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Community-based prevention is one of the approaches to crime prevention that incorporates situational and social elements and it has a theoretical background in several theories of crime. It arises due to the fact that the state can not cope and prevent crime alone without the help, support and active participation of the community. In addition, because crime occurs in a community, it became a local problem, whose social causes are also rooted in the community. That means that the community has a responsibility to prevent crime and to secure the safety of its citizens. However, until this approach touches the real concerns of citizens and tries to explain and understand crime in a wider social context, we can not expect some positive results. Otherwise, certain situational prevention measures which are often criticized that are inconsistent with certain human rights (eg the right to free movement or the right to privacy) initiate the debate for the effectiveness and treats of that approach That means that despite the idea to create social order through the mechanisms of situational control, (which can be effective), we cannot ignore the important ethical questions about the methods used for crime prevention as the ultimate goal. Taking into account the previous, this article opens up questions related to the prospects and threats of community-based crime prevention, emphasizes its roots, theoretical backgrounds and current models and interventions.

Miscanthus × giganteus is considered as a perspective energy crop for biomass production in Ukraine where its commercial production has been observed. The herbivorous pest may pose a risk of yield reduction when an energy crop is growing on monoculture. The herbivorous diversity, species composition and potential damage associated with growing M. × giganteus were studied on seven experimental sites at three locations in Ukraine. The different life stages of herbivorous insects from seven orders representing thirteen families were found on M. × giganteus during the herbivorous survey and most of the insects had a pest status. Research indicated that crop was an alternate host for key cereal pest the Hessian fly Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). A comparative analysis of the biodiversity of herbivorous insects across research locations was done using statistical analysis. It was found that site location played a significant role in the level of biodiversity and an increase in the insect’s herbivores diversity was associated with the type of researched lands. The massive scale commercial use of M. × giganteus should take into account a responsible consideration of the benefits and risks associated with that crop in order to protect agroecosystems.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection becomes a major public health problem and leading cause of chronic liver disease and liver failure. Pegylated interferon-alfa and ribavirin are currently the standard treatment for chronic hepatitis C (CHC). It is indicated that genes that trace the interferon signaling could be associated with the host response to the therapy. In order to investigate the influence of these genes on host related response, we have analyzed seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs59248852, rs74390571, rs12811390, rs1169279, rs3213545, rs1083129 and rs2859398) in 2-5-Oligoadenylate- Synthetase-Like (OASL) gene in CHC cases from Republic of Macedonia. A simple and easy to use SNaPshot method was developed. A cohort of 100 HCV RNA positive patients - non responders and 109 patients with achieved virological response after the standard treatment were included in this study. We have found significant association in five of the seven studied SNP` s: rs59248852 [p = 6.5x10-31, OR=55.7 (20.0-155.3)]; rs12811390 [p = 2.2x10-11, OR=4.3 (2.3-6.7)]; rs2859398 [p=1.34x10-9, OR=3.4 (2.2-5.0)]; rs74390571 [p=4.3x10-7, OR=2.9 (1.9-4.4)], and rs1083129 [p=0.0139, OR=2.0 (1.1-3.5)]. The results from this study can be used as a predictive factor of future patient’s selection for the standard therapy, having an important cost benefit for the health insurance system.

Resulting from the emerging importance of population ageing, the last several years an increased amount of academic interest has been located in the area of motivation of older employees. In this context, job satisfaction has been used as one of the measure to evaluate older workers well being in the organization.

Identifying the opportunities and barriers of promoting and fulfilling the sexual health rights of migrants remains a challenge that requires systematic assessment. Such an assessment would include estimating the influence of acculturation processes on sexual and reproductive health, and mapping intersectional inequities that influence migrants’ sexual and reproductive health in comparison with the native population. The aim of this research was to locate, select, and critically assess/summarize scientific evidence regarding the social, cultural, and structural factors influencing migrants’ sexual and reproductive health outcomes in comparison with native population. An umbrella review of systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses, following preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) standards was undertaken. Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched from their start date until June 2019. The quality of the included articles was determined using the assessment of multiple systematic reviews tool (AMSTAR 2). From the 36 selected studies, only 12 compared migrant with native populations. Overall, the findings indicated that migrants tend to underuse maternal health services and have an increased risk of poor sexual and reproductive health outcomes. Specific intersectional inequities were identified and discussed.

Introduction. The prosthetic treatment of patients with cleft palate includes various treatment options such as fixed partial dentures, removable partial prosthesis, etc. The type of prosthetic appliance is determined by the oral health of each individual and the circumstances. We presented three adult patients with the cleft lip and palate subjected to prosthetic treatment. Case report. From the possible prosthetic solutions according to the conditions in the oral cavity and the circumstances, fixed partial dentures veneered with composite or ceramic were chosen. A proper relationship between the teeth was reached with the fixed partial dentures, and function established, the phonetics improved and satisfying aesthetics effect accomplished improving the profile appearance of the patient’s face. Plastic surgery of the nose was performed after that. Conclusion. Multidisclipinary treatment is necessary for favourable long-term outcome in cleft lip and palate patients.

Introduction: Most of the patients feel pain 4 hours after the arch applying, gaining the highest level after 24 hours and its lowering in the next few days. Literature reports show that the fear of pain is a very important reason for discouraging the patient to agree for this kind of orthodontic treatment The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the biostimulative laser treatment in pain reduction in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Materials and methods. Fifteen patients were treated with low energy level biostimulative diode laser, used 2 minutes per quadrant immediately after placement of fixed orthodontic appliances and in the following four days. The control group of 15 patients received analgesic therapy for period of five days. The pain was assessed subjectively as strong, medium or no pain. The pain disappeared in 20% of the subjects in the examined group after the first day, while in 60% and 26.6% of the subjects medium and isolated pain was still present at day 2 and 3, respectively. Results. The pain disappeared in all the patients treated with laser at day 5. In the control group, strong pain was present in all the subjects the first day, decreasing to 60% of strong pain and 20% medium pain the second day. After day three, the control group demonstrated medium localized pain in 40% of the cases, which dropped to 26.6% after the fourth day, suggesting delayed pain reduction, compared to the laser treated group. Conclusion. Our results suggest that the low energy laser treatment can successfully be used for pain reduction during the initial discomfort period after placing fixed orthodontic appliances.

The theories behind extradition, the rule of “prosecute or extradite” and the idea of using due diligence when prosecuting and punishing a criminal offender need to be explored in details, relying on both customary international law and treaty based law. Luring fugitives into international waters or cooperating with another state in the frames of the process of extradition are options which may help in bringing fugitives before justice. Republic of Macedonia among other states has recognized the need for cooperation in criminal matters through the use of extradition as one of the earliest forms of inter-state cooperation in any domain. This paper explains how extradition is governed in the internal legislation of the Republic of Macedonia and the necessary changes which have been made in order to increase the effectiveness of extradition and to preserve human rights from possible violations.

This paper analyses the challenges for the Republic of North Macedonia, as a developing country, of the implementation at national level of the global minimum corporate tax rate introduced at the end of 2022 on a European level with the Council Directive on ensuring a global minimum level of taxation for multinational enterprise groups and large-scale domestic groups in the Union (Pillar Two Directive). The Pillar Two Directive codifies in the EU law the OECD/G20 Two pillar solution to address the tax challenges arising from the digitalization of the economy. The global minimum tax is introduced through the global anti-base erosion rules (GloBE rules) which are an important shift in international taxation policy. These rules apply to both multinational enterprises (MNEs) and large-scale domestic groups with a combined group income of €750 million or more. GloBE rules are enforced in cases where the effective tax rate (ETR) of the MNEs and their constituent entities in a specific jurisdiction falls below 15%. In this case, a top-up tax is imposed to ensure that the ETR in each jurisdiction is brought up to 15%. The Directive outlines two mechanisms through which this top-up tax may be implemented: the income inclusion rule (IIR), which mandates a top-up tax on the ultimate parent entity (UPE) for all constituent entities with a jurisdictional ETR below 15%, and the undertaxed profit rule (UTPR), which serves as a safeguard when the UPE cannot be a subject to a qualifying IIR or if the parent entity is unable to collect top-up tax for other reasons. Additionally, the Directive offers the option to apply a qualified minimum domestic top-up tax (QMDTT), which is remitted to the Member State for the constituent entities situated within their jurisdiction in situations when those entities are subject to ETR within the respective jurisdiction that is lower than 15 %. This rule acts as a backstop for the UPE's overall liability for top-up tax. The Pillar Two and the designed GloBe rules constitute a mechanism that is expected to curtail tax competition in corporate income tax, concurrently ushering in the global minimum corporate tax rate of 15% and reducing the profit shifting and base erosion of the MNEs. This paper will present the theoretical framework governing the rules of Pillar Two, elucidate the core principles underpinning the Pillar Two Directive, and delve into the assessment of the minimum standard from the perspective of the Macedonian tax system. North Macedonia will be affected by the global minimum taxation initiative regardless of whether it responds with domestic implementation of GloBe rules or not. The internationally agreed standard gives the possibility for potential tax revenues for the hosting country of the in-scope MNEs on the one hand, and on the other for the participating jurisdiction where their constituent entities are located when the effective tax rate falls below 15 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The semi-field research on using second-generation biofuel crop Miscanthus x giganteus for restoration of former military site in Kamenetz-Podilsky, Ukraine was carried out during two vegetation seasons. Despite high metal pollution of soil, in particular, by Fe, Mn, Ti, and Zr, no growth inhibition was observed. The concentrations followed pattern soil > roots > stems > leaves. Accumulation of particular metals in roots was different: Fe, Mn and Ti were accumulated rather palpably after the first vegetation season and less tangible after the second one. Cu, Pb and Zn were less accumulative in both vegetation seasons, and for As and Pb the accumulative concentrations were very small. Accumulations in the aboveground parts of the plant in comparison to roots were significantly lower in case of Fe, Ti, Mn, Cu, Zn, Sr and even statistically comparable to zero in case of As, Pb and Zr. Calculated translocation ratio of metals in the plant’s parts preferably indicated lack of metals’ hyper accumulation. Generally, no correlations were observed between concentrations of metals in the soil and in the upper plant’s parts. The research confirmed the ability of Miscanthus x giganteus to grow on the military soils predominantly contaminated by metals.

Extradition as an act of international cooperation for the repression of criminal activities of the criminal offenders is one of the various models whereby one sovereign state delivers up the alleged accused criminals found within its jurisdiction, on demand, to another sovereign state, so that they might be dealt with according to the penal laws. Extradition has evolved among states because they are vitally interested in the repression of crimes and punishment of criminals who violate their national laws and thus disturb the general peace of the society. This article aims to describe the problems with which extradition is faced, especially with the obligation to extradite and with the obligation to take care of her own citizens in situations when the Constitution does not allow extradition of own nationals and in the absence of an extradition treaty.

Introduction: Anterior teeth are of utmost importance with regard to chewing, speaking, and beauty. Therefore, any traumatic dental injury has psychologically undesirable effects on children and their parents. The present study reported a case of a traumatic dental injury induced by falling off a chair and referral to an emergency department as well as measures taken for dental reconstruction and patient's improvement. Case Report: Parents with a 3-year-old girl came to the Clinic for Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry at University Dental Clinic Center "St. Panteleimon", Skopje with injuries to her face and oral structures resulting from a fall from a chair. The extraoral examination revealed a laceration on the submental skin surface and an injury to the upper lip. The child was examined and it was found that the maxillary left primary central incisor was compressed in the alveoli. The surrounding soft tissue was injured. Intraorally, the anterior segment of the maxilla showed injury consistent with low-velocity blunt-force trauma, including several lacerations of the gingival tissues. The patient's maxillary left central incisor was intruded from the socket. Conclusion: The prognosis of many cases of dental injuries is time-dependent. The intrusion of a tooth can have ramifications and the possibility that it has been fully intruded should be considered. The use of a radiograph is of great importance for the correct diagnosis of deciduous tooth intrusion.

Applying phytotechnologies with energy crops on lands contaminated with trace elements provides cellulosic biomass and improves soil health. The process can be reflected in changes in the soil nematode community structure. This study assessed the nematode community composition of soil with Miscanthus grown with different agronomic practices. The research was conducted at Fort Riley, Kansas, USA, in soil with aged contamination by Pb at 1000 to 1500 mg/kg. The experimental design was a randomized complete block composed of four replications of five treatments: Control-undisturbed mixed plant cover and four conditions of Miscanthus growth, which consisted of No-till, Till (immediately before planting), Till + P, and Till + biosolids. Analysis of abundance, diversity, and community functional status indicators showed differential sensitivity of nematode taxa to agronomic treatments. Significant transformations in the nematode trophic group structure occurred under Miscanthus cultivation compared with the undisturbed mixed plant cover. Shannon and Pielou index response to agronomic treatments illustrated decreasing nematode community diversity with all Miscanthus agronomic conditions. However, agronomic practices led to increasing nematode community maturity, but those effects varied between spring and fall seasons. Increasing herbivores and omnivore-predators were the primary drivers of the observed changes in the nematode community due to planting Miscanthus. The nematode ecological structure indicators suggested that growth in Pb-contaminated land using different agronomical practices likely affects essential soil processes. More study is needed to define the effects of pre-plant tillage and amendments to soil nematode communities and Miscanthus yield over multiple growing seasons of this perennial crop.

BackgroundThe quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (QF-PCR) has proven to be a reliable method for detection of common fetal chromosomal aneuploidies. However, there are some technical shortcomings, such as uncertainty of aneuploidy determination when the short tandem repeats (STR) height ratio is unusual due to a large size difference between alleles or failure due to the presence of maternal cell contamination (MCC). The aim of our study is to facilitate the implementation of the QF-PCR as a rapid diagnostic test for common fetal aneuploidies.MethodsHere, we describe an in-house one-tube multiplex QF-PCR method including 20 PCR markers (15 STR markers and 5 fixed size) for rapid prenatal diagnosis of chromosome 13, 18, 21, X and Y aneuploidies. In order to improve the aneuploidy classification of a given diallelic STR marker, we have employed a multilevel logistic regression analysis using "height-ratio" and "allele-size-difference" as fixed effects and "marker" as a random effect. We employed two regression models, one for the 2:1 height ratio (n = 48 genotypes) and another for the 1:2 height ratio (n = 41 genotypes) of the trisomic diallelic markers while using the same 9015 genotypes with normal 1:1 height ratio in both models. Furthermore, we have described a simple procedure for the treatment of the MCC, prior DNA isolation and QF-PCR analysis.ResultsFor both models, we have achieved 100% specificity for the marker aneuploidy classification as compared to 98.60% (2:1 ratio) and 98.04% (1:2 ratio) specificity when using only the height ratio for classification. Treatment of the MCC enables a successful diagnosis rate of 76% among truly contaminated amniotic fluids.ConclusionsAdjustment for the allele size difference and marker type improves the STR aneuploidy classification, which, complemented with appropriate treatment of contaminated amniotic fluids, eliminates sample re-testing and reinforces the robustness of the QF-PCR method for prenatal testing.

BackgroundEpidemiologic evidence highlights the harmful consequences of unemployment on health and well-being. This emphasizes the need to design low-cost interventions to prevent the adverse mental health effects of unemployment. The main aim of this study was to create expert-consensus regarding development and implementation of a brief, sustainable, and effective intervention program for promoting mental health among unemployed.MethodsThe Delphi technique entailed a selected panel of 75 experts from various relevant professional backgrounds. Panel members were asked to state their level of agreement (5-point Likert scale) regarding (a) required characteristics for an effective mental health intervention for unemployed people and (b) key variables for assessing the effectiveness of that intervention. Consensus was obtained throughout two rounds of data collection through e-mail contact, with structured questionnaires. Items of the questionnaire were based on literature reviews about community-based interventions for unemployed individuals.ResultsOverall, 46 experts collaborated with the Delphi process (final participation rate: 61.3%). Based on a review of the literature, 185 items were identified and grouped into two broad categories (set of characteristics of the intervention and set of variables for effectiveness assessment), aggregating a total of 11 dimensions. The two Delphi rounds resulted in the selection of 35 characteristic items for the intervention program and 54 variables for its effectiveness assessment. Brief group interventions were considered to be effective and sustainable for mental health promotion in unemployment conditions if targeting mental health literacy, training interpersonal skills, and job-search skills.ConclusionAs agreed by the panel of experts, a brief, sustainable and effective intervention can be developed and implemented by accounting for unemployed capacity-building for mental health self-care and adequate job-searching attitudes and skills. These results should be further implemented in community and multisector-based standardized interventions, targeting mental health among unemployed people, ensuring adequate conditions for its effectiveness assessment.