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We describe a novel method to produce monolithic, oriented, crystalline and highly porous coatings on solid substrates. By adopting the recently described liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE) process developed to grow metal-organic framework coatings (MOFs) on modified Au-substrates to the spray method, we have prepared thick (μm) layers of several MOF types on modified Au-substrates, including HKUST-I and layer-pillar MOFs. The spray method not only allows such SURMOFs to be grown much faster than with the LPE-process but the dependence of layer thickness on the number of immersion cycles also provides valuable insights into the mechanism governing the layer-by-layer MOF formation process.

The nanocrystalline MgSe thin films were deposited onto glass substrates by spray pyrolysis method at 523 K temperature using MgCl 2 and SeO 2 precursors. Structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of MgSe thin films have been studied. The structural studies revealed that the as-deposited MgSe thin films are nanocrystalline in nature with cubic lattice. The morphological investigations show that the total substrate surface is well covered by the spherical star type grains with MgSe nano-rods at some places. The optical absorption measurements confirm that the MgSe films have direct optical band gap of the order of 2.45 eV. The electrical characterizations indicate that as deposited P-type MgSe films are semiconducting in nature.

This study was conducted to develop a pull-type sprayer which performs the safe spraying with improved ergonomic postures while pesticide spraying of roses in floricultural facilities. The performance of the ergonomically designed sprayer was analyzed with a comparison of a conventional spray method. The pull-type sprayer, consisting of power pump, hose and nozzle parts was designed to manually pull and spray to upward and horizontal directions. From the analysis of postures with the RULA method, the labor load to arm and wrist using the pull-type sprayer was less than that with conventional power sprayer, so that the intensity of labor reduces. Working capacity with pull-type sprayer was two-fold greater than the conventional power sprayer. After performing pesticide spraying with the pull-type sprayer, the operating cost was reduced to \585,000/yr, which is 79% less than that of cost (\2,197,500/yr) for using conventional power sprayer.

Auto neuronal synapses, or autapses, are aberrant structures where the synaptic contact of a neuron forms onto its own branch. The functions of autapses, however, remain unknown. Here, we introduce a simple patterning method for capturing a single-cell, in which we maintained the isolated cell until it reached maturity, and developed arrays of autapses for electrophysiological analysis using multi-electrode arrays (MEA). The pattern arrays were formed by selective patterning of poly-L-lysine and various cell repellent materials. We tested the efficiency of single neuron pattern formed according to materials and pattern dimensions. Autapse formation was verified by immunostaining synaptic markers and physiological measurements via recordings from MEA. The results demonstrated that our multiscale patterning method increased the number of autapses consisting of a single neuron, which matured to connect onto themselves. The proposed patterning method (4.06 ± 0.33 isolated single-cells mm−2) is at least twelve times more efficient and productive than the spray method (0.31 ± 0.10 isolated single-cells mm−2). The spontaneous activity of a single neuron on the patterned MEA occured after 11 d in vitro. The single neuron activity consisted of bursts followed by spike trains (the burst rate was 2.56 min−1). This indicates that our method could be used for electrophysiological analysis, including MEA.

Binary and ternary combined ZnO/Ag and ZnO/Ag/g-C3N4 films were coated onto meshes (SSM) made of stainless steel using a homemade tubular nebulizer spray method. The photocatalytic dye degradation treatment with the presence of the prepared samples under UV-visible irradiation shows that ZnO/Ag/g-C3N4 film acts as a better photocatalytic material than ZnO/Ag. The degradation efficiency of binary catalyst is found to be 91% and 90% for MB and MG dyes, respectively whereas the corresponding values of the ternary catalyst are 99% and 95%, respectively. The reasons for the enhancement in the photocatalytic dye degradation of ternary catalyst are explained with suitable mechanism with the help of various analytical studies such as XRD, PL, FT-IR, SEM,TEM, HRTEM, EDAX, DRS and XPS. DFT calculations have been done for the validation of the experimental results.

MgB2 thick films have been prepared on Al2O3, MgO and SrTiO3 ceramic substrates using the spray method with two different heat-treatment cycles, 925 °C with 10 min (Group A) and 610 °C with 24 h (Group B). The structural/microstructural (XRD, SEM) and transport (R–T, MR–T) properties of the films prepared were investigated.

Cells encapsuled by polymer microdroplets are an effective platform for the identification and separation of individual cells for single-cell-based analysis. However, a key challenge is to maintain and release the captured cells in the microdroplets selectively, nondestructively, and noninvasively. We developed a simple method of encapsulating cells in alginate microdroplets having different digestion characteristics. Cells were diluted with an alginate polymer of sol state and encapsulated into microdroplets with Ba2+ and Ca2+ by a spray method. When a chelating buffer was applied, alginate gel microdroplets were digested according to the difference in chelating efficiency of linkage-divalent cations; hence, two types of alginate microdroplets were formed. Moreover, we examined the capability of the alginate gel to exchange linkage-divalent cations and found that both Ca2+ exchange in Ba-alginate microdroplets and Ba2+ exchange in Ca-alginate microdroplets occurred. These results indicate that the potential applications of a mixture of alginate microdroplets with different divalent cations control the selective digestion of microdroplets to improve the high-throughput, high-content microdroplet-based separation, analysis, or storage of single cells.

The composite coated by some materials coaters have been made. This coating was done to isolate the fungus possibly growing on the composite. The composite was made from a mixture of teak leaves waste and polyurethane polymer using a simple mixing method; then the mixture was pressed at a pressure of 3 metric-tons for 15 minutes. The composite produced then was coated with acrylic only and acrylic-silica using spray method. The coated samples then were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine the surface pores. Further, it was obtained the average surface pore size of acrylic coater is 1.24 μm, while the acrylic-silica pore forms an oval shape with a length and a width of 0.75 μm and 0.38 μm, respectively. In comparison with the fungus size of 2-7 μm, it can be concluded that the composite is proper as home appliance application.

Transnasal ultrathin endoscopy (GIF-XP260N) was newly introduced into Nishizaki Hospital in May 2007. We herein report a transition of preparation method for transnasal ultrathin endoscopy and the present state of PEG (percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy) using transnasal ultrathin endoscopy. At first, a Spray method was adopted for the preparation in transnasal ultrathin endoscopy. After that, its preparation has changed to a Stick method being thought the high acceptance procedure. We have done a questionnaire about two preparation methods for transnasal ultrathin endoscopy (N=50). In the Stick method, nasal painful rate of patients were decreased 28 patients (56%) to 19 patients (38%) comparing the Spray method. In addition, a person who transnasal ultrathin endoscopies at next time were increased 40 patients (80%) to 43 patients (86%) comparing the Spray method. We have thought that the Stick method was more comfortable preparation method than the Spray method. From July 2007 to April 2009, PEG was performed using transnasal ultrathin endoscopy (28 cases). All cases were done by Introducer method. Successful rate of PEG was 84.8 % (28/33). There was no complication during these procedures. In future, we have thought that pleasant preparation method for transnasal ultrathin endoscopy is the Stick method and PEG are promised by using the same endoscopy.

This paper describes the development of spherical iron-based composite powder with carried alumina abrasive grains made by a plasma spray technique. Carbonyl iron powder (7.2 μm average size) and alumina abrasive grains (0.3 μm average size) are sprayed into the plasma flame from the respective nozzles simultaneously, or their mechanical mixture is directly plasma-sprayed. In case of the composite powder obtained by the direct spray method, the alumina abrasives are well carried on the carbonyl iron particles. However, a plasma current of more than 100 A causes melting and vaporizing of the alumina abrasives;, consequently the carbonyl iron and alumina abrasives are separated. The magnetic abrasive experiments with the composite powder developed are made for SUS304 stainless steel plate, and the result shows that the developed composite powder has high potential abrasive performance.

Transparent conductive ZnO films play an important role in nano science and nanotechnology. Many methods have had various successes in preparing ZnO. In this contribution, we present some results from using a pulsed spray method and subsequent annealing in a hydrogen atmosphere for the preparation of transparent conductive ZnO films. The performances of ZnO produced by using various precursors and in various technology conditions were investigated. We attained ZnO films with sheet resistances below 100 Ω and an average transparency of about 80 % in the visible region of the light spectrum. Those values are of the same magnitude as ones prepared by using other methods. The mechanism of annealing effect in a hydrogen environment is discussed. Author

A field study was conducted for two years at the Arid Zone Research Institute, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan, to determine the optimum level of nitrogen and efficient application method in the production of sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L.). Using four levels of nitrogen, i.e. , 0, 60, 90, and 120 kg ha −1 , and two different application methods (soil application and foliar spray), the experiment was laid out in a split-plot design, where the main plots were used to determine the effective method of application and the subplots were used to detect the influence of N levels on the grain yield. The average data obtained after two years of study indicated an increase in the grain yields with an increase in N levels irrespective of the method used of N application. The grain yield increased from 2.92 to 5.61 t ha −1 in the plots that were treated with 90 kg N ha −1 compared with the control plots. Quadratic regression analysis showed that the increase in the yield was higher at the lower levels of N compared with the succeeding higher levels. The soil application method, producing an average grain yield of 4.79 t ha −1 , was found to be superior to the foliar spray method with an average grain yieldof4.56tha −1 . The protein content of the grain showed a linear increase with N application, attaining the maximum at 120 kg N ha −1 in both the methods of N application. In addition, compared with the method of soil application, higher crude protein contents were observed using the method of foliar spray at all N levels.

ZnO:Al(ZAO) films with various amount of solution, in the range 10–120 mL, were prepared on a glass substrate. Deposition was carried out using a spray method, and the substrate temperature was held at 500 °C. It was found that increasing the amount of solution causes the ZnO:Al thin films to exhibit a strong orientation along (002). The variation in the structural properties due to variation in the volume of solution was investigated by means of X-ray diffraction. The lowest sheet resistance obtained was 40 Ω/cm2 for a 120 mL solution. PACS Nos.: 73.61.–r, 78.20.–e

We fabricated carbon nanotube (CNT) emitters by a spray method using a CNT suspension with ethanol. Indium with a low melting pointing metal or indium tin oxide (ITO) was deposited on the glass substrate. The CNTs were sprayed on these layers and thermally annealed. The sprayed CNTs on an ITO were obtained a high emission current density, field enhancement factor, and a uniform emission pattern than the sprayed CNTs on an ITO layer. We found that the sprayed emitters on the indium layer had good field emission characteristics because of the strong adherence between the metal layer and CNTs.

The results of an experimental study for assessing the effects of the gradually accumulating corrosion damage due to laboratory salt spray corrosion on the mechanical behavior of reinforcing steel bars Grade S500s tempcore, when subjected to alternating cycles in the region of low cycle fatigue are presented. The accelerated laboratory salt spray method as well as the low cycle fatigue, simulate the natural corrosion in coastal areas and the seismic loads of structures made from reinforced concrete respectively, in a satisfactory way. The low cycle fatigue test results indicate that the corroded steel bars exhibit a gradual reduction in both the load bearing ability as well as the available energy. Tensile tests confirmed the gradual occurring embrittlement due to corrosion of the steel bars. Furthermore, a reduction of the number of cycles to failure under conditions of low cycle fatigue was observed. As the two significant degradation factors corrosion and low-cycle fatigue are functions of time, it seems that the reliability of steel bars S500s tempcore is time dependent as well.

Reduced graphene oxide/titanium dioxide (rGO/TiO2) layered film was firstly utilized through simple spray method for trace detection of formaldehyde (HCHO) at room temperature. A remarkable sensitivity of layered film (0.8 ppm−1) was identified in the concentration range of 0.1 ppm to 0.5 ppm, which was higher than that of rGO-based sensor (0.5 ppm−1). It was worth noting that an interesting abruption behavior of rGO sheets during the thermal reduction process was observed. However, the collapse of rGO honeycomb network during temperature-rise period could be prevented due to the introduction of TiO2 nanoparticles. Furthermore, a novel mechanism based on aie combination of catalytic reactions and supporting function of TiO2 nanoparticles was introduced to explain the enhanced sensing performance of rGO/TiO2 layered film in contrast to bare rGO film.

Uniform, thickness-controllable and large-size mesoscopic TiO2 films based on commercial P25 nanoparticles are prepared by a spray method, which have been applied in the perovskite solar cells, achieving a high efficiency of 16%. This spray method shows promising application in the large-scale production of mesoscopic solar cells.

The durability of the buildings has been evaluated through visual inspections associated with field and laboratory tests. Nowadays, for analysis of the carbonation colorimetric method by spraying phenolphthalein is widely used, due to the ease and high reliability. However, when there is the presence of chlorides, the tests are long and expensive. As an alternative, there is a colorimetric method (AgNO3). The method is easy to use, low cost and allows for on-site reviews. But when there is presence of carbonation, the analysis becomes more complex, since reducing the pH and leads to discoloration of the concrete. This paper presents studies on the use of the colorimetric method for evaluation of the depth of chloride penetration in concrete. There is no consensus in academic circles as to eliminate this influence and to determine the turning point, however there is research demonstrating the influence of cement type on the colorimetric method. Keywords: concrete; corrosion; chloride penetration; silver nitrate; colorimetric method. Metodo colorimetrico por aspersao de nitrato de prata para avaliacao da penetracao de cloretos em concreto: estado da arte RESUMO A durabilidade das construcoes tem sido avaliada atraves de inspecoes visuais associadas a ensaios de campo e laboratorio. Hoje, para analise da carbonatacao o metodo colorimetrico por aspersao de fenolftaleina e amplamente utilizado, devido a facilidade e alta confiabilidade. Porem, na presenca de cloretos, os ensaios nao sao expeditos e possuem alto custo. Como alternativa, ha a aspersao de nitrato de prata (AgNO3). O metodo e de facil aplicacao, baixo custo e permite avaliacoes in loco. Mas quando ha presenca de carbonatacao, a analise torna-se mais complexa, devido a reducao do pH e alteracao da coloracao do concreto. Esta pesquisa apresenta estudos sobre o uso do metodo colorimetrico para avaliacao da profundidade de penetracao de cloretos no concreto. Ainda nao ha consenso de como eliminar essa influencia ou determinar o ponto de viragem, entretanto ha pesquisas que demonstram a influencia do tipo de cimento no metodo colorimetrico. Palavras-chave: concreto; corrosao; penetracao de cloretos; nitrato de prata; metodo colorimetrico. Metodo colorimetrico por aspersion de nitrato de plata para la evaluacion de la penetracion de cloruros en concreto: estado del arte RESUMEN La durabilidad de las construcciones se ha evaluado mediante inspecciones visuales asociados a los ensayos de campo y de laboratorio. Hoy, para el analisis de carbonatacion metodo colorimetrico por pulverizacion fenolftaleina se utiliza ampliamente debido a la facilidad y alta fiabilidad. Sin embargo, en la presencia de cloruros, los ensayos no son expeditos y tienen un alto costo. En su lugar, se utiliza la pulverizacion de nitrato de plata (AgNO3). El uso del metodo es simple, de bajo costo y permite evaluaciones in situ. Pero cuando, hay presencia de carbonatacion, el analisis se hace mas compleja debido a que la reduccion del pH y los cambios en la coloracion de hormigon. Esta investigacion presenta estudios sobre el uso del metodo colorimetrico para evaluar la profundidad de penetracion de cloruro en el hormigon. No hay todavia uno consenso sobre la forma de eliminar esa influencia o determinar el momento decisivo, sin embargo, hay investigaciones que muestran la influencia del tipo de cemento en el metodo colorimetrico Palabras clave: Hormigon; corrosion; penetracion por cloruros; nitrato de plata; metodo colorimetrico

Cerbera manghas is a mangrove plant which possesses comprehensive biological activities. A great deal of research has been undertaken on the chemical constituents and medical functions of C. manghas; insecticidal and antifungal activities have also been reported, but the acaricidal activity has not been studied. In our study, the acaricidal activity and active substances of C. manghas were investigated using a spray method, which showed that the methanol extracts of the fruit, twigs and leaves exhibited contact activity against female adults of Panonychus citri, with LC50 values at 24 h of 3.39 g L−1, 4.09 g L−1 and 4.11 g L−1, respectively. An acaricidal compound was isolated from C. manghas by an activity-guided isolation method, and identified as (-)-17β-neriifolin, which is a cardiac glycoside. (-)-17β-Neriifolin revealed high contact activity against female adults, nymphae, larvae and eggs of P. citri, with LC50 values at 24 h of 0.28 g L−1, 0.29 g L−1, 0.28 g L−1 and 1.45 g L−1, respectively.

The study of MWCNT layer deposition has been conducted by using spray method to investigate the effect of different height and volume towards the surface morphology of the layer formed. Different volume of MWCNT solution which are 0.2 ml, 0.4 ml and 0.8 ml have been sprayed on glass substrate and the intensity of the MWCNT increased concurrent with the rise of the solution volume as observed under SEM. The thickness of the layer has been measured by using Stylus profiler display an increasing thickness pattern with increase in solution volume while with increase in height of the spray towards the substrate, the MWCNT layer formed decreased distantly. The MWCNT layer sprayed with volume of 0.8 ml and height at 10 cm shows efficient tube connection and can be further used in electrical device measurement.

Recent studies demonstrated the ability of carbon nanotube (CNT) to promote electron transfer reactions of important compounds and to impart higher stability onto electrochemical sensors. CNT-based sensors measured by hydroxyl radical concentration or pH value suggest great promise for biosensors. This paper describes a new method for fabricating a very simple and inexpensive pH sensor compose of single walled-carbon nanotubes (SW-CNTs) using an ultra-precision spray. CNT-based sensor shows pH sensitivity in buffer solution at different pH range. Our experimental results show the sensor responses to pH buffer solution and the conductance of depends on the pH values. These results support application possibility of SW-CNTs based pH sensor for mass production.

The endod (Phytolacca dodecandra)-based schistosomiasis mansoni control project was implemented in Ethiopia between 1994 and 1999. The aim was to develop an effective, cheap and sustainable method of controlling schistosomiasis. First, different formulations of the Ethiopian endod strain 44 (E-44) were compared for potency in the laboratory. Secondly, spray and drip-feeding methods were compared for simplicity and effectiveness in the field. Lastly, the efficacy of endod powder soap was compared with the endod spray method. In Bati stream, endod powder soap was distributed to the residents every weekend at laundry sites. In Worke stream, endod was sprayed along a 1-km stretch of the stream at 3-month intervals. No endod was applied in Harbu stream. The immediate and long-term effects of endod application on the snail population and schistosomal infection were determined. Using the spray method, 100% snail mortality could be obtained, and it was simpler and more effective than the drip-feeding method. Snail mortality ranged from 20 to 100% using endod soap. There was a progressive decline in the snail population and infection in Bati stream compared with Worke stream, mainly due to sustained use of endod soap. The advantages and disadvantages of the different endod delivery systems are discussed.

A novel method for depositing gas sensing films on quartz crystal microbalance electrodes was developed. The method is based on the production of a fine mist of the solution with the sensing material by means of an ultrasonic atomizer. The mist is transported by a dry air flow to the quartz substrate allowing its deposition. The responses of the sensors are compared with those fabricated by spray coating method. It was found that even liquid films such as Apiezon L that were not stably deposited on polished gold electrodes by the spray method could be stably deposited using the atomizer, and an improvement of the reproducibility and sensitivity of the sensor response was achieved.

The effectiveness of fivemethods for delivery of ten endophyticbacteria into maize stem and root tissues wasstudied in greenhouse conditions at EmbrapaMilho Sorgo, Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil. Thedelivery methods included seed inoculation,soil drench, foliar spray, pruned-root dip andseed inoculation + soil drench. The bacterialendophytes were previously isolated from maizeplants, and reinoculated and recovered aftertreatments from maize, cv BR201. Each of thefive methods led to establishment and recoveryof bacterial endophytes in root tissues, butonly four isolates were recovered by the seedtreatment method. All 10 isolates wererecovered by pruned-root dip and seed treatment+ soil drench. No isolates were recovered instem tissues by the seed treatment method, andin the root by foliar spray method. However,all isolates were recovered in stem tissue bypruned-root dip method. The pruned-root dip wasthe most efficient method to deliver bacterialendophytes into maize. The isolate, BR201, wasrecovered by almost all methods in root andstem tissues. The results demonstrate thatendophytic bacteria can be recovered from maizetissues following inoculation by the differentmethods described, but the delivery depends onthe methods used and the endophytic bacterialisolate.

The phase composition and structure of thin polycrystalline PbS films prepared by spray method were studieed. It An amorphous phase was detected and the dependence of its appearance on the oxidizer, introduced into the operating composition, was determined. The kinetic dependences of dark and photocurrent relaxation time constant x on the applied square-pulsed voltage and their temperature dependences obtained by an original technique have revealed two energy bands of local defects. A model explaining a number of experimental facts having been obtained earlier, in­cluding the anomalous character of the low-temperature photoconductivity in these films, is constructed.

We have investigated a spray method for organic electroluminescent device (OELD) fabrication, which is suitable for simple device fabrication and has the merits of large-area production and short tact time. The mean roughness of the film surface was 50 A. For polyvinylcarbazole (PVCz)-based devices, current–voltage characteristics of the device depend on the dopant materials, and luminance of 1,910 cd/m2 was obtained for the single-layered device with coumarin 6 used as the dopant material.

Influences of spray drying a coating liquid on the properties of coated films were investigated by using three types of fluidized bed coaters. The top spray method with a conventional fluidized bed coater was ineffective in producing small amounts of coated particles for controlled drug release. Both a smooth surface of coated particles and a high adhesion efficiency were obtained by using the side spray method in a fluidized bed coater with a rotary disk. It is concluded that the concentration of coating materials in the liquid layer on coated particles plays an important role in determining the physical properties of the coating film.

Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) allows a less invasive treatment option especially for flat and depressed type early colorectal carcinomas and can provide specimens for histopathologic analysis. EMR should be applied for the colorectal adenomas, intramucosal carcinomas (carcinoma in situ) and focally extended submucosal cancers without lymph node metastasis. To determine the indication of EMR, invasion depth diagnosis is important with a use of indigo carmine dye spray method and also high-frequency ultrasound probes or magnifying colonoscopy. EMR provides a 90% or more success rate and fewer complications for the treatment of flat and depressed type early colorectal cancers. As the increasing detection of flat and depressed type tumors, EMR will become more essential treatment for early colorectal carcinomas.

Combination of spray drying and templating method has been reported as one of the best method to produce porous pharmaceutical particles. However, current development reports have shown successful formation of porous particles with improper information on what mechanism occurs during the synthesis process and what process parameters involve the creation of particles with controllable pore structures and morphologies. In this report, influences of spray-drying parameters (i.e., size and amount of colloidal template, and droplet diameter) on porous particle fabrication were investigated. Hyaluronic acid (as a model of pharmaceutical drug host component) and polystyrene spheres (as a model of template) were used. The experimental results showed that the spray-drying parameters strongly influenced the external morphology (i.e., spherical and doughnut-shaped), particle outer diameter (from 300 to 2000 nm), and porous configuration (i.e., number of hole cavities and pore sizes (from 100 to 300 nm)) of particles. To qualitatively explain our synthesis strategies to get porous structure, the proposal of the particle formation mechanism was added.

The purpose of this study was to synthesize potassium silicate nanoparticles from rice straw ash using a flame-assisted spray-pyrolysis method. Rice straw, as one of the agricultural wastes, was used as a source of silica. In the experimental procedure, rice straw was burned at 700°C for 3 hours to produce rice straw ash. Then, the rice straw ash was extracted using an alkaline method. We used potassium hydroxide (KOH) as an alkaline chemical agent as well as a source of potassium. The solution was then put into the flame-assisted spray-pyrolysis apparatus to produce potassium silicate nanoparticles. The results showed that the spray method can assist the production of spherical potassium silicate nanoparticles with sizes of about 50 nm.

Hybrid organic photovoltaic devices (OPVDs) are fabricated using the electrostatic spray (e-spray) method and their optical and electrical properties are investigated. E-spray is used to deposit a hybrid film (P3HT: PCBM/nanodiamond) with morphology and optical characteristics onto OPVDs. The root-mean-square roughness and optical absorption increase with increasing nanodiamond content. The performance of e-spray is comparable to that of the spin-coating method under uniform conditions. The device takes advantage of the high current density, power conversion efficiency, and low cost. Nanodiamond improves the short-circuit current density and power conversion efficiency. The best performance was obtained with 1.5 wt% nanodiamond content, with a current density of 7.28 mA/cm2and a power conversion efficiency of 2.25%.

Preliminary study for preparation of controlled release particles was carried out by using a fluidized bed coater with a rotary disk. Two types of controlled release particles, particles coated by ethylcellulose film and particles consisting of drug-wax mixture layer, were prepared. Physical properties of controlled release particles prepared by both powder spray method and suspension spray method were measured.The release rate of drug from the coated particles decreased with increasing thickness of coated film. It was necessary to heat the particles for production of controlled release particles consisting of drug-wax mixture layer. The release behavior of drug was almost similar for those prepared by powder spray method and suspension spray method. Suspension spray method is advantageous in increasing loading volume and drying capacity.

Influence of spray and drying process of coating liquid onto the properties of coated films were investigated by using three types of fluidized bed coaters. Top spray method with the conventional fluidized bed coater was ineffective to produce small amounts of coated particles for controlled release of drug. Both smooth surface of coated particles and high adhesion efficiency were obtained by using side spray method in fluidized bed coater with a rotary disk. It is concluded that the concentration of coating materials in the liquid layer on coated particles plays an important role in determining physical properties of the coating film.

The primary objective of this research was to determine which of two inoculation methods (the spray method and the injection method) was the better one to use in a head blight screening programme. Although our data did not reveal any clearcut difference between them in terms of their ability to create a disease situation or to generate a consistent ranking of test genotypes, there were, nevertheless, important differences between the two methods. The spray method was the only method that allowed the acquisition of performance data, such as grain yield per plot. In addition, the number of test genotypes that could be inoculated per unit of time was about five times greater with the the spray method than it was with the injection method. The data from these trials did not provide convincing evidence for, or against, the inclusion of post-inoculation covering in an artificial head blight screening protocol. Measures of agronomic impact, such as relative yield reduction, were more closely correlated with plant-based measures of head blight than with seed-based measures. The correlation between relative yield reduction and head blight severity measured 22 days post-inoculation was +0,95 and this was significantly (P

今回われわれは, 右自然気胸にて来院した29歳男性の両側の多発ブレブの胸腔鏡下切除術に際し, インジゴカーミン散布法を術中の補助診断に用いた.色素を肺の表面に噴霧した後生理食塩水で洗浄すると, ビデオモニター上は, ブレブと健常胸膜は明瞭なコントラストを形成し, ブレブの発見, 切除の方向, 切除線の設定に関して有用であった.ビデオ胸腔鏡補助下のブレブ切除は, 自然気胸の治療法として確立され, その低侵襲性, 在院期間の短縮などからも優れた方法である.一方, ブレブの見逃しや不適切な切除線の設定などによる再発が比較的多く問題点とされている.今回われわれの試みた胸腔鏡下色素散布法による術中補助診断は, 再発を防ぐ工夫のひとつとして簡便で有効な方法と思われたので報告した.

A technique for leaf area measurement utilizing water spray as an inexpensive substitute for electronic equipment was developed and tested with leaves of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). The leaf areas measured by the spray method were highly correlated with those measured by an electronic area meter. Measurements of leaf area obtained by the spray method were significantly more highly correlated with those obtained by the area meter than were the measurements of dry weights. The main advantages of the new method are precision, accuracy and immediate results at a low cost.

Summary The susceptibility of larvae and nymphs1 of the spider Tegenaria atrica C.L. Koch to four insecticides (Vertimec 018 EC, SpinTor 240 SC, Actara 25 WG oraz Fastac 100 EC) containing the active substances from different chemical groups was studied under laboratory conditions. Insecticides were applied by contact (insecticide-treated filter paper) or spray method. Vertimec 018 EC and Actara 25 WG were used at 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2% concentration, SpinTor 240 SC at 0.02, 0.04 and 0.08% solutions and Fastac 100 EC dose was 0.005, 0.01 and 0.02%. Results show that spiders vary in responses to insecticides. The most toxic for both developmental stages was Fastac 100 EC (mortality of larvae was 94.22–97.22%, nymphs1 85.72–97.14%). Tiametoxam and abamectin showed low toxicity and their doses suggested for commercial application are safe for the early stages of T. atrica. Low dose of spinosad was relatively safe (7.5–22.5% mortality), but higher concentrations posed a risk to this group of predators.

The implantable CNT-based sensor is suggested to detect CSPGs which is main compositions of glial scar which inhibit the axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury. The suggested sensor is fabricated using spin-coated polyimide and patterned by MEMS process. Multiwalled CNT networks are formed by air spray method on the interdigitated sensor electrodes as the sensing element of CSPGs. The feasibility of the fabricated sensor is successfully confirmed in vitro by measuring the resistance change of CNT networks versus various CSPGs concentrations. The results show that the suggested sensor accurately detects the low CSPGs concentration to sense the regeneration-inhibitory effect of CSPGs.

White Quantum-Dot-Based light-emitting with HFO2/SiO2 distributed bragg reflector structure is demonstrated by pulse spray method with excellent optical characteristic and high stability, which can provide an alternative approach in display technology.

In the preparation of fine particles of metal sulfide, such as zinc sulfide and cadmium sulfide using the spray pyrolysis method, the electrostatic spray method was applied to atomize the starting solutions. The optimum operation conditions where the droplets can be generated from a Taylor cone were examined experimentally. It is shown that the use of the electrostatic spray pyrolysis method is available for preparing several dozen nanometer size fine particles, in comparison with a typical ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method that produces fine particles of several hundred nanometer size.

OBJECTIVE:To compare the safety and efficacy of a new spacer-oral nasal mask device with those of the standard needle nozzle spray method for the delivery of aerosolized lidocaine to the upper airway for pre-bronchoscopic anaesthesia in a tertiary care hospital.DESIGN:Single-blind randomized control trial.SETTING:University affiliated tertiary care hospital, ambulatory care bronchoscopy unit.SUBJECTS:Thirty consecutive consenting patients referred for fibreoptic bronchoscopy for various indications.INTERVENTION:Thirty randomized subjects received 150 mg of topical 1% aerosolized lidocaine via standard long needle nosed applicator (group A) or via a new oral/ nasal mask with spacer device (group B). Bronchoscopists, blinded as to the preprocedure topical anaesthetic method used, gave additional topical lidocaine at their discretion.MEASUREMENTS:The study nurse recorded the total dose of lidocaine (mg), timing of the procedure (s), cough frequency expressed as coughs per minute (c/min), vital signs, time for return of gag reflex and patients' subjective comments.RESULTS:Fifteen patients were randomized to each group. The lidocaine dose required for insertion through the vocal cords (mean ± SD) was 282.6±66.3 mg in group A and 203.3±70.6 mg in group B (PÃ0.005). Total lidocaine dose required for the procedure was 330.6±70.2 mg in group A and 256.6±75 mg in group B (PÃ0.01). The mean time for passage of the bronchoscope from mouth entry to through the vocal cords was 82.7±54.5 s in group A and 110.5±64.4 s in group B (P>0.1). The mean total time for the procedure was 699.7±377.5 s in group A and 697.2±409.1 s in group B (not significant). The mean cough frequency was 8.2±6.1 c/min in group A and 7.0±5.7 c/min in group B (not significant). There were no statistically significant differences in heart rate, in return of gag reflex time or in complication rate between the two groups.CONCLUSIONS:A statistically significant reduction in the dose of lidocaine is required to achieve equivalent topical anaesthetic for bronchoscopy with a new mask and spacer device compared with a more conventional method. Since no other variables related to the procedure showed a significant difference, the new method appears to be superior to the previous method.

Selective agar is inadequate for supporting recovery of injured cells. During risk assessment of certain foods, both injured and noninjured cells must be enumerated. In this study, a new method (agar spray method) for recovering sublethally heat-injured microorganisms was developed and used for recovery of heat-injured Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes. Molten selective agar was applied as an overlay to presolidified nonselective tryptic soy agar (TSA) by spray application. Heat-injured cells (55°C for 10 min in 0.1% peptone water or 55°C for 15 min in sterilized skim milk) were inoculated directly onto solidified TSA. After a 2-h incubation period for cell repair, selective agar was applied to the TSA surface with a sprayer, and the plates were incubated. The recovery rate for heat-injured Salmonella Typhimurium and L. monocytogenes with the spray method was compared with the corresponding rates associated with TSA alone, selective media alone, and the conventional overlay method (selective agar poured on top of resuscitated cells grown on TSA and incubated for 2 h). No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found in pathogen recovery obtained with TSA, the overlay method, and the spray method. However, a lower recovery rate (P < 0.05) was obtained for isolation of injured cells on selective media. Overall, these results indicate that the agar spray method is an acceptable alternative to the conventional overlay method and is a simpler and more convenient approach to recovery and detection of injured cells.

A method of activating Medium Impact Polystyrene by using a plasm is described. The activated components is metallised by a chemical silver spray method, wich has been shown to be more reliable than electroless metallisation for the continuous deposition of a metallic coating on a complex shaped component. It has been found that the thickness of the silver film is less than 0.2 μm, and is deposited with an overall efficiency of less than 10%. Consideration is given to the plasma activation conditions as well as the mixing techniques and operating conditions of the silver spray solutions