluminescence greater than 300% was obtained for CdTe/ZnSe-MSA. However, for CdTe/ZnSe-CYA, the emission enhancement was around 55%. This study reinforces the importance of the experimental conditions to optimize QDs' emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intracellular hyperaccumulation of phycocyanin (PC) and its high susceptibility to degradation at higher temperatures are major challenging problems associated with its production from cyanobacteria. The present study evaluated different concentrations of organic acids (1, 2, and 3 mM) (citric acid, acetic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, and oxalic acid) under fed-batch mode on the biomass and phycobiliproteins' production from Arthrospira platensis. Besides they were evaluated at 2.5–7.5 mM as preservative to stabilize PC at high temperatures. The incorporation of 3 mM of succinic acid into the cultivation medium enhanced the biomass and PC productivity to 164.05 and 26.70 mg L−1 day−1, which was ~ 2- and threefold higher than control, respectively. The produced PC in this treatment was food-grade with a 2.2 purity ratio. The use of organic acids also enhanced the thermal stability of PC. Citric acid (7.5 mM) markedly promoted the half-life values of PC to 189.44 min compared to 71.84 min in the control. The thermodynamic analysis confirmed higher thermostability of PC in the presence of organic acids and indicated the endothermic and non-spontaneity of the thermal denaturation process. The findings of the present study confirmed that organic acids could be utilized as cost effective and sustainable compounds for promoting not only phycobiliproteins' production but also the thermostability of PC for potential application in food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the effect of presowing treatment of spring wheat seeds (Triticum aestivum L.) with succinic and salicylic acids at concentrations of 10–5 M and 10–3 M with and without the use of a vacuum infiltrator. The obtained results showed a positive effect of seed treatment under conditions of vacuum pressure (0.9 atm, 15 min) on the development of coleoptile and seedling root on the seventh day of germination. In terms of the germination energy or vigor, exposure to a vacuum environment did not have a significant effect on the third day. In the stressful conditions of plant development under hyperthermia exposure, it was found that treatment of seeds with salicylic acid at a concentration of 10–3 M in a vacuum environment ensured the best result in that it reduced the stress load by suppressing catalase activity. Succinic acid at a concentration of 10–5 M proved to be the best option as a growth enhancer. In combination with the use of a vacuum environment, this treatment most significantly accelerated the development of the coleoptile and the root of the seedling on the seventh day of germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People have become conscious about recycling or reusing many things they use in the 21st century because diminishing vital resources make it necessary, both personally and socially. The evaluation of waste is also critical in terms of national economies. In this study, starch dicarboxylic compounds were synthesized using waste potato peels (WPP) in the presence of sodium hypophosphite monohydrate as a catalyst for the formation of the ester cross-links. Adipic acid, succinic acid, and glutaric acid were employed with waste potato starch (WPS) to obtain cross-linked samples: WPS-A, WPS-S, and WPS-G, respectively. The obtained compounds were characterized by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (FTIR-ATR), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and their cytotoxicity properties were investigated. The biocompatibility of the obtained WPS-dicarboxylic acid compounds against NIH-3T3 and L929 murine fibroblast cells with MTT assay was determined. Studies have shown that these compounds do not harm healthy cells and are found to be bioavailable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biosynthesis of succinic acid from glucose by the previously engineered E. coli strain SUC1.0 (pMW119-kgd) (MG1655 ∆ackA-pta, ∆poxB, ∆ldhA, ∆adhE, ∆ptsG, PLglk, PtacgalP, ∆aceBAK, ∆glcB, ∆sdhAB, pMW119-kgd) was optimized. The yield of the target substance was increased, upon the activation in the strain of the tricarboxylic acid cycle variant mediated by the action of heterologous 2-ketoglutarate decarboxylase, due to the intensification of the anaplerotic formation of oxaloacetic acid. Inactivation of the nonspecific thioesterase YciA in the strain did not considerably change the biosynthetic characteristics of the producer. The enhancement of the expression of native phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase led to an increase in the yield of the target compound by the recombinant synthesizing succinic acid via the reactions of the native tricarboxylic acid cycle from 25 to 42%, and from 67 to 75% upon the induced expression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 2-ketoglutarate decarboxylase. The expression of the Bacillus subtilis pyruvate carboxylase gene in the strain resulted in an increase in the yield of succinic acid up to 84%. While functioning in whole-cell biocatalyst mode, the engineered strain SUC1.0 PL-pycA (pMW119-kgd) demonstrated a substrate-to-target product conversion ratio reaching 93%, approaching the corresponding theoretical maximum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Succinic acid diamides containing two pharmacophoric fragments, one of which is 2amino-pyrimidine, and the other, N-methylpiperazine, 2-aminopyrimidine, or substituted aniline moiety, were synthesized in two steps. The synthetic scheme included acylation of substituted (pyrimidin-2-ylamino)aniline or pyrimidin-2-amine with succinic anhydride and the subsequent acylation of another heterocyclic or aromatic amine with the resulting pyrimidine-substituted succinic acid monoamide. The key intermediate products in the synthesis are succinic acid anilides. The acylation heterocyclic or aromatic amines with substituted succinic acid monochloride or amidation of succinic acid benzotriazolyl ester gave the corresponding succinic acid diamides as potential inhibitors of enzymes mediating tumorigenic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychotria malayana Jack (Family: Rubiaceae, local name: Salung) is a traditional herb used to treat diabetes. A previous study by our research group demonstrated that P. malayana methanolic and water extract exhibits significant potential as an effective agent for managing diabetes. Further research has been performed on the extraction optimization of this plant to enhance its inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase, a key enzyme associated with diabetes, and to reduce its toxicity. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties of the optimized P. malayana leaf extract (OE), to evaluate its toxicity using a zebrafish embryo/larvae model, and to analyze its metabolites. The anti-diabetic effects were assessed by investigating α-glucosidase inhibition (AGI), while the inflammation inhibitory activity was performed using the soybean lipoxygenase inhibitory (SLOXI) test. The assessment of antioxidant activity was performed utilizing FRAP and DPPH assays. The toxicology study was conducted using the zebrafish embryo/larvae (Danio rerio) model. The metabolites present in the extracts were analyzed using GC-MS and LC-MS. OE demonstrated significant AGI and SLOXI activities, represented as 2.02 and 4.92 µg/mL for IC50 values, respectively. It exhibited potent antioxidant activities as determined by IC50 values of 13.08 µg/mL (using the DPPH assay) and 95.44 mmol TE/mg DW (using the FRAP assay), and also demonstrated an LC50 value of 224.29 µg/mL, which surpasses its therapeutic index of 111.03. OE exhibited a higher therapeutic index compared to that of the methanol extract (13.84) stated in the previous state of the art. This suggests that OE exhibits a lower level of toxicity, making it safer for use, and has the potential to be highly effective in its anti-diabetic activity. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) demonstrated the presence of several constituents in this extract. Among them, several compounds, such as propanoic acid, succinic acid, D-tagatose, myo-inositol, isorhamnetin, moracin M-3′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, procyanidin B3, and leucopelargonidin, have been reported as possessing anti-diabetic and antioxidant activities. This finding offers great potential for future research in diabetes treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PBS (polybutylene succinate) is a biodegradable polymer that is spontaneously degraded into water and carbon dioxide due to the power of microorganisms under soil in the natural world. PBS has high heat resistance and good mechanical properties among general biodegradable polymers, is moldable into the molded articles such as films, sheets, and fibers, and has a characteristic feature such that compatibility with other biodegradable polymers is high. Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation (MCC) has successfully achieved commercialization of PBS without using a chain extender in a trademark name of “GS Pla™” and commenced the market development since 2003. “GS Pla™” is completely a biodegradable polymer made of fossil-based succinic acid and 1,4-butanediol as the main raw materials. Since 2017, PTTMCC Biochem, a joint venture established by Mitsubishi Chemical and PTT Global Chemical Public Company Limited in Thailand, has performed continuous commercial production of bio-based PBS (trademark: BioPBS™) made of bio-based succinic acid and fossil-based 1,4-butanediol. Mitsubishi Chemical has also been developing, manufacturing, and selling FORZEAS™ that is a compounding material giving new functions to BioPBS™ utilizing the excellent compatibility with various biodegradable materials and biodegradability of BioPBS™. In this article, basic physical properties, biodegradability, moldability, certification acquisition, and characteristic features of BioPBS™ and FORZEAS™ were reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biocontrol strain Pseudomonas PA1201 produces pyoluteorin (Plt), which is an antimicrobial secondary metabolite. Plt represents a promising candidate pesticide due to its broad-spectrum antifungal and antibacterial activity. Although PA1201 contains a complete genetic cluster for Plt biosynthesis, it fails to produce detectable level of Plt when grown in media typically used for Pseudomonas strains. In this study, minimum medium (MM) was found to favor Plt biosynthesis. Using the medium M, which contains all the salts of MM medium except for mannitol, as a basal medium, we compared 10 carbon sources for their ability to promote Plt biosynthesis. Fructose, mannitol, and glycerol promoted Plt biosynthesis, with fructose being the most effective carbon source. Glucose or succinic acid had no significant effect on Plt biosynthesis, but effectively antagonized fructosedependent synthesis of Plt. Promoter-lacZ fusion reporter strains demonstrated that fructose acted through activation of the pltLABCDEFG (pltL) operon but had no effect on other genes of plt gene cluster; glucose or succinic acid antagonized fructose-dependent pltL induction. Mechanistically, fructose-mediated Plt synthesis involved carbon catabolism repression. The two-component system CbrA/CbrB and small RNA catabolite repression control Z (crcZ) were essential for fructose-induced Plt synthesis. The small RNA binding protein Hfq and Crc negatively regulated fructose-induced Plt. Taken together, this study provides a new model of fructosedependent Plt production in PA1201 that can help improve Plt yield by biosynthetic approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Succinic acid (SA) is one of the most demanded and widely used constituents for producing various healthcare and skincare products, biodegradable polymers, and food and feed additives. The present study was undertaken to establish the protocol for selective recovery of SA from a complex matrix of Japanese quince (JQ) (Chaenomeles japonica) fruit using ion-exchange fractionation resin DIAION™ UBK550 with negatively charged functional groups cross-linked with a styrene-divinylbenzene matrix. A second SA purification method was used for data comparison using either Supel™-Select HLB or Strata-X columns packed with a hydrophilic modified sty-rene-based polymer. The analysis of SA accomplished by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) using triple quadrupole mass selective detection (HPLC-ESI-TQ-MS/MS) revealed the presence of SA in the JQ juice without pretreatment, in the amount of 0.202 mg·100 ml–1. The use of sty-rene-based polymer Strata-X sorbent for purification of JQ juice led to an increase of 11.0% in the concentration of SA compared with the initial concentration of SA in JQ juice. On the other hand, after purification of JQ juice with Supel™-Select HLB, the concentration of desorbed SA in the eluate fraction was 7.8% lower compared to the initial concentration. The use of ion-exchange fractionation resin DIAION™ UBK550 for purification and concentration of JQ juice ensured up to 152.3 mg of SA in 100 ml–1 of syrup-like brown substance, which was much (754.4-fold) higher than that observed in JQ juice itself. All three sorbents ensured the complete removal of monoand disaccharides from the juice, as no signs of mono- and disaccharides were detected in the eluate fractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A spectrophotometric routine was used to study the cationic surfactant-based catalysis on the oxidation of glutamic acid (GTA) by bis-(2-pyridinealdoximato)dioxomolybdate(IV) complex at 302 K and an absorption maxima of 560 nm. It follows an acid independent oxidative pathway that is medium-sensitive. Charge density from the reaction species contributes to the redox acceleration, resulting in an upturned primary salt effect with an enhanced reaction rate. Modifying reaction medium with ethanol led to a rise in the oxidation time as the charge catalysis was unsupported by a drop in the system permittivity. Likewise, the inclusion of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in the system increased the oxidation rate of the GTA due to the high impact of hydrophobic and ion interaction between the micelle and substrates. First order reaction kinetics was observed in the redox partners' concentration. A 1:1 (complex:GTA) stoichiometry was obtained with the involvement of aldehyde succinic radical, resulting in succinic acid and a Mo2+ deactivated complex. The occurrence of counterion catalysis is pronounced in the reaction system. The standard enthalpy (24.98 ± 0.03 kJ mol−1) and Gibbs energy (79.32 ± 0.05 kJ mol−1) suggest that the process is energy demanding. The investigation of surfactant-based catalysis in the reaction system was quantitatively ascertained from the Piszkiewicz model of the complex interaction sequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Succinic acid (SA) production from fermentation has drawn great interest owing to its simplicity and environmentally friendly process, but it is constrained by high downstream processing costs. The Pickering emulsion liquid membrane (PELM) process containing synergistic carriers (Aliquat 336 and trioctylamine (TOA)) in palm oil is an attractive technology for SA recovery from fermentation broths. The synergistic extraction mechanism was investigated using reactive extraction and the method of slope analysis. Almost 100% of SA was extracted from a 10 g/L simulated solution with a synergistic coefficient of 640. Based on the individual and mixed carrier investigations, it infers that Aliquat 336 and TOA function as base and synergist carriers, respectively. The stability of water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion was studied by varying the agitation speed, Span 80 concentration, and mixed surfactant concentration (Tween 80 and Span 80). At the best stability condition of 5% w/v (Span 80 + Tween 80), hydrophilic–lipophilic balance 6, 300 rpm agitation speed, 0.1% w/v Fe2O3 nanoparticles, 0.1 M Aliquat 336 + 0.1 M TOA, and 1.0 M sodium hydroxide, the emulsion was stable, and almost 100% of SA was extracted and enriched five times in the internal phase. The concentration limit of SA during its recovery by ELM is 10 g/L. Meanwhile, the results from water phase separation and droplet image proved that PELM has the advantage of rapid and efficient demulsification performance, where the demulsification can be completed within 5 min. Hence, synergistic PELM is a new class of ELM for the recovery of SA and it may be extended for downstream and bio-based manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Siderophores are low-molecular-weight and high-affinity molecules produced by bacteria under iron-limited conditions. Due to the low iron (III) (Fe+3) levels in surface waters in the marine environment, microbes produce a variety of siderophores. In the current study, halophilic bacteria Bacillus taeanensis SMI_1, Enterobacter sp., AABM_9, and Pseudomonas mendocina AMPPS_5 were isolated from marine surface water of Kalinga beach, Bay of Bengal (Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India) and were investigated for siderophore production using the Chrome Azurol S (CAS) assay. The effect of various production parameters was also studied. The optimum production of siderophores for SMI_1 was 93.57% siderophore units (SU) (after 48 h of incubation at 30 °C, pH 8, sucrose as carbon source, sodium nitrate as nitrogen source, 0.4% succinic acid), and for AABM_9, it was 87.18 %SU (after 36 h of incubation period at 30 °C, pH 8, in the presence of sucrose, ammonium sulfate, 0.4% succinic acid). The maximum production of siderophores for AMPPS_5 was 91.17 %SU (after 36 h of incubation at 35 °C, pH 8.5, glucose, ammonium sulfate, 0.4% citric acid). The bacterial isolates SMI_1, AABM_9, and AMPPS_5 showed siderophore production at low Fe+3 concentrations of 0.10 µM, 0.01 µM, and 0.01 µM, respectively. The SMI_1 (73.09 %SU) and AMPPS_5 (68.26 %SU) isolates showed siderophore production in the presence of Zn+2 (10 µM), whereas AABM_9 (50.4 %SU) exhibited siderophore production in the presence of Cu+2 (10 µM). Additionally, these bacterial isolates showed better heavy-metal chelation ability and rapid development in seed germination experiments. Based on these results, the isolates of marine-derived bacteria effectively produced the maximum amount of siderophores, which could be employed in a variety of industrial and environmental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Succinic acid (SA), a C4 tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate, is used as raw material for bulk chemicals and specialty chemicals, such as tetrahydrofuran and 1,4-butanediol, as well as also being used to synthesize the biodegradable biopolymers PBS (polymer poly (butylene succinate)). Actinobacillus succinogenes, which is facultative anaerobic and gram-negative, is one of the most promising natural SA-producing organisms, but genetic engineering of A. succinogenes is rare so far. In this study, a series of engineered strains was constructed using the pLGZ922 expression vector and a cytosine base editor (CBE) based on CRIPSR/Cas9; we found that phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) was more important for the CO2 fixation pathway than pyruvate carboxylase (PYC) in A. succinogenes, and the annotated oxaloacetic acid decarboxylase (Asuc_0301 and Asuc_0302) had little correlation with the SA synthesis pathway. The by-product pathway was closely related to cell growth, and overexpression of FDH was beneficial to growth, while the knockout of the ackA gene reduced the growth. For the first time, the hypothetic sugars and SA transporters were mined and identified in A. succinogenes, of which Asuc_0914 was responsible for glucose uptake, and Asuc_0715 and Asuc_0716 constituted SA exporters. This deepens the understanding of SA biosynthesis in A. succinogenes and is also valuable for SA production by fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to improve the properties of 15-year-old short rotation teak wood using a succinic acid (SA) treatment without excessively increasing the weight gain. The samples were classified as sapwood (SW) and heartwood (HW). Samples were immersed in 10% concentration SA solutions (w/w), followed by vacuuming at -50 kPa for 30 minutes, and applying 7 M Pa of pressure for 2 hours. They were then analysed for specific gravity (SGs), dimensional stability, including tangential/radial ratio (T/R Ratio) and water absorption (WA), weight percent gain (WPG), chemical uptake (CU) and void volume filled (WF). Our results showed that SGs increased in treated SW and HW by 2.33% and 1.23%, respectively, as compared to the untreated wood (0.60 and 0.66). The increase in SGs was the result of SA penetration into wood cell walls. The WPG and CU values increased slightly to 5.54% and 0.87 g cm−3 for SW and 3.46% and 0.62 g cm−3 for HW, respectively. The greater increase of SGs in treated SW is due to a greater ease of treatability in SW than HW. The T/R ratio of treated HW decreased by 29.34% from the initial T/R ratio, whereas SW remained unchanged. The WA of treated SW and HW decreased by 42.67% and 55.46%, respectively compared to untreated wood. Treated wood performed better on dimensional stability, especially in terms of T/R ratio and WA values for HW. Our results show that the impregnation of short rotation teak wood with SA provides a significant increase on dimensional stability with a negligible increase in weight gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The substance fenbendazole is included in the composition of many anthelmintic drugs, in which the "chemical stability" parameter is one of the main characteristics when obtaining permission for the use of drugs in veterinary practice. Fenbendazole is characterized by low solubility in water and therefore the content of the substance is overestimated in its preparations, which increases the cost of the drug as well as the safety risks of pharmacotherapy. The possibilities of mechanochemical modification of fenbendazole were evaluated in order to improve the solubility index. During the mechanical processing treatment of the substance in the presence of polymeric substances, solid dispersions are formed, which have increased solubility and high anthelmintic activity. The inclusion in these dispersions of the third component, which is succinic acid, did not significantly change the solubility of fenbendazole. In all these dispersions, the substance remained unchanged both during the preparation of its solid dispersions and during their storage. When fenbendazole is modified in an organic solvent medium, the substance is partially converted into oxfendazole, which is one of its metabolites. The chemical stability of fenbendazole was confirmed via HPLC/MS and NMR spectroscopy. The anthelmintic activity of these compositions was evaluated and it was found that they have a high nematicidal activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the potential of α‐HH formation from gypsum originating from activated and hydrated natural anhydrite. For this, gypsum was prepared from natural anhydrite and treated in an autoclave process under hydrothermal conditions (150 mbar and 130 °C). For comparison, fgd‐gypsum was treated accordingly. Succinic acid, maleic acid and additional α‐HH seeds were used as crystallization aids. QXRD results show the transformation of gypsum into hemihydrate after a residence time of 8 h and 4 h. SEM images distinguish the α‐HH and β‐HH modifications. For fgd‐gypsum pellets, the β‐HH modification predominates. Gypsum from natural anhydrite shows α‐HH crystals with succinic acid and without crystallization aid. When maleic acid is present, crystals appear as intermediates between α‐HH and β‐HH. To isolate the effect of the crystallization aids, α‐HH and succinic acid were used separately and simultaneously. SEM images indicate the formation of α‐HH from β‐HH. The shapes of the original β‐HH conglomerates are still visible, yet acicular crystals with smooth surfaces (α‐HH) are visible at a high magnification. Longest crystals appear when α‐HH and succinic acid are used simultaneously indicating a synergetic effect of both crystallization aids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Most studies regarding acidifiers focused on their role in improving the dissolution performance of a drug by altering the pH of the microenvironment. However, in the current research work, the impact of four different acidifiers (citric acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, adipic acid) on the pH-induced precipitation behavior of dipyridamole, a model weakly basic drug, in the bulk dissolution medium with respect to improving the dissolution performance of the drug was studied. Methods: The dipyridamole-acidifier formulations were prepared by using the rotary evaporation method. To study the dissolution behavior of the formulations, a pH-shift dissolution test from pH 1.2 to neutral pH 6.8 to simulate normal pH condition of the gastrointestinal tract, and the direct dissolution test at pH 6.8 to simulate an increased pH of the stomach was conducted. Results: In the pH-shift-based dissolution test, for all formulations containing acidifiers, the improved concentration of dipyridamole was observed proportional to the precipitation inhibitory effect of acidifies. In the direct dissolution test, the incorporation of acidifiers in formulations improved the dissolution performance of dipyridamole, dependent on the type of acidifier. Conclusion: From these results, the formulation of a weakly basic drug with an appropriate acidifier, as a simple way, appears to be a promising technique to enhance the dissolution performance of the drugs with less dependency on stomach pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, after cationic pretreatment of cotton fabric with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), the compound of citric acid (CA) and succinic acid (SUA) were used as crosslinking agents to dye cotton fabrics with natural madder dye to improve the dyeing and antibacterial properties and realise the multifunctional finishing of cotton fabric. The effects of mordant dyeing, CA + SUA crosslinked dyeing, and CPC/CA + SUA crosslinked dyeing on the microstructure and properties of cotton fabrics were compared. The dyeing by the three processes occurred primarily in the amorphous zone of the fibres, and all kept the original crystalline form of the cotton. CA + SUA crosslinked dyeing and CPC/CA + SUA crosslinked dyeing increased the thermal stability of the cotton fabric. CPC/CA + SUA crosslinked dyed cotton obtained excellent dyeing results with the colour depth value (K/S) of 12.3 and rubbing fastness and washing fastness of levels 4–5, and the levelness and dye permeability were acceptable. Furthermore, the antibacterial rate against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus reached 99.99%, and the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) reached 50+. Moreover, the wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) increased by 55% compared with raw cotton. This showed that CPC/CA + SUA crosslinked dyed cotton had excellent antibacterial, anti‐ultraviolet, and anti‐wrinkle performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work ruthenium based catalysts are tested as catalytic systems for the selective oxidation of levulinic to succinic acid. Very different in nature supports have been chosen in order to elucidate the effect of their textural and acidic properties on the final catalytic activity. The influence of Ru particle size is also discussed and proposed as one of the key factors. Medium range ruthenium particles supported on relatively acid supports are the best performing systems in terms of succinic acid yield, while the most active catalysts in terms of conversion result in important carbon loss due to reagent/products full oxidation.

Succinic acid (SA), one of the 12 top platform chemicals produced from biomass, is a precursor of various high value-added derivatives. Specially, 1 mol CO2 is assimilated in 1 mol SA biosynthetic route under anaerobic conditions, which helps to achieve carbon reduction goals. In this review, methods for enhanced CO2 fixation in SA production and utilization of waste biomass for SA production are reviewed. Bioelectrochemical and bioreactor coupling systems constructed with off-gas reutilization to capture CO2 more efficiently were highlighted. In addition, the techno-economic analysis and carbon sequestration benefits for the synthesis of bio-based SA from CO2 and waste biomass are analyzed. Finally, a droplet microfluidics-based high-throughput screening technique applied to the future bioproduction of SA is proposed as a promising approach.

The purpose of the research is to test the efficacy of triclafascid and two solid dispersion complex preparations based on the triclabendazole substance against fasciolosis in cattle and sheep. Materials and methods. Complex preparations of triclabendazole (TCB) formulations: Succinic Acid (SA): Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (1: 1 : 8) and TCB: SA: Arabinogalactan (AG) (1: 1 : 8) were obtained by combined solid-stategrinding of the components in a fiber drum on an LE-101 ball mill at a roll rotation speed of 60 rpm with a process module of 1: 17 for 1 to 6 hours with sampling for analysis (HPLC) for changes in the TCB solubility. A comparative test of the efficacy of triclafascid and new solid dispersions (SD) of TCB complexes with SA against fascioliasis of sheep and cattle was conducted in the North-Eastern Federal District of the Caucasus in March-April 2023. To determine the Fasciola infection rate in animals, fecal samples were individually taken and examined by the Fülleborn methods using saturated aqueous NaCL solution and sequential washing. The drug efficacy was recorded at 25-30 days after deworming in analogy with "critical test". The results were statistically processed by the Student-Fisher method using Microsoft Excel 2007. Results and discussion. The resulting TCB and SA complexes with polymers had an increased solubility (up to 59–70 times) that depended on the polymer nature. The efficacy of new TCB dosage forms against fascioliasis in sheep at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg, i.e. 0.5 mg/kg less than the therapeutic dose as compared with oral triclafascid was 90.0 and 100%, respectively, and 85.7% in cattle at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg for the active substance.

In order to raise yields and reduce production costs, the fermentation medium of succinic acid production by Actinobacillus succinogenes from sweet potato powder. First, the effects of sweet potato powder concentration, MgCO3 concentration, liquefaction enzyme dose, saccharifying enzyme dose, nitrogen source concentration and fermentation time on succinic acid production were investigated by single factor experiments in this study. Then, the optimum values of the parameters were obtained by orthogonal experiment design. Finally，the optimal fermentation conditions were amplified by 2 L stirred bioreactor. The results showed that mixed nitrogen source (yeast powder:corn steep liquor=1:2) was used as a proper nutrient in the succinic acid production from sweet potato powder. The formula optimization results showed that the important parameters were sweet potato powder, MgCO3, liquifying enzyme dose, glucoamylase dose and mixed nitrogen source. The optimum condition was as follows: Sweet potato powder 115 g/L, MgCO3 60 g/L, liquifying enzyme dose 0.008 KUN-S/g substrate, glucoamylase dose 3.09 AGU/g substrate, mixed nitrogen source 33 g/L. Succinic acid yield reached 69.89 g/L at the optimal condition, which was increased by 64.60% compared to that before optimization (42.46 g/L). Approximately 71.42 g/L of succinic acid content with a yield of 79.87% and a productivity of 0.99 g/(L·h) was obtained after 72 h in a 2 L bioreactor. Therefore, sweet potato powder could be a promising feedstock for the economical and efficient production of succinic acid through fermentation by A. succinogenes.

Succinic acid (SA) production is continuously rising, as its applications in diverse end-product generation are getting broader and more expansive. SA is an eco-friendly bulk product that acts as a valuable intermediate in different processes and might substitute other petrochemical-based products due to the inner capacity of microbes to biosynthesize it. Moreover, large amounts of SA can be obtained through biotechnological ways starting from renewable resources, imprinting at the same time the concept of a circular economy. In this context, the target of the present review paper is to bring an overview of SA market demands, production, biotechnological approaches, new strategies of production, and last but not least, the possible limitations and the latest perspectives in terms of natural biosynthesis of SA.

The present work investigates a new mathematical formulation for the continuous fermentation production of biosuccinic acid. The model takes into account the effect of CO2 limitation by the introduction of a specific production rate term that dynamically regulates the formation of the fermentation products. A good model prediction is achieved at different continuous conditions where glucose and sugars-rich industrial waste are utilized as substrates. By model prediction and experimental results, a change in the products ratio is observed when the liquid concentration of CO2 decreases below 0.18 g/L. A biosuccinic acid titer of 14.94 ± 0.97 g/L was achieved in the continuous process, with a maximum productivity of 1.18 g/L h, and a CO2 uptake rate of 0.258 ± 0.041 g/Lh. Overall, the presented model demonstrated to be a reliable tool to successfully forecast the fermentation outcomes and explain the CO2 limitation effects on the product and by-products formation rate. Furthermore, the application of the model to the fermentation process presents a valuable link between the production capacity and the accurate prediction of the CO2 uptake potential.